CN110157034A - 一种高疏水气凝胶多孔材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种高疏水气凝胶多孔材料的制备方法。首先利用纳米纤维素稳定含有聚合物的Pickering乳液凝胶结合冷冻干燥技术得到纳米纤维素/聚合物复合气凝胶,然后用简单的化学接枝的方法将聚甲基氢硅氧烷(PMHS)接枝到纳米纤维素/聚合物复合气凝胶结构中进而得到高疏水性的气凝胶多孔材料。本发明制备过程简单,原料易得,所制备的气凝胶多孔材料不仅具有低密度、高孔隙率,且具有良好的疏水亲油性以及高效的吸油能力,在油水分离方面有良好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于气凝胶多孔材料制备技术领域,特别涉及一种高疏水气凝胶多孔材料的制备方法。该方法基于Pickering乳液技术,以纳米纤维素和非水溶性聚合物作为基材来制备气凝胶多孔材料。
背景技术
当代社会因石油的开采炼制和储运及使用导致不同程度的泄露而污染海洋水体、以及化工废水的胡乱排放造成水生物生存环境恶化,因此迫切需要开发能够有效分离油水的新型材料。纳米纤维素气凝胶多孔材料凭借其极低的密度、极高的孔隙率、高吸附能力和天然可生物降解性在污水处理和油水分离领域具有广泛的应用前景。
由于纤维素分子链上大量羟基的存在,使得纳米纤维素气凝胶具有较好的亲水性能,一方面导致纤维素气凝胶经长时间水的浸泡后结构被破坏,另一方面也会影响其对油的吸附性能,因此提高纳米纤维素气凝胶的耐水性能和吸油性能是当前亟待解决的关键问题。而借助于纳米纤维素稳定的Pickering乳液技术,我们可以简便快速的得到高孔隙率、低密度纳米纤维素/聚合物复合气凝胶以提高其耐水性能,进一步采用具有高反应活性的聚甲基氢硅氧烷对其进行疏水改性,进而制备具有高疏水性的纳米纤维素/聚合物复合气凝胶材料。这种Pickering乳液技术和化学接枝相结合的方法在制备高疏水的气凝胶多孔材料方面具有简便快捷、低成本及实际推广意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种高疏水气凝胶多孔材料的制备方法。
本发明的思路:先通过纳米纤维素稳定的油相中含有聚合物的Pickering乳液的凝胶化,然后再经冷冻干燥得到基于纳米纤维素/聚合物复合气凝胶。随后用简单的化学接枝的方法将聚甲基氢硅氧烷(PMHS)接枝到纳米纤维素/聚合物复合气凝胶结构中对其进行疏水改性,进而得到高疏水的气凝胶多孔材料。
具体步骤为:
(1)将质量浓度为0.1~1%的纳米纤维素的水分散液与质量浓度为0.5~7%的聚合物溶液按照体积比为1~10:1混合,然后将所得混合物在功率为100~1000W的超声波乳化仪中超声0.5~10分钟,得到纳米纤维素稳定的水包油的Pickering乳液,静置24~48小时后即得Pickering乳液凝胶。
(2)将步骤(1)中制得的Pickering乳液凝胶在-30~-10℃下冷冻12~24小时,然后再放入-40~-90℃、真空度为6~14Pa的冷冻干燥机中冷冻24~48小时,即制得纳米纤维素/聚合物复合气凝胶。
(3)用质量浓度为99.5%的冰乙酸将体积比为10:0.15的无水乙醇和去离子水的混合液调至pH值为2,然后加入1~3mL甲基氢硅氧烷并搅拌均匀,制得混合液。
(4)将步骤(2)中制得的纳米纤维素/聚合物复合气凝胶放入步骤(3)制得的混合液中,60℃下磁力搅拌90min,接着用质量浓度为25%的氨水调节反应液的pH为7.5,继续搅拌60min后,分别用无水乙醇和去离子水各洗涤三次,最后冷冻干燥,制得聚甲基氢硅氧烷修饰的纳米纤维素/聚合物复合气凝胶,即为高疏水气凝胶多孔材料。
所述纳米纤维素为至少一维的尺度在纳米范围内的纤维素材料,包括从各种原材料提取制备的具有形貌结构的纤维素纳米晶和纤维素纳米纤,其中所述原材料为棉花、木材、竹子或麻类。
所述聚合物为非水溶性聚合物,具体为聚苯乙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚酰胺、聚乳酸、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚己内酯、聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物或醋酸纤维素。
所述有机溶剂为与水不相容、但能溶解相应聚合物的有机溶剂,具体为二氯甲烷、1, 2-二氯乙烷、氯仿、正己烷或环己烷。
所述化学试剂及原料的纯度均为分析纯及以上纯度。
本发明方法的优点:
(1)本发明方法适用于从各种原材料提取制备的不同形貌的纳米纤维素以及各种非水溶性的聚合物,易于大规模推广。
