CN111034923A - 一种发酵牛肉制备工艺 - Google Patents
一种发酵牛肉制备工艺 Download PDFInfo
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- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/03—Coating with a layer; Stuffing, laminating, binding, or compressing of original meat pieces
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
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- A23L13/42—Additives other than enzymes or microorganisms in meat products or meat meals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/40—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof containing additives
- A23L13/42—Additives other than enzymes or microorganisms in meat products or meat meals
- A23L13/426—Addition of proteins, carbohydrates or fibrous material from vegetable origin other than sugars or sugar alcohols
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/40—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof containing additives
- A23L13/45—Addition of, or treatment with, microorganisms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
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- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/70—Tenderised or flavoured meat pieces; Macerating or marinating solutions specially adapted therefor
- A23L13/72—Tenderised or flavoured meat pieces; Macerating or marinating solutions specially adapted therefor using additives, e.g. by injection of solutions
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- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种发酵牛肉制备工艺,包括以下步骤:(1)将牛肉原料洗净后去除筋膜,切成肉片;(2)取玉米粉水混合,向其中接种植物乳杆菌混合发酵液,将发酵液发酵得到发酵改性玉米粉;(3)将发酵改性玉米粉涂覆在牛肉片表面并腌制,完成后再加入调味料,搅拌均匀后腌制,得到腌制肉片;(4)将冻干发酵剂接种于腌制肉片中进行发酵,即得本发明发酵牛肉。本发明发酵牛肉制备工艺简单,易于操作,且能够通过机械化生产,保证了产品的质量和产量,在牛肉腌制中在其表面涂覆发酵改性玉米粉,能形成均匀的淀粉膜层,大大增强了牛肉的口感,同时利用多菌种的发酵能增加挥发性风味物质的种类,增加产品香气,提高产品风味。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品加工技术领域,尤其涉及一种发酵牛肉制备工艺。
背景技术
