CN109089788B - Cultivation method for Huang-Huai-Hai wheat robust population based on tillering characteristic - Google Patents
Cultivation method for Huang-Huai-Hai wheat robust population based on tillering characteristic Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of robust population cultivation in the production process of wheat, in particular to a method for cultivating a robust population of wheat by utilizing the tillering characteristic of the wheat by regulating and controlling the seeding quantity, the seeding depth, the selection of base fertilizer and the pre-winter irrigation, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating a robust population based on the tillering characteristic of the wheat, which is used for screening and controlling the seeding quantity and the base fertilizer using quantity influencing the tillering characteristic of the wheat on the basis of the production potential of farmland wheat, so that the seeding quantity and the base fertilizer using quantity of wheat with different target yields in Huanghuai wheat areas in a proper seeding period are obtained, and water and fertilizer are put in according to needs and in time by regulating and controlling the seeding depth and the proper pre-winter irrigation, so that the coordination and unification of the agricultural management of the wheat and the growth and development of the wheat are realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of robust population cultivation in the production process of wheat, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating a wheat simply-packed population by utilizing the tillering characteristic of wheat by regulating and controlling the seeding quantity, controlling the seeding depth, selecting a base fertilizer variety and irrigating before winter, in particular to a cultivation method for a robust population of Huang-Huai-Hai wheat based on the tillering characteristic.
Background
Wheat is one of three grain crops in China, is main grain for people in northern China, and is an important way for ensuring the basic grain safety of people in China to continuously improve the yield of wheat. The factors influencing the exertion of the yield per unit of wheat are various, including illumination, precipitation and CO2Concentration and temperature, including soilThe regulation and control of the technical measures mutually influence and promote the exertion of the tillering characteristics of the wheat, and extremely large and insufficient populations easily appear if the regulation and control of the technical measures lack standardized and standardized operations. For example, if a wheat variety with strong tillering characteristics such as Jimai 22 is selected in production and the seeding amount is large, irrigation before winter is early likely to cause the phenomena of overlarge clusters and vigorous growth before winter, which is not favorable for high yield of wheat in the next year.
From the beginning of the 80 th century in the past, with the successful breeding of new high-yield wheat varieties in China, the gradual popularization of agricultural mechanization and the improvement of farmland irrigation conditions, the yield per unit of wheat in China is continuously increased, but since 2010, the yield per unit of wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai area shows high wandering along with the marginal effect of the yield increasing measures. As the corresponding cultivation and production technology is not changed greatly along with the changes of agricultural mechanization, fertilizer types and the quality of wheat production personnel, the production is mostly carried out by depending on the experience of the past year, and the unified operation standard and the scientific regulation and control calculation basis are lacked. The characteristic of self-tillering and heading of wheat is the basis of the invention, the wheat is constructed in a group by tillering the tillering joints of the wheat and then heading independently, the tillering joints are composed of non-elongated and densely packed joints and internodes, the tillering joints have active meristem, the respiration is vigorous, and sufficient nutrients, water and air are needed. The order in which tillering occurs is: when 3 leaves grow out of wheat, tillers grow out of axillary buds of coleoptiles, and when 4 leaves appear, the axillary buds of the 1 st leaf of the main stem extend to form tillers; when the 5 th leaf appears, the axillary bud of the 2 nd leaf of the main stem extends to form tillering, and the tillering occurrence and the main stem leaf appearance keep the relation of the same extension of the tillering (namely n-3). The tillers growing from the main stem are also called first-stage tillers. When the first-stage tillers outgrow 3 leaves, tillers outgrow between the leaf axils of their sheaths. Tillering begins 15-20 days after tillering from the primary tillering, tillering of a single plant continuously increases along with the increase of the leaf number of the main stem, and the total stem number of a group rapidly increases.
