CN108925380B - Seed production method for bitter gourds harvested in two ways in one crop - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
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Abstract
The invention discloses a seed production method of bitter gourds with double harvest in one crop, which is characterized in that after the first seed collection, plants are not directly pulled out, but a mode of pruning and reserving lateral vines is adopted, the lateral vines are promoted to grow to the base parts of main vines by using large fertilizer and large water, when the first seed melon is harvested and grows to 50-100 cm, the main vines are cut off at the positions 5-10 cm away from the upper parts of the lateral vines, the lateral vines are led to be placed on a shelf, and seed production is continued by using the lateral vines.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of bitter gourd seed production, in particular to a method for producing seeds of bitter gourds with one crop and two harvests.
Background
Momordica charantia (a scientific name: Momoradica charranthia L.) belongs to annual sprawl plants of Momordica genus of Cucurbitaceae family, and is mainly cultivated in summer in Yangtze river basin and north regions thereof in China. In recent years, along with the continuous improvement of the living standard of people and the understanding of the nutrition and health care effects of the bitter gourds, the market has larger and larger demand on the bitter gourds and the planting area is also expanded, so that the demand on good bitter gourd seeds is also increased. The hybrid vigor of the balsam pear is obvious, but whether good hybrid seeds can be widely popularized and applied in production depends on the difficulty of the seed production technology and the seed production cost to a great extent. At present, the problems puzzling the production of hybrid seeds of bitter gourds are that the bitter gourds have long growth period and many branches, female and male flowers can be continuously bloomed, the seed production process is complicated, the seed yield is low, and the purity is difficult to ensure. An advanced bitter gourd hybrid seed production technology is urgently needed to guide the production of bitter gourd hybrid seeds, improve the seed yield, ensure the seed quality and increase the income of seed producers. In the prior art, the balsam pear seed production adopts a mode of one batch of seed production, the seed production quantity is low, and the resource waste is caused.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a brand-new bitter gourd seed production method, which adopts a 'one-crop double-harvest' mode, reduces and avoids secondary sowing, saves both the original seeds and time and labor, and is used for solving the problem of low seed production in the prior art.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a seed production method of bitter gourds harvested in two batches comprises the following steps:
(1) sowing and seedling raising: sowing male parents in the last ten days of 3 months, delaying the sowing of the female parents for 7-10 days compared with the male parents, covering a layer of nutrient soil after sowing, spraying clear water thoroughly, covering exposed seeds with the nutrient soil after bed soil shrinks, covering with a mulching film, covering with a layer of small plastic arched shed, and removing the mulching film in time after the seeds of 2/3 arch soil;
(2) land preparation and bed making: the seed production field is required to select field blocks without other bitter gourd varieties within 500 meters of the periphery, the roasted soil is deeply dug in sunny days, enough base fertilizer is applied, the ridge surface is required to be flat, the circumferential ditch is deeper than the waist ditch, the waist ditch is deeper than the ridge ditch, the three ditches are communicated, no waterlogging is left after rain, the ridge surface covers 1.5 meters, and the ridge ditch is 0.26-0.3 meters deep;
(3) planting: planting the male parent in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, planting 2 plants in each hole, planting 2 rows in each ridge and planting the distance between plants of 0.5 meter; transplanting the female parent after the cotyledon is unfolded, 1 plant is planted in each hole, 2 lines are planted in each ridge, the plant spacing is 0.4 m, about 2200 plants are planted per mu, and the planting ratio of the male parent to the female parent is 1: 8-10;
(4) building a frame: when the main tendrils grow to 50-100 cm, putting up a herringbone bamboo frame in time, leading the tendrils to the frame, and removing all lateral branches and male flowers on the female parents;
(5) artificial pollination: pollinating each female parent for 4-5, and topping;
(6) first seed collection and test;
(7) pruning and reserving lateral vines: when the first batch of seed melons are harvested soon before 7 months, big fertilizer and big water promote the base parts of the main vines to grow lateral branches, when the lateral vines are harvested to 50-80 cm, the main vines are cut off at the positions 5-10 cm away from the upper parts of the lateral vines, the main vines are removed to prepare seed fields, and the lateral vines are introduced to be erected;
(8) artificial pollination: with the higher temperature in the later period, the pollination time is advanced every day and is finished before 8: 00;
(9) removing the male parent: after pollination is finished, the father plant needs to be pulled out in time to prevent mechanical mixing during seed harvesting;
(10) and (5) seed collection and seed test for the second time.
