CN108725180B - 混合动力四轮驱动车 - Google Patents

混合动力四轮驱动车 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108725180B
CN108725180B CN201810359033.3A CN201810359033A CN108725180B CN 108725180 B CN108725180 B CN 108725180B CN 201810359033 A CN201810359033 A CN 201810359033A CN 108725180 B CN108725180 B CN 108725180B
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engine
wheel
transmission
motor
torque
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CN201810359033.3A
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CN108725180A (zh
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桑原清二
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Toyota Motor Corp
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Toyota Motor Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K17/00—Arrangement or mounting of transmissions in vehicles
    • B60K17/34—Arrangement or mounting of transmissions in vehicles for driving both front and rear wheels, e.g. four wheel drive vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/40—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the assembly or relative disposition of components
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    • B60K17/3462—Arrangement or mounting of transmissions in vehicles for driving both front and rear wheels, e.g. four wheel drive vehicles having a transfer gear the transfer gear being a differential gear with means for changing distribution of torque between front and rear wheels
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    • B60K17/34—Arrangement or mounting of transmissions in vehicles for driving both front and rear wheels, e.g. four wheel drive vehicles
    • B60K17/356—Arrangement or mounting of transmissions in vehicles for driving both front and rear wheels, e.g. four wheel drive vehicles having fluid or electric motor, for driving one or more wheels
