CN109924148B - Method for breeding Alosa sapidissima - Google Patents
Method for breeding Alosa sapidissima Download PDFInfo
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- CN109924148B CN109924148B CN201910210239.4A CN201910210239A CN109924148B CN 109924148 B CN109924148 B CN 109924148B CN 201910210239 A CN201910210239 A CN 201910210239A CN 109924148 B CN109924148 B CN 109924148B
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
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- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for culturing Alosa sapidissima, which comprises the steps of establishing culture conditions suitable for the growth and development of Alosa sapidissima, and specifically adjusting the culture temperature to be 12-38 ℃, and/or the illumination intensity to be 100-1000lux, and/or the culture density to be 1-50 tails/m2. The culture method solves the culture difficulties of low culture survival rate, high overwintering death rate and low growth speed of the present culture of the India hilsa herring at home and abroad, and the technical scheme has the key points that according to the biological characteristics, the range of ecological key factors suitable for the growth and development of the India hilsa herring, technical measures and culture management schemes are provided, the culture environment and culture process suitable for the growth and development of the India hilsa herring are established, the growth speed and survival rate of the India hilsa herring are improved, and the development of the India hilsa herring culture industry is promoted.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of aquaculture, in particular to a method for culturing India reeves shad.
Background
China reeves shad is one of the most noble economic fishes unique in China, and is called 'Yangtze river Sanxian' together with hairtail and globefish. Since the seventies of the last century, the resources of the Chinese reeves shad gradually decline due to over-fishing, environmental deterioration, habitat damage and other reasons, and the trails of the Chinese reeves shad are difficult to see at the end of the eighties of the last century; in 2003, American shads are introduced into China as a substitute for Chinese shads, a certain culture scale has been formed in China, and various modes of shad culture technologies have been successfully applied. As the Alosa sapidissima and the Alosa sapidissima belong to the same genus and are more similar, the Alosa sapidissima and the Alosa sapidissima are introduced into China in recent years, and the culture technology of the Alosa sapidissima is in the development stage at present.
Indonesia sapidissia (Tenualosa ilisha), also known as Bengalia sapidissima, belongs to the warm water fish, is widely distributed in the sea area of the Indian Pacific area with lower latitude, and related estuaries and rivers, 95% of the India sapidissia is captured in Bengali, India and Burma, and becomes one of the most important economic fishes in the locality. In recent years, due to over-fishing, the population resource of the India reeves shad is gradually reduced over the years, scientists in India and Bangladesh and other countries begin to carry out a great deal of research on breeding and breeding of the India reeves shad, breakthrough progress is not achieved at present (Sahoo and other 2018), and fry breeding is limited to research on a test scale (Chattopadhyay and other 2018).
Because systematic research on the Inalosa sapidissima culture technology is less, farmers at home and abroad often refer to relevant literatures and experiences related to the culture of the Inalosa sapidissima for culture management parameters of the Inalosa sapidissima. In fact, the alosa sapidissima and the alosa sapidissima have obvious difference in ecological characteristics of a migration path and the like, namely, the adaptability of the alosa sapidissima and the alosa sapidissima to temperature and the like. For example, the Insa sapidissima juvenile fish leaves a fresh water river when the water temperature is reduced to 15 ℃, and enters the warm south India sea below the south; and when the water temperature is reduced to 12 ℃, the alosa sapidissima juvenile fish leaves a fresh water river and enters a colder isothermal zone sea area in maine gulf in the north. Therefore, the alosa sapidissima is a water-loving fish and is not suitable for low-temperature culture environments and the like. The method is characterized in that the American shad breeding technology is applied to the Indian shad breeding, a plurality of technical problems are challenged in the breeding production practice, and particularly, technical parameters and management measures of breeding environment factors such as water temperature, light, water quality and the like are uncertain greatly in the breeding process, so that the Indian shad breeding has high blindness and low success rate at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide an India hilsa herring culture method, aims to overcome the defects of low culture survival rate, high overwintering death rate and the like in the prior art, provides the range of ecological key factors, technical measures and culture management schemes suitable for the growth and development of the India hilsa herring, establishes a culture environment and a culture process suitable for the growth and development of the India hilsa herring, improves the growth speed and the survival rate of the India hilsa herring, and promotes the development of the India hilsa herring culture industry.
