CN108701866A - 硅烷官能化离子液体 - Google Patents
硅烷官能化离子液体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108701866A CN108701866A CN201680072896.1A CN201680072896A CN108701866A CN 108701866 A CN108701866 A CN 108701866A CN 201680072896 A CN201680072896 A CN 201680072896A CN 108701866 A CN108701866 A CN 108701866A
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- Prior art keywords
- electrolyte
- ester
- acid
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- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 title abstract description 46
- -1 Alkali metal salt Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 95
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 150000008040 ionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 26
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 23
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 7
- LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanethiol Chemical compound SC LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001345 alkine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- IRDAKMLOSKOTRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphane piperazine Chemical compound N1CCNCC1.P IRDAKMLOSKOTRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001983 dialkylethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O sulfonium Chemical compound [SH3+] RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001244 carboxylic acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003983 crown ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004862 dioxolanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 150000004651 carbonic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims 1
- 150000005684 open-chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 16
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 16
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 33
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl-ethylene Natural products C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 11
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 9
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 7
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZSTLPJLUQNQBDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanylidyne(dihydroxy)-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound OP(O)#N ZSTLPJLUQNQBDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 6
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical group C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- GRVDJDISBSALJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyloxidanyl Chemical group [O]C GRVDJDISBSALJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylbenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000003235 pyrrolidines Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- KANZWHBYRHQMKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethenylpyrazine Chemical compound C=CC1=CN=CC=N1 KANZWHBYRHQMKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperazine Chemical compound C1CNCCN1 GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 4
