CN110338361A - 一种非辐照泡椒凤爪及其生产工艺 - Google Patents
一种非辐照泡椒凤爪及其生产工艺 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
- A23B4/00—General methods for preserving meat, sausages, fish or fish products
- A23B4/14—Preserving with chemicals not covered by groups A23B4/02 or A23B4/12
- A23B4/18—Preserving with chemicals not covered by groups A23B4/02 or A23B4/12 in the form of liquids or solids
- A23B4/20—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
- A23B4/00—General methods for preserving meat, sausages, fish or fish products
- A23B4/14—Preserving with chemicals not covered by groups A23B4/02 or A23B4/12
- A23B4/18—Preserving with chemicals not covered by groups A23B4/02 or A23B4/12 in the form of liquids or solids
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/20—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof from offal, e.g. rinds, skins, marrow, tripes, feet, ears or snouts
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/40—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof containing additives
- A23L13/42—Additives other than enzymes or microorganisms in meat products or meat meals
- A23L13/428—Addition of flavours, spices, colours, amino acids or their salts, peptides, vitamins, yeast extract or autolysate, nucleic acid or derivatives, organic acidifying agents or their salts or acidogens, sweeteners, e.g. sugars or sugar alcohols; Addition of alcohol-containing products
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
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- A23L13/72—Tenderised or flavoured meat pieces; Macerating or marinating solutions specially adapted therefor using additives, e.g. by injection of solutions
