CN108812035B - Facility rain-sheltering cultivation method for southern pears - Google Patents
Facility rain-sheltering cultivation method for southern pears Download PDFInfo
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- CN108812035B CN108812035B CN201810875424.0A CN201810875424A CN108812035B CN 108812035 B CN108812035 B CN 108812035B CN 201810875424 A CN201810875424 A CN 201810875424A CN 108812035 B CN108812035 B CN 108812035B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0206—Canopies, i.e. devices providing a roof above the plants
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Abstract
The invention discloses a facility rain sheltering cultivation method for southern pears, which designs a proper plant-row spacing and a proper fruit-retaining branch aiming at the growth and development characteristics of pears, and is matched with a most saved rain sheltering facility, thereby saving the cost for farmers. Through production practices, the method finds that the quality and the yield of the fruits are superior to those of the fruits cultivated in the open air, and has popularization value in rainy south.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of pear cultivation, in particular to a facility rain-sheltering cultivation method for southern pears.
Background
Pears are main fruit trees cultivated in Jiangsu province, the cultivation area is about 58 ten thousand mu, the traditional open cultivation mode is mainly used, but the high-temperature and humid climate in summer in the local area greatly influences the growth, flowering and fruit quality of the tree seeds, the fruit tree facility cultivation is an effective means for avoiding natural disasters, reducing the production risk of fruit trees and improving the economic benefit of fruits, the rain-sheltering cultivation is used as a simple form of facility cultivation, the aims of sheltering rain and wind and regulating and controlling the growth microenvironment of crops are fulfilled, and the pear cultivation method is successfully applied to part of fruit trees (grapes, peaches and cherries) in Jiangsu province.
However, due to different tree species habits, the requirements of flower bud differentiation on cooling capacity, the influence of temperature change on young sprout growth, illumination, the correlation degree of water conditions and fruit quality and the like are obviously different, so that the practical experience of rain-sheltering cultivation of other tree species is taken to be limited in pear production, therefore, the research on the occurrence rule of pear tree diseases and insect pests under the rain-sheltering cultivation condition is realized, the timely and accurate green disease and insect pest prevention and control technology is established, the efficient and safe rain-sheltering cultivation technical system suitable for the climatic environment of Jiangsu areas is established, and finally, the reproducible new pear rain-sheltering cultivation mode is integrated, so that the important significance is realized for providing technical support for developing the green, safe and efficient pear industry. At present, the research on the pear rain-sheltering cultivation is less, and the research is also not systematic, so that the popularization of the pear rain-sheltering cultivation technology is restricted.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a facility rain-sheltering cultivation method for southern pears, which is used for solving the problem that the prior art lacks systematic technical key points of rain-sheltering cultivation for pears.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a facility rain-sheltering cultivation method for southern pears comprises the following steps:
(1) building a multi-span shed, wherein the height of the shed is 3.8m, the width of each single shed is 5m, a horizontal shed frame is arranged in the multi-span shed, and a middle upright post is shared by two adjacent single sheds, wherein the height of the upright post is 1.8m, and the arch height is 2 m;
(2) planting pear seedlings on a row of the upright columns of two adjacent single sheds, wherein the planting distance is 4m, and the row distance is 5 m;
(3) the trunk fixing height of each pear tree is 1.5m, two main branches are reserved for each pear tree, the two main branches are horizontally cultured towards the two sides of each pear tree along the direction of the single-row upright column, and the main branches are 1.5-2 m long;
(4) and reserving a first lateral branch at a position 0.5-0.6 m away from the base of the main branch, and reserving a lateral branch at an interval of 0.3-0.4 m on the same side of each main branch, so that 5 lateral branches can be reserved on the same side of each main branch, and because the branches of the pear tree are generally opposite, 10 lateral branches are cultured in each main branch, and the lateral branches are respectively cultured in the directions of two adjacent single sheds.
Preferably, the side branches are 1.2-1.5 m long, and the included angles between the side branches and the main branches are 30 degrees.
Preferably, the main branches in the most marginal rows only remain the side branches extending to one side in the shed for culturing, and the side branches extending to the outside of the shed are removed, so that the aim of rain sheltering culture can not be fulfilled due to the fact that the shed film of the outer side branches cannot be covered, and the side branches are directly removed in the shaping process.
Preferably, the side branch extending head and the side branch are cultured in a vertical direction, and the length is 1.2 m-1.5 m.
In the southern pear facility rain sheltering cultivation method, preferably, the flat ground with deep soil layer, good drainage and underground water level below 0.8m or a gentle slope with the slope less than 5 degrees and the soil pH of 6.0-7.5 are selected as the building positions of the multi-span shed.
For more convenient ventilation, the film on the right side of each single shed of the multi-span shed is preferably designed into a 1m wide roll film which can be folded and unfolded, and the film can be folded in rainy days and sunny days.
