CN109133200B - 一种花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的制备 - Google Patents
一种花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的制备 Download PDFInfo
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- GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A dialuminum;hexamagnesium;carbonate;hexadecahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]C([O-])=O GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
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Abstract
一种花状Ni‑Co水滑石电极材料的制备,本发明属于超级电容器技术领域,其目的是解决现有的二维水滑石导电性能差而导致的循环稳定性能不佳、倍率性能低等问题。本产品以镍盐、钴盐、尿素、PVP为原料,且在没有使用模板剂的情况下成功制备了三维多孔花状结构水滑石。将该电极材料作为工作电极并展示出较高的比电容、优异的倍率特性及良好的循环稳定性。同时该方法可以用来合成其他种类的三维多孔花状结构水滑石。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于超级电容器技术领域,具体涉及一种花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的制备。
背景技术
超级电容器作为一种新型的能源存储器件,近年来受到广大科研工作者的关注。由于其功率密度高、循环寿命长、充电速度快、温度范围宽以及绿色安全等优点,在电子工业领域得到了广泛的应用。超级电容器根据储能机理不同,可以分为双电层电容器和赝电容超级电容器两类。与传统的双电层电容器相比,赝电容电容器能够储存更多的电荷,因此具有更高的比电容。
赝电容电容器又称法拉第准电容器,其电极材料主要为过渡金属氧化物和导电聚合物两种,其储存电荷的过程不但包括双电层电容器的存储方式,而且包括电解液中离子在电极活性物质中是通过氧化还原反应过程存储的。这种氧化还原反应在电极表面发生的同时也可在整个电极内部发生,赝电容电容器作为双电层电容器的一种补充形式,往往可获得更高的电容量和能量密度。
层状双金属氢氧化物,又称水滑石(LDHs),作为一类重要的二维层状材料,由于其层板元素的高分散性、双金属元素的比例可调变性及层间阴离子的可交换性,因此在电化学功能电极领域展现出了巨大的研究价值和应用潜力,同时所构筑的功能材料在光学、电化学传感、负载药物以及工业催化等方面应用广泛。
聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),是一种非离子型高分子化合物,在N-乙烯基酰胺类聚合物中最具特色,同时是被研究得最深、应用最为广泛的精细化学品。在合成高分子中像PVP这样既溶于水又溶于大多数有机溶剂且生物毒性低的并不常见,因此被广泛应用于医药卫生、食品加工、纺织印染及功能材料合成等领域。在功能材料的合成方面,PVP多作为表面活性剂和催化剂,不同的分散体系其相应的作用也不同,PVP在合成材料过程中不仅能够改变合成材料的形貌同时通过改变其用量能够对材料的尺寸进行调控。
发明内容
本发明属于超级电容器技术领域,其目的主要是为了克服现有二维水滑石导电性能差而导致的循环稳定性能不佳、倍率性能低等问题,本发明提供了一种制备过程操作简单、电化学循环稳定性好、导电性能良好的电极材料,所设计的电极材料具有较高的比电容和良好的稳定性,同时具有较高的产率且制备成本低廉。
本发明所述的一种花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的制备,其特征在于以镍盐、钴盐、尿素、PVP为原料,且在没有使用模板剂的情况下成功制备三维多孔花状结构水滑石;
所述的花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的金属离子为镍、钴元素;
所述的花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的合成方法为水热合成法;
所述的花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的结构为三维多孔花状结构;
所述的花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料所采用的表面活性剂为PVP。