Preferably, in the seeding and seedling raising process in the step (1), before seeding, seeds are soaked in warm water at 55 ℃ for 1-2 hours, the seeds are continuously stirred to be heated uniformly, then soaked in clean water for 4 hours, taken out, washed by clean water, dried, placed in an environment at 30 ℃ for accelerating germination, and sowed in 50-hole trays when 60% of the seeds are germinated, wherein 1 seed is sowed in each hole.
Further, the seed production method also comprises field management, and specifically comprises the following steps: before the first seed collection, top dressing is carried out for 2-3 times by using low-concentration fertilizer water in the early growth stage, and top dressing is carried out for 3-4 times continuously every 3-4 days after fruit setting; timely preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests, mainly preventing and treating blight, once the diseased plant is found to be timely pulled out, spreading lime or dikelong pouring stump around the root of the plant;
the management after pruning and lateral vine remaining comprises the following steps: and (3) adding a rooting agent during top dressing to promote the growth of the root system, and top dressing once every 3-4 days in a fruiting period, and continuously performing 3-4 times.
Preferably, when artificial pollination is carried out, male flowers on the female parent plant are all removed in the whole pollination period, and female flowers within 50-60 cm away from the ground of the female parent plant are all removed; in the pollination period, emasculation is performed every afternoon, and cleaning is performed once in the morning next day to ensure that the female parent does not have flowering male flowers; and (3) taking male flowers on the male parent for artificial pollination before 10 am on the next day, and pollinating 3-4 female flowers by 1 male flower.
Preferably, when the seeds are collected and tested, the seeds are washed on the same day of collection, the seeds are shriveled and impurities are removed, the seeds are dried by a dustpan or a mesh screen and cannot be directly placed on a cement terrace for insolation, and the dried seeds are packaged by a cloth bag or a clean fiber bag and stored in a dry place.
Preferably, the seed picking time is 25-30 days after pollination, after the fruit turns red.
Further, during the whole seed production period, pest control is required: the reasonable prevention and control of the diseases and insect pests of the bitter gourds are carried out by adopting a method of early prevention and early treatment by taking the principles of agricultural prevention and control, physical prevention and control and biological prevention as main parts and chemical prevention and control as auxiliary parts. The disease is mainly used for preventing and treating downy mildew, epidemic disease, fusarium wilt and powdery mildew; the insect pests mainly control aphids, cutworms, diaphania cucurbitae and root-knot nematodes. After the lateral vines are cut off, the melon flies need to be mainly controlled, and the special sticky plates for the melon flies are hung during young melon to trap and kill adults.
The invention has the following advantages:
1. the seed production method of the invention enhances the field management, carries out the second pollination and harvesting, and can improve the yield of the seeds per unit area by 60-70%.
2. According to the seed production method, the plant is not directly pulled out after the first seed collection, a mode of pruning and reserving the lateral vines is adopted, the base parts of the main vines are promoted to generate the lateral branches by using large fertilizer and large water, when the lateral vines of the first batch of seed melons are harvested and grow to be about 50cm, the main vines are cut at the positions 5-10 cm above the lateral vines, the lateral vines are guided to be placed on a rack, and seed production is continued by using the lateral vines.
3. After pollination, topping can concentrate nutrient supply, increase plumpness of seeds, avoid subsequent opening of female flowers and ensure seed production purity.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further explained by means of specific embodiments, however, it should be understood that the invention may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited by the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
In the following description and in the claims, the terms "include" and "comprise" are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean "include, but not limited to. The description which follows is a preferred embodiment of the invention, but is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention and not for the purpose of limiting the scope of the invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.
The various materials and tools or medicines used in the present invention can be obtained in a gift or commercially available form.
Example 1
The method for producing the seeds of the bitter gourds in one batch and in two batches comprises the following steps:
1. sowing and seedling raising: in the south spring balsam pear seed production, a male parent is generally sown in 3 ten days later, a female parent is sown 7-10 days later than the male parent, the seeds are soaked in warm water at about 55 ℃ for 1-2 hours before sowing, the seeds are stirred continuously and heated evenly, then the seeds are soaked in clear water for about 4 hours, the seeds are taken out, washed and dried in clear water, then the seeds are put in an environment at 30 ℃ for germination acceleration, the humidity of the seeds is kept, the seeds are prevented from mildewing, the seeds are sowed in 50 hole trays when 60% of the seeds germinate, 1 seed is sowed in each hole, clear water is sprayed on a layer of nutrient soil after sowing, the seeds exposed out are covered with the nutrient soil after bed soil shrinks, then a mulching film is covered, a plastic small arched shed is covered, and the mulching film is removed in time after 2/3 of the seeds arch.
