CN111034555A - Ultra-thin planting rape cultivation method based on middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology - Google Patents
Ultra-thin planting rape cultivation method based on middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/15—Leaf crops, e.g. lettuce or spinach
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/02—Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
- A01G9/029—Receptacles for seedlings
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of rape cultivation, and particularly relates to a super-thin planting rape cultivation method based on a middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology. The method for cultivating the ultra-thin rape based on the middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology does not pursue pure high yield, fully utilizes middle rice stubble ripes vacated earlier in the existing planting, fully exerts the individual yield advantage by the reality of good seedling temperature, light and water resources of the rape, creatively plants the rape in an in-situ pot-making mode, does not need stubble cleaning, ditching, seedbed and bed preparation in the whole planting process, and realizes lossless planting in the planting process. The whole pot making and sowing process can be easily finished in less than 1 working day, a large amount of labor, seeds and fertilizer costs are saved, proper yield can be obtained under the condition of less workload, and the method has better economic value.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of rape cultivation, and particularly relates to a super-thin planting rape cultivation method based on a middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology.
Background
Brassica napus (b.napus, AACC, 2n ═ 38) is an important oil crop widely planted in China, and is formed by natural hybridization and natural doubling of diploid crops, namely Chinese cabbage (b.rapa, AA, 2n ═ 20) and brassica oleracea (b.oleracea, CC, 2n ═ 18). The cabbage type rape is divided into winter rape, semi-winter rape and spring rape according to the vernalization requirement; wherein, the half-winter rape is mainly distributed in Yangtze river basin of China, and the spring rape is mainly distributed in northwest areas of Gansu, Qinghai, inner Mongolia, Tibet and the like. The Yangtze river basin is the main rape production area in China and is also the largest oil crop in the whole country, and the planting area is stabilized to about 9000 ten thousand mu in recent years. In recent years, due to social development, great changes occur in agriculture and rural production, and new problems are brought to the production of the rape.
Along with the urbanization process, a large amount of rural labor is attracted, the serious shortage of the rural labor is caused, and as the input/output ratio of agricultural production is lower, less people in the land wish to plant the seeds, a certain area is wasted; because the labor input of the traditional rape transplanting method is huge, at least 12 workers are input from planting to harvesting, and particularly, the manual transplanting method has serious physical loss, so farmers are not willing to plant the rape. Leads to the formation of a large area of idle winter field after the rice is harvested, and seriously wastes land resources.
In addition, the rice planting is changed from the traditional two seasons into one season middle rice, and the planting mode is changed from manual transplanting into direct seeding machine harvesting, so that stubbles of the original two seasons rice can be left for the rape only after the two seasons are harvested in the middle and the last ten months, and the direct seeding middle rice is harvested in the last 8 to the last 9 months. Theoretically, the method not only provides sufficient sowing time for the production of the later-stubble rape, but also leaves precious light, warm and water resources for the rape (the soil moisture content of the rice stubble is good). However, when the rice machine is used, the position of the header can be adjusted to be too high due to the fact that fuel oil is saved by a farmer when the rice machine is used, so that the remaining rice stubbles are extremely high, labor force is still needed to be invested to stubble cleaning in the traditional rape transplanting or direct seeding mode, the economy is serious, cost is not saved, and a great amount of light and temperature resources are wasted because farmers do not breed rape.
In order to reduce the labor cost of rape production, scientific researchers perform a series of explorations. One is that the agricultural machinery is combined with the agricultural technology, the manual labor is replaced by mechanization, and the agricultural technology is matched to ensure high yield. Blanket-shaped seedling transplanting technology researched by cold tigers and the like (2014) can effectively reduce labor input, and higher yield can be ensured by matching agricultural measures. However, the technology requires purchasing machinery, also requires raising seedlings with seedbeds in agronomic terms, requires deep ploughing and stubble cleaning of the field, and then is arranged and leveled, so that the method is not suitable for small agriculture and economy of traditional one household extensive operation in China; and large-scale machinery is difficult to enter the field in hilly areas due to uneven terrain, so that the popularization area is small. Another method is to start with agriculture and implement simplified cultivation. For example, direct sowing in a field, namely, after rice is harvested, furrow furrows, middle furrows and side furrows are formed, soil in the furrows is turned over to the surface of the furrow to be leveled, base fertilizer is applied, and then holes are made for dibbling. The methods all require stubble cleaning and ditching, and the workload is still too large if no machine is used. Also, for example, the super thin planting cultivation method studied by Yangjin and Chua Dianming (1998) adopts early sowing seedbed seedling cultivation, large and strong seedling cultivation, paclobutrazol seedling control spraying, fine soil preparation and sufficient base fertilizer application, and strengthens the management of fertilizer and water, and the transplanting density is reduced from traditional 8000-. It is needless to say that this fine-tillage and fine-tillage can be performed when the labor is cheap in the past, and the situation needs cannot be kept up to now. As another example, the yield of the plate field direct seeding technology studied by Roche et al (2016) can reach 180 kg/mu, but the method still requires furrowing and furrow-leveling, and partial stubble cleaning is needed, otherwise the furrowing is obstructed by the rice stubble, and therefore, the amount of labor reduction is limited.