本发明的有益效果:
与现有的LDHs相比,本发明所合成的花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料解决了目前现有二维水滑石导电性能差而导致的循环稳定性能不佳、倍率性能低等问题。以本发明基于水热合成法所制备的Ni-Co水滑石电极材料比电容为1550F·g-1,循环稳定性高达92%且当电流密度扩大十倍时的倍率性能为55.42%,电化学性能良好,存储电荷量较高。此外,所合成的花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料还具有导电性能良好、制备过程简单、操作方便且制备成本较低等优点。
附图说明
图1为验证试验(一)得到的Ni-Co水滑石的X射线粉末衍射图;
图2为验证试验(一)得到的Ni-Co水滑石的红外光谱图;
图3为验证试验(一)中得到的Ni-Co水滑石有无PVP的扫描电镜对比图;
图4为验证试验(二)中Ni-Co水滑石不同扫速条件下的循环伏安图;
图5为验证试验(二)中Ni-Co水滑石有无PVP的循环伏安对比图;
图6为验证试验(三)中合成的Ni-Co水滑石在不同电流密度下的恒电流充电放电图;
图7为验证试验(三)中合成的Ni-Co水滑石有无PVP的恒电流充电放电对比图;
图8为验证试验(四)中合成的Ni-Co水滑石有无PVP的倍率性能对比图;
图9为验证试验(四)中合成的Ni-Co水滑石的循环稳定图。
具体实施方式
具体实施方式一:本实施方式为以镍盐、钴盐、尿素、PVP为原料,且在没有使用模板剂的情况下成功制备三维多孔花状结构水滑石。
具体实施方式二:一种花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的制备方法按以下步骤进行:
一、二维层状Ni-Co水滑石的制备:
①首先用分析天平称取0.4~0.6g的乙酸钴和0.1~0.3g的乙酸镍溶于60mL(乙醇∶水=2∶1)的溶液中,形成溶液A;
②称取0.8~1.2g尿素溶于15mL(乙醇∶水=2∶1)的溶液中,形成溶液B;
③将溶液B加入A中, 并将其转移到100mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜中,100℃水热16h,室温条件下自然冷却,离心洗涤,离心机转数设置为4000r/min~6000 r/min,60℃条件下干燥12h,将烘干后的样品研磨装样,形成粉末A;
步骤一①中所述溶液A中乙酸钴与乙酸镍的质量比为4~6∶1~3;
步骤一①中所述乙酸钴的质量与溶液A的体积比为0.4g~0.6g∶60mL;
步骤一①中所述乙酸镍的质量与溶液A的体积比为0.1g~0.3g∶60mL;
步骤一②中所述尿素的质量与溶液B的体积比0.8~1.2g∶15mL;
二、花状Ni-Co水滑石的制备:
①准确称取0.8~1g的PVP、0.4~0.6g的乙酸钴和0.1~0.3g的乙酸镍,将三者溶于60mL(乙醇∶水=2∶1)的溶液中,形成溶液A;
②另称取0.8~1.2g尿素溶于15mL(乙醇∶水=2∶1)的溶液中,形成溶液B;
③将溶液B加入A中, 并将其转移到100mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜中,100℃水热16h,室温条件下自然冷却,离心洗涤,离心机转数设置为4000r/min~6000 r/min,60℃条件下干燥12h,将烘干后的样品研磨装样,形成粉末A;
步骤二①中所述PVP的质量与溶液A的体积比为0.8g~1g∶60mL;
步骤二①中所述PVP与乙酸钴的质量比为4 ~5∶2~3;
步骤二①中所述PVP与乙酸镍的质量比为8 ~10∶1~3;
三、基于Ni-Co水滑石材料的电化学工作电极的制备方法:
①准确称取0.01g合成的活性物质Ni-Co水滑石、0.0018g乙炔黑,0.0006g聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),将其在3~5mL的乙醇中混合均匀,形成糊状物A;
②将步骤①得到的糊状物A涂覆到一片1cm×1cm×0.1cm的泡沫镍上,60℃条件烘干5~6h,得到物质B;
步骤三①中所述的糊状物A中Ni-Co水滑石、乙炔黑和PTFE三者的质量比为80∶15∶5;
步骤三①中所述的糊状物A的质量与乙醇的体积比为0.0125g∶3mL~5mL。
具体实施方式三:本实施方式与具体实施方式一至二不同的是:步骤一①中所述的乙酸钴的质量为0.5g,乙酸镍的用量为0.2g将其溶于60mL(乙醇∶水=2∶1)的溶液中,形成溶液A。其他步骤及参数与具体实施方式一至二之一相同。
具体实施方式四:本实施方式与具体实施方式一至三不同的是:步骤一②中所述的尿素用量为1g溶于15mL(乙醇∶水=2∶1)的溶液中,形成溶液B。其他步骤及参数与具体实施方式一至三之一相同。
