CN109169504B - Method for recovering suitable habitat of pandas - Google Patents
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- CN109169504B CN109169504B CN201811012174.4A CN201811012174A CN109169504B CN 109169504 B CN109169504 B CN 109169504B CN 201811012174 A CN201811012174 A CN 201811012174A CN 109169504 B CN109169504 B CN 109169504B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for recovering a panda suitable habitat. Aiming at the defect that the prior art lacks a method for recovering the suitable habitat of the pandas by utilizing the environment of the artificial coniferous forest, the method firstly investigates the plant community characteristic data of the artificial coniferous forest; secondly, selecting a habitat restoration place under the canopy and a forest gap habitat restoration place according to the plant community characteristic data; trimming and restoring the land and forest again; and finally, planting the trees in a habitat restoration area under the canopy and a habitat restoration area in a forest window according to a mode I and a mode II, wherein the mode I is that the panda staple food bamboo and the evergreen arbor are planted in a mixed mode, and the mode II is that the panda staple food bamboo, the evergreen arbor and the deciduous arbor are planted in a mixed mode. The invention breaks through the obstacles which cannot be overcome by the prior art, provides a method for recovering the proper habitat of the pandas by utilizing the artificial conifer forest environment in the habitat range of the pandas well as solves the technical problem which is expected to be solved but is not successful all the time by the personnel in the field.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a panda suitable habitat restoration method, in particular to a panda suitable habitat environment restoration method implemented by using an artificial conifer forest in a panda habitat range, and belongs to the technical field of ecological restoration, ecological protection and biological protection.
Background
The subalpine conifer forest in giant panda habitat is a vegetation type which is composed of cold-resistant conifer species (such as spruce and fir) as dominant species at the middle upper part of a vertical band spectrum of a mountain land with a certain altitude and is a suitable habitat for giant pandas. Since nearly half a century, panda habitats are seriously damaged due to the harvest of a large number of forests, the habitats are sharply reduced in area and once contracted into islands in mountains, and the interspecific communication and population multiplication of pandas are severely limited. The loss and fragmentation of panda habitat in the professional field caused by the loss and fragmentation of panda habitat is one of the important threats facing the survival of pandas at present. Currently, research on recovery of panda habitat mainly centers on the aspects of habitat degradation and recovery index systems, suitability evaluation and the like.
The research related to forest recovery mode and approach of panda habitat is very limited, and the most main recovery means is natural seal recovery. However, long-term research results show that the natural sealing recovery not only lasts for a long period, but also the recovery and the updating of the staple food bamboo and the companion species of the pandas are very difficult, and the requirements of the growth of the panda population on the habitat range and quality cannot be met. Therefore, the recovery effect by simply adopting the natural sealing means is not ideal.
The Chinese patent application for invention discloses a recovery method (CN102144522A) of panda staple food bamboos in subalpine areas, which discloses a recovery mode for directly planting panda staple food bamboos in dark coniferous forests. The method relates to a dark needle forest which is located in a natural protection area of Wanglang in Pingwu county, Mianyang, Sichuan province and belongs to a natural forest area with complete preservation. The technology is essentially a recovery technology implemented in a complete natural forest ecosystem, and has high implementation condition requirements and a limited range of suitable implementation.
The problem faced in practical research is that the giant panda habitat is distributed with large-area artificial conifer forest, not the complete natural forest ecosystem. Because the quality of the artificial forest community is inferior to that of the natural forest community, how to recover and build a panda suitable habitat by utilizing the existing artificial forest community becomes a more important target in practical research. However, many studies conducted around the restoration of the appropriate habitat of giant pandas suggest that the existing artificial forest community has the characteristics of low bamboo density, poor quality, single species and poor microenvironment, so that the habitat conditions are inferior to those of giant pandas. The prior art considers that the difference performance of the artificial forest and the natural forest in two aspects of food and living environment conditions leads the artificial forest to be difficult to meet the habitat requirement of pandas (Kantogwei, the habitat selection research of pandas, Beijing forestry university 2015). Restoration of habitat through artificial forestation is not a way to effectively restore the habitat of pandas from the aspects of restoration of bamboo resources and restoration of plant community structures (study on the restoration process of panda habitat in a crouching dragon natural conservation area, ecological science newspaper, 2002, 11 th). Studies for recovering the habitat of pandas using an artificial forest have not been successful (yang hong wei, etc., studies on suitability of an artificial forest as the habitat of pandas, proceedings of Beijing university of forestry, 2013, 04).