The technical scheme is as follows: in order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides an Alosa sapidissima culture method, which carries out ecological culture by controlling culture conditions of Alosa sapidissima, and specifically comprises the steps of adjusting culture temperature to be 12-38 ℃, and/or illumination intensity to be 100-1000lux, and/or culture density to be 1-50/m2。
Compared with alosa sapidissima, the basic metabolic rate of the alosa sapidissima is higher, the temperament is more acute, and the requirements on the external environment and the water quality are more strict. Therefore, in order to achieve the best effect of the India reeves shad cultivation, the stress reaction caused by strong direct sunlight stimulation is avoided through shading, and meanwhile, the temperature and dissolved oxygen need to be measured regularly, and the appropriate growth environment is kept. For example, the optimum temperature for growing the alosa sapidissima is 28-32 ℃, and the damage of the alosa sapidissima caused by stress reaction due to too low or too high temperature is avoided as much as possible. The water temperature suitable for the alosa sapidissima is higher, the dissolved oxygen content needs to be maintained higher, when the dissolved oxygen content is lower than 3ppm, the alosa sapidissima begins to have abnormal behaviors, the swimming speed is higher, the oxygen consumption is increased, the oxygen deficiency is accelerated, the alosa sapidissima does not swim in a cluster any more in the near future, but is disorderly and disorderly, collides with each other, and finally dies. Therefore, under the condition of high water temperature, the Indian shad culture is difficult to remedy once an anoxic accident occurs, and is often covered by the whole army.
Due to the fact that the India reeves shad is thermophilic, high in temperature causes high basal metabolic rate and high in dependence on high-concentration dissolved oxygen, the requirement on water quality is strict, the India reeves shad has super hearing which is rare in the biological world, the ultrasonic wave above 180kHz can be heard, the Innovation reeves shad is very sensitive to the culture environment, and the stress response is extremely strong, the influence of the interaction of temperature, dissolved oxygen, light and water quality under the culture condition on the health condition of the India reeves shad is particularly obvious. The most suitable water temperature of the Alosa sapidissima is 28-32 ℃, and the saturation value of dissolved oxygen is lower in the warm temperature interval; with the addition of strong light stimulation, the moving speed of the Alosa sapidissima clusters is accelerated, the metabolic rate is improved, and the excrement is increased. With the improvement of the metabolic rate, the consumption rate of the India reeves shad on dissolved oxygen is increased, the pollution to water quality is increased, a vicious circle is formed, and the dissolved oxygen and the water quality quickly become restriction factors for the cultivation of the India reeves shad. In order to improve water quality, a microecological preparation is applied, so that the consumption of dissolved oxygen is increased, and the microecological preparation becomes one of the main reasons of oxygen deficiency. Therefore, the cooperative management of temperature-dissolved oxygen-illumination-water quality plays an important role in reducing the risk of Alosa sapidissima culture.
According to the characteristics of high temperature resistance and low temperature fear of the India reeves shad, the stress response can be reduced and the low temperature tolerance can be improved by increasing the salinity under the condition of freshwater aquaculture; in a high-temperature period, by regularly applying the microecological preparation, the water quality can be improved, the harm of restriction factors such as ammonia nitrogen and nitrite is reduced, healthy and active water quality purification microbial flora is established, the physique of the Alosa sapidissima can be obviously improved, and the survival rate is improved. Therefore, the culture method also comprises management measures such as regulation and control of water quality and regulation and control of salinity, wherein the regulation and control of the water quality is realized by applying the microecologics to purify the water quality, and the regulation of the salinity refers to that the culture water is fresh water or the salinity is 0.5-3.0%.
In order to further ensure excellent water quality, the microecological preparation is regularly applied and splashed for 1 to 6 times per month; especially in summer, the management measures of improving the water quality by the microecologics are strengthened, and the stress response is reduced. When the microecological preparation is applied, the water quality purification efficiency of the microorganisms can be improved and the oxygen deficiency can be reduced by ensuring the application in sunny days and adding photosynthetic bacteria and probiotic algae. Furthermore, the microecological preparation is a probiotic preparation mainly containing probiotics such as bacillus, nitrobacteria and lactic acid bacteria.
Further, the culture method further comprises one or more of a fish seed culture method, an overwintering culture method and an adult fish culture method.
Furthermore, the fingerling cultivation method is characterized in that the Alosa sapidissima fingerlings are put in a greenhouse fish pond or an outdoor pond and are cultivated under the condition of fresh water or brackish water with the salinity lower than 2.0 percent;
furthermore, the overwintering cultivation method comprises the steps of catching large-sized Alosa sapidissima fingerlings with a knotless net when the water temperature is reduced to 15-20 ℃, carrying out operation with water, transferring the large-sized Alosa sapidissima fingerlings with water to an overwintering greenhouse for overwintering cultivation, and keeping the overwintering cultivation temperature to be above 10-15 ℃.