The invention has the following advantages:
the pear cultivated by the method has the advantages of light pest and disease damage occurrence, stable growth, high flower bud differentiation rate, early maturation period, good fruit quality, high yield, high fruit unit price and commodity fruit rate, is suitable for pear production in high-temperature and rainy areas in the south, and can effectively solve the problems that more rainwater exists in the south and the outdoor cultivation affects the fruit varieties and the fruit setting rate of the pear. Through production practices, the method finds that the quality and the yield of the fruits are superior to those of the fruits cultivated in the open air, and has popularization value in rainy south.
The method designs proper trunk height, plant row spacing and proper side branch angle according to the growth and development characteristics and the operation comfort of the pears, matches with the most saved rain sheltering facilities, and enables farmers to operate comfortably, thereby achieving the cultivation purposes of high quality, high efficiency, labor saving and cost saving of the southern pears.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a front view of a multi-span shed structure;
FIG. 2 is a tree form diagram of middle pear tree cultivation.
Detailed Description
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Examples
A facility rain-sheltering cultivation method for southern pears comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting flat ground with deep soil layer, good drainage and underground water level below 0.8m or gentle slope with gradient less than 5 degrees, and building a multi-span shed at the position of soil pH 6.0-7.5, wherein the height of the shed is 3.8m, the width of each single shed is 5m, a horizontal shed frame is arranged in each single shed, and a middle upright post is shared by two adjacent single sheds, wherein the height of each upright post is 1.8m, and the arch height is 2 m;
(2) planting pear seedlings on a row of the upright columns of each single shed, wherein the planting distance is 3m, and the row distance is 5 m;
(3) the trunk fixing height of each pear tree is 1.5m, two main branches are reserved for each pear tree, the two main branches are horizontally cultured towards the two sides of each pear tree along the direction of the single-row upright column, and the main branches are 1.5-2 m long;
(4) and reserving a first lateral branch at a position 0.5-0.6 m away from the base of the main branch, reserving a lateral branch at the same side of each main branch at an interval of 0.3-0.4 m, culturing 10 lateral branches in each main branch, and culturing the lateral branches in the directions of two adjacent single sheds respectively. The side branches are 1.2-1.5 m long, and the included angles between the side branches and the main branches are 30 degrees. The main branches in the most marginal rows only keep one side extending into the shed for culturing the lateral branches, the extension heads of the lateral branches and the lateral branches are cultured in the vertical direction, and the length is 1.2 m-1.5 m.
(5) The film on the right side of each single shed of the multi-span shed is designed into a roll film which is 1m wide and can be folded and unfolded, and the roll film can be folded in rainy days and sunny days.
In order to further prove the beneficial effects of the invention, the inventor also carries out the following tests, specifically:
in 2015 for 1 month to 2017 for 12 months, taking 5-year-old high-quality early-maturing Chinese pears 'early-maturing fresh water' as test materials, respectively setting A for the cultivation method of the invention, namely the facility shed with the height of 3.8m, the single shed width of 5m, the upright post height of 1.8m, the arch height of 2m, the fixed-stem height of 1.5m, the two main branches for cultivation, the included angle between the lateral branch and the main branch of 30 degrees, comparing with the fixed trunk height of 1.0m under the same shed-shaped condition, planting in the center of each shed, the included angle between the lateral branch and the main branch is 60 degrees, setting the fixed trunk height of B and the fixed trunk height of 1.5m in conventional open field cultivation, setting the included angle between the lateral branch and the main branch as CK for two main branch cultivation, setting the included angle between the lateral branch and the main branch as CK, and the other field management methods are consistent, the influence of the 3 cultivation modes on common plant diseases and insect pests, the annual branch growth quantity, the flower bud differentiation condition, the phenological period, the fruit yield, the fruit quality and the like is compared, counted and observed, and the best Chinese pear cultivation mode in the southern high-temperature and rainy region is screened out.
1. Common pest and disease occurrence condition under three cultivation modes
Comparing the common occurrence conditions of the diseases and pests under the 3 cultivation modes, wherein the diseases and pests mainly comprise rust disease, ring spot disease and scab, and the pests mainly comprise twill hunger, aphid, oriental fruit moth and red spider. As can be seen from the results in tables 1 and 2, compared with conventional open field cultivation, the rain sheltering cultivation has remarkable effect on reducing plant diseases and insect pests in pear areas in the south, wherein the effect is the best, the incidence rate of 3 common diseases is within 10%, the occurrence degree is light, the occurrence degree of insect pests is the lightest, the control effect can be achieved by only applying a small amount of biological preparation pesticide, and a foundation is laid for realizing green production of pear fruits.