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/24—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the combustion engines
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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Abstract

本发明提供一种混合动力四轮驱动车，通过发动机能够驱动前后的四轮并且能量再生效率优异，而且驱动前轮的电动机的搭载性优异。具备配置在前轮(4)侧的发动机(1)、第一电动机(7)、将废气朝向后方排出的排气管路(17)、将发动机(1)输出的动力向后轮(3)传递的第一传动轴(12)、将发动机(1)输出的动力向前轮(4)侧分配的分动器(11)、从分动器(11)向前轮(4)传递驱动力的第二传动轴(13)以及具有与前轮(4)交接转矩的发电功能的第二电动机(20)，第二传动轴(13)在车身(2)的宽度方向上配置于隔着第一传动轴(12)而与排气管路(17)相反的一侧，第二电动机(20)连结于第二传动轴(13)。

Description

混合动力四轮驱动车
技术领域
本发明涉及具备内燃机(发动机)和电动机(或具有发电功能的电动机)作为驱动力源，能够对前轮及后轮进行驱动而行驶的混合动力车辆。
背景技术
这种混合动力车的一例记载在专利文献1中。专利文献1的图1记载了如下的结构：将发动机、后驱动电动机、变速器从车辆的前侧依次排列，并在变速器连结后传动轴，发动机构成为对后轮进行驱动，在该发动机的进气侧配置前驱动电动机，并将该前驱动电动机经由传动机构而连结于前轮。在该专利文献1的图1记载的结构中，设为未设置分动器、前传动轴的结构，从而能够将驱动电动机、传动机构、以及由发动机驱动的发电电动机以与其他的部件不发生干涉的方式搭载。
【现有技术文献】
【专利文献】
【专利文献1】日本特开2016-2772号公报
发明内容
【发明要解决的问题】
在专利文献1的图1所示的结构中，通过前驱动电动机对左右的前轮进行驱动，作为车辆的整体成为所谓的四轮驱动车。该前驱动电动机配置于在将左右的车轮的驱动轴连结的轴线上与发动机相邻的位置。左右的车轮由一台前驱动电动机来驱动，因此为了能够进行转弯时等的差动旋转而前差动齿轮成为必须。该前差动齿轮为了尽可能地减小左右的驱动轴的长度的差异而优选配置在车辆的宽度方向上的中央部，这样的话，容易产生前差动齿轮与发动机的干涉。在专利文献1的图1记载的结构中，除了前驱动电动机之外，还将这样的前差动齿轮配置在前轮侧，因此空间上的制约更大。因此，前驱动电动机、前差动齿轮或将前驱动电动机连结于前差动齿轮等的传动机构等不得不小型化，作为四轮驱动车而驱动力特性可能会受到制约。此外，在专利文献1的图1记载的结构中，将前驱动电动机或传动机构在车宽度方向上与发动机相邻配置。因此，车辆的前侧的重量与后侧相比变大，而且重心位置偏向比车辆的前后方向上的中央部靠前侧处，其结果是，可能会给车辆的行驶稳定性、转弯特性等造成不良影响。
本发明着眼于上述的技术课题而作出，目的在于提供一种能够通过发动机对前后的四轮进行驱动，并尽可能地减少针对驱动前轮的电动机的空间上的制约的、提高驱动前轮的电动机的搭载性的混合动力四轮驱动车。
【用于解决问题的手段】
本发明为了实现上述目的而提供一种混合动力四轮驱动车，具有：第一驱动轮，设置在车身的前侧或后侧；和第二驱动轮，在所述车身的前后方向上设置于与所述第一驱动轮相反的一侧，其特征在于，具备：发动机，在所述车身的前后方向上配置于所述第一驱动轮侧；第一电动机，对所述发动机输出的转矩加上转矩；排气管路，将所述发动机产生的废气朝向所述车身的后方排出；第一传动轴，将所述发动机输出的动力向所述第二驱动轮传递；分动器，将所述发动机输出的动力向所述第一驱动轮侧分配；第二传动轴，从所述分动器向所述第一驱动轮传递驱动力；及第二电动机，具有与所述第一驱动轮交接转矩的发电功能，所述第二传动轴在所述车身的宽度方向上配置在隔着所述第一传动轴而与所述排气管路相反的一侧，所述第二电动机连结于所述第二传动轴。
本发明的混合动力四轮驱动车可以还具备传动机构，所述传动机构将所述第二电动机与所述第二传动轴以能够进行转矩传递的方式连结。
在本发明中，可以是，所述传动机构由使所述第二传动轴的转速相对于所述第二电动机的转速成为低转速的减速机构构成。
另外，在本发明中，可以是，所述传动机构具有接合机构，所述接合机构选择性地切断所述第二电动机与所述第二传动轴之间的转矩的传递。