发酵肉制品是指畜禽肉类在自然和人工控制环境条件下接种有益微生物的发酵而形成具有特殊风味、色泽和质地,并且具有较长保存期的一类肉制品。畜禽肉类通过有益微生物繁殖发酵,提高了肉中酶的活性,蛋白质和脂肪在酶的作用下产生大量活性因子,同时产生大量氨基酸、酮、醛、醇、烃等芳香类物质,使产品具有特别的风味,发酵肉中的活性因子和有益微生物能提高人体消化吸收率和免疫力,深受到广大消费者的青睐。发酵肉被称为肉制品中的“皇冠”,在欧美发达国家发酵肉制品是一种高端传统健康食品,并已进入工业化生产,具备相当的规模,近年来国内亦在引进设备和技术进行开发生产。
在发酵生产中,采用接种发酵代替传统自然发酵能大大降低生产周期,因此,具有活菌数高、有效期长、运输方便等特点,适用于接种发酵的发酵剂被广泛使用,而采用真空冷冻干燥技术制备的发酵剂会导致细胞死亡或蛋白质变性等不良影响,降低了发酵产品的感官品质。与此同时,传统发酵过程中存在的肉制品硬度大、咀嚼口感较差的问题也限制了其进一步发展。
发明内容
本发明目的就是为了弥补已有技术的缺陷,提供一种发酵牛肉制备工艺。
为了实现上述的目的,本发明提供以下技术方案:
一种发酵牛肉制备工艺,包括以下步骤:
(1)将牛肉原料洗净后去除筋膜,切成肉片备用;
(2)取玉米粉与3-4倍质量的水混合,向其中接种1-1.5%质量分数的植物乳杆菌,搅拌均匀得到混合发酵液,将发酵液置于35-40℃下发酵48-72小时,将所得用清水洗至没有酸味后于30-35℃干燥,得到发酵改性玉米粉备用;
(3)将上述发酵改性玉米粉均匀涂覆在步骤1所得牛肉片表面,于4℃腌制12-24小时,完成后再加入肉片质量分数10-15%的调味料,搅拌均匀后再于4℃腌制24-36小时,得到腌制肉片备用;
(4)将冻干发酵剂按牛肉质量0.3-0.6%接种于腌制肉片中进行发酵,即得本发明发酵牛肉。
进一步的,所述步骤1中肉片厚度控制为0.5-1.5cm。
进一步的,所述步骤2中混合发酵液中控制植物乳杆菌的浓度为(3-4)×108CFU/mL。
进一步的,所述步骤3中调味料由香辛料、食盐、葡萄糖、磷酸盐、异坏血酸钠、亚硝酸钠按质量比(12-15):(30-40):(2-4):(1-2):(1-2):(0.02-0.03)混合得到。
进一步的,所述步骤4中在接种冻干发酵剂前先将腌制肉片于紫外线照射60-90分钟。
进一步的,所述步骤4中冻干发酵剂由酵母菌、木糖葡糖球菌和冻干保护剂按质量比(2-4):(3-4):(1-1.5)混合经真空冷冻干燥制得。
进一步的,所述冻干保护剂由脱脂乳、蔗糖、山梨糖醇按质量比1:(1.1-1.2):(0.9-1)混合得到。
进一步的,所述步骤4中发酵温度控制为30-35℃,湿度控制为85-90%,时间为24-36小时。
本发明的优点是:
1、本发明发酵牛肉制备工艺简单,易于操作,且能够通过机械化生产,保证了产品的质量和产量。
2、本发明在牛肉腌制中在其表面涂覆发酵改性玉米粉,其中玉米粉经植物乳杆菌发酵后,通过代谢水解了玉米粉中部分淀粉、蛋白质等大分子物质,同时淀粉分子表面也存在大量孔洞,小分子物质的增加及淀粉分子的孔洞使得经过发酵的玉米粉结构更为松散且吸水能力大大增加,使得其弹性和黏性大幅度提升,经涂覆附着于牛肉表面后,能形成均匀的淀粉膜层,不仅提高后续发酵的均匀进行,同时其优秀的黏弹性大大增强了牛肉的口感。
3、为了适合工业化生产,在发酵剂的使用中采用了酵母菌、木糖葡糖球菌两种发酵菌种,同时辅以冻干保护剂,能加速细胞内的蛋白质聚合,改善细胞复水效果,有效减少细胞损伤,提高菌体冻干存活率,进而提高发酵质量,且多菌种的发酵能增加挥发性风味物质的种类,增加产品香气,提高产品风味。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体的实例对本发明的技术方案做进一步说明:
实施例1
一种发酵牛肉制备工艺,包括以下步骤:
(1)将牛肉原料洗净后去除筋膜,切成0.5cm的肉片备用;
(2)取玉米粉与3倍质量的水混合,向其中接种1%质量分数的植物乳杆菌,控制植物乳杆菌的浓度为(3-4)×108CFU/mL,搅拌均匀得到混合发酵液,将发酵液置于35℃下发酵48小时,将所得用清水洗至没有酸味后于30℃干燥,得到发酵改性玉米粉备用;
(3)将上述发酵改性玉米粉均匀涂覆在步骤1所得牛肉片表面,于4℃腌制12小时,完成后再加入肉片质量分数10%的调味料,搅拌均匀后再于4℃腌制24小时,得到腌制肉片备用;其中调味料由香辛料、食盐、葡萄糖、磷酸盐、异坏血酸钠、亚硝酸钠按质量比12:30:2:1:1:0.02混合得到;
(4)将腌制肉片于紫外线照射60分钟,将冻干发酵剂按牛肉质量0.3%接种于腌制肉片中,控制温度为30℃,湿度为85%,发酵24小时,即得本发明发酵牛肉;其中冻干发酵剂由酵母菌、木糖葡糖球菌和冻干保护剂按质量比2:3:1混合经真空冷冻干燥制得,所述冻干保护剂由脱脂乳、蔗糖、山梨糖醇按质量比1:1.1:0.9混合得到。