Therefore, in the case of severe shortage of labor in rural areas, the majority of farmers generally no longer pursue high yield, and instead adopt a light and simplified cultivation mode, it is desirable to trade a relatively small labor input for a moderate amount of field harvest, i.e. a so-called relatively reasonable "input/output ratio" of economic objectives. Therefore, the development of a cultivation method which can directly carry out ultra-thin rape planting based on medium-sized rice stubble and has high input/output ratio has positive significance.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide the super-thin planting rape cultivation method based on the middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology, the middle rice stubble can be directly planted, good temperature, light and water resources can be fully utilized, stubble cleaning, ditching and bed arrangement are not needed in the whole process, labor force, seed and fertilizer cost can be greatly saved, and the reasonable input/output ratio is realized.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a super-thin planting rape cultivation method based on a middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology, which comprises the following steps:
(1) draining the rice field with good drainage in advance for one week, after mechanical harvesting, punching holes in the gaps between rice stubbles by using a bowl making device while the soil moisture content is good, and placing the bowl body beside the holes;
(2) selecting proper rape varieties, placing the proper rape varieties in a pot body, adding nutrient soil to cover the proper rape varieties, covering the periphery of the pot body with straws to preserve moisture, completing sowing, and continuing controlling grass;
(3) when the third true leaf of the seedling grows out, reserving one seedling with the strongest growth vigor in each pot, cutting off redundant seedlings, applying a nutrient fertilizer, putting the pot seedlings back into original holes, and performing point spraying on the seedlings by using a plant growth agent to complete field planting;
(4) after the buds appear, additional fertilization and weeding treatment are carried out properly, and harvesting is carried out after the buds are matured.
Specifically, the paddy field recommends terraced fields without ponding.
Specifically, in the step (1), the hole drilling step is to drill a hole in the rice stubble gap every 0.6-1.0 m by using a large cotton bowl maker and control the hole drilling of 800-.
Specifically, the step (1) further comprises the step of shaking the bowl making device during punching, so that the diameter of the ground cavity is slightly larger than that of the bowl body by 2-3 cm.
Specifically, in the step (2), the rape variety is selected from varieties which have high oil content, moderate sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance level, high yield and late maturing characters at the same time. Specifically, for example, Hui oil 41 may be selected.
Specifically, in the step (2), the nutrient soil components comprise decomposed farmyard manure, compound fertilizer, borax and plant ash, and water is added for uniform mixing.
Specifically, in the step (2), the grass control step specifically includes: spraying herbicide within three days after sowing, wherein the herbicide comprises closed herbicide and dead herbicide, and is prepared by adding water.
Specifically, the closed herbicide can be 90% of acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate, and the biocidal herbicide can be 41% of nongda.
Specifically, in the step (3), the nutrient fertilizer comprises a compound fertilizer and borax, and is added with water and uniformly mixed.
Specifically, in the step (3), the plant growth agent comprises paclobutrazol.
Specifically, in the step (4), the additional fertilization step is urea additional application.
Specifically, in the step (4), the weeding step is to perform spray weeding by mixing gesso with water.
The method for cultivating the ultra-thin rape based on the middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology does not pursue pure high yield, fully utilizes middle rice stubble rips vacated earlier in the existing planting, exerts individual yield advantage, creatively plants the rape in an in-situ pot-making mode by virtue of the advantage of good seedling temperature, light and water resources of the rape, does not need stubble cleaning, ditching, seedbed and bed preparation in the whole planting process, and realizes lossless planting in the planting process.