在本发明中，可以是，所述第二传动轴朝向所述车身的前后方向而配置，并且具有所述第一驱动轮侧的第一端部和在所述车身的前后方向上与所述第一端部相反的一侧的第二端部，所述第二电动机或所述第二电动机及所述传动机构配置在所述第二端部侧。
此外，本发明的混合动力四轮驱动车可以是，所述第一驱动轮为前轮，所述第二驱动轮为后轮。
在本发明中，可以是，还具备连结于所述发动机的输出侧的变速器，所述变速器具备离合器机构，所述离合器机构切换成传递动力的接合状态与切断动力的传递的释放状态。
在本发明中，可以是，所述第一电动机配置在所述变速器的输入侧，且与所述发动机配置在同一轴线上，所述分动器连结于所述变速器的输出侧。
在本发明中，可以是，所述第二电动机配置在比所述分动器靠所述第二驱动轮侧处。
在本发明中，可以是，所述第一电动机是具备发电功能的电动机。
【发明效果】
根据本发明，在分动器与第一驱动轮之间传递转矩的第二传动轴上连结有第二电动机，因此，第二电动机与第二传动轴一起配置在隔着第一传动轴而与排气管路相反的一侧。因此，能够有效地利用隔着第一传动轴而与排气管路相反的一侧的空间来配置第二电动机。换言之，第二电动机、其他的部件不易受到空间上的制约，不用对已存的车身的构造、车辆的构造进行特别大的变更就能够构成双电动机类型的混合动力四轮驱动车。
另外，在通过减速机构构成将第二电动机连结于第二传动轴的传动机构的情况下，通过将第二电动机设为所谓高旋转型的电动机，由此能够减小第二电动机的体型。因此，即使在隔着第一传动轴而与排气管路相反的一侧的空间小的情况下，也能够构成双电动机类型的混合动力四轮驱动车。
此外，若构成为通过设于传动机构的接合机构将第二电动机从第二传动轴切离，则在利用发动机的驱动力或发动机和第一电动机的驱动力进行行驶的情况下，能够避免第二电动机不必要地连带旋转而抑制动力损失。
在本发明中，若将第二电动机配置在第二传动轴的端部中的与第一驱动轮侧相反的一侧的端部侧，则第二传动轴与第二电动机会在第二传动轴的长度方向上相互错开地设置，因此第二传动轴的外径的制约减少而能够使第二传动轴为必要的充分的粗细。
在构成为将发动机输出的动力经由第一传动轴向后轮传递并经由分动器及第二传动轴向前轮传递的情况下，在减速时能够从前轮向第二电动机传递转矩而使第二电动机作为发电机发挥功能，因此减速时的前轮的接地载荷大或滑移极限高，由此能够提高能量的再生效率。
在本发明中，将具有离合器机构的变速器配置在发动机或第一电动机与第一传动轴之间，由此通过发动机使第一电动机作为发电机进行动作，利用其电力使第二电动机作为电动机进行动作，从而能够使所谓串联模式成立。而且，在利用第二电动机进行行驶的状态下，能够通过第一电动机使发动机进行电动起转而使发动机起动等，使驱动模式或行驶模式多样化。
并且，通过将第二电动机配置在比变速器、分动器靠第二驱动轮侧处，能够进一步扩大第二电动机用的空间，因此能够以必要的程度充分地增大第二电动机等，第二电动机的车载性提高。
附图说明
图1是表示本发明的实施方式的混合动力四轮驱动车的主要是动力传动系的示意图。
图2是表示与该第一电动发电机连结的传动机构的一例的概要图。
图3是将与该第一电动发电机连结的传动机构作为动力分配机构而构成的例子的概要图。
图4是表示连结有第二电动发电机的传动机构的一例的概要图。
图5是表示连结有第二电动发电机的传动机构的另一例的概要图。
图6是表示连结有第二电动发电机的传动机构的又一例的概要图。
图7是表示将第二电动发电机及传动机构配置在前传动轴的同心圆上的例子的概要图。
图8是表示将第二电动发电机及传动机构配置在比分动器靠前侧处的例子的概要图。
图9是用于说明控制系统的一例的框图。
图10是将在混合动力四轮驱动车中设定的模式及各模式下的发动机、变速器、接合机构、以及各电动发电机的动作状态一并表示的图表。
【符号说明】
1…发动机，2…车身，3…后轮，4…前轮，5…变速器，6…离合器机构，7、20…电动发电机，7R…转子，7S…定子，8…传动机构，9…行星齿轮机构，9C…轮架，9R…齿圈，9S…太阳轮，10…固定部，11…分动器，12…后传动轴，13…前传动轴，14…前差动齿轮，15…后差动齿轮，16…气缸，17…排气管路，18…废气净化催化剂，19…消声器，21…传动机构，22…行星齿轮机构，22C…轮架，22R…齿圈，22S…太阳轮，23…接合机构，24…减速齿轮对，24a…从动齿轮，24b…驱动齿轮，25…控制器，26…电子控制装置(ECU)，Ft…燃料罐。