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-pyrrole Natural products C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound C=CC1COC(=O)O1 BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003760 magnetic stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003016 phosphoric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical compound C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002390 rotary evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenoxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOC=C UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LEWNYOKWUAYXPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenylpiperidine Chemical compound C=CN1CCCCC1 LEWNYOKWUAYXPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFAKDGLOFJXMEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethenyloxetane Chemical class C=CC1CCO1 UFAKDGLOFJXMEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001502050 Acis Species 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910017048 AsF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002986 Li4Ti5O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiazole Chemical compound C1=CSC=N1 FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical compound C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004390 alkyl sulfonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000005428 anthryl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C([H])=C3C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C3=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000003828 azulenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- OOCUOKHIVGWCTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloromethyl(trimethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)CCl OOCUOKHIVGWCTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VBBRYJMZLIYUJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopropanone Chemical compound O=C1CC1 VBBRYJMZLIYUJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ROORDVPLFPIABK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl carbonate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 ROORDVPLFPIABK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PZPGRFITIJYNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N disilane Chemical group [SiH3][SiH3] PZPGRFITIJYNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- FXPHJTKVWZVEGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl hydrogen carbonate Chemical class OC(=O)OC=C FXPHJTKVWZVEGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEWLDLAARDMXSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl sulfate;hydron Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)OC=C VEWLDLAARDMXSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003709 fluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Chemical compound Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003392 indanyl group Chemical group C1(CCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 2
- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- HPGPEWYJWRWDTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium peroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][O-] HPGPEWYJWRWDTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- PQIOSYKVBBWRRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylphosphonyl difluoride Chemical group CP(F)(F)=O PQIOSYKVBBWRRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000001820 oxy group Chemical group [*:1]O[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinoxaline Chemical compound N1=CC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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Abstract
本发明公开了硅烷官能化离子液体作为用于电能储存装置的电解质的一部分,所述电解质包括非质子有机溶剂;碱金属盐;添加剂;以及包含阴离子和阳离子的离子化合物,其中所述阳离子连接至包含根据基本式(I)
Description
交叉引用
本申请要求2015年12月14日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号62/266761,2015年12月14日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号62/266767和2015年12月14日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号62/266773的申请日的权益,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明描述了离子液体,其有机杂环阳离子具有附加的(appended)硅烷部分,并且更具体地涉及离子液体和碳酸酯作为用于电化学电池的高性能、不可燃、宽操作温度范围的电解质配方的用途。
背景技术
离子液体是仅由离子组成的物质,其熔点<100℃,或者理想地在环境温度下为液体。由于它们表现出相对有利的电化学稳定性和高离子电导率,因此将它们掺入锂和锂离子电池的电解质中。尽管有潜在的优点,但由于许多显著的缺点,离子液体尚未广泛用作锂和锂离子电池的电解质。尽管使用LiMnO2和Li4Ti5O12作为电极材料的锂离子电池比使用离子液体作为电解质溶剂的锂离子电池显示出令人满意的循环行为,但该电池配置具有相对较小的2.5V的电压。此外,由于离子液体与电极材料的高粘度和差的润湿性,电池具有低的倍率性能。
此外,使用含碳负极材料和离子液体基电解质循环锂离子电池的早期实验失败了。将锂掺入石墨,在低电势下任何测试的离子液体样品均被还原。人们认为离子液体的减少是由于二聚体物质的形成而进行的。但是,对于商业应用,锂金属不是有利的。由于其表面的高反应性,锂具有潜在危险,特别是在升高的温度下。稳定用于锂离子电池的锂化石墨电极的建议包括混合少量高活性成膜添加剂。这种添加剂可以防止低电位石墨表面处的电解质本身的持续减少。但是,在大多数情况下,所述添加剂具有与在离子液体电解质中溶解性差的相关问题。
已知现有技术中,已经有人进行各种尝试来改性离子液体。Zhang等人的U.S.9,093,722公开了官能化离子液体或锂离子电池,其中所述离子液体含有具有二硅氧烷部分的阳离子。
Zhou的CN103515118公开了一种用于包含吡啶离子液体和烷基三甲基硅烷的双电层电容器的电解质,并且所述烷基三甲基硅烷可以增加吡啶离子液体与隔膜材料如PP和PE的亲和力,其通常用于电容器中。
Theimann等人的“基于硅烷离子液体的喷涂离子凝胶用于低压柔性电解液栅极的有机晶体管(Spray-coatable ionogels based on silane-ionic liquids for lowvoltage,flexible electrolyte-gated organic transistor)”(J.Mater.Chem.C.,2014,2,2423-2430)公开了包含离子液体的离子凝胶,该离子液体具有连接至咪唑鎓阳离子的硅醇盐(silicone alkoxide)官能团。
但是,这些参考文献没有解决用于电化学电池的电解质配方中的高性能和不可燃的离子液体的需求。因此,仍然需要改性离子液体来实现高性能和低可燃性或不可燃性。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了用于电能储存装置的电解质,其包含:非质子有机溶剂(aprotic organic solvent);碱金属盐;添加剂;和包含离子化合物阴离子和离子化合物阳离子的离子化合物,其中所述离子化合物阳离子连接至包含根据式(I)的硅烷官能团的官能团
其中离子化合物阳离子包括鎓、锍、鏻或具有1至3个作为环成员的杂原子的任何5或6元杂环,该杂原子选自氮、氧、硅或硫;R1、R2、R3各自独立地为C1-C8烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳基、炔基或烷基甲硅烷氧基(alkylsiloxy);L是连接基(linker),其为C1-C8烷基、烯基、炔基、酯、羰基、苯基或芳基,任选地具有与P、卤素(halides)、Si、B、S、O或N原子键合的键,不包括直接键合到根据式(I)的硅烷官能团上的O;离子化合物阴离子包括卤素、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、酰亚胺、硼酸盐或膦嗪。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了用于电解质的离子化合物,该电解质具有连接至根据式(II)的离子化合物阳离子的第二官能团
其中,第二官能团表示官能化部分,包括卤素、氧、氮、硫、磷、烷烃、酯、醚、酮、羰基化合物,烷氧基烷烃(alkoxyalkanes)、烯烃、芳基、腈、硅烷、砜、硫醇、酚、羟基、胺、酰亚胺、醛、羧酸、炔烃、碳酸盐或酸酐,其中在所述部分中的任意碳或氢原子进一步经卤素、氧、氮、硫、磷、烷烃、酯、醚、酮、羰基、烷氧基烷烃、烯烃、芳基、腈、硅烷、砜、硫醇、酚、羟基、胺、酰亚胺、醛、羧酸、炔、碳酸盐或酸酐取代。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了用于电解质的离子化合物,所述电解质具有连接到离子化合物上的第二官能团,其中第二官能团包括根据式(III)的第二硅烷官能团
附图简述
图1是电解质1-3的电压曲线图;和
图2是电解质1-3的每个循环的放电容量的图。
具体实施方式
在一个实施方案中,本发明涉及用于电能储存装置的电解质,其包含非质子有机溶剂;碱金属盐;添加剂;和包含阴离子和阳离子的离子液体化合物,其中所述阳离子连接至根据式(I)描述的硅烷官能团
其中阳离子表示离子化合物的阳离子,其选自鎓、锍、鏻和具有1至3个作为环成员的杂原子的任何5或6元杂环,该杂原子选自氮、氧、硅或硫;R1、R2、R3独立地为C1-C8烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳基、炔基或烷基甲硅烷氧基;L是连接基,其为C1-C8烷基、烯基、炔基、酯、羰基、苯基或芳基,任选地具有与P、卤素、Si、B、S、O或N原子键合的键,不包括直接键合到根据式(I)的硅烷官能团上的O;并且阴离子表示离子化合物的阴离子,其选自卤素、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、酰亚胺、硼酸盐和膦嗪(phosphazines)。