(2)本发明方法中所用试剂都是常见试剂,价格便宜,且制备过程简便快速。
(3)本发明方法制得的气凝胶多孔材料具有高孔隙率、低密度、生物可降解性及高疏水性能。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例制备的高疏水气凝胶多孔材料的扫描电子显微镜照片。
图2为本发明实施例制备的高疏水气凝胶多孔材料的接触角测试图,以及对不同种类油的吸附量对比图。
图3为本发明实施例制备的高疏水气凝胶多孔材料吸附四氯化碳(使用苏丹红染色)前后的对比照片。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明做进一步描述,但本发明不局限于以下实施例,以下实施例中所使用的化学试剂和原料均为分析纯。
实施例:
(1)将0.4wt% 纳米纤维素纤丝(CNF)分散液作为水相、2wt%聚乳酸(PLA)作为油相,按照水油体积比4:1混合,然后将所得混合物在功率为500W的超声波乳化仪中超声5分钟,使其乳化成CNF稳定的水包油型Pickering乳液,静置36小时后即得Pickering乳液凝胶。
(2)将上述乳液凝胶样品放置于-10℃冰箱中冷冻24h,然后在真空度为10Pa,温度-50℃的冷冻干燥机中干燥48h除去溶剂即得到CNF/PLA复合气凝胶。
(3)用99.5%冰乙酸将100mL乙醇和1.5mL水的混合液调至pH=2后,加入3mL的甲基氢硅氧烷(MHS),磁子搅拌均匀;随后将CNF/PLA复合气凝胶放入上述混合液中,60℃下磁力搅拌90min。
(4)接着用25%氨水调pH=7.5于60℃下继续搅拌反应60min后,分别用乙醇和蒸馏水各洗涤三次,最后冷冻干燥即得聚甲基氢硅氧烷修饰后的CNF/PLA复合气凝胶多孔材料。
采用扫描电子显微镜观察可知本实施例所制备的高疏水气凝胶多孔材料具有明显的孔隙结构,孔壁表面覆盖着一层由PMHS水解后与CNF结合形成的致密的纤维丝状网络,并测得其水接触角为141.0 °。此气凝胶多孔材料具有优异的疏水性能,不仅能快速的吸附水面上和水底下的油,并且能将油水混合液快速分离。同时可吸附大多数油类,对二甲基硅油、环己烷和甲苯有的吸附量分别达到38.36g/g、42.35g/g和43g/g,尤其对四氯化碳的吸附量最高达到了132.05 g/g。
Claims (1)
1.一种高疏水气凝胶多孔材料的制备方法,其特征在于具体步骤为:
(1)将质量浓度为0.1~1%的纳米纤维素的水分散液与质量浓度为0.5~7%的聚合物溶液按照体积比为1~10:1混合,然后将所得混合物在功率为100~1000W的超声波乳化仪中超声0.5~10分钟,得到纳米纤维素稳定的水包油的Pickering乳液,静置24~48小时后即得Pickering乳液凝胶;
(2)将步骤(1)中制得的Pickering乳液凝胶在-30~-10℃下冷冻12~24小时,然后再放入-40~-90℃、真空度为6~14Pa的冷冻干燥机中冷冻24~48小时,即制得纳米纤维素/聚合物复合气凝胶;
(3)用质量浓度为99.5%的冰乙酸将体积比为10:0.15的无水乙醇和去离子水的混合液调至pH值为2,然后加入1~3mL甲基氢硅氧烷并搅拌均匀,制得混合液;
(4)将步骤(2)中制得的纳米纤维素/聚合物复合气凝胶放入步骤(3)制得的混合液中,60℃下磁力搅拌90min,接着用质量浓度为25%的氨水调节反应液的pH为7.5,继续搅拌60min后,分别用无水乙醇和去离子水各洗涤三次,最后冷冻干燥,制得聚甲基氢硅氧烷修饰的纳米纤维素/聚合物复合气凝胶,即为高疏水气凝胶多孔材料;
所述纳米纤维素为至少一维的尺度在纳米范围内的纤维素材料,包括从各种原材料提取制备的具有形貌结构的纤维素纳米晶和纤维素纳米纤,其中所述原材料为棉花、木材、竹子或麻类;
所述聚合物为非水溶性聚合物,具体为聚苯乙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚酰胺、聚乳酸、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚己内酯、聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物或醋酸纤维素;
所述有机溶剂为与水不相容、但能溶解相应聚合物的有机溶剂,具体为二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、氯仿、正己烷或环己烷;
所述化学试剂及原料的纯度均为分析纯及以上纯度。
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