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for recovering a proper habitat of a panda by utilizing an artificial coniferous forest in a panda habitat, aiming at the defects of the prior art.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method for recovering a panda suitable habitat is characterized by comprising the following steps: recovering the environment of panda suitable plant community in the subalpine artificial coniferous forest in the habitat of the panda; firstly, carrying out plant community survey on the artificial conifer forest to obtain plant community characteristic data; selecting a habitat restoration land according to the plant community characteristic data, wherein the habitat restoration land comprises a habitat restoration land under a forest canopy and a forest gap habitat restoration land, the selection standard of the habitat restoration land under the forest canopy is that the density of the forest land is less than 50 plants/mu and the forest gap is greater than 5.0m, and the selection standard of the forest gap habitat restoration land is that the space of the forest canopy is greater than 30.0m2Approximately circular or approximately elliptical; trimming the habitat restoration land and forest land again; finally, forest planting is carried out in the habitat restoration area, the habitat restoration area is planted according to the mode I under the canopy, and the habitat restoration area is planted according to the mode II; the mode is that the panda staple food bamboo and evergreen arbor are planted in a mixed mode, and the panda staple food bamboo, evergreen arbor and deciduous arbor are planted in a mixed mode.
In the method, the panda habitat area in China is determined by scientific research; the sub-alpine zone refers to a zone between the mountain zone and the alpine zone within the panda habitat area, i.e., a portion between the upper limit of the mountain zone and the forest boundary. The method is implemented in a subalpine artificial conifer forest in the range of the giant panda habitat, and the habitat restoration area is arranged in an artificial conifer forest community to replace restoration species (singly planted giant panda staple food bamboo and the like) with the restoration plant community to solve the problem of the suitable habitat restoration of the giant pandas. The related artificial coniferous forest is generally the artificial coniferous forest with the canopy density of the forest land being less than or equal to 0.70, the transmittance being more than or equal to 50 percent and the density of the forest land being less than 50 plants/mu. The artificial forest ecosystem can be essentially regarded as a forest zone and a forest window patch land which are continuously distributed in a mosaic mode. The forest zones can be regarded as crown continuous zones; the forest window patch land is a phenomenon that middle and old-aged trees in a forest community die or dominant trees die due to various interference factors (such as drought, fire and the like), so that gaps are formed in a forest canopy. In the aspects of indexes such as transmittance, soil moisture, nutrient content, species composition and the like, forest zones and forest window patch lands are obviously different and belong to different habitats. Therefore, the habitat restoration areas selected from the artificial conifer forest are divided into a canopy habitat restoration area and a forest gap habitat restoration area according to different community characteristic indexes, and different restoration modes are adopted respectively. The recovery mode is mainly designed based on the principle of species interspecific relationship in different habitat communities. The stand condition of the habitat restoration land under the canopy is relatively closed, and the transmittance is low, so that the panda staple food bamboo and the evergreen arbor are mixed and planted, the pioneer effect of changing the understory niche condition is exerted by utilizing the characteristics of shade resistance and cold resistance of the evergreen arbor, and favorable conditions are provided for the growth of the panda staple food bamboo; the forest stand of the forest green habitat restoration land is wide, and the transmittance is high, so that the pandas are planted in a mixed mode and staple food including bamboo, evergreen trees and deciduous trees are mainly characterized in that conditions that the forest green habitat gradually changes are built by the aid of the characteristic that the deciduous trees like sun and are cold-resistant.