Further, the overwintering cultivation also comprises the application of low-temperature-suitable microecologics and irritants.
Further, the adult fish culture method is characterized in that when the water temperature rises to 15-20 ℃, the Indian shad overwintering fingerlings are transferred to an outdoor pond or a greenhouse for adult fish culture, and the adult fish culture needs to be carried with water during carrying operation.
Further, the culture method further comprises the steps of feeding floating feed with the protein content of 38-43% during the period of fish breeding and adult fish culture, wherein the feeding is carried out 3-6 times a day, and the feeding time is 10-30min each time; the microecological preparation is applied regularly and splashed 1-6 times per month.
Furthermore, in the culture method, the adaptability of the Alosa sapidissima to the illumination intensity and the individual development have great influence, when the Alosa sapidissima is in the fingerling stage, the illumination intensity is 500-1000lux, and when the Alosa sapidissima is in the adult fish culture stage, the illumination intensity is 100-500 lux. In the adult fish culture stage, the gonads are premature due to strong illumination. The sexual behavior of the premature reeves shad is shown in that the fish body is injured due to strong rear-end collision, the food intake is reduced, and the adult fish culture is greatly damaged.
Further, in the culture method, the depth of the culture water body is 1.0-4.0 m, and the culture density of the fish seeds is 2-50 tails/m2The overwintering cultivation density is 4-40 tails/m2The culture density of adult fish is 1-20 fish/m2。
Preferably, the depth of the pond culture water is more than 2.5 m. By adopting the technical scheme, the Alosa sapidissima enters a deep water area to avoid summer heat when the summer climate is hot, but the water temperature exceeds 38-40 ℃, so that the water depth of a pond for culturing the Alosa sapidissima is ensured to be more than 2.5 m. In high-temperature seasons, the feeding amount is reduced, organic load pollution is reduced, the dissolved oxygen content is increased, the dissolved oxygen is kept above 5ppm, a large amount of water is changed, and the water quality is improved; through sunshade, reduce the injury of illumination radiation to reeves shad and to the effect of heating up of water, can reduce the death rate of spending summer.
Further, the density range of the Indian hilsa herring adult fish culture is 10kg/m3Within. By adopting the technical scheme, the India reeves shad is an upper layer filter feeding fish, large-area colony is strong in feeding, is very sensitive to the environment, and can only be cultured at low density, so that the probability of mutual trauma is reduced. The cultivation density is usually 10kg/m3The optimal preferable range of the India shad is 5-10 kg/m3。
The recent comprehensive analysis shows that the India shad and the American shad are obviously different in adaptation to environmental factors such as temperature and the like, so that the culture mode and the culture process of the India shad and the American shad are greatly different.
The growth of alosa sapidissima is proper at 4-30 ℃, the alosa sapidissima is suitable for a lower water temperature environment, and summer heat forms a great challenge to the culture of alosa sapidissima. When the water temperature exceeds 34 ℃, the constitution of the alosa sapidissima is remarkably reduced, the disease is more, the improper management can cause a great amount of death. Therefore, the cultivation of the alosa sapidissima is mostly carried out in a greenhouse, and overhigh temperature is avoided by shading in summer; in winter, the greenhouse is used for heat preservation, so that the water temperature is improved, and the growth is accelerated.
However, the Alosa sapidissima is a typical warm water fish, and the survival temperature is 12-38 ℃. In most areas of China, India reeves shads are cultured in open-air ponds in summer, so that the reeves shads can naturally live in summer, but in winter, the reeves shads need to be kept warm in a greenhouse for overwintering. In Shanghai, Jianghu, the common greenhouse is difficult to meet the requirement of India hilsa herring on the lower limit of temperature, and has higher requirement on the heat-insulating property of the cultivation greenhouse. Related researches show that under the condition of freshwater aquaculture, the adaptability of the Alosa sapidissima to low temperature is poor, when the water temperature is lower than 12 ℃, excessive stress reaction is caused, the balance is easy to lose, mutual wound is caused, and the sapidissima spreads the body surface and the head to cause death.
Based on the significant difference of the ecological characteristics of the two, the method for breeding the alosa sapidissima specifically comprises the following steps:
1. site selection
The India reeves shad can be cultured in a pond or a greenhouse, the outdoor pond can be used in summer, the area of the India reeves shad culture pond is 0.5-20 mu, and the water depth is 1.2-4.0 m. A plastic film greenhouse can be adopted in the overwintering pond in Guangdong and other places, the greenhouse area is 1-10 mu, the width is 10-100m, and the water depth is 1.0-3.0 m.