具体实施方式五:本实施方式与具体实施方式一至四不同的是:步骤一③中所述的离心机转数设置为5000r/min,60℃条件下干燥12h,将烘干后的样品研磨装样,形成粉末A。其他步骤及参数与具体实施方式一至四之一相同。
具体实施方式六:本实施方式与具体实施方式一至五不同的是:步骤二①中所述的称取1g的PVP、0.5g的乙酸钴和0.2g的乙酸镍,将三者溶于60mL(乙醇∶水=2∶1)的溶液中,形成溶液A。其他步骤及参数与具体实施方式一至五之一相同。
具体实施方式七:本实施方式与具体实施方式一至六不同的是:步骤二②中所述的另称取1g尿素溶于15mL(乙醇∶水=2∶1)的溶液中,形成溶液B。其他步骤及参数与具体实施方式一至六之一相同。
具体实施方式八:本实施方式与具体实施方式一至七不同的是:步骤二③中所述的离心洗涤,离心机转数设置为5000r/min,60℃条件下干燥12h,将烘干后的样品研磨装样,形成粉末A。其他步骤及参数与具体实施方式一至七之一相同。
具体实施方式九:本实施方式与具体实施方式一至八不同的是:步骤三①中所述的称取0.01g合成的活性物质Ni-Co水滑石、0.0018g乙炔黑、0.0006gPTFE,将其在4mL的乙醇中混合均匀,形成糊状物A。其他步骤及参数与具体实施方式一至八之一相同。
具体实施方式十:本实施方式与具体实施方式一至九不同的是:步骤三②中所述的将步骤①得到的糊状物A涂覆到一片1cm×1cm×0.1cm的泡沫镍上,60℃条件烘干6h,得到物质B。其他步骤及参数与具体实施方式一至九之一相同。
用以下试验来验证本发明的效果
试验一、一种花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的制备方法按以下步骤进行:
一、二维层状Ni-Co水滑石的制备:
①首先用分析天平称取0.5g的乙酸钴和0.2g的乙酸镍溶于60mL(乙醇∶水=2∶1)的溶液中,形成溶液A;
②准确称取1g尿素溶于15mL(乙醇∶水=2∶1)的溶液中,形成溶液B;
③将溶液B加入A中, 并将其转移到100mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜中,100℃水热16h,室温条件下自然冷却,离心洗涤,离心机转数设置为5000r/min,60℃条件下干燥12h,将烘干后的样品研磨装样,形成粉末A;
二、花状Ni-Co水滑石的制备:
①准确称取1g的PVP、0.5g的乙酸钴和0.2g的乙酸镍,将三者溶于60mL(乙醇∶水=2∶1)的溶液中,形成溶液A;
②另称取1g尿素溶于15mL(乙醇∶水=2∶1)的溶液中,形成溶液B;
③将溶液B加入A中, 并将其转移到100mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜中,100℃水热16h,室温条件下自然冷却,离心洗涤,离心机转数设置为5000r/min,60℃条件下干燥12h,将烘干后的样品研磨装样,形成粉末A;
三、基于Ni-Co水滑石材料的电化学工作电极的制备方法:
①准确称取0.01g合成的活性物质Ni-Co水滑石、0.0018g乙炔黑,0.0006g PTFE,将其在4mL的乙醇中混合均匀,形成糊状物A;
②将步骤①得到的糊状物A涂覆到一片1cm×1cm×0.1cm的泡沫镍上,60℃条件烘干6h,得到物质B;
对试验一得到的Ni-Co水滑石进行结构的确定和形貌的表征:
(一)利用D/MAX-3BX型X射线粉末衍射仪、FTIR-650型红外光谱仪和S-4300型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对试验一所得到的Ni-Co水滑石进行结构的确定和形貌的表征,得到如图1所示的Ni-Co水滑石的X射线粉末衍射图、图2为Ni-Co水滑石的红外光谱图、图3为Ni-Co水滑石有无PVP的扫描电镜对比图。
从图1可以看出,晶面指数(003)、(006)、(009)、(015)、(018)、(110)和(113)分别对应于Ni-Co水滑石的晶面指数,初步证实所合成的材料为Ni-Co水滑石。图2中3446cm-1对应于-OH的伸缩振动峰,780 cm-1和1355 cm-1对应于CO3 2-的伸缩振动峰,可以证明H2O和CO3 2-已经成功插入到层状水滑石之间。646 cm-1对应于镍钴的金属氧峰,以上结果证明成功合成了Ni-Co水滑石。从图3可以看出(a)图为未加PVP的Ni-Co水滑石的扫描电镜图,标尺为1μm,从图中可以看出所合成的材料的形貌为二维层状结构,(b)图为加入PVP的Ni-Co水滑石的扫描电镜图,从图中可以看出合成的材料为蓬松的三维花状结构且分布均匀、尺寸均一,从而使电极表面具有更大的比表面积,提高了电极的电子传导能力,储存电荷量增加。