The method further comprises the following steps: in the first mode, the forest planting is implemented in the mode of planting units, each planting unit is a rectangle with the side length of 2.0-3.0 m, panda staple food bamboos are planted at four corners of each planting unit in clusters, the bamboo clusters are 1.0-2.0 m away from the nearest artificial coniferous forest plants, 2 evergreen trees are planted in the middle of each planting unit, and the distance between the evergreen trees is 2.0-2.5 m. In the second mode, the panda staple food bamboo and the evergreen/deciduous trees are planted in rows and are arranged in a staggered manner, the panda staple food bamboo is planted in clusters, the evergreen/deciduous trees in the rows of the evergreen/deciduous trees are planted in clusters, the distance between the plants/clusters is 2 m-2.5 m, and the distance between the planted bamboos and/or trees at the edge of the forest window and the nearest artificial coniferous forest plant is 1 m-2 m.
In the method, the panda staple food bamboo can be asbestossa albo-marginata (Yushia lineolata) and/or Yukuo bambusa (Fargesia ferax) and/or Cold arrow bamboo (Bashania fangiana) and/or African lack-bud arrow bamboo (Fargesia denudata) and/or Fargesia japonica (Fargesia nitida) and/or Fargesia alata (Fargesia pauciflora) and/or Hooker bamboo (Fargesia robusta) and/or Arrowia rugosa (Fargesia scabra) and/or Fargesia odora (Fargesia rufa) and/or Fargesia odora (Fargesia obliqua); the evergreen arbor can be Picea brachyanytyla (Picea brachyanytyla) and/or Abies fabri (Abies fabri); the deciduous arbor may be Acer laxiflorum (Acer laxiflorum) and/or white birch (Betula platyphylla) and/or red birch (Betula albosinensis).
The invention also provides application of the method for recovering the panda suitable habitat by using the artificial coniferous forest in ecological recovery of the subhigh mountain area of the panda habitat.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: (1) the method breaks through the obstacles which cannot be overcome by the prior art, provides a method for recovering the proper habitat of the pandas by utilizing the artificial conifer forest environment in the habitat range of the pandas well as solves the technical problem which is always expected to be solved but is not successful by the personnel in the field. (2) The technical scheme provides two recovery modes, and the recovery modes are respectively aimed at different forest lands and patch lands in the artificial forest and can be effectively aimed at the ecological characteristics of different patches of the giant panda habitat artificial conifer forest.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a mode-planting mode.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of a mode two planting mode.
The numerical designations in the drawings are respectively:
1 Artificial coniferous forest, 2 panda staple food bamboo, 3 evergreen arbor, 4 deciduous arbor
Detailed Description
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Example one
As shown in figures 1 and 2, the method of the invention is adopted to implement the construction of pandas suitable for restoring the habitat in the national natural reserve area of the chestnut field in asbestos county, Yaan, city, Sichuan province.
The elevation of the larch artificial forest near the panda release area in the experimental area of the panda habitat is more than 2200m, and the forest belongs to a subalpine area. The forest age of the larch artificial forest is about 70 years.
1. Larch artificial forest plant community survey
The canopy density of the forest land is less than or equal to 0.70, the light transmittance is more than or equal to 50%, the density of the forest land is less than 50 plants/mu, and the slope is 20-30 degrees.
2. Selecting habitat restoration land
The habitat restoration land comprises a habitat restoration land under the canopy and a forest gap habitat restoration land. In the artificial forest, selecting an area with the forest land density of less than 50 plants/mu and the forest spacing of more than 5.0m as a habitat restoration land under the canopy. Selecting the spacing of canopy greater than 30.0m2The approximately round or approximately oval part of (2) is set as a forest gap habitat restoration ground. The total number of the habitat restoration areas under the canopy is 5, and the number of the habitat restoration areas under the canopy is 5.