2. Three-stage cultivation
According to the biological characteristics and seasonal adaptability characteristics of various developmental stages of the Alosa sapidissima, in order to improve the survival rate of the culture, the culture of the invention can be divided into three stages, namely fish seed culture, overwintering culture and adult fish culture.
(1) Breeding fish seeds:
when the water temperature is 20-35 ℃, breeding the Alosa sapidissima seedlings (3-5 cm) in a greenhouse fish pond or an outdoor pond, and breeding the fingerlings under the condition of fresh water or brackish water with the salinity lower than 2.0%.
Breeding fingerlings in a greenhouse: the area of the fish pond for greenhouse culture is 20-200m2The stocking density is 10-50 tails/m2The water depth is 1.0-2.0 m;
breeding the fingerlings in the pond: the fish pond culture area is 0.5-10 mu, and the stocking density is 2-20 tails/m2The water depth is 1.2-3.0 m.
(2) Overwintering cultivation:
in recent years, Indian shad young fishes caught in pond culture have been tried by Bengal scientists, because scales fall off and the bodies of the fishes are seriously injured, and the water temperature cannot be controlled in winter, the water temperature is once reduced to 10 ℃, water quality purification management measures are lacked, the overwintering survival rate is lower than 10%, therefore, the temperature and the water quality are important during the overwintering period of the Indian shad, and a whole set of technical measures for overwintering management and operation how to reduce stress response needs to be made.
When the water temperature is reduced to 15-20 ℃, a method for catching the scaly fishes without damage is adopted, large-sized Alosa sapidissima fingerlings (50-200g) are caught by using a knotless net, the operation is carried out with water, and the large-sized Alosa sapidissima fingerlings are transferred to an overwintering greenhouse for overwintering cultivation. Because the scales of the Alosa sapidissima species are softer, when the net is pulled under the condition that the water temperature is lower than 15 ℃, the Alosa sapidissima is uncomfortable and impatient, and a large number of scales fall off due to mutual impact, so that the hidden danger of overwintering saprolegniasis is formed. Therefore, the overwintering transfer is needed under the condition of high temperature, and the transport operation needs to be carried out with water, the salinity is 0.5-3 percent, so that the stress response of the Alosa sapidissima is reduced, and the injured fish body is disinfected and treated.
The winter greenhouse of the Alosa sapidissima needs to have good heat insulation performance, the area of a culture pond is 0.5-10 mu, and the stocking density is 4-40 tails/m2. During the overwintering period, the temperature is kept above 10-15 ℃.
The water quality management in winter is particularly important because the alosa sapidissima has the physiological characteristic of fear of cold. When the water temperature is lower than 15 ℃, the Alosa sapidissima is in a stress reaction state, and the deterioration of water quality can reduce the health condition of the Alosa sapidissima. In summer, the ammonia nitrogen content is more than 1.2mg/l, and no adverse effect is found. However, in winter, when the ammonia nitrogen content is more than 1.0mg/l for a plurality of days, red skin disease or red head disease can be caused. Therefore, under the condition of ensuring the temperature in winter, the water quality management is enhanced, 1 to 4 times per month, and the low-temperature-suitable microecologics and the swamp are applied, so that the survival rate of the alosa sapidissima in winter can be obviously improved.
Under the condition of freshwater aquaculture, when the water temperature is lower than 10-12 ℃, salt needs to be added, and the salinity is kept above 0.5-1.5%, so that the stress reaction can be effectively reduced, and the occurrence of saprolegniasis is avoided.
(3) Adult fish culture:
in spring, when the water temperature rises to above 15-20 ℃, the method of catching and killing the scaly fishes without damage is adopted, the winter reeves shad species are transferred to an outdoor pond or a greenhouse for adult fish culture, and the operation with water is needed during the carrying operation.
Adult fish culture in a greenhouse: the area of the greenhouse fish pond is 50-400m2The stocking density is 5-20 tails/m2The water depth is 1.0-3.0 m;
culturing adult fish in a pond: the pond culture area is 0.5-20 mu, and the density is 1-5 tails/m2The water depth is 1.2-4.0 m. When the water temperature exceeds 38-40 ℃, salt is added, the salinity is kept above 0.5%, and the dissolved oxygen is kept above 5ppm, so that the stress reaction can be effectively reduced, and the occurrence of red skin disease and gill rot disease is avoided.
