CN109089726B

CN109089726B - Cultivation method of selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus

Info

Publication number: CN109089726B
Application number: CN201810878362.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 廖晋楠; 陈启才
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2018-08-03
Filing date: 2018-08-03
Publication date: 2021-04-06
Anticipated expiration: 2038-08-03
Also published as: CN109089726A

Abstract

A cultivation method of selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus comprises the following cultivation steps: (1) preparing a cultivation material: adding a chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution into the cultivation material, and uniformly mixing; the weight ratio of the chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution to the cultivation material is 20 (450-550); the chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution is obtained by adding 30 ml of chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer into 20 jin of clear water and mixing; adding clear water into the cultivation material, and supplementing the clear water until the water content of the cultivation material is 60-65%; adjusting water content, bagging with plastic bag, and plugging cotton or tying with yarn to obtain fungus bag; (2) sterilizing the fungus bags; (3) inoculating; (4) spawn running management; (5) fruiting management; (6) disease and pest control; (7) picking and post-processing. The method can stably cultivate the high-quality selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus.

Description

Cultivation method of selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method of selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus.

Background

Pleurotus geesteranus (B. geesteranus)Pleurotus geesteranus) The Lentinus edodes, one of the oyster mushrooms, belongs to the phylum Eumycota, Basidiomycetes, Agaricales, Pleurotaceae, and Pleurotus in taxonomic terms. The pleurotus geesteranus is crisp and tender in texture, fresh, sweet and tasty, delicious in taste, rich in nutrition, high in edible and medicinal values and is an excellent strain in pleurotus ostreatus. The high-protein low-fat nutritious food is high-protein low-fat nutritious food, the protein content of the high-protein low-fat nutritious food is close to that of meat, the protein content of the high-protein low-fat nutritious food is 3-6 times higher than that of common vegetables, the texture of the high-protein low-fat nutritious food is tender, and the fiber content of the high-protein low-; more expensively, it contains threonine, lysine, etc., which the human species cannot make by itself, but which are often deficient in food. The edible fungus is small and exquisite in shape, delicious in taste, popular with people, well-sold in the international market and wide in development prospect.

Selenium is a trace element necessary for human body, and has biological properties of resisting cancer, resisting oxidation (aging), improving human immunity, antagonizing heavy metals, etc. The Chinese Nutrition society recommends that the daily intake is 50-250 micrograms. However, the daily selenium intake of adults in China is only 26-50 mu g, so that the condition of selenium malnutrition generally exists in China. 72% of counties (cities) in China have low selenium or lack of selenium, keshan disease and Kashin-Beck disease occur in serious selenium-lack areas such as Heilongjiang, inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan, and some cancer high-incidence areas (such as Jiangsu Qidong city) also belong to low-selenium areas. The data published by the WHO indicates that over 40 countries around the world belong to areas with low or no selenium. The selenium-rich agricultural and sideline products are effective ways for supplementing selenium elements to human bodies, so the selenium-rich technology is a hot field for research and development of scientists. Selenium deficiency can induce cardiovascular diseases, tumor, keshan disease, etc. Selenium poisoning easily occurs due to excessive selenium intake. Nutrition scientists indicate that the edible fungi contain all nutrient substances required by human bodies except dietary fibers, and 15-17 g of high-quality protein can be obtained when an adult eats 100g of the edible fungi every day; 600mg of calcium can be obtained, which is equivalent to 80% of daily requirement; can meet 11% of daily heat demand of human body, but the selenium content in common edible fungi is lower than 5 mug/kg.

As people pay more attention to health, selenium-rich organic products are more and more pursued by people. Researches have shown that the edible fungi have strong selenium-rich and selenium-resistant capability. The Guangxi river pond city is a national silkworm planting city, and the selenium content of the agricultural waste ramulus mori of silkworm breeding is more than 0.05 mu g/kg. Therefore, when the selenium-containing mulberry branch powder is used for producing the edible fungi, particularly the pleurotus geesteranus, the selenium content is generally about 0.22mg/kg according to the determination of selenium enrichment society in Guangxi, and the selenium content of the selenium-rich edible fungi is stabilized within the range of 0.15-2.0 mg/kg. The mulberry twigs can be used for directly producing natural selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus, but the selenium content of the mulberry twigs is greatly changed and is low, so that the defective rate of the selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus is easily caused. Therefore, how to stably culture selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus by utilizing mulberry twigs becomes a very important topic.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a cultivation method capable of stably cultivating high-quality selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus.

