CN110613804B - Traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa and a preparation method thereof, wherein the traditional Chinese medicine composition comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100-300 parts of amur corktree bark, 100-300 parts of golden thread, 50-200 parts of citronella, 50-200 parts of spina gleditsiae, 30-200 parts of dahurian angelica root and 30-200 parts of kuh-seng. Compared with the prior art, the pure traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation provided by the invention has low toxicity, is not easy to generate drug resistance, has simple production process, obvious curative effect and low cost; under the guidance of a middle veterinarian qi-blood dialectical theory method, the six pure natural Chinese herbal medicines are adopted, and the medicines are compatible according to a monarch, minister, assistant and guide principle, so that the Chinese herbal medicine has the effects of clearing heat, detoxicating, resisting bacteria, diminishing inflammation, astringing skin, promoting granulation and the like, and can enhance the immunity of the bodies of dogs and cats; the medicine has wide medicine source, low toxicity, no drug resistance, obvious curative effect and low cost, and can be widely used for treating the external otitis of dogs and cats.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of veterinary medicines, and particularly relates to a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa and a preparation method thereof.
Background
With the improvement of the living standard of people, more and more families start to raise dogs and cats as pets. Otitis externa is a common disorder of the ear canal of dogs and cats, and is manifested by acute or chronic inflammation of the epithelial tissue of the external auditory canal, which can sometimes be affected by auricles. Although not directly threatening the life of the animal, it affects the quality of life of the pet. Otitis externa is highly frequent and is prone to recurrence, especially in humid and stuffy areas. The damage initially caused by otitis externa may be minor, easily ignored or not effectively treated, resulting in further lesion development and possible complications. Some researchers abroad consider canine otitis externa incidence between 5-20% and cats around 2%.
Through clinical statistics, the main pathogenesis of the otitis externa is acarid, fungus, bacterial infection and the like, and the bacterial infection is generally mixed infection, and parasite or fungus infection is also caused at the same time. At present, the domestic ear diseases of dogs and cats mainly adopt antibiotics, such as fungal infection, antifungal medicines are needed, the medicine usage is relatively single and the medicine resistance is easy to generate, the treatment period is often prolonged, the administration dosage is increased, the treatment inefficiency and the like are serious, and on the other hand, toxic and side effects are caused to a certain extent on the livestock.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating the canine and feline otitis externa and the preparation method thereof, and the traditional Chinese medicine has the effects of clearing heat and detoxicating, inhibiting bacteria, resisting bacteria and the like, can enhance the immunity of animal organisms, is not easy to generate drug resistance, and has the advantages of low price, wide sources, small side effects and the like.
The object of the invention is achieved in the following way:
a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100-300 parts of amur corktree bark, 100-300 parts of golden thread, 50-200 parts of citronella, 50-200 parts of spina gleditsiae, 30-200 parts of dahurian angelica root and 30-200 parts of kuh-seng.
Preferably, the traditional Chinese medicine comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 150-300 parts of phellodendron, 150-300 parts of coptis chinensis, 100-200 parts of citronella, 100-200 parts of spina gleditsiae, 50-150 parts of radix angelicae and 50-150 parts of radix sophorae flavescentis.
The Chinese medicinal composition is ointment, spray or drop.
The preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa comprises the following steps:
(1) Accurately weighing the raw materials according to the parts by weight, soaking the raw materials in water overnight, heating and decocting, filtering, mixing filtrates, and concentrating to obtain a liquid medicine for later use;
(2) Adding ethanol into the liquid medicine obtained in the step (1), refrigerating overnight, filtering the liquid medicine after recovering the ethanol, and concentrating to syrup for later use;
(3) Heating the syrup in the step (2), and uniformly mixing with lanolin and phenol, wherein the syrup is an aqueous phase; heating vaseline to melt, filtering with fine cloth, which is oil phase; slowly adding the water phase into the oil phase, stirring, and stirring.
In the aqueous phase of step (3), syrup: lanolin: the mass ratio of phenol is (1-1.5): (0.001-0.003): (0.003-0.005), aqueous phase: the mass ratio of the oil phase is 1: (2-5).
The water adding amount of the water adding impregnation in the step (1) is 10-15 times of the total mass of the raw material medicines.
The heating and decocting in the step (1) are carried out twice, and the water adding amount of the second heating and decocting is the same as that of the first heating and decocting.
And (3) cooling at the temperature of 4-8 ℃ in the step (2).
And (3) adding ethanol in the step (2), wherein the volume concentration of the ethanol in the liquid medicine is 70-80%.
The relative density of the concentrated liquid medicine in the step (1) is 1.1-1.2.
