CN110521642B - 一种主养草鱼的草鲫鲢鳙混养方法 - Google Patents
一种主养草鱼的草鲫鲢鳙混养方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种主养草鱼的草鲫鲢鳙混养方法,该方法包括以下步骤:整理鱼苗培育池;各类鱼苗孵化后2‑3天下塘,放养密度每亩8‑12万尾;经过15‑20天培育成夏花鱼种;整理出大鱼塘,放养各类夏花,草鱼占50%,饲养至草鱼尾重100‑150克;然后每亩放规格为100‑150克/尾的草鱼600‑800尾,以及其他家鱼;投喂自制饲料,控制养殖水体pH值6.5‑8.5、水温12‑30℃、溶氧量≥6.0mg/L、氨氮≤0.05mg/L,饲养至鱼种达到上市规格。本发明的混合养殖方法,提高了草鱼对重金属的耐受性,并且抗应激能力强;草鱼肠道绒毛和肠道肌肉厚度生长较好,提高了鱼的消化效率和提高免疫屏障。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产领域,涉及一种草鱼养殖方法,具体涉及一种主养草鱼的草鲫鲢鳙混养方法。
背景技术
在现今养殖渔业中,不少养殖场都使用药物辅助养殖,因此养殖的鱼体里很多都存在着药物残留问题。
池塘养殖水产品是我国水产品供给的主要来源,近几年,随着社会经济的发展,人们对水产品的品质质量要求越来越高,但目前多数养殖水产品,尤其是淡水鲤科鱼类存在着土腥味和口感不好的问题。
多鱼混养,充分利用池塘的各种条件,可增加养殖的效益,而现今鲫鲩鲢鳙的养殖存在类似药物残留,土腥味等诸多食品安全隐患问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有混养技术的缺点与不足,提供一种主养草鱼的草鲫鲢鳙优质高产的混养方法。
本发明的目的通过下述技术方案实现:
一种主养草鱼的草鲫鲢鳙混养方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)整理鱼苗培育池,鱼苗培育池面积1-3亩,面积过大投饵、施肥管理不便,且人力、饵料也不经济;过小则易受外界影响,不适合饲养管理;池深1.5-2.0米,注水深度0.5-1.2米,淤泥层厚度10-15厘米;池埂牢固,保水才强;池底平坦,淤泥少,无杂物,不易丛生水草;经过清塘和消毒,备用;
优选地,所述的鱼苗培育池应排水方便,土质好,不漏水,池底平坦,池边和池中不长水草,池面向阳,光照充足;
(2)各类鱼苗(包括草鲫鲢鳙的鱼苗)孵化后,待其发育到水平游泳,筛选健壮、肤色正常的鱼苗,去除掉鳞的鱼苗,孵化后2-3天下塘,此时鱼苗全长5-6毫米,放养密度每亩8-12万尾;入塘后三天内不喂食,经过15-20天培育成3厘米规格的夏花鱼种,成活率高达90%以上;
该养殖过程中,昼夜水体温差超过5℃,或者台风来临前夕,可向水体喷洒低浓度(100g/亩)的复合维生素(渔水安VC应激灵);在越冬期间,当水温低于10℃,使用保暖设备进行保暖,保持水温高于10℃,投喂量减少至体重1%;
该阶段投喂的自制饲料有增强抗应激的功效;
所述的自制饲料由以下质量百分比的原料制得:
所述的饲料添加剂由黄芪,大蒜和茯苓组成;其中大蒜占添加剂质量的80.0-85.5%;黄芪占5%-10%;茯苓占5%-10%。
所述的鱼粉蛋白替代品优选由大豆粉、标准面粉和花生麸组成;
所述的草鱼饲料中,粗蛋白的质量分数为37-38%,粗脂肪的质量分数为9-10%。
所述维生素矿物盐混合物的组成为:每千克饲料中含有300000IU的维生素A,300000IU的维生素D3,2.4g的维生素E,280mg的维生素K3,300mg的维生素B1,600mg的维生素B2,400mg的维生素B6,2mg的维生素B12,2g的烟酰胺,1.2g的D-泛酸钙,240mg的叶酸,4mg的D-生物素,14g的钾,4.6g的镁,8g的铁,32g的锌,92g的铜,92g的锰,200mg的钴,297.6mg的碘,24mg的硒,15g的维生素C,5.6g的肌醇。