3. Daily management
During the period of fish breeding and adult fish culture, the floating feed is fed, and the protein content is 38-43%. Feeding for 3-6 times every day, wherein the feeding time is 10-30min each time; the microecological preparation is applied regularly and splashed 1-6 times per month.
By adopting the technical scheme, the defect of low survival rate caused by strong stress response of the Alosa sapidissima in the prior art can be overcome, and diseases are avoided; because the India reeves shad is extremely sensitive to the external environment, large-area clusters move rapidly day and night uninterruptedly, and the feeding is rapid, the India reeves shad is easy to be excessively concentrated and hurt each other under the condition of high-density culture, and then parasites, red skin disease and saprolegniasis are caused to cause death, so the culture can only be improvedThe water depth is higher, the culture with lower density is carried out, and the culture density of adult fishes is not more than 20 tails/m2。
Has the advantages that: compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention strengthens the characteristics of high temperature resistance and low temperature resistance of the India reeves shad according to the biological characteristics and seasonal adaptability characteristics of various developmental stages of the India reeves shad, provides a staged culture process suitable for the India reeves shad and a temperature management scheme suitable for winter overwintering, effectively avoids saprolegniasis caused by low temperature, eliminates the maximum hidden danger of the cultivation of the India reeves shad, and improves the cultivation survival rate and the growth rate to the maximum extent;
2. according to the characteristics of high metabolic rate, impatience and harsher requirement on water quality of the Alosa sapidissima, the synergistic synchronous management on temperature, dissolved oxygen, illumination and water quality is enhanced, the breeding environment with proper temperature and illumination can be provided under the condition of meeting the harsh requirements on dissolved oxygen and water quality, and the stress response and the breeding risk are reduced;
3. the culture method has high culture efficiency, high growth speed and high survival rate, and taking greenhouse culture of the Alosa sapidissima as an example, most of the Alosa sapidissima can reach the specification of 600 g on the market within 12 months, and the survival rate is more than 80 percent, while the traditional pond culture method needs more than 16 months to reach the specification of the market, and the survival rate is lower than 30 percent.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
The micro-ecological preparation and the swainsonine adopted in the embodiment of the invention are provided by the biological technology limited company in the Wuxi city, the technical scheme for implementing the embodiment of the invention is not limited to the micro-ecological preparation and the swainsonine provided by the company, and other micro-ecological preparations and swainsonines on the market can also be used as substitute products to implement the scheme of the invention.
The Alosa sapidissima is migratory thermophilic aquatic fish, the suitable survival temperature is 12-38 ℃, the optimum growth temperature is 28-32 ℃, and therefore, heat preservation in winter is the key for successful culture of the Alosa sapidissima. In order to ensure the survival rate of overwintering, greenhouse heat preservation measures must be adopted in winter India hilsa herring culture, and good water quality, proper illumination and reasonable culture density must be provided in the whole culture period.
Example 1 cultivation mode of India hilsa herring pond-greenhouse collocation
An India hilsa herring culture method comprises the following steps:
(1) site selection:
the area of the India reeves shad culture pond is 0.5-20 mu, and the water depth is 1.2-4.0 m. In Guangdong and other areas, the overwintering pond needs a plastic film greenhouse, the greenhouse area is 1-10 mu, the width is 10-100m, and the water depth is 1.0-3.0 m.
(2) Three-stage cultivation and breeding
According to the biological characteristics and seasonal adaptability characteristics of various developmental stages of the Alosa sapidissima, in order to improve the survival rate of the culture, the pond culture can be divided into three stages, namely fingerling culture, overwintering culture and adult fish culture.
Breeding fish seeds: in spring, when the water temperature is 20-35 ℃, the Alosa sapidissima seedlings (3-5 cm) are released in an outdoor pond for breeding the fingerlings. The fish pond culture area is 0.5-10 mu, and the stocking density is 2-20 tails/m2The water depth is 1.2-3.0 m.
Overwintering cultivation: in autumn, when the water temperature is reduced to 15-20 ℃, the method of catching and killing the scaly fishes without damage is adopted, large-sized Alosa sapidissima fingerlings (50-200g) are caught, the operation is carried out with water, and the large-sized Alosa sapidissima fingerlings are transferred to an overwintering greenhouse (a plastic film greenhouse or an indoor culture pond) for overwintering cultivation. The scale of the India hilsa herring is very soft and easy to fall off, when the net is pulled at the water temperature of 15-20 ℃, the India hilsa herring is uncomfortable and impatient, the scale falls off due to mutual impact, the body surface is seriously damaged, the hidden danger of overwintering saprolegniasis is formed, the carrying operation needs to be carried out with water, the salinity is 0.5-3%, the stress response of the India hilsa herring is reduced, and the injured fish body is disinfected and treated.