The efficacy of the raw materials adopted in the invention is as follows:
the main effects of phellodendron bark are clearing heat and drying dampness, purging fire and removing steam, detoxicating and curing sore, etc., and the modern Chinese medicine research theory proves that phellodendron bark has wide pharmacological actions and mainly has the effects of immunosuppression, anti-tumor, anti-ulcer, antibacterial, etc.
The coptis root has the effects of clearing heat, drying dampness, purging pathogenic fire, removing toxin, and has the effects of resisting bacteria, fungi, viruses, inflammation, fever, ulcer and the like in modern pharmacological research.
The citronella contains citric acid, has fragrant smell, has the functions of disinfection and sterilization, and can resist infection, astringe skin, condition greasy and unclean skin and the like.
Spina Gleditsiae is pungent in nature and warm in nature, has the effects of relieving swelling, expelling pus, expelling toxin, and killing parasites.
Radix Angelicae Dahuricae has warm nature, pungent taste, fragrant smell, slightly bitter taste, and has effects of dispelling pathogenic wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation, expelling pus, promoting granulation and relieving pain.
The kuh-seng contains matrine and has the effects of clearing heat, promoting diuresis, resisting bacteria, diminishing inflammation, invigorating stomach, expelling parasites and the like.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention is compatible according to the principle of monarch, minister, assistant and guide, wherein, phellodendron bark, cortex phellodendri, fire purging, detoxification, heat clearing, dampness eliminating, external use has the functions of treating sores, carbuncles, sore toxins, skin eczema and the like of the mouth and tongue, and is taken as a monarch drug; rhizoma coptidis is used as ministerial drug for treating damp-heat distention and fullness, carbuncles, furuncles and the like, and plays a role in assisting the strengthening treatment of monarch drug; citronella is anti-infective, deodorant and insect repellent; spina Gleditsiae is commonly used for treating initial carbuncle or suppuration without ulcer, and is used together with citronella as adjuvant drug to assist monarch drug and ministerial drug in strengthening treatment effect; radix angelicae has the effects of relieving exterior syndrome and dispelling cold, dispelling wind and relieving pain, detumescence and expelling pus, and radix sophorae flavescentis has the effects of clearing heat and promoting diuresis, resisting bacteria and diminishing inflammation, invigorating stomach and expelling parasites, and is commonly used for treating skin itch, neurasthenia, dyspepsia, constipation and the like, and is used as a guiding drug with radix angelicae;
2. the invention provides a pure traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation, which has low toxicity, is not easy to generate drug resistance, has simple production process, obvious curative effect and low cost;
3. under the guidance of a middle veterinarian qi-blood dialectical theory method, the six pure natural Chinese herbal medicines are adopted, and the medicines are compatible according to a monarch, minister, assistant and guide principle, so that the Chinese herbal medicine has the effects of clearing heat, detoxicating, resisting bacteria, diminishing inflammation, astringing skin, promoting granulation and the like, and can enhance the immunity of the bodies of dogs and cats;
4. the medicine has wide medicine source, low toxicity, no drug resistance, obvious curative effect and low cost, and can be widely used for treating the external otitis of dogs and cats.
Detailed Description
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100-300 parts of amur corktree bark, 100-300 parts of golden thread, 50-200 parts of citronella, 50-200 parts of spina gleditsiae, 30-200 parts of dahurian angelica root and 30-200 parts of kuh-seng.
Preferably, the traditional Chinese medicine comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 150-300 parts of phellodendron, 150-300 parts of coptis chinensis, 100-200 parts of citronella, 100-200 parts of spina gleditsiae, 50-150 parts of radix angelicae and 50-150 parts of radix sophorae flavescentis.
Further, the traditional Chinese medicine composition is ointment, spray or drop, preferably ointment.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Accurately weighing the raw materials according to the parts by weight, soaking the raw materials in water overnight, heating and decocting, filtering, mixing filtrates, and concentrating to obtain a liquid medicine for later use;
(2) Adding ethanol into the liquid medicine obtained in the step (1), refrigerating overnight, filtering the liquid medicine after recovering the ethanol, and concentrating to syrup for later use;
(3) Heating the syrup in the step (2), and uniformly mixing with lanolin and phenol, wherein the syrup is an aqueous phase; heating vaseline to melt, filtering with fine cloth, which is oil phase; slowly adding the water phase into the oil phase, stirring, and stirring. The obtained paste is used: for external use, apply the composition to the affected area.
Further, in the aqueous phase of step (3), syrup: lanolin: the mass ratio of phenol is (1-1.5): (0.001-0.003): (0.003-0.005), aqueous phase: the mass ratio of the oil phase is 1: (2-5).