2. Land preparation and bed making: the seed production field needs to select a field block without other bitter gourd varieties within 500 meters of the periphery, the roasted soil is deeply dug in sunny days, enough base fertilizer is applied, the ridge surface is required to be flat, the circumferential ditch is deeper than the waist ditch, the waist ditch is deeper than the ridge ditch, the three ditches are communicated, no waterlogging is left after rain, the ridge surface is 1.5 meters, and the ridge ditch is 0.26-0.3 meters deep.
3. Planting: planting the male parent in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, planting 2 plants in each hole, planting 2 rows in each ridge and planting the distance between plants of 0.5 meter; transplanting the female parent after the cotyledon is unfolded, 1 plant is planted in each hole, 2 lines are planted in each ridge, the plant spacing is 0.4 m, 2000-2600 plants are planted per acre of the female parent, and the planting ratio of the male parent to the female parent is 1: 8-10.
4. Field management: weeding in a middle-time intertillage mode, frequently applying light fertilizer, topdressing with low-concentration fertilizer water for 2-3 times to promote seedling fertilization in the early growth stage, and topdressing once every 3-4 days after fruit setting for 3-4 times continuously. When the main tendrils grow to about 50cm, putting up a herringbone bamboo frame in time, leading the tendrils to the frame, and simultaneously removing all lateral branches and male flowers on the female parents; and (3) timely preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests, mainly preventing and treating blight, and scattering lime or dike pine stump drenching around the roots of plants once the diseased plants are timely pulled out.
5. Artificial pollination: and (3) the female parent enters a flowering period, in order to ensure the purity of the hybrid seeds, male flowers on the female parent plant are completely removed in the whole pollination period, and female flowers within 50-60 cm away from the ground of the female parent plant are completely removed. During pollination, emasculation is needed in the afternoon every day, and cleaning is needed once in the early morning next day to ensure that the female parent does not have flowering male flowers. Taking male flowers on the male parent for artificial pollination before 10 am on the next day, wherein 3-4 female flowers can be pollinated by 1 male flower, and topping is carried out after 4-5 female parents are pollinated generally.
6. And (3) pest control: the reasonable prevention and control of the diseases and insect pests of the bitter gourds are carried out by adopting a method of early prevention and early treatment by taking the principles of agricultural prevention and control, physical prevention and control and biological prevention as main parts and chemical prevention and control as auxiliary parts. The disease is mainly used for preventing and treating downy mildew, epidemic disease, fusarium wilt and powdery mildew; the insect pests mainly control aphids, cutworms, diaphania cucurbitae and root-knot nematodes.
7. First seed collection and test: the mother seed melon is harvested in the middle ten days of 7 months generally, namely the fruit turns red 25 to 30 days after pollination and is harvested, the seed is washed and removed on the day of harvesting, a dustpan or a mesh screen is used for drying in the sun (the seed is prevented from being directly placed on a cement terrace for insolation), and the dried seed is packaged by a cloth bag or a clean fiber bag and stored in a dry place.
8. Pruning and reserving lateral vines: when the first batch of seed melons are harvested soon in the last 7 months, the lateral branches of the main vines are promoted to grow on the base portions of the main vines by large fertilizer and large water, when the lateral vines of the first batch of seed melons are harvested and grow to about 50cm, the main vines are cut off at the positions 5-10 cm above the lateral vines, the main vines are removed to form seed fields, the lateral vines are introduced to be placed on shelves, and the seed production is continued by the lateral vines (the method in the step 4), wherein the method is the same as the above.
9. Field management: as the lateral branches are produced, the main roots are aged, a rooting agent needs to be added during top dressing, the growth of the root system is promoted, and top dressing is carried out once every 3-4 days in a fruiting period and is carried out for 3-4 times continuously.
10. Artificial pollination: the method is the same as above (step 5), but the pollination time is advanced every day, preferably 8:00, with higher late temperature.
