CN115152568A - Method for repairing continuous cropping obstacles of tobacco field - Google Patents
Method for repairing continuous cropping obstacles of tobacco field Download PDFInfo
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- CN115152568A CN115152568A CN202210666350.6A CN202210666350A CN115152568A CN 115152568 A CN115152568 A CN 115152568A CN 202210666350 A CN202210666350 A CN 202210666350A CN 115152568 A CN115152568 A CN 115152568A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for repairing continuous cropping obstacles of a tobacco field, which comprises the following steps: 1) Exchanging the plough layer and the bottom soil of the continuous cropping obstacle tobacco field; 2) Applying organic fertilizer to the exchanged soil; 3) And planting a continuous cropping resistant tobacco variety on the soil in the step 2. Through a comparative test, whether the tobacco has growth limitation is evaluated according to the plant height and the biomass, and whether continuous cropping obstacles occur is determined. When the lower leaves are harvested and roasted, the plant height of the tobacco with continuous cropping obstacles is only 62cm, the tobacco plant of the repaired tobacco field is 120cm, and the tobacco plant of the normal tobacco field is 137cm. The average of the aboveground biomass of tobacco plants in the continuous cropping obstacle tobacco field is 0.5278kg, the average of the biomass after restoration is 1.6361kg, and the average of the biomass in the normal tobacco field is 2.0131. The tobacco field repairing effect is evaluated from the plant height and the biomass of the overground part, the normal tobacco field level is basically achieved, the repairing means is effective, and the actual needs can be met.
Description
The technical field is as follows:
the invention relates to a method for repairing continuous cropping obstacles of a tobacco field, and belongs to the technical field of tobacco planting methods.
The background art comprises the following steps:
continuous cropping refers to the continuous planting of the same or similar crops in the same soil. Long-term continuous cropping often reduces the yield, quality and disease resistance of crops, and is known as a barrier to continuous cropping. Accumulation of soil diseases, disorder of physicochemical properties of soil, alteration of the microbial community structure of soil, and self-toxicity of plant root exudates are considered as causes of occurrence of continuous cropping obstacles.
Flue-cured tobacco is an important model and economic crop and is widely planted around the world. In China, the cultivation area of the flue-cured tobacco reaches 88.7 million hectares, meanwhile, the flue-cured tobacco is an important economic crop in China, and the flue-cured tobacco has large-area continuous cropping in China. The flue-cured tobacco is sensitive continuous cropping crops, and the quality of tobacco planting soil is degraded and the tobacco plants grow badly due to long-term continuous cropping.
At present, the continuous cropping obstacles of flue-cured tobacco are generally reduced by methods such as adjusting planting system, optimizing agronomic measures, screening resistant varieties and physical and chemical disinfection methods.
A) And (3) reasonable crop rotation and interplanting: crop rotation is an effective measure for relieving continuous cropping obstacles to balance nutrient absorption of crops and inhibit plant diseases and insect pests. Huang Guangrong finds tobacco-garlic rotation, the prevention and control degree of flue-cured tobacco plant diseases and insect pests reaches 94.05%, and the effect is obvious; the yield of the tobacco field after crop rotation is obviously higher than that of a control, wherein the upper tobacco ratio is 19.55 percent higher than that of a CK group; the net gain reaches 33234.39 yuan hm -2 The yield is as high as 317.4 percent. Interplanting is also an effective mode for repairing continuous cropping soil, when one crop is planted, other crops of families are planted in the growth period of the crop, the nutrients and the microecology of rhizosphere soil can be balanced, the physiological state of the crop is improved, and therefore continuous cropping obstacles are effectively relieved. The discovery of flue-cured tobacco-Compared with CK group, the sweet potato interplanting and crop rotation treatment obviously increase the ratio of medium tobacco to medium tobacco, the increase of comprehensive economic income is 56.4%, the increase of total sugar and reducing sugar in tobacco leaves is 4.47% and 4.29%, and the chemical components are more harmonious. The effect of continuous cropping obstacle repair through crop rotation and interplanting is obvious, however, the crop rotation treatment needs fallow, the annual output of tobacco industry and the national financial income are influenced, the interplanting also has inevitable defects, the labor and the time are wasted, the ridge breaking and the seedling shortage are easy to cause, the seedlings are irregular, and the output and the quality are influenced.