Further, the water adding amount for soaking in the step (1) is 10-15 times of the total mass of the raw materials.
Further, the heating and decocting in the step (1) is performed twice, and the heating and decocting time of the two times is preferably 3h and 2h respectively, and the water adding amount of the second heating and decocting is the same as that of the first heating and decocting.
Further, the cooling temperature in the step (2) is 4-8 ℃.
Further, the alcohol volume concentration in the liquid medicine after the ethanol is added in the step (2) is 70-80%.
Further, the relative density of the concentrated liquid medicine in the step (1) is 1.1-1.2, and the relative density of the liquid medicine is the ratio of the total mass of the raw medicinal materials to the volume of the concentrated liquid medicine.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples:
example 1
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 parts of phellodendron, 100 parts of coptis chinensis, 50 parts of citronella, 50 parts of spina gleditsiae, 30 parts of radix angelicae and 30 parts of radix sophorae flavescentis.
The preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine composition comprises the following steps:
(1) Accurately weighing the raw materials according to the parts by weight, adding 10 times of water for soaking overnight, heating and decocting for two times, wherein the first time is 3 hours, the second time is 2 hours after adding 10 times of water, filtering, combining the two filtrates, and concentrating to obtain a liquid medicine with the relative density of 1.10 for later use;
(2) Adding ethanol into the liquid medicine in the step (1) to ensure that the ethanol concentration in the liquid medicine is 75 percent, refrigerating overnight at 4 ℃, filtering the liquid medicine after recovering the ethanol, and concentrating to syrup for later use;
(3) Heating the syrup in the step (2), uniformly mixing with lanolin and phenol, and performing mass ratio on the syrup: lanolin: phenol=1: 0.001:0.003, which is an aqueous phase; heating vaseline to 80deg.C to melt, filtering with fine cloth, which is oil phase; the aqueous phase was slowly added to the oil phase, the aqueous phase: the oil phase mass ratio is 1:2, stirring while adding, and stirring uniformly to obtain the traditional Chinese medicine composition.
Example 2
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 300 parts of phellodendron, 300 parts of coptis chinensis, 200 parts of citronella, 200 parts of spina gleditsiae, 200 parts of radix angelicae, and 200 parts of radix sophorae flavescentis.
The preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
(1) Accurately weighing the raw materials according to the weight parts, adding 15 times of water for soaking overnight, heating and boiling for two times, wherein the first time is 3 hours, the second time is 2 hours after adding 15 times of water for boiling, filtering, combining the filtrates, and concentrating to obtain a liquid medicine with the relative density of 1.11 for later use;
(2) Adding ethanol into the liquid medicine obtained in the step (1) to ensure that the ethanol concentration is about 70 percent, refrigerating overnight at 6 ℃, filtering the liquid medicine after recovering the ethanol, and concentrating to syrup for later use;
(3) Heating the syrup in the step (2), uniformly mixing with lanolin and phenol, and performing mass ratio on the syrup: lanolin: phenol=1.5: 0.003:0.005 this is the aqueous phase; heating vaseline to 80deg.C to melt, filtering with fine cloth, which is oil phase; wherein the aqueous phase: the oil phase mass ratio is 1: and 5, slowly adding the water phase into the oil phase, stirring while adding, and stirring uniformly to obtain the water phase.
Example 3
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 250 parts of phellodendron, 200 parts of coptis chinensis, 150 parts of citronella, 150 parts of spina gleditsiae, 100 parts of radix angelicae and 100 parts of radix sophorae flavescentis.
The preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine/feline otitis externa in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
(1) Accurately weighing the raw materials according to the weight parts, adding 13 times of water for soaking overnight, heating and boiling for two times, wherein the first time is 3 hours, the second time is adding 13 times of water for boiling for 2 hours, filtering, combining the filtrates, and concentrating to obtain a liquid medicine with the relative density of 1.20 for later use;
(2) Adding ethanol into the liquid medicine obtained in the step (1) to ensure that the ethanol concentration is about 80 percent, refrigerating overnight at 8 ℃, filtering the liquid medicine after recovering the ethanol, and concentrating to syrup for later use;
(3) Heating the syrup in the step (2), uniformly mixing with lanolin and phenol, and performing mass ratio on the syrup: lanolin: phenol=1.2: 0.002:0.004 this is the aqueous phase; heating vaseline to 80deg.C to melt, filtering with fine cloth, which is oil phase; wherein the aqueous phase: the oil phase mass ratio is 1: and 3, slowly adding the water phase into the oil phase, stirring while adding, and stirring uniformly to obtain the water phase.