(3)整理出大小3-20亩、水深1.3-2.0米的鱼塘,亩放各类夏花6000-8000尾,其中鲫鱼(优选白金丰产鲫)占20%,鲢鳙占30%,鲩鱼(草鱼)占50%,采用颗粒饲料饲养,饲养至鲫鲢鳙尾重50-100克,鲩尾重100-150克,亩产700千克左右;
采用颗粒饲料投喂和驯化技术,即依靠鱼类的条件反射本能,在投喂饲料时,养殖者在饲料合上给予固定的音响刺激,使鱼类建立声响信号与投饵的条件反射,集群到投料台附近摄食,这样驯化完成后使用投喂机喂食可以减少人力。
坚持早、晚巡塘,观察水色变化和鱼的动态。每隔一周投喂时了解鱼的援食情况,以投喂后鱼短时间内抢食干净为标准,确定次周投饵量,每周人为换水1/6至1/5,改善水质。
(4)按步骤(3)的鱼塘,每亩放规格为100-150克/尾的草鱼600-800尾,规格为50-100克/尾的鲫鱼200-300尾,规格为50-100克/尾的鲢鳙各100尾;投喂自制饲料,控制养殖水体pH值6.5-8.5、水温12-30℃(越冬可适当使用保暖措施,例如加热棒等)、溶氧量≥6.0mg/L、氨氮≤0.05mg/L、亚硝酸盐≤0.2mg/L(氨氮和亚硝酸盐含量可用益生菌调节,例如硝化细菌),饲养至鱼种达到上市规格。
每个养殖周期应对池塘进行清污和修整。在清除淤泥后,池塘应晒干至底泥表面龟裂。控制水质保持水质达到“肥、活、嫩、爽”的要求。随季节和水温不同加注新水调节水位,必要时,还可全池换水。在气候转变期间,可以通过泼洒维生素,减少气候对鱼的影响。水质变差时(氨氮,亚硝酸盐超标),喷洒生态制剂例如硝化细菌,EM复合菌(南京渔丰)控制水面的藻类,达到一池水养一池鱼的高水平。制定池塘的水质检测制度,注意培养和调节水质,应每天测量水温、溶解氧、pH值、透明度等水质要素,并评定这些水质指标是否符合该养殖种类的适合范围要求。制定巡塘制度,每天坚持早、中、晚三次巡塘,观察池鱼活动情况和水色、水质变化情况,发现问题及时采取措施和确定投饵量,及时清除池边杂草,合理注水、施肥等措施,使池水既有丰富的适口天然饵料,又有充足的溶解氧。
本发明相对于现有技术具有如下的优点及效果:
1、养殖过程中,针对现在中国南部沿海地区夏天高温多雨,夏秋交际气候不定,越冬期间气温下降等问题,严谨把控鱼苗筛选、水质监控、提高免疫力三个重要问题。筛选健壮、肤色正常的鱼苗,掉鳞或低质量的鱼苗容易生病引起大规模传染死亡,鱼苗筛选入塘后三天内不喂食,首周内密切关注鱼的游动,掉鳞离群的鱼苗立即分离,用盐水和聚维酮碘混合浸泡单独观察至状态恢复,以免造成死亡影响水质从而引发大规模死亡。水质检控每日早晚两次,昼夜水体温差超过5℃时向水体喷洒低浓度的复合维生素,提高鱼体应对水温变化的抵抗力。在越冬期间,当水温低于10℃,使用保暖设备进行保暖,保持水温高于10℃,投喂量减少至体重1%。投喂的自制饲料有增强抗应激的功效,能提高鱼体的抗污染能力和对重金属的急性应激能力。投喂范围均匀,避免喂食不均导致游动能力较差鱼苗摄入较少营养导致身体机能下降死亡。
2、节约养殖过程中的生产用水,排放到自然环境中,不但不造成污染,还明显改善周围环境,提高了水中的微生物多样性,保护了生态平衡,打破养殖“养殖污染水环境,水环境污染养殖”的恶性循环,实现经济效益与环境效益的双赢。
3、养殖完成后,提高养殖鱼体的抗污染抗应激能力,对重金属的急性应激适应能力上升。三种重要的氧化酶表达水平在铅胁迫下保持平稳,没有显著性差异,而按现在工厂化单独养殖草鱼模式的情况下,铅胁迫后氧化酶GST和CAT显著性下降,GSH显著性上升,对鱼正常的生化氧化反应产生较大的影响。
4、相比其他主养草鱼的养殖模式,本发明在养殖过程中,养殖用水的益生菌丰富度,水体微生物多样性较高,致病菌比例较低。
5、本发明主养的草鱼肠道结构相比单独养殖草鱼的肠道结构要好。
附图说明
图1是鲫鲩鲢鳙混养模式下水体微生物在门水平的主要类群。