In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows:

a cultivation method of selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus is characterized by comprising the following steps: the cultivation steps are as follows:

(1) preparing a cultivation material: adding a chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution into the cultivation material, and uniformly mixing; the weight ratio of the chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution to the cultivation material is 20 (450-550); the chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution is obtained by adding 30 ml of chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer into 20 jin of clear water and mixing; adding clear water into the cultivation material, and supplementing the clear water until the water content of the cultivation material is 60-65%; adjusting water content, bagging with plastic bag, and plugging cotton or tying with yarn to obtain fungus bag; preferably: the cultivation material is further added with carrot paste before clear water is added, and the weight ratio of the carrot paste to the cultivation material is (5-10): 100. The carrot paste is obtained by smashing carrots by a food processor. The chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer is a polyfurf selenium chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer which is a novel selenium-rich foliar fertilizer developed and produced by Guilin Guizhu biotechnology limited company, address: guilin Suqiao industrial garden Hongyuan No. 2, a poly-Fu-Se chelated Se nutrient solution fertilizer is also a product developed by Guangxi scientific research and technical development plan project and a product recommended by Guangxi Se-rich agricultural product association. The material can be manually bagged, preferably a bagging machine is adopted for loading, a plastic bag with the thickness of 17 multiplied by 33 multiplied by 0.055cm is selected for loading, the weight of wet material in each bag is about 1250 to 1400 grams, and the bag opening is filled with plastic ring-packed cotton or tied by yarns.

(2) And (3) sterilizing the fungus bags: after bagging, timely sterilizing on a stove with the high-pressure sterilization requirement of 0.103 MPa, or sterilizing in a 100 ℃ high-temperature normal-pressure sterilization stove for 10-12 h and preserving heat for 7-9 h;

(3) inoculation: when the temperature of the materials in the fungus bags is reduced to be below 28 ℃, inoculating in a sterile room or an inoculation box at night or in the morning; the worker changes the clothes, cleans the surface of the strain container and washes hands by using a new benzalkonium bromide solution or shiitake fungus protection king; then moving the strain into an inoculation chamber, and wiping hands with 75% alcohol to inoculate; the cotton opening is plugged by a lantern ring, the cotton plug is pulled out, and the bag opening is plugged back after strains are inoculated; a 2cm wide inoculation hole can be drilled on the edge of the bag head of the rope tying opening, then a strain is inoculated, and the hole opening is sealed by adhesive cloth; each bottle of pleurotus geesteranus strain can be connected with 30-40 bags.

(4) Spawn running management: the inoculated fungus bags are timely moved into the room to be put on a shelf for fungus cultivation, and the bag openings face one side uniformly when the fungus bags are put on the shelf so as to facilitate pesticide spraying, insect prevention and management. When the bacteria stick is loaded and unloaded, the bacteria stick is not thrown around, and the bacteria stick is loaded and unloaded brutally, so that the bacteria bag is prevented from being damaged and polluted by mixed bacteria. If the fungus bag is damaged, the damaged part can be adhered with transparent adhesive tape after being sterilized with quicklime water, so as to reduce the infectious rate of mixed fungi. The first three days after the culture is put on the shelf, the membrane is closed for maintenance, and the constant temperature is kept to be favorable for the implantation and growth of the strains. The environmental temperature is controlled to be about 24-26 ℃, and hyphae are promoted to germinate and plant. After 4 days, the body temperature in the bag rises as the hypha is aged more quickly, and the temperature is adjusted to 22-23 ℃ until the hypha grows over the fungus bag and can reach physiological maturity (generally, the hypha grows over the bag 35 days after inoculation). At ordinary times, the temperature and humidity change in the film is observed, and the film is uncovered for ventilation according to the temperature and humidity conditions, wherein the humidity is based on that no water drops are hung on the film. The temperature for cultivating the bacteria is kept below 28 ℃, preferably 20-25 ℃, and when the temperature is too high, the film is peeled off for ventilation, so that the strains are prevented from being burnt out due to the too high temperature. In the process of cultivating bacteria, if the atmospheric temperature rises when meeting the weather change, the condition of mixed bacteria pollution is observed, and for the infection of the Neurospora, quicklime or bleaching powder can be sprayed. And for the fungus sticks infected by the extremely harmful green mold, the fungus sticks are cleaned in time to prevent the infection range from being enlarged. When the hypha grows over two thirds of the fungus bags, turning the bags for one to two times, selecting the fungus bags with consistent growth, classifying, concentrating and storing, and arranging the bag openings of each row oppositely to facilitate mushroom collection when turning the bags and discharging.