具体实施方式
图1示意性地示出作为本发明的实施方式的四轮驱动车的一例。图1主要示出动力传动系，在此所示的例子是以将发动机1配置在车身2的前侧并将发动机1的动力向后轮3传递的所谓FR(前置后驱)车为基础的四轮驱动车的例子。前轮4相当于本发明的实施方式中的第一驱动轮，后轮3相当于本发明的实施方式中的第二驱动轮。而且，发动机1在前轮4侧且在左右的前轮4之间(车身2的宽度方向上的大致中央部)朝向后轮3侧(向后)配置。
在发动机1的输出侧配置变速器5，发动机1的输出轴(曲轴：未图示)连结于变速器5的输入轴(未图示)。总之，变速器5是能够适当地变更输入转速相对于输出转速的比率的机构，可以由有级变速器或能够使变速比连续地变化的无级变速器等构成。变速器5更优选具备离合器机构6，该离合器机构6能够通过接合来传递转矩，并通过释放而切断转矩的传递来设定空挡状态。
发动机1与变速器5配置在同一轴线上，在该发动机1与变速器5之间配置有相当于本发明的实施方式中的第一电动机的第一电动发电机(MG1)7。第一电动发电机7主要输出行驶用的驱动力，而且输出使发动机1进行电动起转的转矩，进而以串联混合动力模式进行发电。因此，第一电动发电机7连结于发动机1的输出轴或变速器5的输入轴。第二电动发电机7可以直接连结于发动机1的输出轴或变速器5的输入轴，或者可以经由适当的传动机构8而连结于发动机1的输出轴或变速器5的输入轴。
该传动机构8的一例在图2中以概要图表示。图2所示的例子是由行星齿轮机构9构成的减速机构的例子，具有太阳轮9S、相对于太阳轮9S而配置在同心圆上的作为内齿齿轮的齿圈9R以及保持与太阳轮9S及齿圈9R啮合的小齿轮的轮架9C。太阳轮9S配置在与发动机1的输出轴或变速器5的输入轴相同的轴线上。而且，齿圈9R固定于壳体等固定部10。此外，轮架9C连结于发动机1的输出轴或变速器5的输入轴。另一方面，第一电动发电机7在与上述的行星齿轮机构9相同的轴线上排列而配置，具备转子7R和定子7S，转子7R连结于上述的太阳轮9S，定子7S固定于固定部10。这样，通过采用行星齿轮机构9作为传动机构8，从而将传动机构8及第一电动发电机7配置在与发动机1、变速器5相同的轴线上，能实现动力传动系的整体的紧凑化。特别是构成为动力传动系的整体的最大外径减小。
此外，在本发明的实施方式中，可以将传动机构8构成为包含行星齿轮机构9的动力分配机构。其一例在图3中以概要图示出。图3所示的例子是使用了单小齿轮型的行星齿轮机构9的例子，在太阳轮9S上连结有第一电动发电机7，在轮架9C上连结有发动机1的输出轴，在齿圈9R上连结变速器5的输入轴。在图3所示的结构中，发动机1输出的动力被向第一电动发电机7和变速器5分配，通过发动机1使第一电动发电机7旋转而进行发电，并将与之相伴的反力向太阳轮9S施加。因此，发动机1的转速通过第一电动发电机7而被控制成燃耗效率良好的转速，并且发动机1的输出转矩与第一电动发电机7引起的反力转矩相加而向变速器5输入。
此外，在将第一电动发电机7直接连结于发动机1的输出轴或变速器5的输入轴的情况下，只要使发动机1的输出轴或变速器5的输入轴直接嵌合于转子7R进行一体化即可。
在变速器5的输出侧配置有四轮驱动用(4WD用)的分动器11。分动器11是将发动机1输出的动力或从变速器5输出的转矩向后轮3侧和前轮4侧分配的机构，在向后轮3侧输出转矩的构件(未图示)上连结有相当于本发明的实施方式中的第一传动轴的后传动轴12，在向前轮4侧输出转矩的构件(未图示)上连结有相当于本发明的实施方式中的第二传动轴的前传动轴13。
分动器11能够由使用了链条、带的卷挂传动机构、齿轮机构构成。而且，分动器11能够由具备使得能够进行前轮4与后轮3的差动旋转的差动机构、通过摩擦离合器等对该差动旋转进行限制的差动限制机构的包含差动机构的全时四轮驱动机构、或选择性地切断向前轮4侧的转矩的传递的分时四轮驱动机构等构成。
后传动轴12从变速器5或分动器11向车辆的后方延伸而连结于后差动齿轮14。后差动齿轮14是向左右的后轮3传递转矩的终级减速器。而且，前传动轴13向车辆的前方延伸而连结于前差动齿轮15。后差动齿轮14是向左右的前轮4传递转矩的终级减速器。
发动机1是使汽油等燃料与空气的混合气燃烧而产生机械动力的热力机，具备多个气缸16，并具备用于排出燃烧废气的排气管路17。与以往已知的机动车用发动机的排气管路同样，该排气管路17具备与各气缸16连通的排气歧管和与该排气歧管连通的排气管，将燃烧废气朝向车身2的后方排出。在该排气管路17的中途，从废气的流动方向上的上游侧设置废气净化催化剂18和消声器19。