B) Scientifically preparing fertilizer: the tobacco planting soil nutrient is unbalanced and changed due to long-term continuous cropping, high yield can be obtained in a short period when a large amount of chemical fertilizer is used, hardening, acidification and the like are easily caused to the tobacco planting soil, and further soil quality degradation is caused. Researchers at home and abroad carry out a large amount of research on scientifically distributing organic and/or inorganic fertilizers so as to repair the continuous cropping soil. According to the required amount of tobacco growth, the use of the fertilizer is scientifically planned, the adverse effect on tobacco planting soil is avoided, and the yield and the quality of flue-cured tobacco are ensured. The effect of applying fertilizers with different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium proportions on continuous cropping flue-cured tobacco in the researches of white aspiration and the like shows that the N: P 2 O 5 :K 2 The repairing effect on the continuous cropping flue-cured tobacco is the best when the O proportion is 1. The effects of organic fertilizer accounts on tobacco field nutrients and flue-cured tobacco plants are researched by Shaoxing Xiaohou and the like, and the biological organic fertilizer is shown to increase the contents of organic matters, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the continuous cropping tobacco field; when the organic fertilizer accounts for about 40%, the metabolism of nitrogen and potassium by tobacco plants is accelerated, and the formation of high-quality tobacco leaves is promoted; when the ratio is 50%, the yield is improved by about 40%. Liu et al determined fertilization rates of N and P in research area of Sichuan province 2 O 5 The application rate is 120kg hm every year -2 . However, the tobacco fields in China have obvious difference, the flue-cured tobacco absorbs different nutrient rules, the tobacco planting soil is fertilized differently throughout the year, and the background nutrient content is different, so the most difficulty in scientific fertilizer preparation lies in precise fertilization which varies from place to place.
C) Application of microbial control strains: the microbial control strain is used for repairing the continuous cropping soil, beneficial strains are obtained by screening, culturing or inoculating through a molecular biology technology, the beneficial strains are added into rhizosphere soil to change the soil microenvironment, the stress resistance is improved, and positive feedback is carried out on tobacco plants, so that the tobacco yield and quality are guaranteed. The microbial inoculum contains beneficial microbial flora, can promote rhizosphere nutrient circulation, degrade autotoxic substances and improve crop stress resistance, and meanwhile, the microbial inoculum widely grows and moves in rhizosphere soil, has a competitive relationship with pathogenic bacteria, and inhibits the propagation, spread and the like of the pathogenic bacteria. Qinqing et al reported that arbuscular mycorrhiza (AFM) as a biological regulator can form a symbiont with the tobacco root system, promote the absorption of the root system to moisture and minerals, increase the salt and drought tolerance of the root system, increase the disease and insect resistance of tobacco plants, and further improve the yield quality of tobacco under the continuous cropping stress. Zuke et al report that microbial agents are added to promote the uniformity and the abundance of soil bacteria; meanwhile, the potassium-chlorine ratio, the glucose-glucose ratio and the alkali-nitrogen ratio in the tobacco leaves are regulated, so that the chemical components of the tobacco leaves are more coordinated. The microbial control strain application is currently confronted with the problems that the microbial control strain application is colonized in a microenvironment at the rhizosphere of the flue-cured tobacco, the microenvironment at the rhizosphere background is easy to have ecological competition and antagonism on exogenous added strains, the microbial control strain application has certain relieving effect on the continuous cropping problem of crops in season, and the effect is greatly reduced along with the prolonging of the continuous cropping years.