(5) And (3) fruiting management: fruiting management of the first tide of mushrooms: the formation and development of the pleurotus geesteranus sporocarp are closely related to temperature, humidity, illumination and ventilation, and a relatively regular primordium needs to be stimulated by a low-temperature difference of at least 8 ℃. Especially, the nutrient accumulation of the first tide mushroom hypha is most concentrated, so the future yield is the highest in all tides. When the temperature is constant above 25 ℃, the pleurotus geesteranus can be grown by opening bags and refrigerating according to the situation, the refrigerating time is 12 hours each time, and the temperature difference is controlled between 12 and 15 ℃. The mushroom is grown by cold stimulation, the bag is cultured by spraying water three to five days before refrigeration, the water is sprayed for 1 to 2 times according to the condition every day, the shed is opened to emit cold air after refrigeration, the plastic bag is cut along the neck ring when the bag is opened, and original old strains or hypertrophic primordium are scraped. When the temperature in the shed is close to the air temperature, water is sprayed once according to the situation, the shed is sealed, the requirement on ventilation at the stage is not very strict, and the concentration of CO2 is controlled below 1000 ppm. After 3-5 days, the primordium on the material surface begins to differentiate, and a large number of mushroom buds are formed, the ventilation and illumination time is prolonged, or ventilation is carried out all day long, but the humidity is kept at 85-90%. At the moment, the bud of the mushroom is quickly differentiated, when the stem of the mushroom extends to 3-4 cm and the diameter of the cap reaches 2cm, the cap can be sprayed frequently by a fine sprayer when the cap is gradually flattened, the mist point can be directly sprayed on the mushroom body, particularly under the dry weather condition in sunny days, the fine spraying and the frequent spraying are needed, the air humidity of the field is mainly improved, the humidity is kept at about 85% -95%, the small spraying can be properly carried out when the mushroom body is slightly larger, and the water accumulation of the mushroom body is avoided. The color of the pileus is influenced not only by the characteristics of the strains, but also by illumination, the illumination intensity is high, and the color of the pileus is dark; the concentration of carbon dioxide determines the length of pleurotus geesteranus stipes, and in order to meet the quality requirement of the market on longer stipes, proper ventilation needs to be adjusted, and the length of handle is adjusted by increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide. If the fruiting in the mushroom house is not regular, the newly picked mushroom bags need to be transferred to facilitate the fruiting management of other mushroom bags. After the first tide of mushrooms is completely picked, the mushrooms can be completely scraped off (old roots, dead young mushrooms and mushroom buds on the surface are scraped off, and the mushrooms are most easily damaged by dipteran pests and rotten), and at the moment, the humidity of the mushroom house is only maintained at 70-80%, and water cannot be directly sprayed to the material surface. The purpose is to dry the surface of the culture material a little, so that a large amount of mildew can be prevented, and the hatching of partial worm eggs can be prevented (when the culture material is too dry, a little fine mist can be sprayed by a sprayer every day), and the bacteria can be cultured for 7-10 days under the condition. Managing the second tide of mushrooms: before fruiting of the second tide of mushrooms, soaking the fungus bags according to the situation (the treatment measure is to scrape the slightly dry culture materials on the surface by a knife, so that the treatment has two purposes of removing some worm eggs and disease spots possibly carried on the surface and increasing the water absorption of the fungus bags in a short time, generally, soaking in water for one day can increase the water of the fungus bags by 30-50 g, so that the moisture of the next tide of mushrooms is guaranteed), at the moment, the fungus is better treated separately to prevent cross infection, particularly, the moisture preservation treatment is needed after refrigeration, the non-woven fabrics can be put on again to spray water at any time for moisture preservation, and the illumination time and frequency of mushroom houses are increased. After the mushroom buds appear again, the management is the same as the first tide, and ventilation and moisture preservation are particularly important at the moment. The management of the third tide, the fourth tide, the fifth tide and the sixth tide is similar to that of the second tide, and the key point is that the treatment of bacteria culture and water increase is proper. And (3) treating the end tide mushrooms: the tail part of the fungus bag can be partially opened to obtain the last batch of mushrooms. The basic management mode is the same as the two trends above. The wood chips are used as a main culture medium, 5 tides of pleurotus geesteranus can be produced, at least 12 days of fungus culture are needed between the first 3 tides, the fungus culture time is more than 7 days after 3 tides of the pleurotus geesteranus, the water loss of fungus bags is serious in the later period of culture, and the water needs to be supplemented to the fungus bags through a water injection or bag soaking method. In the fruiting stage, the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests need to be enhanced.

