CN111000175B - 一种低腐胺健康泡菜的制作方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于食品领域,尤其是食品领域中泡菜的制作技术,具体为一种低腐胺健康泡菜的制作方法。该方法包括以下步骤:1)原料预处理;2)泡菜坛灭菌处理;3)泡菜制作;4)添加复合菌剂,复合菌剂为乳酸乳球菌PCYTY-13和肠膜明串珠菌PCY-3R18冻干粉的混合物;5)浸渍调味。本发明选用L-丙氨酸作为增味剂,不仅可以增加泡菜的鲜味,同时还可以缓和泡菜的咸味和酸味,不用再添加谷氨酸钠和蔗糖,同时在调味液中添加B族维生素,使产品更加营养健康;另外,本发明通过接菌调控泡菜发酵,降解腐胺,降低腐胺含量。同时将腐胺转化为γ-氨基丁酸,使泡菜具有更高食用价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品领域,尤其是食品领域中泡菜的制作技术,具体为一种低腐胺健康泡菜的制作方法。
背景技术
泡菜是我国传统特色发酵食品的典型代表,历史悠久,文化深厚。泡菜是以新鲜蔬菜为原料,添加或不添加辅料,经食盐水泡渍发酵而成的蔬菜制品。
泡菜因清香、嫩脆、爽口,深受人们喜爱,尤其在我国西南地区几乎家家都有。但是泡菜在发酵过程中会产生生物胺并进行积累,其中以腐胺为主。腐胺不仅自身具有毒性,还能在酸性条件下与亚硝酸盐形成致癌性的亚硝胺,存在一定的安全隐患。
γ-氨基丁酸是近几年较热门的功能因子,其具有降压、镇静、增强记忆、抗焦虑等生理功能,尤其对更年期的失眠、压抑和自身失调疗效良好。目前研究表明,γ-氨基丁酸主要由植物乳杆菌、短乳杆菌、戊糖乳杆菌等利用谷氨酸钠作为底物代谢形成,而未见肠膜明串珠菌能形成γ-氨基丁酸的报道。虽然谷氨酸钠是目前食品中应用最多的一种增味剂,也是泡菜最主要的增鲜物质,但是谷氨酸钠摄入过多时会出现眩晕、头痛、嗜睡、肌肉痉挛等一系列症状,且谷氨酸钠在120℃的温度下会形成焦谷氨酸钠,对人体具有一定危害。因此,也亟需另寻一种增鲜物质来替代谷氨酸钠。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对现有技术问题,提供一种低腐胺健康泡菜的制作方法。本发明采用具有腐胺转氨酶活性的乳酸乳球菌和具有4-氨基丁醛脱氢酶活性的肠膜明串珠菌调控泡菜发酵,不仅能代谢腐胺,降低泡菜腐胺的含量,还能利用腐胺代谢物形成γ-氨基丁酸。发酵成熟的泡菜再用富含维生素B族的调味液浸渍,使产品更加营养健康。
为了实现上述目的,本发明的具体技术方案为:
一种低腐胺健康泡菜的制作方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)原料预处理:选取新鲜、成熟适度、无虫害的蔬菜作为原料,清洗、切分,沥干水分。比如泡菜原料可为胡萝卜,豇豆、生姜、大蒜等。
(2)泡菜坛灭菌处理:将泡菜坛清洗干净,然后加入煮沸开水进行热烫杀菌20min,重复热烫杀菌处理3次。
(3)制作泡菜:按质量比1:1向泡菜坛内加入处理后的原料和冷开水,再加入占原料和冷开水总质量2.0%-3.5%的食盐,混匀。
(4)添加复合菌剂:将活菌数为1.0×109-5.0×109CFU/g的乳酸乳球菌PCYTY-13的冻干粉和活菌数为1.0×109-5.0×109CFU/g的肠膜明串珠菌PCY-3R18的冻干粉按照质量比2:1-3混合,获得复合菌剂。再将复合菌剂按泡菜总质量(现在泡菜坛内所有物料的质量总和)的3-5%进行添加,于25-30℃的条件下密封发酵40-48小时。
(5)浸渍调味:将发酵完成的泡菜与营养调味液按质量比1-2:1混合后装袋,真空包装,4℃冷藏24小时后即得可马上食用的泡菜。
营养调味液的制备方法为:100mL蒸馏水中添加0.5-1.2g L-丙氨酸、0.2-0.4g维生素B1、0.2-0.4g维生素B2、0.2-0.4g维生素B3、0.2-0.4g维生素B5、0.2-0.4g维生素B6、0.2-0.4g维生素B12、0.2-0.4g维生素B9、2.0-4.0g干花椒、2.0-4.0g野山椒、2.0-4.0g生姜末、2.0-4.0g大蒜末、0.5-1.5g八角、0.5-1.5g香叶、0.5-1.5g桂皮,50%功率超声提取30-60分钟,过滤后即获得营养调味液。
超声提取可采用KQ5200DE型数控超声波清洗器。