Therefore, the key point for cultivating the robust wheat population is to protect the tillering nodes and fully exert the tillering and heading characteristics. Firstly, the safe overwintering for protecting tillering joints is the foundation for cultivating healthy populations of wheat fields in the next year. At present, in wheat production in Huang-Huai-Hai region, the complete returning of corn straws causes the brouhaha of 0-20cm of plough layer soil, and cold flow in winter easily enters the soil to cause freeze injury to tillering nodes of wheat, which is not favorable for safe overwintering of wheat seedlings. Secondly, the proper sowing depth is the key for cultivating strong seedlings. The deep sowing easily causes local oxygen deficiency to influence the formation of wheat tillering, and the shallow sowing is not beneficial to the safe overwintering of the wheat, so the perfect and standard cultivation technology is an important technical measure for protecting wheat tillering sections. Thirdly, the proper seeding density is an important technical measure for realizing the robustness of the tillering joints. Too much wheat seedlings are produced in unit area due to too high seeding density, mutual competition for nutrients and water is not beneficial to cultivation of single robust population, too few basic seedlings are produced due to insufficient seeding amount, full coverage of the ground surface cannot be realized, light leakage is produced in later period of wheat field population, and accumulation and formation of photosynthetic products are not beneficial.
From the technology of cultivating robust wheat populations by regulating seeding quantity, most of the traditional wheat production technologies depend on production experience and lack unified operation standards and evaluation indexes. The sowing amount is mainly estimated according to the sowing date, for example, in the middle and western regions of Shandong, if the sowing date is between 9 and 20 days and 9 and 25 days, the sowing amount is recommended to be 8 kg/mu, the sowing amount is recommended to be 10 kg/mu between 9 and 25 days and 9 and 30 days, the sowing amount is recommended to be 12.5 kg/mu between 10 and 1 days and 10 months and 10 days, the sowing amount is recommended to be 15 kg/mu between 10 and 11 days and 10 and 20 days, the sowing amount is increased by 0.5 kg/mu every 2 days before 11 and 10 days, and wheat is not suitable to be sown after 11 and 10 days.
The organ consisting of closely packed nodes and internodes without elongation at the base of wheat is called tillering node. Generally, a wheat strain only has one tillering node. Besides the functions of tillering and root-saving, the tillering node of wheat is also the hub of distributing and transporting the nutritive material of wheat seedling because a large number of vascular bundles whose branches are connected are interlaced in the tillering and connected with the root system and the overground part. The tillering node is also an important organ for storing nutrients of wheat seedlings. During the overwintering period, a large amount of sugar is stored in the tillering joints, so that the cytoplasm concentration is increased, the freezing point is lowered, the cold resistance is enhanced, and part of energy substances required by the growth of the wheat seedlings during the overwintering period and early spring is transferred from the tillering joint storage substances. If winter wheat is frozen at low temperature in winter and spring, the overground part is frozen to death, and as long as the tillering nodes are not frozen to death, tillering buds on the tillering nodes can grow into tillers one by one, so that the plant can recover to grow, and the ears are mature. Therefore, the key of the safe overwintering of the wheat seedlings is to promote the storage of the sugar content in the tillering nodes and protect the tillering nodes from freezing injury.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a systematic method for guiding cultivation of robust winter wheat populations, which can effectively utilize the characteristic of tillering and spiking of wheat, obviously improve the cultivation proportion of the robust winter wheat populations and improve the comparative benefit of grain production under the condition of reducing the agricultural production investment.
The standard of the robust wheat tillering node is the lowest temperature capable of adapting to a planting area so as to ensure safe overwintering, and the key index of whether the wheat can safely overwinter is the capacity of macromolecular organic matters such as soluble sugar, proline and the like of the tillering node, so that the increase of the content of the macromolecular organic matters can not only increase the winter resistance of the wheat, but also ensure the robustness of the wheat tillering and improve the tillering and ear forming rate. The current farming operation links capable of regulating the content of the macromolecular organic matters in the tillering nodes in wheat production are the control of the seeding rate, the seeding depth and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium base fertilizers, so the technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the cultivation of the robust wheat colony is taken as a target, and various factors influencing the tillering characteristic of the wheat are inversely calculated, so that the cultivation target of the robust wheat colony is realized.