(6) Disease and pest control: the technology for releasing and treating diseases and pests of the mulberry branch pleurotus geesteranus is mature, the main pests of the mulberry branch pleurotus geesteranus, namely mushroom mosquitoes, mushroom flies and mites, are mainly prevented and physically prevented, and each row of the mulberry branch pleurotus geesteranus is hung with 6 yellow plates, a 60-mesh insect net, an insect attracting lamp and bait. The method mainly adopts measures of strengthening ventilation, spraying lime, staggering high-temperature high-humidity moisture regain weather, opening bags and fruiting and the like to treat yellow blight, and ensures the success of the test of mulberry twig selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus.

(7) Picking and post-processing: the fresh mushroom harvesting is the last link of pleurotus geesteranus cultivation and is also the initial link of preservation and processing; the effects of timely no damage, light taking, light releasing and light loading are realized during the collection; meanwhile, water spraying is stopped or less water spraying is needed to be stopped 2 days before harvesting, so that fresh keeping and processing of the fresh mushrooms are facilitated; after harvesting, fresh mushrooms need to be sorted in time, sundries on the stipes are removed, partial stipes are cut off according to the commodity requirements, and damaged mushrooms and fruiting bodies infected by diseases and insect pests are detected. The edible fungi can be stored by simple packaging, refrigeration, low-temperature controlled atmosphere storage and other methods by using the fruit and vegetable preservation technology for reference. The simple package mainly utilizes plastic food boxes, small paper boxes with holes and the like for packaging, and is simple, convenient and easy to implement and low in cost. The method is suitable for short-term preservation, is combined with refrigeration preservation, can be preserved for 10 days without deterioration generally, and has basically no change in appearance and form.

The mulberry twig pleurotus geesteranus planted by adopting the mobile refrigeration technology is generally produced by a two-head fruiting method, and after each fruiting process is carried out for three tide times, fungus bags begin to dehydrate, crust and shrink, and the mushrooms cannot grow. Because the length of the pleurotus geesteranus bag is about 22 cm, after two fruiting heads are subjected to three tides, the nutrition in the middle of the bag is not completely consumed, and the hypha is white and has the capability of growing sporocarp. Therefore, after the last mushroom is finished, the fungus bag is cut off from the middle part by a thin blade, the fungus bag is horizontally placed on the ground, and certain monopotassium phosphate and sugar are supplemented, wherein the addition amount of the monopotassium phosphate, the selenium phosphate and the monopotassium phosphate is 0.1-0.3% of the weight of the fungus bag, the sugar can be added with waste molasses, and the addition amount of the waste molasses is 0.5-0.1% of the weight of the fungus bag; after two weeks of fungus cultivation, the pleurotus geesteranus is covered by the burnt mud, the burnt mud is smashed into powder to cover, the thickness is 0.5-1 cm, water is sprayed to preserve moisture, the temperature difference is increased, a batch of pleurotus geesteranus can be produced by the pleurotus geesteranus bag which can produce pleurotus geesteranus for multiple times, and the biological conversion rate is improved. Covering with burnt mud, and covering with plastic film to obtain Pleurotus geesteranus product with good appearance.

The cultivation material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 70-80 parts of mulberry twig particles, 15-25 parts of bran, 1-3 parts of lime, 0.5-1.5 parts of light calcium carbonate, 0.4-0.6 part of perlite particles, 0.2-0.4 part of phosphorus-selenium-potassium dihydrogen and 0.04-0.06 part of magnesium sulfate; the mulberry twig particles are obtained by crushing mulberry into particles with the particle size of 2-3 mm, stacking and fermenting; the perlite particles are particles with the size of 1-2 mm which are obtained by crushing perlite.

The preparation process of the mulberry twig particles comprises the following steps:

(1) crushing mulberry into particles with the particle size of 2-3 mm;

(2) placing mulberry particles on a cement field to build a pile, wherein the pile bottom is 5-8 m wide, 1.8-2 m high, the length is not limited, and the pile is in a turtle back shape; spraying water, uniformly and thoroughly watering, and naturally fermenting; after 5-6 days, turning the piles for the 1 st time, and trying to exchange the positions of the inner sawdust and the outer sawdust and the upper sawdust and the lower sawdust so as to achieve uniform fermentation; turning and watering the piles every 7 days later to ensure that the wood fibers are expanded and softened and primarily decompose the fibers by utilizing the fermentation effect of microorganisms in the piles, wherein the whole wood chip fermentation treatment needs 22-30 days, the wood chips are dark brown and have certain fragrance for use.