图1所示的发动机1是气缸16在直线上并列的直列发动机，在发动机1的右侧或左侧的任一方侧连接排气管路17。并且，该排气管路17通过相对于发动机1、变速器5等排列的宽度方向上的中心部而偏向右侧或左侧的任一方侧的位置，向车身2的后方侧延伸。相对于此，前传动轴13在车身2的宽度方向上配置在隔着发动机1、变速器5等而与排气管路17相反的一侧。此外，上述排气管路17及前传动轴13、变速器5、分动器11、以及后传动轴12等配置在未图示的地板面板的下侧(即底板下)。
在上述的前传动轴13连结有相当于本发明的实施方式中的第二电动机的第二电动发电机(MG2)20。第二电动发电机20是输出行驶用的驱动力，而且在减速时用于进行能量再生的结构，可采用例如永久磁铁式的同步电动机那样的具有发电功能的电动机。第二电动发电机20可以直接连结于前传动轴13。而且，可以经由适当的传动机构21而将第二电动发电机20与前传动轴13连结。
图4是表示该传动机构21的一例的概要图，在此所示的例子具有行星齿轮机构22、接合机构23以及减速齿轮对24。行星齿轮机构22是以太阳轮22S、配置在太阳轮22S的同心圆上的作为内齿齿轮的齿圈22R以及保持与太阳轮22S及齿圈22R啮合的小齿轮的轮架22C为旋转要素的单小齿轮型的行星齿轮机构，在前传动轴13的车辆后方侧配置于与前传动轴13相同的轴线上。在该轮架22C上连结有前传动轴13，而且在齿圈22R与壳体等规定的固定部10之间设有接合机构23。接合机构23是通过接合而将齿圈22R连结于固定部10来阻止齿圈22R的旋转，而且通过释放来解除齿圈22R的固定的机构，接合机构23可以使用爪形离合器等啮合式离合器或摩擦式离合器等机构。
在此，说明上述的接合机构23的功能及设置接合机构23的优点。若使接合机构23接合，则齿圈22R被固定而行星齿轮机构22作为减速机构发挥功能，而若将接合机构23释放，则反力不再作用于齿圈22R而成为行星齿轮机构22(或传动机构21)不传递转矩的所谓空挡状态。因此，若将接合机构23释放而将前传动轴13与第二电动发电机20切离成不传递转矩，则在以发动机1为驱动力源而行驶时，第二电动发电机20不会连带旋转。即，即使第二电动发电机20的最大转速在构造上受到限制，也能避免以发动机1为驱动力源而以高车速(例如130km/h以上)行驶时的前传动轴13的转速即车速受到第二电动发电机20限制。
另外，基于减速齿轮对24和行星齿轮机构22的减速比越大，则相对于规定的车速的第二电动发电机20的转速成为越高的高转速。然而，通过将接合机构23释放而能够将第二电动发电机20从前传动轴13切离，因此在利用从前传动轴13侧传递的转矩强制地使第二电动发电机20旋转的情况下通过将接合机构23释放，能避免使第二电动发电机20过度地以高转速旋转。换言之，通过接合机构23能够将第二电动发电机20从前传动轴13切离，由此能够增大基于减速齿轮对24或行星齿轮机构22的减速比，由此，在利用第二电动发电机20的驱动力来行驶时，例如利用第二电动发电机20的驱动力来起步时，能够增大前轮4的驱动力而使起步加速性良好。
减速齿轮对24由连结于太阳轮22S而与太阳轮22S成为一体的从动齿轮24a和直径比该从动齿轮24a小(齿数少)的驱动齿轮24b构成。并且，在该驱动齿轮24b上连结有第二电动发电机20。因此，在第二电动发电机20作为电动机发挥功能而输出转矩的情况下，从动齿轮24a及与之一体的太阳轮22S与第二电动发电机20相比成为低转速。而且，在接合机构23接合而将齿圈22R固定的情况下，相对于成为输入要素的太阳轮22S的转速而成为输出要素的轮架22C的转速成为低转速。因此，连结于轮架22C的前传动轴13的转速与第二电动发电机20的转速相比成为低转速。即，传动机构21在整体上成为减速机构。
在图4所示的结构中，第二电动发电机20连结于前传动轴13中的车身2的前后方向上的后方侧的端部。更具体而言，在比变速器5、分动器11靠后方侧处且在与上述变速器5、分动器11等不干涉的部位配置有第二电动发电机20。换言之，有效利用已存的四轮驱动车的在底板下产生的空间来配置第二电动发电机20、传动机构21。因此，不用对已存的四轮驱动车的构造进行较大变更，就可以构成为所谓双电动机式的混合动力车。而且，第二电动发电机20经由作为减速器发挥功能的传动机构21而连结于前传动轴13，因此第二电动发电机20的转矩由传动机构21放大而向前传动轴13传递。因此，可以采用低转矩/高旋转型的电动机作为第二电动发电机20，由此，第二电动发电机20小型化，向车身2的搭载性变得更加良好。