D) Spraying medicines and selecting resistant varieties: the spraying of the pesticide for preventing and treating the continuous cropping obstacle of the flue-cured tobacco mainly aims at the outbreak of plant diseases and insect pests of the flue-cured tobacco caused by continuous cropping. The research on the disease prevention effect of spraying four chemical agents to the field by adult megalosaurus and the like shows that the four chemical agents have remarkable prevention and treatment effects, the prevention effect is between 30 and 70 percent, the field tobacco seedling dwarfing is avoided, and the tobacco seedling leaf opening is promoted. Resistant species are selected to overcome continuous cropping obstacles, and mainly aim at factors of disease and pest resistance and chemical infection and self-toxicity. The relation between the tobacco resistant varieties and rhizosphere microecology in the research of Wanggo and the like shows that the number and the abundance of bacteria of the high-resistance varieties are obviously higher than those of susceptible varieties, and the number and the abundance of fungi are opposite, so that the outbreak of the black shank disease is negatively related to the tightness of the varieties. Xi and the like for researching the flue-cured tobacco resistant variety to relieve the continuous cropping problem, wherein the yield of the resistant variety reaches more than 2000 kg.hm < -2 >, and the yield value reaches more than 3300 yuan.hm < -2 >. Lengai et al [108] showed that the botanical insecticides were highly effective in managing different crop pests, low in cost, readily available in source, and low in toxicity to non-target organisms. The spraying medicine has the problems of ecological safety, secondary pollution and influence on later-season crops, and most of researches on the control effect of the spraying medicine select resistant varieties or land blocks with light continuous cropping obstacles, so that the effect of the spraying medicine applied to the continuous cropping obstacle problem and the tobacco area is not known. The problems of selection of resistant varieties to prevent and control continuous cropping obstacles are that the requirements of flue-cured tobacco on the growth environment are severe, the resistant varieties may have regioselectivity, and moreover, the resistant varieties are not good in market consumption, are not accepted by consumers and influence the output value.
E) Physical and chemical disinfection method: the continuous cropping tobacco field is repaired by a physical and chemical disinfection method, so that the continuous cropping obstacle can be effectively relieved. Dong et al report that lime is applied to increase the pH of soil by 2 units, effectively control acidification, and further alleviate continuous cropping obstacles; the 'diseased soil' of the tobacco field is sterilized at high temperature and high pressure, the lethal effect of 100 percent on part of pathogenic bacteria is achieved, the physiological condition of the flue-cured tobacco can be obviously improved, and the formation of high-quality tobacco leaves is promoted. The continuous cropping obstacle of the flue-cured tobacco is relieved by deep ploughing, and the plough layer is deep ploughed before winter due to the fact that a large amount of unused nutrients and harmful organisms are accumulated in the continuous cropping of the flue-cured tobacco for a long time, so that a soil frozen layer is increased, a certain effect of preventing and controlling pathogenic bacteria is achieved, winter snow is absorbed, the water storage capacity of the soil is increased, and the root extension of the flue-cured tobacco in the coming year is promoted. The chemical disinfectant is applied to the continuous cropping soil to effectively degrade the autotoxic substances at the rhizosphere, kill soil-borne pathogens, promote the seedling return, growth and development of crops and the like. Research on the influence of the chloropicrin soil disinfection method on the microecology of panax notoginseng shows that after disinfection, the relative abundance of common panax notoginseng pathogenic bacteria is reduced by 85% and 71.43%, the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria is obviously increased, and then flue-cured tobacco is planted in the land, so that the agronomic characters are obviously improved. The physical disinfection method has no secondary pollution, and the effect is excellent, but the feasibility is lower, the cost is huge, the chemical disinfection method selects the proper disinfectant, the plant diseases and insect pests can be reduced, the yield and the quality of the flue-cured tobacco are improved, and the chemical disinfection method has a positive influence on the later-season crops, so the key point of the chemical disinfection method lies in the selection of the disinfectant, and the ecological safety problem is avoided.
F) The strong reduction soil sterilization method and the application thereof are as follows: the strong reducing soil sterilization (RSD) is a technology for overcoming continuous cropping obstacles in recent years, and in the crop fallow period, flooding, greenhouse closing and organic cultivation are adoptedThe mode of the materials forms a sealed anaerobic environment, and soil reduction conditions which are favorable for plant growth and are not favorable for the growth of pathogenic microorganisms are created, so that the continuous cropping soil is repaired, and the yield and the quality of crops are improved. The strong reducing soil sterilization has the advantages of fast aging, high efficiency, environmental friendliness and the like. RSD treatment is found to be obviously inhibited in watermelon continuous cropping soil (pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum), the morbidity and the mortality of watermelon are obviously lower than those of a control group (the mortality of the RSD treatment group is less than 7 percent, and the mortality of CK group is 43.3 percent) 3 - The content is reduced by 32.3 percent, and the cucumber yield is improved by about 450 percent compared with the cucumber yield in the previous season. RSD has good repairing effect on continuous cropping soil, but has the problems of low success rate, rigorous required conditions, high cost and the like.
The invention content is as follows:
in order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method for repairing continuous cropping obstacles of a tobacco field.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
a method of remedying a continuous cropping obstacle in a tobacco field, comprising the steps of:
1) Exchanging the plough layer and the bottom soil of the continuous cropping obstacle tobacco field;
2) Applying organic fertilizer to the exchanged soil;
3) And planting the continuous cropping resistant tobacco variety on the soil in the step 2.