The out-of-season ramulus mori pleurotus geesteranus is generally cultivated in 1-3 months per year, the temperature of the pleurotus geesteranus is reduced by a mobile air conditioner in 6-10 months, and stimulation is artificially produced by the temperature difference of 8-12 ℃ to promote pleurotus geesteranus hyphae to differentiate and grow. As the pleurotus geesteranus produced in the opposite pleurotus geesteranus season is in a high-temperature season, the water evaporation is large, the water loss is serious, and the selenium absorption by pleurotus geesteranus sporophores is not facilitated. After the fungus package loses water, the hypha of the fungus package shrinks and breaks, and the yield of the first-tide and second-tide pleurotus geesteranus is reduced sharply due to water shortage of the fungus package. The cultivation material adopted by the cultivation method of the selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus is that mulberry branch crushed grains, bran, lime, light calcium carbonate, perlite crushed grains, phosphorus-selenium-monopotassium and magnesium sulfate are uniformly mixed, a chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution is added and uniformly mixed, finally, a cultivation substrate is obtained through bagging and sterilization, after the chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution and fine-grained perlite are added, the water content of a fungus bag can be improved due to the strong water absorption and fertilizer retention performance, the effectiveness of a selenium fertilizer can be improved, the ventilation performance of the fungus bag can be increased, and the like, and then, the fungus bag sterilization, inoculation, fungus development management, fruiting management, disease and pest control, picking and post-treatment are combined, so that the growth of the fungus bag is facilitated, the yield of the pleurotus geesteranus is increased, and the defective rate is lower than. According to the cultivation method of the selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus, the carrot paste is further added into the cultivation material, the nutrition of the cultivation medium is richer due to the addition of the carrot paste, and the produced selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus is fresh, tender, fresh and sweet. After the last mushroom is finished, cutting off the mushroom bags from the middle part by using a thin blade, flatly placing on the ground, and supplementing certain monopotassium phosphate and sugar; after two weeks of fungus cultivation, the pleurotus geesteranus bags are covered by burnt mud, water is sprayed for moisture preservation, the temperature difference is increased, the pleurotus geesteranus bags which grow for multiple times can be promoted to grow one batch of pleurotus geesteranus, the biological conversion rate is improved, and more pleurotus geesteranus can be harvested by more than 10%. Before the clear water is added into the cultivation material in the step (1), carrot paste is further added, and the weight ratio of the carrot paste to the cultivation material is (5-10): 100. The carrot paste is obtained by smashing carrots by a food processor. The reason for adding the carrot paste is to increase the content of vitamin B and C in the cultivation material, and the pleurotus geesteranus growth process also needs some vitamins, so that the selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus has the vitamins, and is high in growth speed and good in eating mouthfeel.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples.

Example 1

The selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus can be cultivated by the following steps:

(1) preparing a cultivation material: adding a chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution into the cultivation material, and uniformly mixing; the weight ratio of the chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution to the cultivation material is 20 (450-550); the chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution is obtained by adding 30 ml of chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer into 20 jin of clear water and mixing; adding clear water into the cultivation material, and supplementing the clear water until the water content of the cultivation material is 60-65%; and (4) after adjusting the moisture, bagging with a plastic bag, wherein the bag opening is filled with cotton by adopting a plastic ring or is tied by using yarns to obtain the fungus bag.

(2) And (3) sterilizing the fungus bags: packaging, sterilizing at 0.103 MPa under high pressure, or sterilizing at 100 deg.C under normal pressure for 11 hr and maintaining for 8 hr.

(3) Inoculation: when the temperature of the materials in the fungus bags is reduced to be below 28 ℃, inoculating in a sterile room or an inoculation box at night or in the morning; the worker changes the clothes, cleans the surface of the strain container and washes hands by using a new benzalkonium bromide solution or shiitake fungus protection king; then moving the strain into an inoculation chamber, and wiping hands with 75% alcohol to inoculate; the cotton opening is plugged by a lantern ring, the cotton plug is pulled out, and the bag opening is plugged back after strains are inoculated; a 2cm wide inoculation hole can be drilled on the edge of the bag head of the rope tying opening, then a strain is inoculated, and the hole opening is sealed by adhesive cloth; each bottle of pleurotus geesteranus strain can be connected with 30-40 bags;

(4) spawn running management: the inoculated fungus bags are timely moved into a room for fungus cultivation on a shelf, and the bag openings face one side uniformly when the fungus bags are put on the shelf, so that pesticide spraying, insect prevention and management are facilitated; if the fungus bag is damaged, the damaged part can be pasted with a transparent adhesive tape after being disinfected by quicklime water, so that the infectious rate of mixed fungi is reduced; closing the membrane for maintenance for the first three days, and keeping constant temperature for facilitating the implantation growth of strains; the environmental temperature is controlled to be about 24-26 ℃, so that hyphae are promoted to germinate and plant; after 4 days, the body temperature in the bag rises along with the acceleration of the new aging of the hyphae, and the temperature is adjusted to 22-23 ℃ until the hyphae grow over the fungus bag and can reach physiological maturity; keeping the temperature of the bacteria culture at 20-25 ℃; when the hypha grows over two thirds of the fungus bags, turning the bags for one to two times, selecting the fungus bags with consistent growth, classifying, concentrating and storing, and arranging the bag openings of each row oppositely to facilitate mushroom collection when turning the bags and discharging.