- A23L13/74—Tenderised or flavoured meat pieces; Macerating or marinating solutions specially adapted therefor using additives, e.g. by injection of solutions using microorganisms or enzymes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Storage Of Fruits Or Vegetables (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种非辐照泡椒凤爪及其生产工艺,该工艺包含:(1)将凤爪采用含盐量不低于12%的食盐水冲洗;(2)将凤爪在沸水中汆烫,该沸水中含有:葱、姜、干花椒、八角和料酒,其中,所述葱、姜、干花椒、八角、料酒和沸水的质量比为1:0.5:0.2:0.1:1:100,将汆烫之后的凤爪在冰水混合物中进行冷激;(3)将凤爪置于泡制液中,依次间隔一时间加入乳酸片球菌、植物乳杆菌和酵母属真菌的培养液进行发酵;(4)将发酵后的凤爪沥干水分,加入山葵汁和所述泡制液,包装封袋,在45~55℃进行低温灭菌处理,得到非辐照泡椒凤爪。本发明的工艺能够通过微生物防腐和发酵,改善泡椒粉爪的风味和防腐效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种泡椒凤爪的生产工艺,具体涉及一种非辐照泡椒凤爪及其生产工艺。
背景技术
泡椒凤爪是起源于川渝地区的民间美食,属川菜小吃类。它通常以鸡爪为原料,通过入水汆烫、冷激降温、泡制液浸渍、灭菌(高温、辐照和添加剂等手段)等工艺生产而成,以脆香鲜辣、开胃解腻、提神醒脑、皮韧肉香而著称,具有开胃生津、促进血液循环的功效。
泡椒凤爪生产通过辐照灭菌,确保泡椒凤爪的食品安全,以达到“不涨袋”、“不腐败”的效果。但由于辐照工艺要求高、成本投入大,大量厂商无法通过辐照工艺保障产品质量。另外,如果辐照量过大,会造成食品中的物质产生感生放射性,形成新的放射性污染。此外,辐照会明显影响泡椒凤爪的风味,造成所谓的“辐照味”,影响产品的感官品质。甚至,有报道表明,辐照还会造成泡椒凤爪产品中的胆固醇和亚硝酸盐的含量增加。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种非辐照泡椒凤爪及其生产工艺,该工艺解决了现有泡椒凤爪采用非辐照灭菌的问题,能够通过微生物防腐和发酵,改善泡椒粉爪的风味和防腐效果。
为了达到上述目的,本发明提供了一种非辐照泡椒凤爪的生产工艺,该工艺包含:
(1)将凤爪采用含盐量不低于12%的食盐水冲洗;
(2)将经步骤(1)的凤爪在沸水中汆烫,该沸水中含有:葱、姜、干花椒、八角和料酒,其中,所述葱、姜、干花椒、八角、料酒和沸水的质量比为1:0.5:0.2:0.1:1:100,将汆烫之后的凤爪在冰水混合物中进行冷激;
(3)将经步骤(2)的凤爪置于泡制液中,依次间隔一时间加入乳酸片球菌、植物乳杆菌和酵母属真菌的培养液进行发酵;
(4)将经步骤(3)发酵后的凤爪沥干水分,加入山葵汁和所述泡制液,包装封袋,在45~55℃进行低温灭菌处理,得到非辐照泡椒凤爪。
在步骤(3)中,所述泡制液包含:柠檬汁、芹菜汁、胡萝卜汁、野山椒、干花椒、姜、食盐、陈皮、冰糖和水,该柠檬汁、芹菜汁、胡萝卜汁、野山椒、干花椒、姜、食盐、陈皮、冰糖和水的质量比为1~4:1~2:0.5~1:1~3:0.2~0.5:1~2:3~6:1~3:2~5:100,pH为3.5~5。
所述乳酸片球菌、植物乳杆菌和酵母属真菌与泡制液的体积比为1~2:0.5~1.5:0.2~0.5:100;在加入所述乳酸片球菌后,在26~30℃发酵;加入所述植物乳杆菌后,在25~32℃发酵;加入所述酵母属真菌后,在20~26℃发酵。
优选地,所述乳酸片球菌的培养基包含比例为10g:10g:5g:5g:1g:2g:5g:2g:0.2g:0.05g:1000mL的乳酪蛋白胨、牛肉膏、酵母膏、葡萄糖、吐温80、磷酸氢二钾、醋酸钠、柠檬酸二胺、七水硫酸镁、一水合硫酸锰和水,pH为6.5~6.8,121℃灭菌。