The overwintering greenhouse needs good heat preservation conditions, the area of a culture pond is 0.5-10 mu, and the stocking density is 4-40 tails/m2. The temperature is kept above 10-15 deg.C during overwintering period, and when the water temperature is below 10-12 deg.C, salt is added, and salinity is kept above 0.5%, so as to effectively reduce stress reaction and avoid saprolegniasisAnd (4) generating.
Adult fish culture: in spring, when the water temperature rises to above 15-20 ℃, the method of catching and killing the scaly fishes without damage is adopted, and the Indian hilsa herring overwintering fingerlings are transferred to an outdoor pond or a greenhouse for adult fish culture. The pond culture area is 0.5-20 mu, and the density is 1-5 tails/m2The water depth is 1.2-4.0 m. When the water temperature exceeds 38-40 ℃, salt is added, the salinity is kept above 0.5%, the stress reaction can be effectively reduced, and the occurrence of red skin disease and gill rot disease is avoided. Meanwhile, partial sun shading is adopted, and the illumination is controlled at 100-1000lux, so that the stress reaction caused by illumination is reduced, and the oxygen deficiency of the pond caused by overhigh temperature is avoided, and the dissolved oxygen needs to be kept above 5 ppm.
(3) Daily management
Feeding: during the period of fish breeding and adult fish culture, the floating feed is fed, and the protein content is 38-43%. Feeding for 3-6 times every day, wherein the feeding time is 10-30min each time; when feeding, the feed is scattered to avoid mutual collision injury during food fighting.
The area of pond culture is large, and the controllability of the environment is poor. Because the ecological key factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, illumination, water quality and the like play an important role in the growth health of reeves shads, the cooperative management of the ecological key factors is the key to the success of the culture of the India reeves shads under the pond culture condition. Firstly, the temperature preference of the India reeves shad is that the water temperature is 28-32 ℃. In the temperature range, the saturation value of dissolved oxygen is lower, however, the metabolic rate is improved due to the increase of temperature, the consumption of dissolved oxygen is increased, and oxygen deficiency is easily caused; in addition, in summer, especially under pond culture conditions, the alosa sapidissima is often in a stress-sensitive state due to intense illumination. With the increase of temperature and illumination, the swimming speed of reeves shad clusters is stimulated to be increased, the metabolic rate is increased, and the excrement is increased; that is to say, with the improvement of temperature, illumination and metabolic rate, the consumption of the India hilsa herring on dissolved oxygen is increased, the dissolved oxygen is obviously reduced, meanwhile, the metabolism increases the pollution to water quality, and the dissolved oxygen and the water quality quickly become the most important restriction factors for the cultivation of the India hilsa herring. Therefore, the influence of the interaction of temperature, dissolved oxygen, illumination and water quality on the Alosa sapidissima is obvious, and the synergistic management of the four has an important effect on reducing the risk of Alosa sapidissima culture.
Water quality: regularly applying a microecological preparation mainly containing bacillus for 1-6 times per month; especially in summer and winter, the improvement of water quality by the microecologics is strengthened, and the stress response is reduced. When the microecological preparation is applied, the water quality purification efficiency of the microorganisms can be improved and the oxygen deficiency can be reduced by ensuring the application in sunny days and adding photosynthetic bacteria and probiotic algae. In winter, the application of the stressor is needed, the stress response is reduced, the immunity of the fish body is enhanced, and the invasion of diseases is reduced.
In subtropical regions, by adopting the cultivation mode of the combination of the Alosa sapidissima pond and the greenhouse, most of the Alosa sapidissima can reach the marketing specification of 600 g within 10-12 months, and the survival rate is 64.6% -78%.
Example 2 greenhouse mode cultivation of Alosa sapidissima
An India hilsa herring culture method comprises the following steps:
(1) site selection:
the greenhouse culture of India hilsa herring is suitable for the areas such as Shanghai and Zhejiang province, adopts a greenhouse with good heat preservation, and has a fish pond area of 50-300M2And water depth of 1.0-2.5M.
(2) Three-stage greenhouse cultivation and breeding
The greenhouse cultivation can be divided into three stages, namely fish breeding, overwintering breeding and adult fish breeding.
Breeding fish seeds: and breeding the Alosa sapidissima seedlings (3-5 cm) in a greenhouse for breeding the fingerlings when the water temperature is 20-35 ℃. The greenhouse is a sunshade greenhouse, the sunshade area is more than 90%, and the illumination intensity is 500 plus 1000 lux. The area of the fingerling pool is 20-200m2The stocking density is 10-50 tails/m2The water depth is 1.2-2.0 m.