(5) And (3) fruiting management: cold stimulation is adopted for fruiting, water is sprayed for bag cultivation three to five days before refrigeration, water is sprayed for 1 to 2 times every day, the shed is opened to emit cold air after refrigeration, a plastic bag is cut along the neck ring when the bag is opened, and original old strains or hypertrophic primordia are scraped; after 3-5 days, the primordium on the material surface begins to differentiate, and a large number of mushroom buds are formed, the ventilation and illumination time is prolonged, or ventilation is carried out all day long, but the humidity is kept at 85-90%.

(6) Disease and pest control: the technology for releasing and treating diseases and pests of the mulberry branch pleurotus geesteranus is mature, the prevention and the physical prevention are mainly performed on main pests of the mulberry branch pleurotus geesteranus, namely mushroom mosquitoes, mushroom flies and mites, and each row of the mulberry branch pleurotus geesteranus is hung with 6 yellow plates, a 60-mesh insect net, an insect attracting lamp and bait for prevention and treatment; the yellow blight is mainly treated by strengthening ventilation, spraying lime and opening bags to produce mushrooms in high-temperature and high-humidity conditioning days.

(7) Picking and post-processing: the fresh mushroom harvesting is the last link of pleurotus geesteranus cultivation and is also the initial link of preservation and processing; the effects of timely no damage, light taking, light releasing and light loading are realized during the collection; meanwhile, water spraying is stopped or less water spraying is needed to be stopped 2 days before harvesting, so that fresh keeping and processing of the fresh mushrooms are facilitated; after harvesting, fresh mushrooms need to be sorted in time, sundries on the stipes are removed, partial stipes are cut off according to the commodity requirements, and damaged mushrooms and fruiting bodies infected by diseases and insect pests are detected.

The cultivation material is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 70-80 parts of mulberry twig particles, 15-25 parts of bran, 1-3 parts of lime, 0.5-1.5 parts of light calcium carbonate, 0.4-0.6 part of perlite particles, 0.2-0.4 part of phosphorus-selenium-potassium dihydrogen and 0.04-0.06 part of magnesium sulfate; the mulberry twig particles are obtained by crushing mulberry into particles with the particle size of 2-3 mm, stacking and fermenting; the perlite particles are particles with the size of 1-2 mm which are obtained by crushing perlite.

(1) crushing mulberry into particles with the particle size of 2-3 mm;

Example 2

(1) preparing a cultivation material: adding a chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution into the cultivation material, and uniformly mixing; the weight ratio of the chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution to the cultivation material is 20 (450-550); the chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution is obtained by adding 30 ml of chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer into 20 jin of clear water and mixing; adding clear water into the cultivation material, and supplementing the clear water until the water content of the cultivation material is 60-65%; and (4) after adjusting the moisture, bagging with a plastic bag, wherein the bag opening is filled with cotton by adopting a plastic ring or is tied by using yarns to obtain the fungus bag. The cultivation material is further added with carrot paste before clear water is added, and the weight ratio of the carrot paste to the cultivation material is (5-10): 100. The carrot paste is obtained by smashing carrots by a food processor.

(1) crushing mulberry into particles with the particle size of 2-3 mm;

Example 3

(5) And (3) fruiting management: cold stimulation is adopted for fruiting, water is sprayed for bag cultivation three to five days before refrigeration, water is sprayed for 1 to 2 times every day, the shed is opened to emit cold air after refrigeration, a plastic bag is cut along the neck ring when the bag is opened, and original old strains or hypertrophic primordia are scraped; after 3-5 days, the primordium on the material surface begins to differentiate, a large number of mushroom buds are formed, the ventilation and illumination time is prolonged, or ventilation is carried out all day long, but the humidity is kept at 85-90%. After the end wetting of the mushrooms is finished, cutting off the mushroom bags from the middle part by using a thin blade, flatly placing the mushroom bags on the ground, and supplementing certain monopotassium phosphate and sugar, wherein the adding amount of the potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.1-0.3% of the weight of the mushroom bags, the sugar can be added with waste molasses, and the adding amount of the waste molasses is 0.5-0.1% of the weight of the mushroom bags; after two weeks of fungus cultivation, the pleurotus geesteranus is covered by the burnt mud, the burnt mud is smashed into powder to cover, the thickness is 0.5-1 cm, the water is sprayed for moisture preservation, the temperature difference is increased, the temperature difference is 10-12 ℃, the pleurotus geesteranus bag capable of fruiting for multiple times can be used for producing a batch of pleurotus geesteranus, and the biological conversion rate is improved.