Example 4
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 150 parts of phellodendron, 150 parts of coptis chinensis, 100 parts of citronella, 100 parts of spina gleditsiae, 50 parts of radix angelicae and 50 parts of radix sophorae flavescentis.
The preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine composition comprises the following steps:
(1) Accurately weighing the raw materials according to the parts by weight, adding 10 times of water for soaking overnight, heating and decocting for two times, wherein the first time is 3 hours, the second time is 2 hours after adding 10 times of water, filtering, combining the two filtrates, and concentrating to obtain a liquid medicine with the relative density of 1.15 for later use;
(2) Adding ethanol into the liquid medicine in the step (1) to ensure that the ethanol concentration in the liquid medicine is 75 percent, refrigerating overnight at 4 ℃, filtering the liquid medicine after recovering the ethanol, and concentrating to syrup for later use;
(3) Heating the syrup in the step (2), uniformly mixing with lanolin and phenol, and performing mass ratio on the syrup: lanolin: phenol=1.4: 0.001:0.005, which is an aqueous phase; heating vaseline to 80deg.C to melt, filtering with fine cloth, which is oil phase; the aqueous phase was slowly added to the oil phase, the aqueous phase: the oil phase mass ratio is 1:4, stirring while adding, and stirring uniformly to obtain the traditional Chinese medicine composition.
Example 5
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 200 parts of amur corktree bark, 250 parts of golden thread, 200 parts of citronella, 200 parts of spina gleditsiae, 150 parts of dahurian angelica root and 150 parts of lightyellow sophora root.
The preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
(1) Accurately weighing the raw materials according to the weight parts, adding 15 times of water for soaking overnight, heating and boiling for two times, wherein the first time is 3 hours, the second time is 2 hours after adding 15 times of water for boiling, filtering, combining the filtrates, and concentrating to obtain a liquid medicine with the relative density of 1.11 for later use;
(2) Adding ethanol into the liquid medicine obtained in the step (1) to ensure that the ethanol concentration is about 70 percent, refrigerating overnight at 6 ℃, filtering the liquid medicine after recovering the ethanol, and concentrating to syrup for later use;
(3) Heating the syrup in the step (2), uniformly mixing with lanolin and phenol, and performing mass ratio on the syrup: lanolin: phenol=1.5: 0.003:0.005 this is the aqueous phase; heating vaseline to 80deg.C to melt, filtering with fine cloth, which is oil phase; wherein the aqueous phase: the oil phase mass ratio is 1:2, slowly adding the water phase into the oil phase, stirring while adding, and stirring uniformly to obtain the final product.
Example 6
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 parts of phellodendron, 100 parts of coptis chinensis, 150 parts of citronella, 200 parts of spina gleditsiae, 30 parts of radix angelicae and 100 parts of radix sophorae flavescentis.
The preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine/feline otitis externa in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
(1) Accurately weighing the raw materials according to the weight parts, adding 13 times of water for soaking overnight, heating and boiling for two times, wherein the first time is 3 hours, the second time is adding 13 times of water for boiling for 2 hours, filtering, combining the filtrates, and concentrating to obtain a liquid medicine with the relative density of 1.20 for later use;
(2) Adding ethanol into the liquid medicine obtained in the step (1) to ensure that the ethanol concentration is about 70 percent, refrigerating overnight at 8 ℃, filtering the liquid medicine after recovering the ethanol, and concentrating to syrup for later use;
(3) Heating the syrup in the step (2), uniformly mixing with lanolin and phenol, and performing mass ratio on the syrup: lanolin: phenol=1: 0.002:0.004 this is the aqueous phase; heating vaseline to 80deg.C to melt, filtering with fine cloth, which is oil phase; wherein the aqueous phase: the oil phase mass ratio is 1: and 5, slowly adding the water phase into the oil phase, stirring while adding, and stirring uniformly to obtain the water phase.
To further demonstrate the effect of the present invention, the following paste of the present invention was used for clinical diagnosis to demonstrate the therapeutic effect of the drug.
Test examples
A pet clinic is diagnosed that 20 dogs and cats have otitis externa in 7-9 months, wherein 5 dogs and 7 cats have external auricle skin flush, wet auditory meatus and peculiar smell, and meanwhile, dark brown secretion is generated, and the diseased animals get rid of the head, have unobvious pruritus and are subjected to microscopic examination. Taking secretion paraffin oil with cotton swab, and finding no mite; and (3) carrying out microscopic examination on the dyed tablets, wherein 8 affected animals find a large amount of malassezia, and 4 affected animals find a large amount of candida, so that the external otitis mycotica is diagnosed. In 8 other animals, 4 dogs and 4 cats showed edema on the skin of the external auditory meatus, yellow purulent secretion, odor, shaking the head of the affected animals, scratching the ears, and if the individual serious individuals showed no fungi and mites due to scratching, the bacteria were rod-shaped, and bacterial otitis externa was diagnosed.