3. Habitat restoration land forest land dressing
Trimming the forest land 4 months ago and preparing soil in a cave shape. According to a plant planting mode, the habitat restoration land under the canopy is 110-130 holes/mu, the habitat restoration land under the forest window is 130-165 holes/mu, the panda staple food bamboo planting hole is 40cm multiplied by 20cm in length, width and depth, and the evergreen/deciduous tree planting hole is 30cm multiplied by 20cm in length, width and depth.
4. Plant cultivation
4.1 selection of cultivars
According to the environmental conditions of an experimental site and following the principle of avoiding the introduction of foreign species, the staple food bamboos of the pandas are selected from asbestos mangosteen, Satureja arborescens and Satureja frigida, the evergreen trees are selected from maitake spruce, and the deciduous trees are selected from Acer ginnala, white birch and red birch.
4.2 Nursery stock and treatment
Spruce and white birch are seedlings with soil, wherein the seedling age of spruce is 5 years, the seedling age of white birch is 2 years, and the specifications of the seedlings are above grade II; the staple food bamboo is a mother bamboo which is 1-2 years old, 2-3 plants/cluster and has a reserved bamboo rhizome of 15-20 cm, and the specification of the nursery stock is above grade II. The root is fully soaked before planting, the fallen leaf arbor can be cut dry before planting, the bamboo seedling can keep branch arrangement and bud eye intact, does not damage the penis root and carry more soil, and can retain moisture.
4.3 plant configuration and planting
And the habitat under the canopy is restored and is configured according to the mode one. As shown in fig. 1, the forest planting is implemented in the form of planting units, the planting units are rectangles with side lengths of 2.0 m-3.0 m (one planting unit is shown by a dotted line frame in fig. 1), panda staple food bamboos are planted at four corners of the planting units, the bamboo clusters are 1.0 m-2.0 m away from the nearest artificial conifer forest plant, the middle part of the planting units are 2 evergreen trees, and the spacing between the evergreen trees is 2.0 m-2.5 m. The preparation ratio of staple food bamboo and evergreen arbor of giant pandas in the habitat restoration area under the canopy is 2: 1.
And the forest gap habitat is restored and configured according to the mode two. As shown in figure 2, the panda staple food bamboo and evergreen/deciduous trees are planted in rows and are staggered, the panda staple food bamboo is planted in clusters, the evergreen/deciduous trees in the rows are planted in clusters, the distance between the evergreen/deciduous trees is 2.0-2.5 m, and the distance between the planted bamboo and/or trees at the edge of the forest window and the nearest artificial coniferous forest plant is 1.0-2.0 m.
Planting in 4 months, and planting at any time. When in planting, the seedlings are kept upright, the root systems are naturally stretched, the planting depth is proper, and the soil is covered and compacted; when the bamboo is planted, the bamboo rhizome is laid flat, so that the bamboo rhizome is naturally unfolded, and the bamboo rhizome is filled with soil in layers and compacted. Under the condition of permission, appropriate amount of irrigation can be carried out, and moss, withered and fallen objects and the like around the planting holes are used for covering, so that sufficient water and safe overwintering of the root systems of the seedlings are ensured.
5. Pipe protector
Draining water from low-lying parts in the habitat restoration land 1 month after planting, and preventing water accumulation and livestock trampling by adopting engineering measures such as a cutting ditch, a drainage ditch, a guard rail and the like. And (4) periodically and manually tending to timely remove the lianas wound on the seedlings or dead branches pressed on the seedlings.
Seedling tending is carried out in summer of the current year of planting the forest seedling stage, wherein the tending comprises shallow soil loosening, weeding and fertilizing, a 10cm deep annular ditch is formed at a position 20cm away from the bamboo clump or evergreen/fallen leaf arbor seedling during fertilizing, the fertilizer is applied in the ditch and then covered with soil, and the fertilizing amount is about 10 kg-15 kg/mu of urea.