(1) crushing mulberry into particles with the particle size of 2-3 mm;

Application examples

1. Certain one in Yizhou region of Guangxi river pool city, mulberry twigs are utilized to cultivate selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus (Taixiu No. 57), according to the working records, chelate-state selenium nutrient solution fertilizer is not added originally, and the defective rate of the cultivated selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus is as high as more than 30%; later, a certain old person adds chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer into a culture medium, the defective rate of selenium-enriched pleurotus geesteranus obtained by cultivation is about 15%, the certain old person begins to adopt the method for cultivating the selenium-enriched pleurotus geesteranus several months ago, perlite particles are added into the culture medium, the defective rate of the selenium-enriched pleurotus geesteranus obtained by cultivation is lower than 5%, and the yield is improved by 8.5% compared with the original yield. And carrot paste is added into the culture medium, so that the selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus obtained by cultivation is better in color and luster and is more fresh and sweet in taste. After being cooked by the same cooking method, certain old people taste 10 volunteers, and the 10 volunteers agree that the selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus cultivated by the cultivation medium added with the carrot paste has a fresh and sweet taste.

Claims

1. A cultivation method of mulberry twig selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus in out-of-season is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of (1) cultivating pleurotus geesteranus on mulberry branches in an out-of-season mode in 1-3 months per year, cooling by using a mobile air conditioner in 6-10 months, artificially stimulating by using a temperature difference of 8-12 ℃ and promoting pleurotus geesteranus hyphae to differentiate and grow mushrooms; as the pleurotus geesteranus produced in the opposite pleurotus geesteranus season is in a high-temperature season, the water evaporation is large, the water loss is serious, and the selenium absorption by pleurotus geesteranus sporophores is not facilitated; after the fungus bags lose water, the hyphae of the fungus bags shrink and break, so that the yield of the first-tide pleurotus geesteranus and the second-tide pleurotus geesteranus produced is reduced rapidly due to water shortage of the fungus bags; the adopted cultivation material is prepared by uniformly mixing mulberry twig particles, bran, lime, light calcium carbonate, perlite particles, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and magnesium sulfate, adding a chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution, uniformly mixing, bagging and sterilizing to obtain a cultivation substrate, adding the chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution and fine-grained perlite, and thus, the cultivation substrate has strong water and fertilizer absorption and retention performance, can improve the water content of a fungus bag, increase the effectiveness of selenium fertilizer and increase the air permeability of the fungus bag, and is combined with fungus bag sterilization, inoculation, fungus development management, fruiting management, pest control, picking and post-treatment, thereby being beneficial to the growth of hyphae and the increase of the yield of pleurotus geesteranus, and the defective rate is lower than 5%; carrot paste is further added into the cultivation material, the nutrition of the cultivation medium is richer by adding the carrot paste, and the selenium-rich pleurotus geesteranus produced is fresh, tender and sweet; the cultivation steps are as follows:

(1) preparing a cultivation material: adding a chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution into the cultivation material, and uniformly mixing; the weight ratio of the chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution to the cultivation material is 20 (450-550); the chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer solution is obtained by adding 30 ml of chelated selenium nutrient solution fertilizer into 20 jin of clear water and mixing; adding clear water into the cultivation material until the water content of the cultivation material is 60-65%, and further adding carrot paste into the cultivation material before adding the clear water, wherein the weight ratio of the carrot paste to the cultivation material is (5-10): 100; adjusting water content, bagging with plastic bag, and plugging cotton or tying with yarn to obtain fungus bag; the cultivation material is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 70-80 parts of mulberry twig particles, 15-25 parts of bran, 1-3 parts of lime, 0.5-1.5 parts of light calcium carbonate, 0.4-0.6 part of perlite particles, 0.2-0.4 part of monopotassium phosphate and 0.04-0.06 part of magnesium sulfate; the mulberry twig particles are obtained by crushing mulberry into particles with the particle size of 2-3 mm, stacking and fermenting; the perlite particles are crushed into particles with the size of 1-2 mm by using perlite; the preparation process of the mulberry twig particles comprises the following steps: 1) crushing mulberry into particles with the particle size of 2-3 mm; 2) placing mulberry particles on a cement field to build a pile, wherein the pile bottom is 5-8 m wide, 1.8-2 m high, the length is not limited, and the pile is in a turtle back shape; spraying water, uniformly and thoroughly watering, and naturally fermenting; after 5-6 days, turning the piles for the 1 st time, and trying to exchange the positions of the inner sawdust and the outer sawdust and the upper sawdust and the lower sawdust so as to achieve uniform fermentation; turning over and watering the wood fiber every 7 days to make the wood fiber expand and soften and primarily decompose the fiber by utilizing the fermentation effect of microorganisms in the wood fiber, wherein the whole wood chip fermentation treatment needs 22-30 days, the wood chip is dark brown and has fragrance for use;