According to the super-thin planting rape cultivation method based on the middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology, the whole pot-making and sowing process can be easily completed within 1 working day, so that a large amount of labor, seed and fertilizer costs are saved, and a proper yield can be obtained under the condition of less workload; moreover, the root is not damaged in the planting process, so that the seedling revival period is avoided, and the planting period is short; moreover, because the soil moisture content before field planting is good, the whole seedling can be ensured, autumn drought is not feared, even if the rain before field planting is continuous, because the pot body is higher than the field surface, the waterlogging damage at the seedling stage can also be reduced; and late-maturing hybrid seeds with high oil content, moderate sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance level and high yield are adopted for super-thin planting (only about 1000 plants per mu), the ventilation and light transmission in the field are good, and the sclerotinia sclerotiorum does not need to be prevented and controlled in the flowering period; especially, the amount of the used seed and the amount of the used fertilizer are greatly reduced, the investment is greatly saved, and the economic benefit is better.
Drawings
In order that the present disclosure may be more readily and clearly understood, the following detailed description of the present disclosure is provided in connection with specific embodiments thereof and the accompanying drawings, in which,
FIG. 1 shows the morphological differences between conventional transplanted rape (left) and rape planted by the method of the present invention (right).
Detailed Description
This example is the following example:
the rape variety is selected from a variety which has high oil content, moderate sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance and high yield and late maturity, and Anhui oil hybrid 41 is taken as an example;
the nutrient soil is prepared by taking 18kg of thoroughly-dried decomposed farmyard manure, adding 2kg of compound fertilizer, adding a proper amount of borax and plant ash, adding water, uniformly mixing, and using water to hold the mixture into a mass and to disperse the mixture when the mixture falls to the ground;
the additional nutrient fertilizer is prepared by uniformly mixing 20kg of compound fertilizer and 0.05kg of borax;
the plant growth agent is prepared by taking 2.5g of 15% paclobutrazol wettable powder and adding 2kg of water and uniformly mixing.
The compound fertilizer related to the method is 'scattering-rich' brand compound fertilizer 15-15-15.
Example 1
The super-thin planting rape cultivation method based on the middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting a middle rice field (a terrace with good drainage requirement and no accumulated water is recommended) harvested before 9 months and 10 days, draining water one week in advance, and after the rice is harvested by a conventional machine, forming a hole in the rice stubble gap at intervals of about 0.8m by using a large cotton pot making device with the diameter of 15cm while the soil moisture content is good; when punching is carried out, the bowl making device is shaken to enable the diameter of the hole to be slightly larger than that of the bowl body by 2-3cm, a pedal of the bowl making device is stepped down, the bowl body is placed beside the hole, and according to the method, about 1000 holes are punched in each mu of field;
(2) selecting a variety Hui oil weed 41 with high oil content, high sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance level and high yield and late maturity, putting 3 seeds in a bowl (namely, the seed consumption per mu is about 15 grams), covering with 0.02kg of nutrient soil, covering the periphery of the bowl body with straws to preserve moisture, but not covering the nutrient soil to prevent seedlings from stretching, and completing seeding;
spraying herbicide within three days after sowing for controlling weeds, wherein the dosage of the herbicide per mu is 60-80ml of 90% acetochlor missible oil (closed herbicide), 300ml of 41% agricultural chemical 100 (biocidal herbicide) and 20kg of water;
(3) when the third true leaf of the seedling grows out, 1 plant with the strongest growth vigor is reserved in each pot, and redundant seedlings are cut off; putting about 0.02kg of the nutrient fertilizer into each hole for topdressing treatment, adding about 50ml of water to facilitate the dissolution of the fertilizer, and then putting the pot seedlings back into the original holes; and spot spraying the seedlings with the plant growth agent; if the step is in rainy days for a long time, the planting can be postponed, and because the pot body is higher than the field surface, the waterlogging damage of the seedlings can be effectively reduced;
(4) after the buds appear, 0.01kg of urea is applied to each plant, as the main weeds of the southern rice stubble rapes are the Aleurea virens, if the prevention and control effects of the weed control step are poor, 28-37ml of mulch grass energy with the concentration of 108g/L can be added into 15kg of water for spraying and weeding per mu in the 3-4 leaf period of the Aleurea virens; after the seedlings are ripe, the seedlings are harvested by a traditional method, and due to the fact that the seedlings are planted in an ultra-thin density, the number of the seedlings is small, and therefore labor is saved relatively.