此外，在图1中，符号Ft表示燃料罐，上述的第二电动发电机20、传动机构21配置在与燃料罐Ft不干涉的位置。而且，优先配置第二电动发电机20、传动机构21，即使伴随于此而变更燃料罐Ft的配置、形状，这样的变更也不会对已存的车身2的构造进行特别大的变更。
上述的图4所示的例子是构成为将第二电动发电机20与前传动轴13连结成能够进行转矩传递，而且将该连结解除的例子，但是本发明的实施方式并不限定为图4所示的结构。在本发明的实施方式中，可以是第二电动发电机20与前传动轴13始终连结成能够进行转矩传递，其一例如图5所示。在此所示的例子是在上述的图4所示的结构中，去除接合机构23而将齿圈22R安装固定于固定部10，而且去除减速齿轮对24而将第二电动发电机20直接连结于轮架22C的例子。
在图5所示的结构中，在车辆行驶时，第二电动发电机20始终旋转。因此，在加速器接通的状态下向第二电动发电机20供给电力而使其作为电动机进行动作，由此能够通过第二电动发电机20辅助向前轮4传递的驱动转矩，而且在减速时能够通过从前轮4传递的转矩而使第二电动发电机20作为发电机发挥功能，由此进行能量再生。此外，在图5所示的结构中，行星齿轮机构22也作为减速机构发挥功能，因此能够使第二电动发电机20为低转矩/高旋转型的结构而实现其小型化。而且，在图5所示的结构中，由于能够将第二电动发电机20与行星齿轮机构22一起配置在前传动轴13的延长线上，因此能够有效利用车身2的前后方向上的空间来配置第二电动发电机20及行星齿轮机构22。
另外，图6所示的例子是在图4所示的结构中，去除行星齿轮机构22并将减速齿轮对24中的从动齿轮24a直接连结于前传动轴13的例子。在该图6所示的结构中，在车辆行驶时，第二电动发电机20也始终旋转。因此，在加速器接通的状态下，能够向第二电动发电机20供给电力而使其作为电动机进行动作，由此通过第二电动发电机20辅助向前轮4传递的驱动转矩，而且在减速时能够通过从前轮4传递的转矩而使第二电动发电机20作为发电机发挥功能，由此能够进行能量再生。而且，在图6所示的结构中，与前述的图4所示的结构同样，使第二电动发电机20相对于前传动轴13偏心(偏置)配置。这种情况下，第二电动发电机20优选配置在后传动轴12与前传动轴13的中心轴线之间。由此，能够避免第二电动发电机20与构成车身2的边梁(未图示)的干涉。
而且，图7所示的例子是将第二电动发电机20及行星齿轮机构22配置在前传动轴13的后端侧(车身2的后方侧)的端部的外周侧的例子。上述第二电动发电机20及行星齿轮机构22配置在比分动器11靠车身2的前后方向上的前侧处，该行星齿轮机构22的太阳轮22S为中空状(圆筒状)的齿轮且配置在前传动轴13的同心圆上。而且，第二电动发电机20也构成为中空状而配置在前传动轴13的同心圆上。并且，在太阳轮22S上连结有第二电动发电机20的转子。在图7所示的结构中，将分动器11向车身2的前后方向上的后侧移动而与变速器5之间空出空间，由此能够将第二电动发电机20及行星齿轮机构22配置成与变速器5不干涉。此外，由于将前传动轴13与第二电动发电机20及行星齿轮机构22配置在同一轴线上，因此在为了避免与周边的其他的构件的干涉而第二电动发电机20或行星齿轮机构22的外径受到制约的情况下，对应于第二电动发电机20或行星齿轮机构22的外径的制约而前传动轴13的外径有时会受到制约。因此，图7所示的结构能够适用于前轮4的驱动转矩或作用于前传动轴13的转矩小的车辆。
并且，图8所示的例子是取代上述的第二电动发电机20及行星齿轮机构22而将配置在前传动轴13的同心圆上的构件设为第二电动发电机20及减速齿轮对24的例子。在图8所示的结构中，在变速器5与分动器11之间空出空间而在该空间配置第二电动发电机20。与安装于该第二电动发电机20的驱动齿轮24b啮合的从动齿轮24a嵌合而一体化于前传动轴13。在该图8所示的结构中，前传动轴13的外径没有特别制约，但是由于与后传动轴12及第二电动发电机20以及前传动轴13在车身2的宽度方向上排列配置，因此优选在车宽较宽的车辆中采用。
本发明的实施方式中的混合动力四轮驱动车如上所述具备2个电动发电机7、20，因此能够设定多样的驱动状态(动作状态)。参照图9来说明为此的控制系统的一例。图9所示的例子示出具备图2所示的传动机构8及图4所示的传动机构21的四轮驱动车中的控制系统。发动机1构成为能够电气性地控制节气门开度、点火正时等。而且，变速器5是能够电气性地控制前进、后退等的行驶挡或变速级等的自动变速器。此外，传动机构21构成为能够电气性地进行前述的接合机构23的接合/释放的控制。并且，各电动发电机7、20构成为连接于包含蓄电装置25a及变换器25b的控制器25，通过该控制器25使各电动发电机7、20作为电动机发挥功能或者作为发电机发挥功能。