TABLE 1 Standard of robust population of wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat district with different production levels and horizontal irrigation
| Target yield (kilogram/mu) | Population number (Ten thousand ears/mu) | Basic seedling (ten thousand/mu) | Required nitrogen element base fertilizer (kilogram/mu) | Required potash fertilizer base fertilizer (kilogram/mu) | Required phosphate fertilizer base fertilizer (kilogram/mu) |
| 650 | 55 | 17 | 15 | 8 | 7 |
| 600 | 50 | 20 | 18 | 7 | 6 |
| 550 | 45 | 23 | 12 | 6 | 3 |
And (3) calculating the seeding amount of the wheat with different target yields in the Huang-Huai-Hai wheat region in the sowing period based on the table 1, and applying corresponding base fertilizer in a matching manner. Before sowing, the soil is ploughed deeply by a 1LFT-450 turning plow with the depth of 30cm, and then the ground surface is leveled by a medium-sized variable speed (ZXBS) rotary cultivator and the soil of a plough layer is crushed. Sowing 2BFJK series wheat wide-width wide-seedling-band fertilization precision seeder produced by Shandong Dahua machinery limited company, strictly controlling sowing depth between 4-5cm during sowing, bringing base fertilizer into the sowing by machinery during sowing, calculating wheat sowing quantity according to formula 1 based on farmland wheat production potential according to wheat field region correspondence table 1, and 15 produced by Jinzheng Dashengjie ecological engineering group company Limited companyN-5P2O5-7K2OThe compound fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer, and the dosage of the base fertilizer is adjusted corresponding to the table 1.
Formula 1 formula for calculating wheat seeding amount
In the formula, basic seedlings are searched according to the standard corresponding to the farmland yield level of the robust wheat colony group in the Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area with different yield levels, the thousand seed weight and the germination rate of wheat seeds are actually measured, and the field emergence rate is calculated according to the conventional 85 percent.
Actually measuring the field soil water capacity before overwintering, and performing winter irrigation when the field water capacity is lower than 80%, wherein if the tillering of a single plant is 1.8-2.0 at the moment, the field water capacity after the winter irrigation reaches 95%; if the tillering of a single plant is between 1.4 and 1.8, the irrigation should reach 100 percent of the field water capacity; if the tillering of a single plant is between 1.0 and 1.4, the field water holding capacity after irrigation is less than 90 percent, so as to avoid freezing injury caused by severe temperature reduction in the later period. The winter irrigation time is started when the daily average air temperature is reduced to 7-8 ℃ and ended when the daily average air temperature is reduced to about 5 ℃.
The invention utilizes the following main principles: the tillering capacity of the wheat tillering joint is comprehensively influenced by potassium fertilizer, the burying depth of the wheat tillering joint and the soil moisture content, and the concrete expression is that when the quick-acting potassium content of plough layer soil exceeds 180mg/kg, the tillering capacity of wheat is fully exerted, and when the quick-acting potassium content of the plough layer soil is less than 120 mg/kg, the tillering capacity of the wheat is limited. When the buried depth of the wheat tillering section is 4-5cm, the safe overwintering of the tillering section can be ensured, and the emergence of lean and weak tillering can also be ensured, if the buried depth of the wheat tillering section is less than 4cm, the safe overwintering of the tillering section cannot be ensured, especially under the production condition of returning the corn straws to the field in full quantity. If the buried depth exceeds 6cm, the underground stems of the wheat are too long, the limited nutrients of the wheat seeds are excessively consumed to ensure the emergence of seedlings of the wheat, more weak seedlings can be caused, the emergence of weak tillers is not facilitated, the bipolar differentiation of the tillers of the wheat is advanced, and the construction of robust wheat groups is not facilitated. The soil water content has great influence on the exertion of the tillering capacity of the wheat, the optimal field water holding capacity during the tillering of the wheat is 85% -90%, the exertion of the tillering capacity of the wheat is severely limited due to too low field water holding capacity, and the erosion of tillering joints is caused when the oxygen deficiency of the soil area where the tillering joints are located is severe due to too high field water holding capacity.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the cultivation method for the robust Huang-Huai-Hai wheat colony based on the tillering characteristic realizes the reverse calculation of the seeding quantity of the wheat and the required base fertilizer dosage by the target yield of the wheat, and realizes the on-time release of water and fertilizer according to needs by regulating and controlling the seeding depth and moderate irrigation before winter, thereby realizing the coordination and unification of the agricultural management of the wheat and the growth and development of the wheat. The method of the invention can generate positive effect on wheat tillering node soluble sugar, soluble protein, free proline and other resistance physiological indexes, and optimizes wheat agronomic characters and yield composition.