11. And (3) pest control: the method is the same as the method (step 6), the key point is to control the melon flies, and the special sticky plate for the melon flies is hung to trap and kill the imagoes when the melons are young.
12. Removing the male parent: after pollination, the father plant is pulled out in time to prevent mechanical mixing during seed harvesting.
13. Seed collection: the same as step 7.
The inventor respectively produces Chunxi balsam pear seeds, Chuntai balsam pear seeds and Chunyue balsam pear seeds in a Hede seed production base according to the method, and specific planting parameters and seed collection yield of each variety are shown in table 1. As can be seen from Table 1, the first seed collection of Chunxi balsam pear seeds is 21.2 kg/mu, the second seed collection is 15.6 kg/mu, 36.8 kg/mu are collected in two times, and the seed quantity is increased by 73.6 percent compared with the seed quantity collected in one time; the seed production of the Chuntai balsam pears is carried out for the first time by 28.6 kg/mu, the seed production for the second time is carried out for 19.2 kg/mu, 47.8 kg/mu are harvested for two times, and the seed quantity is increased by 67.1 percent compared with the seed quantity harvested for one time; the first seed collection of the Chunyue balsam pear is 24.5 kg/mu, the second seed collection is 16.4 kg/mu, 40.9 kg/mu are collected in two times, and the seed quantity is increased by 66.9 percent compared with the seed quantity collected in one time; therefore, the seed production yield can be effectively increased by using the method for producing the bitter gourds in one-crop-two-harvest mode.
TABLE 1 planting parameters and yields of individual varieties
Although the invention has been described in detail above with reference to a general description and specific examples, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications or improvements may be made thereto based on the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (6)
1. A seed production method of bitter gourds with one crop and two harvests is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) sowing and seedling raising: sowing male parents in the last ten days of 3 months, delaying the sowing of the female parents for 7-10 days compared with the male parents, covering a layer of nutrient soil after sowing, spraying clear water thoroughly, covering exposed seeds with the nutrient soil after bed soil shrinks, covering with a mulching film, covering with a layer of small plastic arched shed, and removing the mulching film in time after the seeds of 2/3 arch soil;
(2) land preparation and bed making: the seed production field is required to select field blocks without other bitter gourd varieties within 500 meters of the periphery, the roasted soil is deeply dug in sunny days, enough base fertilizer is applied, the ridge surface is required to be flat, the circumferential ditch is deeper than the waist ditch, the waist ditch is deeper than the ridge ditch, the three ditches are communicated, no waterlogging is left after rain, the ridge surface covers 1.5 meters, and the ridge ditch is 0.26-0.3 meters deep;
(3) planting: planting the male parent in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, planting 2 plants in each hole, planting 2 rows in each ridge and planting the distance between plants of 0.5 meter; transplanting the female parent after the cotyledon is unfolded, 1 plant is planted in each hole, 2 lines are planted in each ridge, the plant spacing is 0.4 m, 2000-2600 plants are planted per acre of the female parent, and the planting ratio of the male parent to the female parent is 1: 8-10;
(4) building a frame: when the main vine grows to 50-100 cm, a herringbone bamboo frame is built in time, the main vine is guided to the frame, and all lateral branches and male flowers on the female parent are removed;
(5) artificial pollination: pollinating each female parent for 4-5, and topping;
(6) first seed collection and test;
(7) pruning and reserving lateral vines: when the first batch of seed melons are harvested soon before 7 months, big fertilizer and big water promote the base parts of the main vines to shoot lateral branches, when the lateral vines are harvested to 50-80 cm, the main vines are cut at the positions 5-10 cm away from the upper parts of the lateral vines, the main vines are removed to prepare seed fields, the lateral vines are introduced to be erected, and seed preparation is continued by utilizing the lateral vines;
(8) artificial pollination: with the higher temperature in the later period, the pollination time is advanced every day and is finished before 8: 00;
(9) removing the male parent: after pollination is finished, the father plant needs to be pulled out in time to prevent mechanical mixing during seed harvesting;
(10) and (5) seed collection and seed test for the second time.