实施例2
一种发酵牛肉制备工艺,包括以下步骤:
(1)将牛肉原料洗净后去除筋膜,切成1.5cm的肉片备用;
(2)取玉米粉与4倍质量的水混合,向其中接种1.5%质量分数的植物乳杆菌,控制植物乳杆菌的浓度为(3-4)×108CFU/mL,搅拌均匀得到混合发酵液,将发酵液置于40℃下发酵72小时,将所得用清水洗至没有酸味后于35℃干燥,得到发酵改性玉米粉备用;
(3)将上述发酵改性玉米粉均匀涂覆在步骤1所得牛肉片表面,于4℃腌制24小时,完成后再加入肉片质量分数15%的调味料,搅拌均匀后再于4℃腌制36小时,得到腌制肉片备用;其中调味料由香辛料、食盐、葡萄糖、磷酸盐、异坏血酸钠、亚硝酸钠按质量比15:40:4:2:2:0.03混合得到;
(4)将腌制肉片于紫外线照射90分钟,将冻干发酵剂按牛肉质量0.6%接种于腌制肉片中,控制温度为35℃,湿度为90%,发酵36小时,即得本发明发酵牛肉;其中冻干发酵剂由酵母菌、木糖葡糖球菌和冻干保护剂按质量比4:4:1.5混合经真空冷冻干燥制得,所述冻干保护剂由脱脂乳、蔗糖、山梨糖醇按质量比1:1.2:1混合得到。
实施例3
一种发酵牛肉制备工艺,包括以下步骤:
(1)将牛肉原料洗净后去除筋膜,切成1cm的肉片备用;
(2)取玉米粉与3倍质量的水混合,向其中接种1.2%质量分数的植物乳杆菌,控制植物乳杆菌的浓度为(3-4)×108CFU/mL,搅拌均匀得到混合发酵液,将发酵液置于37℃下发酵60小时,将所得用清水洗至没有酸味后于32℃干燥,得到发酵改性玉米粉备用;
(3)将上述发酵改性玉米粉均匀涂覆在步骤1所得牛肉片表面,于4℃腌制18小时,完成后再加入肉片质量分数12%的调味料,搅拌均匀后再于4℃腌制30小时,得到腌制肉片备用;其中调味料由香辛料、食盐、葡萄糖、磷酸盐、异坏血酸钠、亚硝酸钠按质量比14:35:3:1:2:0.02混合得到;
(4)将腌制肉片于紫外线照射75分钟,将冻干发酵剂按牛肉质量0.5%接种于腌制肉片中,控制温度为32℃,湿度为87%,发酵30小时,即得本发明发酵牛肉;其中冻干发酵剂由酵母菌、木糖葡糖球菌和冻干保护剂按质量比3:3:1.5混合经真空冷冻干燥制得,所述冻干保护剂由脱脂乳、蔗糖、山梨糖醇按质量比1:1.2:0.9混合得到。
对比例1
一种发酵牛肉制备工艺,包括以下步骤:
(1)将牛肉原料洗净后去除筋膜,切成1cm的肉片备用;
(2)加入肉片质量分数12%的调味料,搅拌均匀后再于4℃腌制30小时,得到腌制肉片备用;其中调味料由香辛料、食盐、葡萄糖、磷酸盐、异坏血酸钠、亚硝酸钠按质量比14:35:3:1:2:0.02混合得到;
(3)将腌制肉片于紫外线照射75分钟,将冻干发酵剂按牛肉质量0.5%接种于腌制肉片中,控制温度为32℃,湿度为87%,发酵30小时,即得本发明发酵牛肉;其中冻干发酵剂由酵母菌、木糖葡糖球菌和冻干保护剂按质量比3:3:1.5混合经真空冷冻干燥制得,所述冻干保护剂由脱脂乳、蔗糖、山梨糖醇按质量比1:1.2:0.9混合得到。
对比例2
一种发酵牛肉制备工艺,包括以下步骤:
(1)将牛肉原料洗净后去除筋膜,切成1cm的肉片备用;
(2)取玉米粉与3倍质量的水混合,向其中接种1.2%质量分数的植物乳杆菌,控制植物乳杆菌的浓度为(3-4)×108CFU/mL,搅拌均匀得到混合发酵液,将发酵液置于37℃下发酵60小时,将所得用清水洗至没有酸味后于32℃干燥,得到发酵改性玉米粉备用;
(3)将上述发酵改性玉米粉均匀涂覆在步骤1所得牛肉片表面,于4℃腌制18小时,完成后再加入肉片质量分数12%的调味料,搅拌均匀后再于4℃腌制30小时,得到腌制肉片备用;其中调味料由香辛料、食盐、葡萄糖、磷酸盐、异坏血酸钠、亚硝酸钠按质量比14:35:3:1:2:0.02混合得到;
(4)将腌制肉片于紫外线照射75分钟,将冻干酵母菌按牛肉质量0.5%接种于腌制肉片中,控制温度为32℃,湿度为87%,发酵30小时,即得本发明发酵牛肉。
相较于实施例,对比例1中未加入玉米粉及相关工艺,对比例2中牛肉发酵过程中仅采用单一酵母菌,且未添加冻干保护剂。
针对实施例1-3及对比例1,对所得产品进行感官评定,结果如表1所示,对发酵改性玉米粉涂覆后的牛肉片进行穿刺性能和吸水性进行测定,结果如表2所示:
表1
色泽 | 口感 | 食味品质 | |
实施例1 | 棕红光亮 | 有咬劲,肉质细 | 肉香浓郁,且有玉米清香 |
实施例2 | 棕红光亮 | 有咬劲,肉质细 | 肉香浓郁,且有玉米清香 |
实施例3 | 棕红光亮 | 有咬劲,肉质细 | 肉香浓郁,且有玉米清香 |
对比例1 | 颜色发暗 | 咬劲一般,肉质部分粗糙 | 仅有肉品香味 |
表2
穿刺功 | 吸水率 | |