(二)验证本申请试验一得到的Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的电化学行为。
一、超级电容器的制备
以本申请试验一得到的Ni-Co水滑石和乙炔黑、PTFE混合构成电极活性物质,涂覆该活性物质的泡沫镍作为工作电极,饱和甘汞为参比电极,铂片电极为对电极,组成的三电极体系即为超级电容器。
二、以步骤一制备的花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料作为工作电极,所制备的超级电容器在扫速为10mV/s、20 mV/s、30 mV/s、50 mV/s、100mV/s条件下扫循环伏安曲线,并在100mV/s条件下对有无PVP的Ni-Co水滑石电极材料分别扫循环伏安并进行对比分析。
结论:得到如图4所示的花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料在扫速为10mV/s-100mV/s的循环伏安曲线,从图中可以看出随着扫速的增加循环伏安所围成的面积不断增大,且电流值不断增大,在0.35V处明显的Ni2+→Ni3+的氧化峰,证明了材料的赝电容性能,且随着扫速的增加循环伏安曲线的形状没有发生扭曲证明了其良好的可逆性。图5所示的有无PVP的Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的循环伏安对比图,从图中可以看出加入PVP后所制备的电极材料循环伏安曲线所围成的面积更大,具有更好的充放电性能且储存的电荷量更多。
(三)验证本申请试验一得到的Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的充放电性能。
超级电容器的制备:以本申请试验一得到的Ni-Co水滑石和乙炔黑、PTFE混合构成电极活性物质,涂覆该活性物质的泡沫镍作为工作电极,饱和甘汞为参比电极,铂片电极为对电极,组成的三电极体系即为超级电容器。
采用计时电位法,对加入PVP的Ni-Co水滑石在1A/g、2A/g、3A/g、5A/g、8A/g、10A/g的电流密度下,电势范围为0-0.4V测试其充放电性能,得到如图6所示的花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的充放电曲线,从图中可以看出在1A/g时的比电容高达1550F·g-1,在10A/g时,仍有855.6 F·g-1的电容量。图7所示的有无PVP的Ni-Co水滑石电极材料在2A/g的充放电对比图,从图中可以看出加入PVP后所形成的三维花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料充放电时间更长,具有更高的比电容。
(四)验证本申请试验一得到的Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的倍率性能及循环稳定性。
超级电容器的制备:以本申请试验一得到的花状Ni-Co水滑石和乙炔黑、PTFE混合构成电极活性物质,涂覆该活性物质的泡沫镍作为工作电极,饱和甘汞为参比电极,铂片电极为对电极,组成的三电极体系即为超级电容器。
通过计算在不同电流密度条件下的比电容绘制出如图8的有无PVP的Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的倍率性能曲线,从图中可以看出加入PVP的电极材料具有更高的倍率性能为55.42%。通过循环一万次计算其电容保持率,在循环五千圈后仍保持其初始电容的92%,证明所合成的电极材料具有良好的倍率性能和循环稳定性。
综上所述,一种花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料已被成功制备,该制备过程简单、电极材料导电性能良好且比电容较高,具有良好的循环稳定性和倍率性能。
Claims (1)
1.一种花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料的制备,其特征在于:它是按以下步骤制备的:
①准确称取0.8~ 1g的PVP、0.4~0.6g的乙酸钴和0.1~0.3g的乙酸镍,将三者溶于60mL的溶液中,溶液中乙醇:水=2:1,形成溶液A;
②另称取0.8~1.2g尿素溶于15mL的溶液中,溶液中乙醇:水=2:1,形成溶液B;
③将溶液B加入溶液A中,并将其转移到100mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜中,100℃水热16h,室温条件下自然冷却,离心洗涤,离心机转数设置为4000r/min~6000r/min,60℃条件下干燥12h,将烘干后的样品研磨装样,形成粉末A,即为花状Ni-Co水滑石电极材料。
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