2. The method for producing seeds of bitter gourds with one harvest and one harvest according to claim 1, wherein in the seeding and seedling raising process in the step (1), the seeds are soaked in warm water at 55 ℃ for 1-2 hours before seeding, are continuously stirred to be heated uniformly, are soaked in clear water for 4 hours, are taken out, are washed with clear water, are dried in the air, are placed in an environment at 30 ℃ for accelerating germination, are dibbled into 50-hole plug trays when 60% of germination appears, and are sowed in each hole for 1 grain.
3. The method for producing seeds of bitter gourds harvested in two batches according to claim 1, wherein the method for producing seeds further comprises field management: before the first seed collection, top dressing is carried out for 2-3 times by using low-concentration fertilizer water in the early growth stage, and top dressing is carried out for 3-4 times continuously every 3-4 days after fruit setting; timely preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests, mainly preventing and treating blight, once the diseased plant is found to be timely pulled out, spreading lime or dikelong pouring stump around the root of the plant;
the management after pruning and lateral vine remaining comprises the following steps: and (3) adding a rooting agent during top dressing to promote the growth of the root system, and top dressing once every 3-4 days in a fruiting period, and continuously performing 3-4 times.
4. The method for producing seeds of bitter gourds harvested in two batches according to claim 1, wherein the male flowers on the female parent plant are all removed in the whole pollination period, and the female flowers of the female parent plant within 50-60 cm from the ground are all removed; in the pollination period, emasculation is performed every afternoon, and cleaning is performed once in the morning next day to ensure that the female parent does not have flowering male flowers; and (3) taking male flowers on the male parent for artificial pollination before 10 am on the next day, and pollinating 3-4 female flowers by 1 male flower.
5. The method for producing seeds of bitter gourds with one harvest and two harvests according to claim 1, wherein the seeds are washed, shriveled seeds and impurities are removed, the seeds are dried by a dustpan or a mesh screen and cannot be directly placed on a cement terrace for insolation, and the dried seeds are packaged by a cloth bag or a clean fiber bag and stored in a dry place.
6. The method for producing seeds of bitter gourds harvested in two seasons according to claim 1 or 5, wherein the seed collection time is 25-30 days after pollination when the fruits turn red.
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| CN109566404B (en) * | 2019-01-20 | 2022-03-15 | 咸宁市农业科学院 | Method for producing hybrid seeds of two-season loofah in one year |
| CN109566403B (en) * | 2019-01-20 | 2022-03-11 | 咸宁市农业科学院 | Method for producing seeds by hybridizing pumpkins in two seasons in one year |
| CN110278840B (en) * | 2019-08-08 | 2021-04-23 | 山东省农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 | Secondary seed reproduction method for cucumbers |
| CN116569834B (en) * | 2023-06-25 | 2024-05-24 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Method for improving hybrid seed production yield of balsam pear |
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| CN102919045A (en) * | 2012-11-22 | 2013-02-13 | 季永飞 | Fructus momordicae high-yield cultivation technology allowing fructus momordicae to be planted one time and harvested two times in year |
| CN103650875A (en) * | 2013-12-12 | 2014-03-26 | 康爱民 | Bitter gourd cultivation technology |
| CN103918426B (en) * | 2014-03-20 | 2016-07-06 | 芜湖晋诚农业科技有限公司 | A kind of high yield of loofah implantation methods |
| CN103988663A (en) * | 2014-04-29 | 2014-08-20 | 梁柏初 | Bitter gourd field management technology |
| CN104798682B (en) * | 2015-05-19 | 2017-08-01 | 镇江鑫源达园艺科技有限公司 | A kind of balsam pear breeding cultivation method |
| CN106717727A (en) * | 2015-11-24 | 2017-05-31 | 于辉 | A kind of precocious new technology of greenhouse balsam pear |
| CN105961188A (en) * | 2016-05-29 | 2016-09-28 | 胡永军 | Net house seed production method for bitter gourds |
| CN106358721A (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2017-02-01 | 柳州市绿州种植专业合作社 | Cultivation method of balsam pear |
| CN107278594A (en) * | 2017-07-31 | 2017-10-24 | 杨俊富 | A kind of high-yield planting method of greenhouse balsam pear |
| CN107820990A (en) * | 2017-11-10 | 2018-03-23 | 马鞍山市心洲葡萄专业合作社 | A kind of cultural method of kyoto grape result in two seasons of one year |
| CN107750858A (en) * | 2017-11-20 | 2018-03-06 | 重庆市合川区蔬菜技术指导站 | Double season balsam pear cultural methods |
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