The method fully utilizes the tillering characteristic of the tillering node of the wheat to realize the accurate regulation and control of the cultivation of robust wheat groups, is a main technical basis for realizing the accurate agriculture of wheat production in the main production area of Huang-Huai-Hai wheat in China, can play an important role in relieving the contradiction between agricultural production and environmental protection, is beneficial to improving the specialized skills of farmers while improving the comparative benefit of grain production, increases the enthusiasm of the farmers for carrying out wheat production, and ensures the grain safety in China.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail by the following specific examples.
Example 1
The method is implemented in 2016/2017 in the field of crop research institute of academy of agricultural sciences of Shandong province, wherein the soil in the field is clay loam with a volume weight of 1.36g/m3Under the irrigation condition, the variety of the tested ginseng wheat is Jimai No. 229 (bred by crop research institute of academy of agricultural sciences in Shandong province), the average yield of the wheat in the last three years is 586.5 kg/mu, the target yield is assumed to be 600 kg/mu at the time, the required basic seedlings are 20 ten thousand/mu according to the standard of the wheat robust population group in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area with different yield levels, the required nitrogen base fertilizer is 18 kg/mu, the required potassium base fertilizer is 7 kg/mu and the required phosphate fertilizer base fertilizer is 6 kg/mu according to the table 1. Before wheat seeding, the soil is ploughed deeply by a 1LFT-450 turning plow, the ploughed depth is 30cm, and then the ground surface is leveled by a medium-sized variable speed (ZXBS) rotary cultivator and the soil of a plough layer is crushed. Sowing 2BFJK series wheat wide-width wide-seedling belt fertilization precision seeder produced by Shandong Dahua machinery Limited company in 2016 years, 10 months and 8 days, and sowing with average sowing depth of4.2 cm. 15 produced by 100 kg/mu Jinzheng ecological engineering group member company is brought by sowing machinery during sowingN-5P2O5-7K2OThe compound fertilizer is used as a wheat base fertilizer and provides nutrients for the completion of later-stage wheat tillering.
The actual field water capacity is measured to be 82.4% at 20 days 11 months in 2016, the average tillering of a single plant is 1.72, and 47.2 ten thousand/mu of total stem tillers can be seen. The contrast plot is a plot of the traditional production technology, the seeding rate of the wheat is 16 kg/mu of the traditional empirical value, the sowing depth of a wheat seeder produced by Shandong 37075and City Industrial mechanical Co., Ltd is 3.8cm, the irrigation before winter adopts full-scale irrigation, the irrigation rate is 68 cubic meters/mu, and the field water capacity after the irrigation is 100%.
The comparison shows that the content of soluble sugar and soluble protein in the wheat tillering node is obviously increased compared with the comparison, the relative conductivity is obviously increased, and the low-temperature resistance of the tillering node in winter is obviously improved. The increase of the contents of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde shows that the internal physiological regulation mechanism is fully exerted. Finally, the technology obtains the yield achievement of 610.8 kg/mu, the yield is increased by 67.1 kg/mu compared with the control treatment, and the yield increase amplitude is 12.34%.