Overwintering cultivation: when the water temperature is reduced to 15-20 ℃, adopting a method for catching the scale fish without damage, catching large-sized Alosa sapidissima fingerlings (50-200g), carrying out operation with water and the salinity of 1-3%, and transferring to an overwintering greenhouse for overwintering cultivation.
The overwintering greenhouse is a structural greenhouse, has good heat preservation conditions, and is provided with heating equipment or well water for increasing the temperature. The area of the cultivation pool is 50-400m2The stocking density is 5-20 tails/m2. During overwintering, the temperature is kept above 10-15 ℃, when the water temperature is lower than 8-10 ℃, salt is added, the salinity is kept above 0.5%, the stress reaction can be effectively reduced, and saprolegniasis is avoided.
Adult fish culture: in spring, when the water temperature rises to 15-20 ℃, the method of catching and killing the scaly fishes without damage is adopted, the winter reeves shad is transferred to a larger sunshade greenhouse fish pond for adult fish culture, the sunshade area is more than 90%, and the illumination intensity is 100-. The area of the fishpond is 50-400 mu, and the density is 5-20 tails/m2The water depth is 1.2-3.0 m. When the water temperature exceeds 38 ℃, salt is added, the salinity is kept above 0.5%, the stress reaction can be effectively reduced, and the occurrence of red skin disease and gill rot disease is avoided.
(3) Daily management
Feeding: feeding 3-6 times a day for 10-30min each time during the period of fish seed cultivation and adult fish cultivation; when feeding, the feed is scattered to avoid mutual collision injury during food fighting.
Oxygenation: the oxygen can be increased by a waterwheel type oxygen increasing machine or a nano trachea oxygen increasing device, so as to meet the requirement of dissolved oxygen supply of the India hilsa herring. Due to the physiological characteristics of the migration of the India hilsa herring, the oxygen acquisition of the system promotes the exchange of dissolved oxygen mainly through the stamping caused by the rapid migration, so that the dissolved oxygen is the most critical ecological factor in the cultivation of the India hilsa herring, and the migration is the necessary behavior of the India hilsa herring for acquiring the dissolved oxygen. The large-area culture water body meets the large-scale swimming habit of the Alosa sapidissima and has important significance for obtaining oxygen. The water flow in the opposite direction of the India hilsa herring is stirred, the habit of acquiring oxygen by the motion of the India hilsa herring is met, and the water exchange of the water is promoted.
Water changing: the cultivation greenhouse needs to be provided with deep well water for controlling the water temperature within a proper growth temperature, and the water is changed to discharge polluted water and improve the water quality. When the water quality is polluted (ammonia nitrogen is more than 0.8-1.2mg/l) or the temperature exceeds the suitable growth temperature, a large amount of water is changed, and the water change amount is 10-50% each time. Although water changing is one of effective methods for regulating water temperature and improving water quality, the oxygen-free water of deep well water and a large amount of water changing can cause serious oxygen deficiency and accidents. Therefore, daily management of temperature, dissolved oxygen and water quality requires coordinated and synchronized management.
Due to the temperature preference of the Alosa sapidissima, the high temperature leads to high metabolic rate and higher demand for dissolved oxygen, and in addition, the Alosa sapidissima has harsh requirements on water quality, is very sensitive to the environment and has strong stress response. The interaction of temperature, dissolved oxygen and water quality has obvious influence on the alosa sapidissima, so that the synergistic management of the three has an important effect on reducing the risk of alosa sapidissima culture.
The water temperature of the India hilsa herring is 28-32 ℃. In the temperature interval, the saturation value of dissolved oxygen is lower, the moving speed of the Alosa sapidissima clusters is accelerated, the metabolic rate is improved, and the excrement is increased. With the increase of the metabolic rate, the consumption of dissolved oxygen by the India reeves shad is increased, and the pollution to water quality is increased. Dissolved oxygen and water quality quickly become the restriction factors of the India hilsa herring culture.
Water quality: under greenhouse cultivation conditions, although ammonia nitrogen is lower than 0.8ppm, excessive nitrate enrichment is caused due to denitrification function defect, sometimes nitrate is higher than 2.6ppm, and pH is increased, so that NH is increased3Toxicity of (2). In order to prevent water quality deterioration, the microecological preparation is applied regularly and splashed for 1-6 times per month; especially in summer, the water quality is improved by the microecological preparation, and the stress response is reduced. When the microecological preparation is applied, the water quality purification efficiency of the microorganisms can be improved and the oxygen deficiency can be reduced by ensuring the application in sunny days and adding photosynthetic bacteria and probiotic algae.