Further, the plough layer is 0-20cm deep soil; the bottom layer soil is 20-40cm deep soil; soil is exchanged by adopting an excavator.
In the step 2, the increment of the additionally applied organic fertilizer is 90-110 kg/mu, and the additionally applied organic fertilizer is fermented oil cake. Wherein the tobacco variety resisting continuous cropping is Yunyan 97.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
and (4) evaluating whether the tobacco has growth limitation or not by using the plant height and the biomass through a comparative test, and determining whether continuous cropping obstacles exist or not. When the lower leaves are harvested and roasted, the plant height of the tobacco with continuous cropping obstacles is only 62cm, the tobacco plant of the repaired tobacco field is 120cm, and the tobacco plant of the normal tobacco field is 137cm. The biomass of the overground part of the tobacco plant in the continuous cropping obstacle tobacco field is 0.5278kg on average, the biomass is 1.6361kg on average after restoration, and the biomass of the normal tobacco field is 2.0131 on average. The tobacco field repairing effect is evaluated from the plant height and the biomass on the ground, the level of the normal tobacco field is basically achieved, the repairing means is effective, and the actual requirement can be met.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a graph comparing plant heights of three tobacco fields; FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the biomass of three tobacco fields.
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example (b): the invention relates to a method for repairing continuous cropping obstacles of a tobacco field, which comprises the following steps:
1) Exchanging the plough layer and the bottom soil of the continuous cropping obstacle tobacco field; 2) Applying organic fertilizer to the exchanged soil; 3) And planting a continuous cropping resistant tobacco variety on the soil in the step 2.
In specific implementation, the plough layer generally refers to 0-20cm deep soil; the subsoil is generally a soil of 20-40cm depth, the plough subsoil being interchanged with the subsoil by means of an excavator.
Ridging is carried out according to a conventional production technology, and 90-110 kg/mu, preferably 100 kg/mu of organic fertilizer (oil cake) is additionally applied on the basis of the normal fertilizing amount of the special fertilizer for tobacco.
Normally transplanted, the planted variety is Yunyan 97 with better stress resistance. Other management schemes are carried out according to the traditional standardized production technical scheme. As shown in figures 1 and 2, the plant height and biomass are used for evaluating whether the tobacco has growth limitation or not, and whether continuous cropping obstacles exist or not is determined. When the lower leaves are harvested and roasted, the plant height of the tobacco with continuous cropping obstacles is only 62cm, the repaired tobacco plant is 120cm, and the normal tobacco plant in the tobacco field is 137cm. The biomass of overground part of the continuous cropping obstacle tobacco plant is 0.5278kg on average, 1.6361kg on average after restoration, and 2.0131 on average in a normal tobacco field. The repairing effect is evaluated from the plant height and the biomass on the ground, the normal tobacco field level is basically achieved, and the repairing means is effective. Can meet the actual requirement.
It should be noted that the detailed description of the present invention is not included in the prior art, or can be directly obtained from the market, and the detailed connection method thereof has an extremely wide application in the field or daily life without any creative effort, and will not be described in detail herein.
Furthermore, the various embodiments or examples and features of the various embodiments or examples described in this specification can be combined and combined by those skilled in the art without being mutually inconsistent. While embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it will be understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and not to be construed as limiting the present invention and that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A method for repairing continuous cropping obstacles of a tobacco field is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) Exchanging the plough layer and the bottom soil of the continuous cropping obstacle tobacco field;
2) Applying organic fertilizer to the exchanged soil;
3) And planting a continuous cropping resistant tobacco variety on the soil in the step 2.
2. The method for repairing continuous cropping obstacles of tobacco fields according to claim 1, which is characterized in that:
the plough layer is 0-20cm deep soil;
the bottom layer soil is 20-40cm deep soil.
3. The method for repairing continuous cropping obstacles of tobacco fields according to claim 1, which is characterized in that:
in the step 2, the increment of the additionally applied organic fertilizer is 90-110 kg/mu, and the additionally applied organic fertilizer is fermented oil cake.
4. The method for repairing continuous cropping obstacles of tobacco fields according to claim 1, which is characterized in that:
the tobacco variety resisting continuous cropping in the step 3 is Yunyan 97.
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