所述植物乳杆菌的培养基包含比例为10g:8g:4g:20g:0.2g:5g:2g:2g:0.05g:1g:1000mL的酪胨、牛肉粉、酵母粉、葡萄糖、硫酸镁、醋酸钠、柠檬酸三铵、磷酸氢二钾、硫酸锰、吐温80和蒸馏水,pH为6.2±0.2。
所述酵母属真菌的培养基为酵母膏胨葡萄糖液体培养基。
优选地,所述乳酸片球菌的培养条件为30℃摇床培养12~18h;所述植物乳杆菌的培养条件为35~37℃摇床培养18~36h;所述酵母属真菌的培养条件为24~26℃静止培养20~48h。
优选地,在步骤(3)中,将经步骤(2)的凤爪置于泡制液中,浸入2~4h,加入乳酸片球菌,在26~30℃发酵3~5h,再加入植物乳杆菌,在25~32℃发酵10~16h,最后加入酵母属真菌,在20~26℃发酵8~16h。
优选地,在步骤(1)中,所述食盐水的用量体积不低于凤爪质量的5倍。
优选地,在步骤(2)中,所述汆烫时间为5~10min。
优选地,在步骤(3)中,所述泡制液的体积为凤爪质量的2倍以上。
优选地,所述乳酸片球菌为Pediococcus acidilactici AS1.2696,所述植物乳杆菌为Lactobacillus plantarum BNCC336421,所述酵母属真菌为Kazachstaniaspencerorum ATCC200069。
优选地,在步骤(4)中,所述山葵汁的体积为凤爪质量的0.1~0.5%;所述泡制液的体积为凤爪质量的10~20%。
本发明还提供了一种非辐照泡椒凤爪,该非辐照泡椒凤爪采用所述的非辐照泡椒凤爪的生产工艺制备获得。
本发明的非辐照泡椒凤爪及其生产工艺,解决了现有泡椒凤爪采用非辐照灭菌的问题,具有以下优点:
(1)本发明的生产工艺,利用泡椒凤爪发酵,采用微生物学手段,利用微生物接种和发酵控制,在增强泡椒凤爪风味的同时,提高产品货架,与辐照工艺相比,本发明生产的泡椒凤爪可提高挥发性呈香组分提高了3倍以上,货架期可达到6个月以上,弥补了现有产品的不足;
(2)本发明的生产工艺,综合利用了3种微生物进行强化发酵,生产周期小于40h,适合工业化连续生产,得到的产品中挥发性盐基氮、硫代巴比妥酸反应物均优于现有辐照产品,而且,产品的pH值、菌落总数、大肠菌群等指标与现有辐照产品相近;
(3)本发明的生产工艺,添加了3种微生物进行强化发酵,这3种微生物具有竞争性抑制其他有害微生物生长的作用,后续添加的山葵汁又可以抑制所有微生物的生长;
(4)本发明的生产工艺,在发酵液中加入了柠檬汁、芹菜汁、胡萝卜汁、山葵汁,均达到了生物防腐和提质增鲜的效果;其中,山葵汁中的异硫氰酸酯产生独特辛辣风味,还具有防腐作用,并能抑制真菌和微生物生长;胡萝卜中含有丰富的胡萝卜素,在发酵过程中经微生物酶的作用后可变成人体所需的维生素A;柠檬汁代替了泡椒凤爪当中常用的柠檬酸,具有自然清新,天然可靠的优势;芹菜汁富含碳水化合物和蛋白质,不仅可以促进后期的微生物发酵,还具有健胃、利尿、净血调经、降血压、镇静等作用。
具体实施方式
下面将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
一种非辐照泡椒凤爪的生产工艺,具体包含:
1、凤爪的预处理
(1)将冷冻或者新鲜的凤爪在食盐水下冲洗,以实现化冻和去除血的效果;其中,食盐水采用含盐量不低于12%(W/V)的食盐水,该盐水可循环使用,但食盐水体积应该不低于凤爪质量的5倍;
(2)将食盐水冲洗过的凤爪在沸水中汆烫5~10min,沸水用量应该浸没全部凤爪,沸水中含有水量1%的葱、0.5%的姜、0.2%干花椒、0.1%的八角、1%的料酒(w/w)。随后,立即将汆烫之后的凤爪放入冰水混合物(冰水混合物的温度为0℃)中进行冷激,以确保凤爪的脆嫩感。
2、凤爪的泡制
(1)泡制液的调配:在蒸馏水中加入水量1~4%的柠檬汁、1~2%的芹菜汁、0.5~1%的胡萝卜汁、1~3%的野山椒(切碎)、0.2~0.5%的干花椒、1~2%的姜(切片)、3~6%的食盐、1~3%的陈皮(橘子制陈皮)、2~5%的冰糖(w/w),此时泡制液的pH在3.5~5之间;