TABLE 2 influence of the invention on physiological indexes of resistance such as soluble sugar, soluble protein, free proline and the like of wheat tillering node
| Treatment of | Soluble sugar (mg/g dry weight) | Soluble proteins (mg/g fresh weight) | Free proline (mu g/g fresh weight) | Relative electricity Conductivity (%) | Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (U/g fresh weight) | Malondialdehyde (MDA) (U/g fresh weight) | Peroxidase enzymes (POD) (U/g fresh weight) |
| The skill of the art Operation of the art | 25.48 | 7.56 | 166.08 | 55.65 | 348.52 | 2.45 | 59.57 |
| Control | 19.34 | 3.68 | 263.54 | 23.18 | 261.70 | 1.14 | 109.14 |
TABLE 3 influence of the invention on agronomic traits and yield composition of wheat
| Treatment of | Maximum tillering number is multiplied by 104Per mu | Tillering spike formation rate (%) | Mu ear number is multiplied by 104Per mu | Grain number of spike (number) | Thousand Kernel weight (g) | Yield (kg/mu) |
| The present technology | 108.4 | 44.88 | 48.65 | 36.71 | 37.85 | 610.8 |
| Control | 128.3 | 35.29 | 45.28 | 38.14 | 34.50 | 543.7 |
Example 2
The method is carried out in trial field of agricultural science institute of Texas in 2016/2017, the soil in the plot is sandy loam, and the volume weight of the soil is 1.16g/m3Under the irrigation condition, the reference wheat variety is Jimai No. 22 (bred by crop research institute of academy of agricultural sciences in Shandong province), the average yield of wheat in the last three years is 521.7 kg/mu, the target yield is assumed to be 550 kg/mu at the time, the required basic seedlings are 23 ten thousand/mu according to the standard of the wheat robust population group in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area in table 1, the required nitrogen base fertilizer is 12 kg/mu, the required potassium base fertilizer is 6 kg/mu, and the required phosphate fertilizer base fertilizer is 3 kg/mu. Before wheat seeding, the soil is ploughed deeply by a 1LFT-450 turning plow, the ploughed depth is 30cm, and then the ground surface is leveled by a medium-sized variable speed (ZXBS) rotary cultivator and the soil of a plough layer is crushed. Sowing 2BFJK series wheat wide-width wide-seedling belt fertilization precision seeder produced by Shandong Dahua mechanical Co Ltd in 2016 years, 10 months and 12 days, and sowing with average sowing depth of 4.1 cm. 15 produced by 100 kg/mu Jinzheng ecological engineering group member company is brought by sowing machinery during sowingN-5P2O5-7K2OThe compound fertilizer is used as a wheat base fertilizer and provides nutrients for the completion of later-stage wheat tillering.
The actual field water capacity is 83.65% at 11/21/2016, the average tillering of a single plant is 1.82, and 49.80 ten thousand/mu of total stem tillers can be seen, the test field is irrigated at 26/11/2016 according to the technical scheme of the invention, the irrigation quantity is 51 cubic meters/mu, and the field water capacity after irrigation reaches 93%. The contrast plot is a plot of the traditional production technology, the seeding rate of the wheat is 16 kg/mu of the traditional empirical value, the sowing depth of a wheat seeder produced by Shandong 37075and City Industrial mechanical Co., Ltd is 3.8cm, the irrigation before winter adopts full-scale irrigation, the irrigation rate is 73 cubic meters/mu, and the field water capacity after the irrigation is 100%.
The comparison shows that the content of soluble sugar and soluble protein in the wheat tillering node is obviously increased compared with the comparison, the relative conductivity is obviously increased, and the low-temperature resistance of the tillering node in winter is obviously improved. The increase of the contents of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde shows that the internal physiological regulation mechanism is fully exerted. Finally, the technology obtains the yield achievement of 610.8 kg/mu, the yield is increased by 46.1 kg/mu compared with the control treatment, and the yield increase amplitude is 8.90%.