图2是本发明混养模式与单独养殖草鱼模式下肠道结构;其中,A是本发明混养模式下的草鱼肠道结构,B是单独养殖草鱼的肠道结构。
图3是本发明混养模式下草鱼的GST、GSH、CAT的mRNA相对表达量。
图4是单独养殖草鱼的GST、GSH、CAT的mRNA相对表达量。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例及附图对本发明作进一步详细的描述,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
实施例
一种主养草鱼的草鲫鲢鳙混养方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)整理鱼苗培育池,鱼苗培育池面积1-3亩,池深1.5-2.0米,注水深度0.5-1.2米,淤泥层厚度10-15厘米;备用;
(2)各类鱼苗(包括草鲫鲢鳙的鱼苗)孵化后,待其发育到水平游泳,孵化后2-3天下塘,此时鱼苗全长5-6毫米,放养密度每亩8-12万尾;入塘后三天内不喂食,经过15-20天培育成3厘米规格的夏花鱼种,成活率高达90%以上;
该养殖过程中,昼夜水体温差超过5℃,或者台风来临前夕,可向水体喷洒低浓度(100g/亩)的复合维生素(渔水安VC应激灵);在越冬期间,当水温低于10℃,使用保暖设备进行保暖,保持水温高于10℃,投喂量减少至体重1%;
该阶段投喂的自制饲料有增强抗应激的功效;
所述的自制饲料由以下质量百分比的原料制得:
所述的饲料添加剂由黄芪,大蒜和茯苓组成;所述大蒜占添加剂质量的80.0-85.5%;所述黄芪占5%-10%;所述茯苓占5%-10%。
所述的鱼粉蛋白替代品优选由大豆粉、标准面粉和花生麸组成;
所述的草鱼饲料中,粗蛋白的质量分数为37-38%,粗脂肪的质量分数为9-10%。
所述维生素矿物盐混合物的组成为:每千克饲料中含有300000IU的维生素A,300000IU的维生素D3,2.4g的维生素E,280mg的维生素K3,300mg的维生素B1,600mg的维生素B2,400mg的维生素B6,2mg的维生素B12,2g的烟酰胺,1.2g的D-泛酸钙,240mg的叶酸,4mg的D-生物素,14g的钾,4.6g的镁,8g的铁,32g的锌,92g的铜,92g的锰,200mg的钴,297.6mg的碘,24mg的硒,15g的维生素C,5.6g的肌醇。
(3)整理出大小3-20亩、水深1.3-2.0米的鱼塘,亩放各类夏花6000-8000尾,其中鲫鱼(优选白金丰产鲫)占20%,鲢鳙占30%,鲩鱼(草鱼)占50%,采用颗粒饲料饲养,饲养至鲫鲢鳙尾重50-100克,鲩尾重100-150克,亩产700千克左右;
(4)按步骤(3)的鱼塘,每亩放规格为100-150克/尾的草鱼600-800尾,规格为50-100克/尾的鲫鱼200-300尾,规格为50-100克/尾的鲢鳙各100尾;投喂自制饲料,控制养殖水体pH值6.5-8.5、水温12-30℃(越冬可适当使用保暖措施,例如加热棒等)、溶氧量≥6.0mg/L、氨氮≤0.05mg/L、亚硝酸盐≤0.2mg/L(氨氮和亚硝酸盐含量可用益生菌调节,例如硝化细菌),饲养至鱼种达到上市规格。
养殖期间,记录数据如下:
1、本混养模式下的草鱼铅半致死浓度为34.5mg/L,高于其他养殖模式下体重相仿的草鱼的半致死浓度3.73mg/L(潘天扬.水体中铅对长江上游6种鱼类的急性中毒效应[J].淡水渔业,2016,46(3).)。
本发明混养模式下,鲫鱼对重金属铅的安全浓度为21.25mg/L,高于单一养殖鲫鱼模式下的安全浓度8.30mg/L(张云龙.三种重金属对鲫鱼苗的急性毒性和联合毒性试验[J].河北渔业,2011(2):24-27.)。
2、如图2所示,本发明混养模式下,草鱼肠道绒毛和肠道肌肉厚度生长较好,优于单一养殖草鱼模式下的肠道结构,可提高鱼的消化效率和提高免疫屏障。