(4) spawn running management: the inoculated fungus bags are timely moved into a room for fungus cultivation on a shelf, and the bag openings face one side uniformly when the fungus bags are put on the shelf, so that pesticide spraying, insect prevention and management are facilitated; if the fungus bag is damaged, the damaged part can be pasted with a transparent adhesive tape after being disinfected by quicklime water, so that the infectious rate of mixed fungi is reduced; closing the membrane for maintenance for the first three days, and keeping constant temperature for facilitating the implantation growth of strains; the environmental temperature is controlled to be about 24-26 ℃, so that hyphae are promoted to germinate and plant; after 4 days, the body temperature in the bag rises along with the acceleration of the new aging of the hyphae, and the temperature is adjusted to 22-23 ℃ until the hyphae grow over the fungus bag and can reach physiological maturity; keeping the temperature of the bacteria culture at 20-25 ℃; when the hypha grows over two thirds of the fungus bags, turning the bags for one to two times, selecting the fungus bags with consistent growth, classifying, concentrating and storing, and arranging the bag openings of each row oppositely to facilitate mushroom collection when turning the bags and discharging;

(5) and (3) fruiting management: cold stimulation is adopted for fruiting, water is sprayed for bag cultivation three to five days before refrigeration, water is sprayed for 1 to 2 times every day, the shed is opened to emit cold air after refrigeration, a plastic bag is cut along the neck ring when the bag is opened, and original old strains or hypertrophic primordia are scraped; when the temperature in the shed is close to the air temperature, spraying water once according to the situation, and sealing the shed to control the concentration of CO2 to be below 1000 ppm; after 3-5 days, the primordium on the material surface begins to differentiate, a large number of mushroom buds are formed, the ventilation and illumination time is prolonged, or ventilation is carried out all day long, but the humidity is kept at 85-90%; after all the mushrooms in the first tide are harvested, all old roots, dead young mushrooms and mushroom buds on the surface are scraped off in the same day, the humidity of a mushroom house is maintained at 70-80%, water cannot be directly sprayed to the material surface, and the mushrooms are cultured for 7-10 days under the condition; scraping off the slightly dry culture material on the surface by using a knife before fruiting of the second tide of mushrooms, removing some worm eggs and disease spots possibly carried on the surface, and increasing the water absorption of the fungus bags in a short time; after the mushroom buds appear again, managing the same as the first tide; managing the third tide, the fourth tide, the fifth tide and the sixth tide similar to the second tide, and opening partial bag surfaces at the tail part of the mushroom bag by the treatment of the mushroom in the last tide to obtain the last batch of mushrooms; cutting off the fungus bag from the middle part by using a thin blade after the last mushroom is finished, flatly placing on the ground, and supplementing certain monopotassium phosphate and sugar; after two weeks of fungus cultivation, covering with burnt mud, spraying water for moisture preservation, increasing temperature difference, promoting the pleurotus geesteranus bags which grow for multiple times to grow one pleurotus geesteranus, improving biological conversion rate, and harvesting more pleurotus geesteranus than 10%;

(6) disease and pest control: the technology for releasing and treating diseases and pests of the mulberry branch pleurotus geesteranus is mature, the prevention and the physical prevention are mainly performed on main pests of the mulberry branch pleurotus geesteranus, namely mushroom mosquitoes, mushroom flies and mites, and each row of the mulberry branch pleurotus geesteranus is hung with 6 yellow plates, a 60-mesh insect net, an insect attracting lamp and bait for prevention and treatment; the yellow blight is a measure for strengthening ventilation, spraying lime and opening bags to produce mushrooms in a high-temperature high-humidity moisture regaining day by staggering;

2. The method for cultivating selenium-enriched pleurotus geesteranus with mulberry twigs in an out-of-season manner according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the carrot paste is obtained by smashing carrots by a food processor.