6. Technical effects
In the experiment, 20 mu of habitat restoration land is cumulatively arranged in the national level natural protection area larch artificial forest area of the asbestos county, Yaan city, Sichuan province in 4 months in 2017, and the ecological environment restoration land is allowed to grow naturally except for the artificial management and protection in the current year. According to the investigation and statistics of 4 months in 2018, in the mode one, both spruce and bamboo have new leaves/buds and are good in growth vigor, wherein the plant height of the spruce is increased by 8.25cm averagely, the base stem is increased by 0.72mm averagely, and the survival rate is more than 90%; the average height of newly added branch of bamboo is 26.79cm, and the survival rate can reach over 90%. In the second mode, new leaves/buds of spruce, bamboo and maple/birch also grow healthily, wherein the height of the spruce plant is increased by 7.28cm averagely, the base stem is increased by 1.02mm averagely, and the survival rate is more than 90%; the plant height of the maple is increased by 11.52cm averagely, the base stem is increased by 0.88mm averagely, and the survival rate reaches more than 80 percent; the average height of birch plants is increased by 9.6cm, the average basal stem is increased by 0.34mm, and the survival rate reaches more than 70%; the average height of the newly added branch plants of the bamboo in each hole is 22.34cm, and the survival rate reaches over 90 percent.
Comparison example 1
In the embodiment, a first mode control group and a second mode control group are respectively arranged on the vacant ground near the experimental larch artificial forest.
The two control groups respectively complete the forest land trimming, plant planting and management and protection work by adopting the same operation as in the first embodiment. Wherein the first mode control group and the second mode control group respectively adopt the same scheme as the first mode and the second mode in the first embodiment to complete the plant cultivation.
According to the investigation and statistics of 4 months in 2018, in the mode I control group, new leaves of spruce and bamboo are generated, but the whole length potential is poor, and the defoliation phenomenon exists, wherein the plant height of spruce is averagely increased by 3.56cm, the base stem is averagely increased by 0.34mm, and the survival rate is less than 60%; the number of newly added branches of bamboo in each hole is less and is 1.54, but the average height of the newly added branches can reach 45.45cm, and the survival rate is less than 50%. In the mode II control group, the survival rate of the spruce is less than 60 percent, the plant height is averagely increased by 2.89cm, and the basal stem is averagely increased by 0.29 mm; the survival rate of the maples and the birch is less than 60%, wherein the height of the maples is averagely increased by 8.62cm, the base stems are averagely increased by 0.33mm, the height of the birch is averagely increased by 3.0cm, and the base stems are averagely increased by 0.32 mm; the number of newly added branches of bamboo in each hole is small, namely 1.23 branches, the average height of the newly added branches is 39.58cm, and the survival rate is lower than 50%.
Claims (10)
1. The method for recovering the suitable habitat of the pandas is characterized by comprising the following steps: recovering the environment of panda suitable plant community in the subalpine artificial coniferous forest in the habitat of the panda; firstly, carrying out plant community survey on the artificial conifer forest to obtain plant community characteristic data; selecting a habitat restoration land according to the plant community characteristic data, wherein the habitat restoration land comprises a habitat restoration land under a forest canopy and a forest gap habitat restoration land, the selection standard of the habitat restoration land under the forest canopy is that the density of the forest land is less than 50 plants/mu and the forest gap is greater than 5.0m, and the selection standard of the forest gap habitat restoration land is that the space of the forest canopy is greater than 30.0m2Approximately circular or approximately elliptical; trimming the habitat restoration land and forest land again; finally, forest planting is carried out in the habitat restoration area, the habitat restoration area is planted according to the mode I under the canopy, and the habitat restoration area is planted according to the mode II; the mode is that the panda staple food bamboo and evergreen arbor are planted in a mixed mode, and the panda staple food bamboo, evergreen arbor and deciduous arbor are planted in a mixed mode.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the first mode is as follows: the forest planting is implemented in a planting unit mode, the planting unit is a rectangle with the side length of 2.0-3.0 m, panda staple food bamboos are clustered at four corners of the planting unit, the distance between the bamboo cluster and the nearest artificial conifer forest plant is 1.0-2.0 m, the middle part of the planting unit is 2 evergreen trees, and the distance between the evergreen trees is 2.0-2.5 m;
the second mode is as follows: the panda staple food bamboo and evergreen/deciduous trees are planted in rows and in staggered arrangement, the panda staple food bamboo is planted in clusters, and the evergreen/deciduous trees are planted in rows and in columns; the distance between the plants and the clumps is 2.0 to 2.5m, and the distance between the bamboo and/or the arbor planted at the edge of the forest gap and the nearest artificial conifer plant is 1.0 to 2.0 m.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein: the planting density of the mode one forest is 110-130 holes/mu, and the planting density of the mode two forest is 130-165 holes/mu.