FIG. 1 shows the morphological differences between the conventional transplanted rape (left) and the rape planted according to the present invention (right), and it can be seen that the number of branches and the number of pod per plant of the rape planted according to the present invention are significantly greater than those of the conventional transplanted rape, and the number of branches can reach 4-5 times of that of the conventional rape.
The yield per mu of Huanggang test points in 2019 measured in summer is 135.2kg, the whole planting, managing and harvesting consumes 3.5 workers, although the yield is reduced by about 60kg compared with the yield of the traditional rape transplanted in the normal season, the minimum 8.5 workers are reduced, and the damage to the waist and knees of a human body during the traditional transplanting is avoided.
In addition, 1 jin of oil is extracted from 3 jin of rapeseeds in the traditional variety in villages, but because high-oil-quality varieties are adopted (the oil content is measured by national standard method by Hui oil impurity 41), 55kg of oil is extracted from one mu of rapeseeds in villages (namely half jin of oil is extracted from two jin of rapeseeds), the requirement of one year on vegetable oil of four farmers can be met, and the individual yield advantage is fully exerted.
It should be understood that the above examples are only for clarity of illustration and are not intended to limit the embodiments. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. And are neither required nor exhaustive of all embodiments. And obvious variations or modifications therefrom are within the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A super-thin planting rape cultivation method based on a middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) draining the rice field with good drainage in advance for one week, after mechanical harvesting, punching holes in the gaps between rice stubbles by using a bowl making device while the soil moisture content is good, and placing the bowl body beside the holes;
(2) selecting proper rape varieties, placing the proper rape varieties in a pot body, adding nutrient soil to cover the proper rape varieties, covering the periphery of the pot body with straws to preserve moisture, completing sowing, and continuing controlling grass;
(3) when the third true leaf of the seedling grows out, reserving one seedling with the strongest growth vigor in each pot, cutting off redundant seedlings, applying a nutrient fertilizer, putting the pot seedlings back into original holes, and performing point spraying on the seedlings by using a plant growth agent to complete field planting;
(4) after the buds appear, additional fertilization and weeding treatment are carried out properly, and harvesting is carried out after the buds are matured.
2. The method for cultivating ultra-thin planted rape as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (1), the hole drilling step is specifically to drill a hole in the stubble gap every 0.6-1.0 m by a large cotton pot maker, and control drilling holes of 800-1200 holes per mu of field.
3. The method for cultivating the ultra-thin planting rape as claimed in claim 2, wherein the step (1) further comprises the step of shaking the pot maker during the hole punching process, so that the hole diameter is slightly larger than the pot body by 2-3 cm.
4. The method for cultivating the ultra-thin planting rape based on the middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein in the step (2), the rape variety is selected from varieties which have high oil content, moderate resistance to sclerotinia sclerotiorum disease and high yield and late maturing characters at the same time.
5. The method for cultivating the ultra-thin planting of the rape on the basis of the middle-season rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology, as claimed in claim 4, wherein in the step (2), the nutrient soil components comprise decomposed farmyard manure, compound fertilizer, borax and plant ash, and the water is added for uniform mixing.
6. The cultivation method for the ultra-thin planting of the rapes based on the middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology as claimed in claim 4 or 5, wherein in the step (2), the grass control step specifically comprises: spraying herbicide within three days after sowing, wherein the herbicide comprises closed herbicide and dead herbicide, and is prepared by adding water.
7. The method for cultivating the ultra-thin planting rape on the basis of the middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein in the step (3), the nutrient fertilizer comprises compound fertilizer and borax, and water is added for uniform mixing.
8. The method for cultivating ultra-thin planting rape as claimed in claim 7, wherein in step (3), the plant growth agent comprises paclobutrazol.
9. The method for cultivating the ultra-thin planting rape based on the middle rice stubble in-situ pot-making lossless planting technology as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein in the step (4), the additional fertilization step is additional urea application.
10. The method for cultivating the ultra-thin planting rape as claimed in claim 9, wherein in the step (4), the weeding step is implemented by spraying and weeding through combining canon and water.
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