PCYTY-13,分类命名为乳酸乳球菌Lactococcus lactis,保藏号为CGMCCNo.14932。该菌株已于2017年11月20日在中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心进行保藏,保藏地址:北京市朝阳区大屯路甲3号,中国科学院微生物研究所,邮编100101。
PCY-3R18,分类命名为肠膜明串珠菌Leuconostoc mesenteroides,保藏号为GDMCC NO.60197。该菌株已于2017年6月8日在广东省微生物菌种保藏中心进行保藏,保藏地址:广州市先烈中路100号大院59号楼5楼,广东省微生物研究所,邮编510075。
本发明的积极效果体现在:
(一)、传统发酵泡菜腐胺含量较高,存在一定的安全风险。本发明通过接菌调控泡菜发酵,降解腐胺,降低腐胺含量。同时将腐胺转化为γ-氨基丁酸,使泡菜具有更高食用价值。
(二)目前主要使用谷氨酸钠作为泡菜的增味剂,但是谷氨酸钠对人体健康有一定危害。本发明选用L-丙氨酸作为泡菜的增味剂,不仅可以增加泡菜的鲜味,同时还可以缓和泡菜的咸味和酸味,不用再添加谷氨酸钠和蔗糖,同时在调味液中添加B族维生素,使产品更加营养健康。
附图说明:
图1为本发明实验三中产品的感官评定结果示意图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,下面结合具体实施方式对本发明作进一步的详细描述,但不应将此理解为本发明上述主题的范围仅限于下述实施例。在不脱离本发明上述技术思想情况下,根据本领域普通技术知识和惯用手段,做出各种替换和变更,均应包括在本发明的范围内。
本申请文件中,%如无特殊说明,均表示wt%;所采用的原料,如无特殊说明外,均为市售产品。
以下实施例中所使用的菌种为:
PCYTY-13,分类命名为乳酸乳球菌Lactococcus lactis,保藏号为CGMCCNo.14932。该菌株已于2017年11月20日在中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心进行保藏,保藏地址:北京市朝阳区大屯路甲3号,中国科学院微生物研究所,邮编100101。
PCY-3R18,分类命名为肠膜明串珠菌Leuconostoc mesenteroides,保藏号为GDMCC No.60197。该菌株已于2017年6月8日在广东省微生物菌种保藏中心进行保藏,保藏地址:广州市先烈中路100号大院59号楼5楼,广东省微生物研究所,邮编510075。
以上两种菌种的冻干粉均采用现有技术进行制备得到。
实施例1:
一种低腐胺健康泡菜的制作方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)原料预处理:选取新鲜、成熟适度、无虫害的萝卜作为原料,然后进行清洗、切分和沥干水分处理。
(2)泡菜坛灭菌处理:将泡菜坛清洗干净,然后加入煮沸开水进行热烫杀菌20min,重复热烫杀菌操作3次。
(3)泡菜制作:称取处理后的原料1000g装入泡菜坛中,加入1000g冷开水和40g食盐,混匀。
(4)添加复合菌剂:将活菌数为1.0×109-5.0×109CFU/g的乳酸乳球菌PCYTY-13的冻干粉和活菌数为1.0×109-5.0×109CFU/g的肠膜明串珠菌PCY-3R18的冻干粉按照质量比2:1混合,获得复合菌剂。向泡菜坛中添加60g复合菌剂,于30℃的条件下密封发酵42小时。
(5)浸渍调味:将发酵完成的泡菜与营养调味液按质量比1:1混匀后装袋,真空包装,4℃冷藏24小时后得即可食用的泡菜。
营养调味液的制备方法为:100mL蒸馏水中添加0.6g L-丙氨酸、0.2g维生素B1、0.2g维生素B2、0.2g维生素B3、0.2g维生素B5、0.2g维生素B6、0.2g维生素B12、0.2g维生素B9、2.0g干花椒、2.0g野山椒、2.0g生姜末、2.0g大蒜末、0.5g八角、0.5g香叶、0.5g桂皮,50%功率超声提取30分钟,过滤后即获得营养调味液。
实施例2:
一种低腐胺健康泡菜的制作方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)原料预处理:选取新鲜、成熟适度、无虫害的豇豆作为原料,然后将原料进行清洗、切分和沥干水分处理。
(2)泡菜坛灭菌处理:将泡菜坛清洗干净,然后加入煮沸开水进行热烫杀菌20min,重复热烫杀菌3次。