And (3) management of illumination intensity: the demand of the India reeves shad on illumination is different due to different development stages, the India reeves shad juvenile fish is more like the adult fish in illumination, and related experiments show that the growth of the reeves shad juvenile fish with the weight of 20-80 g is faster than that of the reeves shad juvenile fish under the illumination of 200lux under the illumination condition of 800 lux; however, the mortality rate (42.5%) of an ayurvesa sapidissima (200-500 g) under 800lux illumination is significantly higher than that (8.6%) under 200lux illumination because strong illumination induces premature gonadal development and strong sexual rear-end collisions in spring for three months result in death of the ayurvesa sapidissima injury. Therefore, the India reeves shad culture needs to adjust different illumination intensities according to the individual development stage of the India reeves shad, especially needs to control illumination of a pair of fishes in spring to avoid direct sunlight. The method adopts different sun-shading methods and sun-shading areas, adjusts the illumination intensity of the greenhouse, meets different requirements and adaptability of different development stages of the Alosa sapidissima to the dark light, and is the key for improving the survival rate of the Alosa sapidissima culture. Generally, the illumination intensity of the surface layer of the water surface is 100-500 lux and is suitable for the culture of adult Alosa sapidissima, and the illumination intensity is 500-1000lux and is suitable for the culture of fingerling of Alosa sapidissima.
The greenhouse mode is adopted to culture the Alosa sapidissima, the culture environment can be effectively controlled, the influence of the natural environment on the Alosa sapidissima culture is avoided, and the important guarantee is provided for the culture survival rate. Within 12 months, most India reeves shads can reach the specification of 600 grams on the market, and the survival rate is 82.7% -90%.
In conclusion, the pond-greenhouse culture mode and the greenhouse culture mode are suitable for the culture of the Alosa sapidissima, and both good culture efficiency can be obtained. In subtropical areas such as Guangdong and the like, when a pond-greenhouse culture mode is adopted, the temperature is high, the water temperature of the pond in most seasons throughout the year is in a proper range for the growth of the Alosa sapidissima, the Alosa sapidissima grows faster, but the survival rate is lower than that of the greenhouse culture mode due to the fact that the extreme temperature of cool summer has great influence on the survival rate of the Alosa sapidissima. If the cooperative management of temperature, dissolved oxygen, illumination and water quality is enhanced, the survival rate is improved, and the mode becomes the mode with the highest cultivation efficiency of the Alosa sapidissima.
The above description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and it should be noted that: it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations can be made without departing from the principles of the invention and these are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (1)
1. A method for cultivating Alosa sapidissima is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) breeding fish seeds: when the water temperature is 20 ℃, breeding the fingerlings in a greenhouse with 3-5 cm of Alosa sapidissima seedlings, wherein the greenhouse is a sunshade greenhouse with sunshade area of more than 90%, illumination intensity of 500 plus one 1000lux, and the area of a fingerling pool is 20-200m2The stocking density is 10-50 tails/m2The water depth is 1.2-2.0 m;
（2）overwintering cultivation: when the water temperature is reduced to 15-20 ℃, 50-200g of large-sized India reeves shad is caught by adopting a method for catching the scale fishes without damage, the operation is carried out with water, the salinity is 1-3%, the large-sized India reeves shad is transferred to an overwintering greenhouse for overwintering cultivation, the overwintering greenhouse is a structural greenhouse, good heat preservation conditions are provided, heating equipment is arranged, and the area of a cultivation pool is 50-400m2The stocking density is 5-20 tails/m2During overwintering, the temperature is kept above 10-15 ℃, when the water temperature is lower than 8-10 ℃, salt needs to be added, and the salinity is kept above 0.5%, so that the stress reaction can be effectively reduced, and the occurrence of saprolegniasis is avoided;
(3) adult fish culture: in spring, when the water temperature rises to above 15-20 ℃, transferring the winter-surviving Alosa sapidissima fingerlings to an outdoor pond or a greenhouse for adult fish culture by adopting a method for catching and killing the Lepidoptera sapidissima without damage, wherein the sun shading area is more than 90 percent, the illumination intensity is 100-2The water depth is 1.2-3.0 m, when the water temperature exceeds 38 ℃, salt needs to be added, the salinity is kept above 0.5%, the stress response can be effectively reduced, and the occurrence of red skin disease and gill rot disease is avoided.
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