Table 4 influence of the present invention on physiological indexes of resistance such as soluble sugar, soluble protein, free proline and the like of wheat tillering node
| Treatment of | Soluble sugar (mg/g dry weight) | Soluble proteins (mg/g fresh weight) | Free proline (mu g/g fresh weight) | Relative electricity Conductivity (%) | Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (U/g fresh weight) | Malondialdehyde (MDA) (U/g fresh weight) | Peroxidase (POD) (U/g fresh weight) |
| The skill of the art Operation of the art | 23.41 | 8.65 | 198.42 | 56.41 | 356.24 | 3.10 | 61.74 |
| Control | 16.85 | 2.58 | 235.65 | 24.85 | 284.12 | 1.23 | 112.74 |
TABLE 5 influence of the invention on agronomic traits and yield composition of wheat
| Treatment of | Maximum tillering number is multiplied by 104Per mu | Tillering spike formation rate (%) | Mu ear number is multiplied by 104Per mu | Grain number of spike (number) | Thousand Kernel weight (g) | Yield (kg/mu) |
| The present technology | 104.21 | 42.80 | 44.58 | 37.85 | 38.19 | 564.5 |
| Control | 127.43 | 33.54 | 42.74 | 36.63 | 36.85 | 518.4 |
Claims (2)
1. A cultivation method of a Huang-Huai-Hai wheat robust population based on tillering characteristics is characterized in that the cultivation of the wheat robust population is taken as a target, and the seeding quantity and the base fertilizer consumption which influence the tillering characteristics of the wheat are screened and controlled on the basis of the production potential of farmland wheat, so that the seeding quantity and the base fertilizer consumption of wheat with different target yields in a Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area in a sowing period are obtained, and the cultivation target of the wheat robust population is realized;
the seeding quantity of the wheat in the proper seeding period is calculated according to a formula 1,
in the formula, basic seedlings are searched according to the standard of a robust wheat group which is horizontally irrigated to the land with different yield levels in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat areas and corresponds to the farmland yield level, the thousand seed weight and the germination rate of wheat seeds are actually measured, and the field emergence rate is calculated according to the conventional 85%;
wherein, the specific data of the standard of the robust wheat population in the horizontal irrigation land with different yield levels in the Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area are shown in the following table 1,
TABLE 1 Standard of robust wheat population in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat district at different production levels in horizontal irrigation
Before sowing, deeply ploughing soil by using a 1LFT-450 turnover plow, ploughing to 30cm, leveling the ground surface by using a medium-sized variable speed (ZXBS) rotary cultivator, and crushing plough layer soil; sowing 2BFJK series wheat wide-width wide-seedling-belt fertilization precision seeder produced by Shandong Dahua machinery Limited company, wherein the sowing depth is strictly controlled to be between 4 and 5cm during sowing, and base fertilizer is brought in by machinery during sowing; actually measuring the field soil water capacity before overwintering, and performing winter irrigation when the field water capacity is lower than 80%, wherein if the tillering of a single plant is 1.8-2.0 at the moment, the field water capacity reaches 95% after the winter irrigation; if the tillering of a single plant is between 1.4 and 1.8, the irrigation should reach 100 percent of the field water capacity; if the tillering of a single plant is between 1.0 and 1.4, the field water holding capacity after irrigation is less than 90 percent, so as to avoid freezing injury caused by severe temperature reduction in the later period; the winter irrigation time is started when the daily average air temperature is reduced to 7-8 ℃ and ended when the daily average air temperature is reduced to about 5 ℃.
2. The cultivation method of robust Huang-Huai-Hai wheat population based on tillering characteristics as claimed in claim 1, wherein the base fertilizer is 15 produced by Jinzheng ecological engineering group GmbHN-5P2O5-7K2OThe compound fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer, and the dosage of the base fertilizer is adjusted corresponding to the table 1.
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