(2)凤爪的发酵:将前述预处理好的凤爪放入泡制液中进行发酵,确保发酵液体积约为凤爪质量的2倍以上,当浸入约2~4h后,加入1~2%(v/v)的乳酸片球菌(Pediococcusacidilactici AS1.2696)培养液,在26~30℃发酵约3~5h;随后加入0.5~1.5%(v/v)的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum BNCC336421)培养液,在25~32℃发酵10~16h;最后,加入0.2~0.5%(v/v)的酵母属真菌(Kazachstania spencerorum ATCC200069)培养液进行低温发酵,发酵温度控制在20~26℃,发酵时间8~16h;前述发酵,可依据夏短、冬长和产品感官质量特性,控制发酵时间;
其中,乳酸片球菌的培养基为:10g乳酪蛋白胨、10g牛肉膏、5g酵母膏、5g葡萄糖、1g吐温80、2g磷酸氢二钾、5g醋酸钠、2g柠檬酸二胺、0.2g七水硫酸镁、0.05g一水合硫酸锰、1000毫升蒸馏水,pH为6.5~6.8,121℃灭菌15min;培养条件为30℃摇床培养12~18h。
植物乳杆菌的培养基为:10g酪胨、8g牛肉粉、4g酵母粉、20g葡萄糖、0.2g硫酸镁、5g醋酸钠、2g柠檬酸三铵、2g磷酸氢二钾、0.05g硫酸锰、1g吐温80、1000mL蒸馏水,pH为6.2±0.2;培养条件为35~37℃摇床培养18~36h。
酵母属真菌的培养基为:酵母膏胨葡萄糖(YPD)液体培养基;培养条件为24~26℃静止培养20~48h。
3、后续处理
将正常发酵后的泡椒凤爪沥干水分,加入10~20%(w/v)前述的泡制液和0.1~0.5%的山葵汁,最后包装封袋,在45~55℃进行低温灭菌处理1~3h。待冷却后,即可上市销售。
本发明的生产工艺,综合利用了3种微生物进行强化发酵,抑制其它有害微生物生长,生产周期小于40h,适合工业化连续生产。
本发明的工艺得到的产品中挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量为19.42mg/100g,硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactivesubstance,TBARS)的含量为0.34mg/kg,而现有辐照得到的凤爪产品中挥发性盐基氮含量为31.96mg/100g,硫代巴比妥酸反应物的含量为0.53mg/kg,显然本发明工艺得到的产品均优于现有辐照产品。
而且,本发明的工艺得到的产品中挥发性呈香组分(总醇、总酯、总酸和总醛的含量)提高3倍以上,而且货架期可达到6个月以上。此外,产品的pH值为5.08,菌落总数为417CFU/g,且未检出大肠菌群,与现有辐照得到的凤爪产品相近,现有辐照产品的pH值为5.28,菌落总数为321CFU/g。
本发明在发酵液中加入了柠檬汁、芹菜汁、胡萝卜汁、山葵汁,均达到了生物防腐和提质增鲜的效果。其中,山葵汁中含有因硫葡糖苷(又称芥子苷)在内源酶(又称黑芥子普酶)的作用下发生酶促水解释放出极易挥发的异硫氰酸酯,从而产生独特辛辣风味,还具有防腐、抗癌、抗感染、抑制血小板凝聚、增进食欲,并能抑制真菌和微生物生长(包括抑制本发明的三种菌),而且解除余毒、发汗、利尿、镇痛、清血,促进淀粉性食物的消化,稳定肠胃中的维生素C、清除消化道中的寄生虫等功效。胡萝卜中含有丰富的胡萝卜素,在发酵过程中经微生物酶的作用后可变成人体所需的维生素A,具有明目、美容、增强免疫力等多种功效。柠檬汁代替了泡椒凤爪当中常用的柠檬酸,具有自然清新,天然可靠的优势。芹菜汁富含碳水化合物和蛋白质,糖类超过4%,蛋白超过1%,不仅可以促进后期的微生物发酵,还具有健胃、利尿、净血调经、降血压、镇静等作用。
尽管本发明的内容已经通过上述优选实施例作了详细介绍,但应当认识到上述的描述不应被认为是对本发明的限制。在本领域技术人员阅读了上述内容后,对于本发明的多种修改和替代都将是显而易见的。因此,本发明的保护范围应由所附的权利要求来限定。