设有对上述发动机1及变速器5、传动机构21以及控制器25进行控制的电子控制装置(ECU)26。ECU26以微型计算机为主体而构成，使用输入的数据和预先存储的数据进行运算，并将运算的结果作为控制指令信号而输出。当列举该输入数据的例子时，有作为驱动要求量的加速器开度、车速、作为制动要求的制动器踏力或制动踏板的踏入量、蓄电装置的充电剩余量(SOC)、前轮4及后轮3的车轮速度(转速)、发动机1的冷却水温度等。
将由ECU26执行的控制的例子在图10中汇总表示。在图10中的“模式”一栏中，列举通过上述的混合动力四轮驱动车设定的控制模式(行驶模式)，“EV”表示不使用发动机1的驱动力而行驶的电力行驶模式，“ENG起动”表示使停止的发动机1起动的模式，“HV”表示利用发动机1和任一电动发电机7、20的驱动力行驶的混合动力模式，其中的“串联”表示利用由第一电动发电机7发电的电力来驱动第二电动发电机20进行行驶的串联模式，“并联”表示利用发动机1及各电动发电机7、20的驱动力进行行驶的并联模式。而且“T/M”一栏是表示变速器5的动作状态的栏，“N”表示不传递转矩的空挡状态，“D·R”表示所谓行驶挡并设定后退级或前进状态下的任一变速级的情况。“接合机构”一栏是表示前述的传动机构21的接合机构23的动作状态的栏，“ON”表示传递转矩的接合状态，“OFF”表示不传递转矩的释放状态，“ON·OFF”表示可以是接合及释放中的任一者的情况。“ENG”一栏是表示发动机1的动作状态的栏，“OFF”表示停止状态，“ON”表示输出驱动转矩的驱动状态，“Drn”表示为了起动而进行电动起转(曲轴转动)的被驱动状态。“MG1”一栏是表示第一电动发电机7的动作状态的栏，而且“MG2”是表示第二电动发电机20的动作状态的栏，各个栏中的“OFF”表示停止状态，“M”表示作为电动机进行动作的状态，“G”表示作为发电机进行动作的状态，“RG”表示进行能量再生而发电的状态。
在SOC充分多且加速器开度小时等，设定电力行驶模式。在该状态下，为了避免在变速器5中传递转矩而使规定的离合器或制动器释放，控制成空挡状态。发动机1被停止燃料的供给或点火而被控制成停止状态。同样，第一电动发电机7停止。相对于此，第二电动发电机20作为电动机进行动作那样进行所谓动力运行，为了将其驱动转矩向前轮4传递而将接合机构23控制成接合状态。这种情况下，若传动机构21如前所述由减速机构构成，则第二电动发电机20的转矩由传动机构21增大而向前传动轴13传递，因此即便第二电动发电机20为高转速型的电动发电机也能够得到必要的程度的充分的驱动转矩。
此外，在以电力行驶模式行驶的状态下减小加速器开度或者进行了制动器操作的情况下，第二电动发电机20作为发电机发挥功能而进行能量再生(RG)。这种情况下的发电能量是通过前轮4在行驶惯性力下旋转而从前轮4向第二电动发电机20传递的能量，由于减速时的前轮4的接地载荷大或滑移极限高，由此能够增大再生转矩或再生转速而高效地进行能量再生。
用于使发动机1起动的电动起转通过第一电动发电机7进行。即，在SOC比规定值下降时，或者发动机1的温度下降时，加速器开度即驱动要求量增大时等，发动机1起动的条件成立。因此，第一电动发电机7被控制成作为电动机进行动作，而且变速器5被控制成空挡状态以不传递第一电动发电机7的转矩。此外，第二电动发电机20根据车辆的状态而被控制成作为电动机发挥功能，或者被控制成停止状态。同样，接合机构23根据车辆的状态而被控制成接合状态或释放状态。
串联模式是通过发动机1对第一电动发电机7进行驱动而通过第一电动发电机7发电，利用其电力使第二电动发电机20作为电动机进行动作，利用该第二电动发电机20的驱动转矩进行行驶的模式。因此，发动机1被控制成驱动状态，而且第一电动发电机7被控制成作为发电机发挥功能。这种情况下，为了使得发动机1的驱动转矩不向后轮3传递而将变速器5控制成空挡状态。第二电动发电机20被供给由第一电动发电机7发出的电力而作为电动机发挥功能，为了将其驱动转矩向前轮4传递而将接合机构23控制成接合状态。此外，在该串联模式下进行减速时，通过第二电动发电机20进行能量再生的情况与电力行驶模式时同样。