TABLE 1 Effect of different cultivation methods on disease occurrence
TABLE 2 Effect of different cultivation methods on insect pests
2. Influence of three cultivation modes on branch growth amount, flower bud differentiation and phenological period
The growth amounts of the branches under 3 cultivation modes are compared in the table 3, and as a result, the angle between the lateral branch and the main branch is 45-60 degrees in the mode B, the angle of the branch is large, the growth amount of the branch is large, the average length of the branch is 63.4cm, the thickness of the branch is 0.9cm, the growth amount is large compared with that of the branch under the mode A, but the flower bud differentiation rate is not high at 25 percent and is only 48 percent of that of the branch under the open field cultivation, 51 percent of the flower bud growth rate is 51 percent of the flower bud growth rate, tree vigor aging and fruiting branch outward migration are easily caused in production, and facility cultivation is not facilitated. In the mode A, the growth amount of branches and the flower bud differentiation rate are not greatly different from those of outdoor cultivation, and stable yield and high yield are favorably realized. The phenological periods except the mature period under the mode A and the mode B are synchronous, compared with the conventional open field cultivation, the germination period, the initial flowering period, the full flowering period and the mature period are respectively earlier by 6 days, 7 days, 8 days and 10-12 days, which shows that the facility cultivation is favorable for the fruit to appear on the market earlier, and the fruit is cultivated to be the earliest by simple rain sheltering.
TABLE 3 influence of different cultivation methods on shoot growth, flower bud differentiation and phenological period
3. Influence of three cultivation modes on fruit yield and quality
As can be seen from Table 4, the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the fruits are different in different cultivation modes, wherein the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the fruits are smaller in the mode B, the weight of each fruit is the lowest, the average weight is 180g, and the yield of each plant is the lowest, and is 14.8 kg. The single fruit weight and the single plant yield under the mode A are higher than those of the conventional open field cultivation, and the content of soluble solids of important factors influencing the fruit quality is 13.3 percent which is respectively 0.5 percent higher and 1.6 percent higher than those of the mode B and the conventional open field cultivation, and the taste is sweet. The hardness of the three cultivated plants is not different from each other in 3 cultivation modes.
TABLE 4 Effect of different cultivation methods on fruit yield and quality
4. Comparing the economic characters of the fruits with the workload under three cultivation modes
TABLE 5 comparison of mu input cost and economic benefit for different cultivation methods
As can be seen from Table 5, under the conditions of different cultivation modes, the daily management needs different time such as side branch inducing, binding, trimming and the like, the mode A and the mode C are high in trunk positioning, people can walk in the shed conveniently and work conveniently, the mode B can be operated only by drilling and arching under the shed, and the work efficiency in unit time is lower. The mode A has early ripening, good fruit quality, less plant diseases and insect pests and light weight, the unit price of the fruit is high, 16 yuan per kilogram, and the commodity fruit rate is also high, while the mode B has early ripening, but the fruit quality is quite poor, and the fruit is small, so the selling price and the commodity fruit rate are lower than those of the mode A.
In combination with the above, under the condition of the mode A, the early-growing fresh water pear has the advantages of light pest and disease damage occurrence, stable growth, high flower bud differentiation rate, early maturation period, good fruit quality and yield, high labor efficiency, higher fruit unit price and commodity fruit rate, and is suitable for pear production in high-temperature and rainy regions in south.
Although the invention has been described in detail above with reference to a general description and specific examples, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications or improvements may be made thereto based on the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (6)
1. A southern pear facility rain-sheltering cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) building a multi-span shed, wherein the height of the shed is 3.8m, the width of each single shed is 5m, a horizontal shed frame is arranged in the multi-span shed, and a middle upright post is shared by two adjacent single sheds, wherein the height of the upright post is 1.8m, and the arch height is 2 m;
(2) planting pear seedlings on a row of the upright columns of two adjacent single sheds, wherein the planting distance is 4m, and the row distance is 5 m;
(3) the trunk fixing height of each pear tree is 1.5m, two main branches are reserved for each pear tree, the two main branches are horizontally cultured towards the two sides of each pear tree along the direction of the single-row upright column, and the main branches are 1.5-2 m long;
(4) reserving a first lateral branch at a position 0.5-0.6 m away from the base of the main branch, reserving a lateral branch at the same side of each main branch at an interval of 0.3-0.4 m, culturing 10 lateral branches in each main branch, and culturing the lateral branches in the directions of two adjacent single sheds respectively; the side branches are 1.2-1.5 m long, and the included angles between the side branches and the main branches are 30 degrees.
2. The southern pear protected cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein only the main branch in the most peripheral row is kept extending to the inner side of the shed for cultivation of the lateral branch.
3. The southern pear protected cultivation method by rain according to claim 1, wherein the side branch is cultivated with the side branch extending head vertical to the side branch, and the length is 1.2m to 1.5 m.
4. The southern pear facility rain-sheltering cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that the multi-span shed building position is selected from a flat ground with deep soil layer, good drainage and underground water level below 0.8m or a gentle slope with slope less than 5 degrees, and soil pH is 6.0-7.5.
5. The southern pear installation cultivation method in shelter as claimed in claim 1, wherein the film on the right side of each single shelter of the multi-span shelter is designed as a roll film which can be stored and taken down.
6. The southern pear facility cultivation method in shelter from rain of claim 5, wherein the roll of film is 1m wide.
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