Claims (10)
1.一种非辐照泡椒凤爪的生产工艺,其特征在于,该工艺包含:
(1)将凤爪采用含盐量不低于12%的食盐水冲洗;
(2)将经步骤(1)的凤爪在沸水中汆烫,该沸水中含有:葱、姜、干花椒、八角和料酒,其中,所述葱、姜、干花椒、八角、料酒和沸水的质量比为1:0.5:0.2:0.1:1:100,将汆烫之后的凤爪在冰水混合物中进行冷激;
(3)将经步骤(2)的凤爪置于泡制液中,依次间隔一时间加入乳酸片球菌、植物乳杆菌和酵母属真菌的培养液进行发酵;
(4)将经步骤(3)发酵后的凤爪沥干水分,加入山葵汁和所述泡制液,包装封袋,在45~55℃进行低温灭菌处理,得到非辐照泡椒凤爪;
在步骤(3)中,所述泡制液包含:柠檬汁、芹菜汁、胡萝卜汁、野山椒、干花椒、姜、食盐、陈皮、冰糖和水,该柠檬汁、芹菜汁、胡萝卜汁、野山椒、干花椒、姜、食盐、陈皮、冰糖和水的质量比为1~4:1~2:0.5~1:1~3:0.2~0.5:1~2:3~6:1~3:2~5:100,pH为3.5~5;
所述乳酸片球菌、植物乳杆菌和酵母属真菌与泡制液的体积比为1~2:0.5~1.5:0.2~0.5:100;在加入所述乳酸片球菌后,在26~30℃发酵;加入所述植物乳杆菌后,在25~32℃发酵;加入所述酵母属真菌后,在20~26℃发酵。
2.根据权利要求1所述的非辐照泡椒凤爪的生产工艺,其特征在于,所述乳酸片球菌的培养基包含比例为10g:10g:5g:5g:1g:2g:5g:2g:0.2g:0.05g:1000mL的乳酪蛋白胨、牛肉膏、酵母膏、葡萄糖、吐温80、磷酸氢二钾、醋酸钠、柠檬酸二胺、七水硫酸镁、一水合硫酸锰和水,pH为6.5~6.8,121℃灭菌;
所述植物乳杆菌的培养基包含比例为10g:8g:4g:20g:0.2g:5g:2g:2g:0.05g:1g:1000mL的酪胨、牛肉粉、酵母粉、葡萄糖、硫酸镁、醋酸钠、柠檬酸三铵、磷酸氢二钾、硫酸锰、吐温80和蒸馏水,pH为6.2±0.2;
所述酵母属真菌的培养基为酵母膏胨葡萄糖液体培养基。
3.根据权利要求2所述的非辐照泡椒凤爪的生产工艺,其特征在于,所述乳酸片球菌的培养条件为30℃摇床培养12~18h;所述植物乳杆菌的培养条件为35~37℃摇床培养18~36h;所述酵母属真菌的培养条件为24~26℃静止培养20~48h。
4.根据权利要求1所述的非辐照泡椒凤爪的生产工艺,其特征在于,在步骤(3)中,将经步骤(2)的凤爪置于泡制液中,浸入2~4h,加入乳酸片球菌,在26~30℃发酵3~5h,再加入植物乳杆菌,在25~32℃发酵10~16h,最后加入酵母属真菌,在20~26℃发酵8~16h。
5.根据权利要求1所述的非辐照泡椒凤爪的生产工艺,其特征在于,在步骤(1)中,所述食盐水的用量体积不低于凤爪质量的5倍。
6.根据权利要求4所述的非辐照泡椒凤爪的生产工艺,其特征在于,在步骤(2)中,所述汆烫时间为5~10min。
7.根据权利要求1所述的非辐照泡椒凤爪的生产工艺,其特征在于,在步骤(3)中,所述泡制液的体积为凤爪质量的2倍以上。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任意一项所述的非辐照泡椒凤爪的生产工艺,其特征在于,所述乳酸片球菌为Pediococcus acidilactici AS1.2696,所述植物乳杆菌为Lactobacillusplantarum BNCC336421,所述酵母属真菌为Kazachstania spencerorum ATCC 200069。
9.根据权利要求1-7中任意一项所述的非辐照泡椒凤爪的生产工艺,其特征在于,在步骤(4)中,所述山葵汁的体积为凤爪质量的0.1~0.5%;所述泡制液的体积为凤爪质量的10~20%。
10.一种非辐照泡椒凤爪,其特征在于,该非辐照泡椒凤爪采用如权利要求1-9中任意一项所述的非辐照泡椒凤爪的生产工艺制备获得。
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