3、如图1所示,本发明混养模式下,水体微生物中优势菌为拟杆菌,拟杆菌比例为60.28%,高于其他主养草鱼的混养模式中拟杆菌的比例(<37.6%)。
本发明混养模式下,蓝藻门比例较低,为0.47%,低于其他主养草鱼的混养模式中拟杆菌的比例(>5.9%)(覃雅.青、精饲料对草鱼池塘水体微生物影响研究[D].2016.)。
拟杆菌是水产养殖中一类常见益生菌,能够产生有益于养殖动物的次生代谢产物。而蓝藻则是水产养殖中常见的有害菌,对水产行业有很大的危害。拟杆菌的生长与蓝藻有拮抗作用,可与放线菌形成生物絮团控制蓝藻的生长。
4、本发明混养模式下,水体微生物的多样性shannon指数为5.489,simpson指数为0.959,均高于其他主养草鱼的混养模式中的shannon和simpson指数。水体微生物的多样性更高,水质更好。
5、本发明的混养模式下,因养殖期间密切注意水质,鱼体活动等各项指标,生态制剂和维生素制剂的适时添加,长期严格把关投喂量,鱼体健壮。如图3和图4所示,短期内受重金属铅胁迫应激,生化氧化反应没有受到显著的影响。CAT、GSH、GST指标平稳正常,具有一定的抗应激能力。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (4)
1.一种主养草鱼的草鲫鲢鳙混养方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
(1)整理鱼苗培育池,面积1-3亩,池深1.5-2.0米,注水深度0.5-1.2米,淤泥层厚度10-15厘米;
(2)各类鱼苗孵化后2-3天下塘,放养密度每亩8-12万尾;入塘后三天内不喂食,经过15-20天培育成夏花鱼种;
该养殖过程中,昼夜水体温差超过5℃时,或者台风来临前夕,向水体喷洒低浓度的复合维生素;在越冬期间,保持水温高于10℃,投喂量减少至体重1%;
(3)整理出大小3-20亩、水深1.3-2.0米的鱼塘,亩放各类夏花6000-8000尾,其中鲫鱼占20%,鲢鳙占30%,草鱼占50%,采用颗粒饲料饲养,饲养至鲫鲢鳙尾重50-100克,草鱼尾重100-150克;
(4)按步骤(3)的鱼塘,每亩放规格为100-150克/尾的草鱼600-800尾,规格为50-100克/尾的鲫鱼200-300尾,规格为50-100克/尾的鲢鳙各100尾;投喂自制饲料,控制养殖水体pH值6.5-8.5、水温12-30℃、溶氧量≥6.0mg/L、氨氮≤0.05mg/L、亚硝酸盐≤0.2mg/L,饲养至鱼种达到上市规格;
所投喂的饲料由以下质量百分比的原料制得:
所述的饲料添加剂中,大蒜占80.0-85.5%,黄芪占5-10%,茯苓占5-10%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)所述的鱼苗培育池排水方便,土质好,不漏水,池底平坦,池边和池中不长水草,池面向阳,光照充足。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)所述饲料中的鱼粉蛋白替代品由大豆粉、标准面粉和花生麸组成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)所述饲料中的维生素矿物盐混合物的组成为:每千克饲料中含有300000IU的维生素A,300000IU的维生素D3,2.4g的维生素E,280mg的维生素K3,300mg的维生素B1,600mg的维生素B2,400mg的维生素B6,2mg的维生素B12,2g的烟酰胺,1.2g的D-泛酸钙,240mg的叶酸,4mg的D-生物素,14g的钾,4.6g的镁,8g的铁,32g的锌,92g的铜,92g的锰,200mg的钴,297.6mg的碘,24mg的硒,15g的维生素C,5.6g的肌醇。
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