并且，并联模式是利用发动机1和两个电动发电机7、20的驱动力进行行驶的模式，因此相对于上述的串联模式下的动作状态，第一电动发电机7通过蓄电装置的电力而作为电动机进行动作，而且为了将发动机1的驱动转矩向后轮3传递而变速器5被控制成设定规定的变速级(包括后退级)的状态。在该并联模式下，发动机1及第一电动发电机7输出的驱动转矩经由变速器5向后轮3侧传递，并经由分动器11向前轮4侧传递，而且第二电动发电机20的驱动转矩向前轮4附加，因此作为车辆的整体的驱动力增大，能够成为坏路跑过性、动力性能优异的混合动力四轮驱动车。此外，在以并联模式行驶的状态进行减速时，能够从前轮4及后轮3向各电动发电机7、20传递基于行驶惯性力的转矩，因此能够使各电动发电机7、20作为发电机发挥功能而进行能量再生。这种情况下，也是前轮4的接地载荷大或滑移极限高，因此能够进行效率良好的能量再生。
此外，本发明并不限定为上述的实施方式所示的结构，能够在权利要求书的范围内适当地变更实施。作为一例，可以构成为将发动机1朝向车身2的前方地配置在后轮3侧，发动机1的驱动转矩向前轮4传递，而从分动器11向后轮3传递驱动转矩。而且，在传动机构等使用行星齿轮机构的情况下，可以构成为将太阳轮、齿圈或轮架等旋转要素适当地作为输入要素、固定要素或输出要素。

Claims (8)

1.一种混合动力四轮驱动车，具有：第一驱动轮，设置于车身的前侧或后侧；和第二驱动轮，在所述车身的前后方向上设置于与所述第一驱动轮相反的一侧，
其特征在于，具备：
发动机，在所述车身的前后方向上配置于所述第一驱动轮侧；
第一电动机，对所述发动机输出的转矩加上转矩；
排气管路，将由所述发动机产生的废气朝向所述车身的后方排出；
第一传动轴，将所述发动机输出的动力向所述第二驱动轮传递；
分动器，将所述发动机输出的动力向所述第一驱动轮侧分配；
第二传动轴，在所述车身的宽度方向上隔着所述第一传动轴而配置于与所述排气管路相反侧，且从所述分动器向所述第一驱动轮传递驱动力；
第二电动机，具有与所述第一驱动轮交接转矩的发电功能；
减速机构，由以使所述第二传动轴的转速相对于所述第二电动机的转速成为低转速的方式将所述第二电动机和所述第二传动轴以能够传递转矩的方式连结的行星齿轮机构构成；以及
接合机构，通过接合而将所述减速机构设定为能够传递转矩的状态，且通过释放而将所述减速机构设定为不传递转矩的空挡状态，
所述行星齿轮机构具备被从所述第二电动机输入转矩的输入要素、向所述第二传动轴输出转矩的输出要素以及固定要素，
所述接合机构是将所述固定要素选择性地固定的机构，
所述输入要素是太阳轮，所述输出要素是轮架，所述固定要素是齿圈。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力四轮驱动车，其特征在于，
所述第二传动轴朝向所述车身的前后方向而配置，并且具有所述第一驱动轮侧的第一端部和在所述车身的前后方向上与所述第一端部相反的一侧的第二端部，
所述第二电动机配置在所述第二端部侧。
3.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力四轮驱动车，其特征在于，
所述第二传动轴朝向所述车身的前后方向而配置，并且具有所述第一驱动轮侧的第一端部和在所述车身的前后方向上与所述第一端部相反的一侧的第二端部，
所述第二电动机及所述行星齿轮机构配置在所述第二端部侧。
4.根据权利要求1～3中任一项所述的混合动力四轮驱动车，其特征在于，
所述第一驱动轮为前轮，所述第二驱动轮为后轮。
5.根据权利要求1～3中任一项所述的混合动力四轮驱动车，其特征在于，
还具备连结于所述发动机的输出侧的变速器，
所述变速器具备离合器机构，所述离合器机构切换成传递动力的接合状态与切断动力的传递的释放状态。
6.根据权利要求5所述的混合动力四轮驱动车，其特征在于，
所述第一电动机配置在所述变速器的输入侧，且与所述发动机配置于同一轴线上，
所述分动器连结于所述变速器的输出侧。
7.根据权利要求6所述的混合动力四轮驱动车，其特征在于，
所述第二电动机配置在比所述分动器靠所述第二驱动轮侧处。
8.根据权利要求1～3中任一项所述的混合动力四轮驱动车，其特征在于，
所述第一电动机具备发电功能。
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Granted publication date: 20211224

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