Firstly, the auditory canal is cleaned, ear hairs of the ear and the external auditory canal are cut off, and then cerumen secretion and crust are removed. The traditional Chinese medicine ointment is used for uniformly smearing the auditory canal, the symptoms are relieved after 5 days, the ointment is continuously smeared, the secretion of the auditory canal is reduced after 10 days, the peculiar smell disappears, and the skin color of the auditory canal is changed from red to white. It is recommended to consolidate the treatment and continue to apply ointment, and periodically pluck hairs to clean ear, and prevent the water from entering ear canal during bathing.
The ointment has no pungent taste, no resistance emotion when applied to affected animals, and convenient use. After the ointment of the invention is applied for about half a month, all sick dogs and cats are healed, and the cure rate is 100%.
While only the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be noted that it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the general inventive concept, and these should also be regarded as the scope of the invention, which is not to be limited to the effects of the invention in its practice or the application of the patent.
Claims (10)
1. A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine and feline otitis externa is characterized in that: the raw materials comprise the following components in parts by weight: 100-300 parts of amur corktree bark, 100-300 parts of golden thread, 50-200 parts of citronella, 50-200 parts of spina gleditsiae, 30-200 parts of dahurian angelica root and 30-200 parts of kuh-seng.
2. The traditional Chinese medicine composition for canine cat otitis externa of claim 1, which is characterized in that: the raw materials comprise the following components in parts by weight: 150-300 parts of phellodendron, 150-300 parts of coptis chinensis, 100-200 parts of citronella, 100-200 parts of spina gleditsiae, 50-150 parts of radix angelicae and 50-150 parts of radix sophorae flavescentis.
3. The traditional Chinese medicine composition for canine cat otitis externa of claim 1, which is characterized in that: the Chinese medicinal composition is ointment, spray or drop.
4. The method for preparing the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine-feline otitis externa according to any one of claims 1 to 3, which is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Accurately weighing the raw materials according to the parts by weight, soaking the raw materials in water overnight, heating and decocting, filtering, mixing filtrates, and concentrating to obtain a liquid medicine for later use;
(2) Adding ethanol into the liquid medicine obtained in the step (1), refrigerating overnight, filtering the liquid medicine after recovering the ethanol, and concentrating to syrup for later use;
(3) Heating the syrup in the step (2), and uniformly mixing with lanolin and phenol, wherein the syrup is an aqueous phase; heating vaseline to melt, filtering with fine cloth, which is oil phase; slowly adding the water phase into the oil phase, stirring, and stirring.
5. The method for preparing the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine/feline otitis externa according to claim 4, which is characterized in that: in the aqueous phase of step (3), syrup: lanolin: the mass ratio of phenol is (1-1.5): (0.001-0.003): (0.003-0.005), aqueous phase: the mass ratio of the oil phase is 1: (2-5).
6. The method for preparing the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine/feline otitis externa according to claim 4, which is characterized in that: the water adding amount of the water adding impregnation in the step (1) is 10-15 times of the total mass of the raw material medicines.
7. The method for preparing the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine/feline otitis externa according to claim 4, which is characterized in that: the heating and decocting in the step (1) are carried out twice, and the water adding amount of the second heating and decocting is the same as that of the first heating and decocting.
8. The method for preparing the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine/feline otitis externa according to claim 4, which is characterized in that: and (3) cooling at the temperature of 4-8 ℃ in the step (2).
9. The method for preparing the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine/feline otitis externa according to claim 4, which is characterized in that: and (3) adding ethanol in the step (2), wherein the volume concentration of the ethanol in the liquid medicine is 70-80%.
10. The method for preparing the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating canine/feline otitis externa according to claim 4, which is characterized in that: the relative density of the concentrated liquid medicine in the step (1) is 1.1-1.2.
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| CN101966246A (en) * | 2010-09-15 | 2011-02-09 | 孟峣 | Compound tincture for treating external acoustic meatus fungal infection |
| CN103623104A (en) * | 2013-11-22 | 2014-03-12 | 山东省立医院 | Traditional Chinese medicine paste for treating shallow skin inflammation and preparation method of paste |
| CN104069232A (en) * | 2014-07-15 | 2014-10-01 | 青岛科维源环保技术有限公司 | Scytitis cleaning solution for pet cat |
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