(3)泡菜制作:称取处理后的原料1000g装入泡菜坛中,加入1000g冷开水和50g食盐,混匀。
(4)添加复合菌剂:将活菌数为1.0×109-5.0×109CFU/g的乳酸乳球菌PCYTY-13的冻干粉和活菌数为1.0×109-5.0×109CFU/g的肠膜明串珠菌PCY-3R18的冻干粉按照质量比1:1混合,获得复合菌剂。向泡菜坛中添加80g复合菌剂,于28℃的条件下密封发酵45小时。
(5)浸渍调味:将发酵完成的泡菜与营养调味液按质量比2:1装袋,真空包装,4℃冷藏24小时后得即可食用的泡菜。
营养调味液的制备步骤为:100mL蒸馏水中添加1.2g L-丙氨酸、0.4g维生素B1、0.4g维生素B2、0.4g维生素B3、0.4g维生素B5、0.4g维生素B6、0.4g维生素B12、0.4g维生素B9、4.0g干花椒、4.0g野山椒、4.0g生姜末、4.0g大蒜末、1.5g八角、1.5g香叶、1.5g桂皮,50%功率超声提取60分钟,过滤后即获得营养调味液。
实施例3:
一种低腐胺健康泡菜的制作方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)原料预处理:选取新鲜、成熟适度、无虫害的白菜作为原料,然后将原料经清洗、切分和沥干水分处理。
(2)泡菜坛灭菌处理:将泡菜坛清洗干净,然后加入煮沸开水进行热烫杀菌20min,重复热烫杀菌操作3次。
(3)泡菜制作:称取处理后的原料1000g装入泡菜坛中,加入1000g冷开水和60g食盐,混匀。
(4)添加复合菌剂:将活菌数为1.0×109-5.0×109CFU/g的乳酸乳球菌PCYTY-13的冻干粉和活菌数为1.0×109-5.0×109CFU/g的肠膜明串珠菌PCY-3R18的冻干粉按照质量比2:3混合,获得复合菌剂。向泡菜坛中添加100g复合菌剂,于28℃的条件下密封发酵40小时。
(5)浸渍调味:将发酵完成的泡菜与营养调味液按质量比1:1装袋,真空包装,4℃冷藏24小时后得即可食用的泡菜。
营养调味液的制备步骤为:100mL蒸馏水中添加0.8g L-丙氨酸、0.2g维生素B1、0.2g维生素B2、0.2g维生素B3、0.2g维生素B5、0.2g维生素B6、0.2g维生素B12、0.2g维生素B9、2.0g干花椒、2.0g野山椒、2.0g生姜末、2.0g大蒜末、0.5g八角、0.5g香叶、0.5g桂皮,50%功率超声提取30分钟,过滤后即获得营养调味液。
实验一:产品的理化和微生物测定
采用实施例1中的方法制备10份泡菜样品,对产品的理化和微生物进行检测。依据《食品中氯化物的测定》(GB 5009.44-2016)中滴定法测定产品的氯化物含量;依据《食品中总酸的测定》(GB/T 12456-2008)中pH电位法测定产品的总酸浓度;依据《食品pH值的测定》(GB5009.237—2016)测定产品的pH;依据《食品中氨基酸态氮的测定》(GB5009.235—2016)测定产品的氨基酸态氮含量;依据《食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定》(GB5009.33—2016)中的分光光度法测定产品的亚硝酸盐含量;依据《食品微生物学检验乳酸菌检验》(GB4789.35-2016)测定产品的乳酸菌数量;依据《食品微生物学检验大肠菌群计数》(GB4789.3—2016)测定产品的大肠菌群数量;依据《食品微生物学检验霉菌和酵母计数》(GB4789.15—2016)测定产品的霉菌和酵母数量。测定结果见表1:
表1产品理化和微生物含量
结果表明,产品氯化物含量低,总酸含量适中,亚硝酸盐含量低,乳酸菌含量较高,无大肠菌群、霉菌检出,产品食用安全性较高。
实验二:产品的生物胺含量和γ-氨基丁酸含量测定
将按照传统工艺制备的泡菜作为空白组,制作工艺为:选取新鲜、成熟适度、无虫害的蔬菜作为原料,清洗、切分,沥干水分。将泡菜坛清洗干净,然后加入煮沸开水进行热烫杀菌20min,重复3次。称取处理后的原料1000g装入泡菜坛中,加入1000g冷开水和60g食盐,混匀,于28℃的条件下密封发酵3天。按照实例1的制备工艺,步骤(4)只添加乳酸乳球菌PCYTY-13的冻干粉,制备的泡菜为对照组1。按照实例1的制备工艺,步骤(4)只添加肠膜明串珠菌PCY-3R18的冻干粉,制备的泡菜为对照组2。
取实施例1、对照组1、对照组2、空白组样品各10份,依据《食品中生物胺的测定》(GB 5009.208-2016)测定产品生物胺的含量,依据《γ-氨基丁酸测定方法高效液相色谱法》(NYT2890-2016)测定产品的γ-氨基丁酸含量。测定结果见表2:
表2产品生物胺和γ-氨基丁酸的含量
结果表明,对照组1只添加乳酸乳球菌PCYTY-13调控发酵,虽然泡菜的生物胺的含量较低,但γ-氨基丁酸的含量较低。对照组2只添加肠膜明串珠菌PCY-3R18调控发酵,泡菜的生物胺和γ-氨基丁酸含量与空白组差异不大,接菌效果差。本发明同时接入两种菌的复合菌剂调控发酵,泡菜的生物胺含量低,γ-氨基丁酸含量高,具有一定的食用价值。
实验三:产品的感官评定
将按照传统工艺制备的泡菜作为空白组,在空白组基础上添加常规调味液作为对照组,实施例1制备的泡菜产品作为实验组。常规调味液配方为:100mL蒸馏水中添加3g谷氨酸钠、3g蔗糖、2.0g干花椒、2.0g野山椒、2.0g生姜末、2.0g大蒜末、0.5g八角、0.5g香叶、0.5g桂皮,煮沸30分钟后过滤冷却,即获得常规调味液。分别从色泽、香味、味觉、形态这四个项目进行评分,其中色泽和形态的权重为20%,香味和味觉的权重为30%,邀请10名从事食品专业的人员进行评分,结果去掉极值取均值,感官评分标准表如表3所示。评定结果如图1所示。
表3产品的感官评定表
由表3和图1可知,本发明制备的泡菜香味和味觉评分较高,添加L-丙氨酸能缓解泡菜的酸味和咸味,除去一些刺激性气味,鲜味与对照组评分差距不大,选用L-丙氨酸替代谷氨酸钠和蔗糖的总体效果更佳。
以上所述实例仅是本专利的优选实施方式,但本专利的保护范围并不局限于此。应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本专利原理的前提下,根据本专利的技术方案及其专利构思,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本专利的保护范围之内。
Claims (4)
1.一种低腐胺健康泡菜的制作方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
(1)原料预处理:选取新鲜、成熟度适宜、无虫害的蔬菜作为原料,并将原料经清洗、切分和沥干水分处理;
(2)泡菜坛灭菌处理:将泡菜坛清洗干净,然后加入煮沸开水进行热烫杀菌20min,重复热烫杀菌3次;
(3)制作泡菜:按质量比1:1向泡菜坛内加入处理后的原料和冷开水,再加入占原料和冷开水总质量2.0%-3.5%的食盐,混匀;
(4)添加复合菌剂:将乳酸乳球菌PCYTY-13的冻干粉和肠膜明串珠菌PCY-3R18的冻干粉按比例混合,得复合菌剂;再将复合菌剂加入泡菜坛,于25-30℃的条件下密封发酵40-48小时;乳酸乳球菌PCYTY-13的冻干粉和肠膜明串珠菌PCY-3R18的冻干粉按照质量比2:1-3混合;复合菌剂的添加量为泡菜坛内物质总质量的3-5%;
(5)浸渍调味:将发酵完成的泡菜与营养调味液按比例混合后装袋,真空包装,4℃冷藏24小时后即可食用;PCYTY-13,分类命名为乳酸乳球菌Lactococcus lactis,保藏号为CGMCC No.14932,保藏日期为2017年11月20日;PCY-3R18,分类命名为肠膜明串珠菌Leuconostoc mesenteroides,保藏号为GDMCCNo.60197;保藏日期为2017年6月8日。
2.如权利要求1所述低腐胺健康泡菜的制作方法,其特征在于:乳酸乳球菌PCYTY-13和肠膜明串珠菌PCY-3R18的冻干粉中的活菌数均为1.0×109-5.0×109CFU/g。
3.如权利要求1所述低腐胺健康泡菜的制作方法,其特征在于,所述营养调味液的制备方法为:100mL蒸馏水中添加0.5-1.2g L-丙氨酸、0.2-0.4g维生素B1、0.2-0.4g维生素B2、0.2-0.4g维生素B3、0.2-0.4g维生素B5、0.2-0.4g维生素B6、0.2-0.4g维生素B12、0.2-0.4g维生素B9、2.0-4.0g干花椒、2.0-4.0g野山椒、2.0-4.0g生姜末、2.0-4.0g大蒜末、0.5-1.5g八角、0.5-1.5g香叶、0.5-1.5g桂皮,50%功率超声提取30-60分钟,过滤后即获得营养调味液。
4.如权利要求1所述低腐胺健康泡菜的制作方法,其特征在于:发酵完成的泡菜与营养调味液按质量比1-2:1装袋。
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