4. The method of claim 3: the method is characterized in that: the forest land is trimmed 4 months ago, hole-shaped land preparation is adopted, the length, width and depth of a panda staple food bamboo planting hole are 40cm multiplied by 20cm, and the length, width and depth of an evergreen/fallen leaf arbor planting hole are 30cm multiplied by 20 cm.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein: draining and dredging at low-lying positions in the habitat restoration land within 1 month after the forest is planted.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein: seedling tending is carried out in summer every year in the seedling stage of planting trees, the seedling tending comprises shallow soil loosening, weeding and fertilizing, a 10cm deep annular ditch is formed at a position 20cm away from seedlings of bamboo stands or evergreen/fallen leaves of trees during fertilizing, the fertilizer is applied in the ditch and then covered with soil, and the fertilizing amount is 10-15 kg/mu of urea.
7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein: the panda staple food bamboo is asbestos mangosteen (Yushiia lineolara) and/or Yukuzhu (Fargesia ferax) and/or cold arrowroot (Bashania fangia) and/or skimmia bambusoides (Fargesia denudata) and/or Fargesia japonica (Fargesia nitida) and/or Fargesia alata (Fargesia pauciflora) and/or Hopkinson (Fargesia robusta) and/or Fargesia crassimum (Fargesia scabra) and/or Fargesia glauca (Fargesia scabra) and/or Qingchuan arrowroot (Fargesia rufa) and/or Fargesia obliqua (Fargesia obliqua); the evergreen arbor is Picea brachytyla and/or Abies fabri; the deciduous arbor is Acer laxiflorum (Acer laxiflorum) and/or white birch (Betula platyphylla) and/or red birch (Betula albosinensis).
8. The method of claim 7, wherein: planting the forest, planting the nursery stock with the seedling age of more than II grade of 5 years from evergreen arbor, planting the nursery stock with the seedling age of more than II grade of 2 years from deciduous arbor, and fully soaking the root before planting; transplanting the giant panda staple food bamboo into a mother bamboo which grows for 1-2 years and retains bamboo rhizome of 15-20 cm.
9. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, wherein: the artificial coniferous forest is an artificial larch forest with forest land canopy density of less than or equal to 0.70, light transmittance of more than or equal to 50% and forest land density of less than 45 plants/mu.
10. The use of the panda habitat restoration method according to any of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 for ecological restoration of sub-alpine regions in the range of panda habitats.
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| CN113330973B (en) * | 2021-06-05 | 2023-06-02 | 四川省自然资源科学研究院 | Method for recovering proper habitat of panda corridor |
| CN113575260A (en) * | 2021-08-18 | 2021-11-02 | 成都大熊猫繁育研究基地 | Method for recovering suitable habitat of pandas in secondary sub-high mountain bamboo shrub forest land |
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| CN100508735C (en) * | 2007-04-05 | 2009-07-08 | 上海交通大学 | Method for constructing biologic corridors for the transferring of the small ferine mammal in subtropical cities |
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