实施例1 | 2.3mJ | 74.6% |
实施例2 | 2.2mJ | 70.9% |
实施例3 | 2.5mJ | 75.1% |
对比例1 | 1.7mJ | 32.7% |
由表1可以看出,添加玉米粉经发酵改性涂覆于牛肉片表面后,其感官品质明显提高,在口感和味道上都有显著改善,通过表2可以看出,玉米粉的涂覆增强了牛肉的抗穿刺性,表现在肉质更为坚韧,同时吸水率显著增加,有利于后续对调味料和发酵风味成分的吸收,从而增加牛肉口感。
针对实施例1-3及对比例2,对冻干发酵菌剂的冻干平均存活率进行测定,结果如表3所示,对所得牛肉产品中的醇、酸、醛、酚类风味物质含量进行测定,结果如表4所示:
表3
实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 对比例2 | |
冻干平均存活率 | 75.4% | 72.6% | 78.1% | 43.5% |
表4
风味物质相对含量 | 醇(%) | 酸(%) | 醛(%) | 酚(%) |
实施例1 | 9.64 | 3.04 | 45.1 | 3.50 |
实施例2 | 9.76 | 2.92 | 42.5 | 3.42 |
实施例3 | 9.69 | 3.16 | 46.3 | 3.36 |
对比例2 | 5.71 | 0.15 | 24.9 | 0.65 |
由表3可以看出,添加冻干保护剂后,发酵菌剂中菌种的存活率大大提高,有利于提高发酵效果,同时多菌种发酵产生的风味物质,在种类和含量上均有较大程度的提高,能有效改善牛肉食用风味,增强口感。
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,本发明可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种发酵牛肉制备工艺,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将牛肉原料洗净后去除筋膜,切成肉片备用;
(2)取玉米粉与3-4倍质量的水混合,向其中接种1-1.5%质量分数的植物乳杆菌,搅拌均匀得到混合发酵液,将发酵液置于35-40℃下发酵48-72小时,将所得用清水洗至没有酸味后于30-35℃干燥,得到发酵改性玉米粉备用;
(3)将上述发酵改性玉米粉均匀涂覆在步骤1所得牛肉片表面,于4℃腌制12-24小时,完成后再加入肉片质量分数10-15%的调味料,搅拌均匀后再于4℃腌制24-36小时,得到腌制肉片备用;
(4)将冻干发酵剂按牛肉质量0.3-0.6%接种于腌制肉片中进行发酵,即得本发明发酵牛肉。
2.根据权利要求1所述的发酵牛肉制备工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤1中肉片厚度控制为0.5-1.5cm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的发酵牛肉制备工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤2中混合发酵液中控制植物乳杆菌的浓度为(3-4)×108CFU/mL。
4.根据权利要求1所述的发酵牛肉制备工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤3中调味料由香辛料、食盐、葡萄糖、磷酸盐、异坏血酸钠、亚硝酸钠按质量比(12-15):(30-40):(2-4):(1-2):(1-2):(0.02-0.03)混合得到。
5.根据权利要求1所述的发酵牛肉制备工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤4中在接种冻干发酵剂前先将腌制肉片于紫外线照射60-90分钟。
6.根据权利要求1所述的发酵牛肉制备工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤4中冻干发酵剂由酵母菌、木糖葡糖球菌和冻干保护剂按质量比(2-4):(3-4):(1-1.5)混合经真空冷冻干燥制得。
7.根据权利要求6所述的发酵牛肉制备工艺,其特征在于,所述冻干保护剂由脱脂乳、蔗糖、山梨糖醇按质量比1:(1.1-1.2):(0.9-1)混合得到。
8.根据权利要求1所述的发酵牛肉制备工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤4中发酵温度控制为30-35℃,湿度控制为85-90%,时间为24-36小时。
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