用于电解质配方中的合适的非质子有机溶剂包括一种或多种开链或环状碳酸酯、羧酸酯、亚硝酸盐、酯、醚、砜、酮、内酯、二氧戊环、甘醇二甲醚(glymes)、冠醚及其混合物。
碱金属盐的合适阳离子包括锂、钠、铝和镁,优选锂。
电解质配方的合适添加剂包括(1)含硫化合物,(2)含磷化合物,(3)含硼化合物,(4)含硅化合物,(5)含不饱和碳-碳键的化合物,(6)羧酸酐和(7)它们的混合物。
在一个实施方案中,本发明涉及离子液体,其有机杂环阳离子具有附加的硅烷和各种电活性官能化部分,以及所述离子液体和碳酸酯作为用于电化学电池的高性能、不可燃、宽操作温度范围电解质配方的用途。
在一个实施方案中,离子液体化合物包含阴离子和阳离子,其中阳离子连接至硅烷和根据式(II)描述的官能团
其中阳离子表示离子化合物的阳离子,其选自鎓、锍、鏻和具有1至3个作为环成员的杂原子的任何5或6元杂环,该杂原子选自氮、氧、硅或硫;R1、R2、R3独立地为C1-C8烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳基、炔基或烷基甲硅烷氧基;L是连接基,其为C1-C8烷基、烯基、炔基、酯、羰基、苯基或芳基,任选地具有与P、卤素、Si、B、S、O或N原子键合的键,不包括直接键合到根据式(II)的硅烷官能团上的O;官能团代表选自卤素、氧、氮、硫、磷、烷烃、酯、醚、酮、羰基、烷氧基烷烃、烯烃、芳基、腈、硅烷、砜、硫醇、酚、羟基、胺、酰亚胺、醛、羧酸、炔烃、碳酸酯和酸酐,其中所述部分中的任意碳或氢原子进一步经卤素、氧、氮、硫、磷、烷烃、酯、醚、酮、羰基、烷氧基烷烃、烯烃、芳基、腈、硅烷、砜、硫醇、酚、羟基、胺、酰亚胺、醛、羧酸、炔烃、碳酸盐和酸酐取代;并且阴离子表示离子化合物的阴离子,其选自卤素、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、酰亚胺、硼酸盐和膦嗪。
在一个实施方案中,本发明涉及离子液体,其有机杂环阳离子具有附加的二硅烷部分,以及所述离子液体和碳酸酯作为用于电化学电池的高性能、不可燃、宽操作温度范围的电解质配方的用途。
在一个实施方案中,离子液体化合物包含阴离子和阳离子,其中阳离子连接至根据式(III)描述的二硅烷官能团
其中,阳离子表示离子化合物的阳离子,其选自鎓、锍、鏻和具有1至3个作为环成员的杂原子的任何5或6元杂环,该杂原子选自氮、氧、硅或硫;R1、R2、R3独立地为C1-C8烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳基、炔基或烷基甲硅烷氧基;L是连接基,其为C1-C8烷基、烯基、炔基、酯、羰基、苯基或芳基,任选地具有与P、卤素、Si、B、S、O或N原子键合的键,不包括直接键合到根据式(III)的硅烷官能团的O;并且阴离子表示离子化合物的阴离子,其选自卤素、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、酰亚胺、硼酸盐和膦嗪。
除非上下文另有明确说明,否则以下术语贯穿全文使用。
除非另有说明,否则烷基包括具有1至14个碳的直链和支链饱和烃基。例如,C1-6烷基包括具有1、2、3、4、5或6个碳原子的烷基。在一些实施方案中,烷基具有1至12个碳原子,至10个碳原子,1至8个碳原子,1至6个碳原子或1、2、3或4个碳原子。直链烷基的实例包括如甲基、乙基、正丙基、正丁基、正戊基、正己基、正庚基,和正辛基、正癸基、正十二烷基和正十四烷基。支链烷基的实例包括但不限于异丙基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、新戊基、异戊基和2,2-二甲基丙基。烷基可以是未经取代的或任选经一个或多个羟基或卤素基团取代。
亚烷基是如本文所定义的烷基,其是二价的;即它们具有两个连接本技术化合物的点。
芳基是含有6-14个碳原子并且不含杂原子的环状芳族烃。本文中的芳基包括单环、双环和三环体系,包括稠环。因此,芳基包括但不限于苯基、薁基(azulenyl)、庚烯基(heptalenyl)、联苯基、芴基、菲基、蒽基(anthracenyl)、茚基、茚满基、戊烯基(pentalenyl)和萘基。在一些实施方案中,芳基在所述基团的环部分中含有6-12个或甚至6-10个碳原子。在一些实施方案中,芳基是苯基或萘基。芳基还可以包括稠合芳族-脂肪族环体系,例如茚满基、四氢萘基等。芳基可以是未经取代的或任选经一个或多个烷基、卤素基团或一个或多个卤素取代。在一些实施方案中,芳基经1、2或3个烷基和/或1-5个卤素取代。
阴离子包括四氟化硼、铝酸盐、(草酸盐)硼酸盐、二氟(草酸盐)硼酸盐、六氟化磷、烷基磺酸盐、氟代烷基磺酸盐、芳基磺酸盐、双(烷基磺酰基)酰胺、高氯酸盐、双(氟代烷基磺酰基)酰胺、双(烷基磺酰基)酰胺、烷基氟磷酸盐、(氟代烷基磺酰基)(氟代烷基羰基)酰胺、卤素、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硫酸盐、硫酸氢盐、烷基硫酸盐、芳基硫酸盐、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐、羧酸盐、磷酸盐、磷酸氢盐、磷酸二氢盐、次氯酸盐、阳离子交换树脂的阴离子位点,以及它们中的任何两种或更多种的混合物。在一些实施方案中,离子液体的平衡离子(counterion)X-是[CF3CO2]-;[C2F5CO2]-;[ClO4]-;[BF4]-;[AsF6]-;[PF6]-;[PF2(C2O4)2]-;[PF4C2O4]-;[CF3SO3]-;[N(CF3SO2)2]-;[C(CF3SO2)3]-;[N(SO2C2F5)2]-;烷基氟磷酸盐;[B(C2O4)2]-;[BF2C2O4]-;[B12Y12-kHk]2-;[B10Y10-k'Hk]2-;或它们中的任何两种或更多种的混合物,其中Y是卤素,k是0至12的整数,k’是1至10的整数。优选地,所述阴离子是双三氟甲磺酰亚胺(bistriflimide)或双(三氟乙基)亚砜(“TFSI”)。
本技术的离子液体优选为无水的或基本上是无水的(不含游离水),并且可以通过本领域已知的各种方法合成。例如,为了制备阳离子鏻、咪唑鎓、吡啶酚或季铵基离子液体,相应的亚磷酸盐、1-取代的咪唑、吡啶或叔胺可以在烷基化条件下与合适的亲电子试剂反应,然后与合适的锂盐反应。合适的亲电子试剂包括带有连接基的硅烷部分,例如卤素、甲磺酸盐、三氟甲磺酸酯或类似的离去基团。基于恶唑鎓(oxazolium)和噻唑的离子液体的制备是相似的,但是需要在与亲电子试剂反应之前用适当的碱(例如碱金属氢化物)使相应的恶唑或噻唑去质子化。
在一个实施方案中,本发明涉及用于电能储存装置的电解质,其包括非质子有机溶剂;碱金属盐;添加剂和包含阴离子和阳离子的离子型离子化合物,其中阳离子与上式中所述的硅烷官能团连接,并且阴离子表示离子化合物的阴离子,其选自卤素、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、酰亚胺、硼酸盐和膦嗪。硅烷改性阳离子与离子液体或化合物中阴离子的重量比约为4:1至1:4,优选约2.5:1至1:2.5。
根据另一方面,提供了用于能量储存装置中的电解质,所述电解质包括如本文所述的室温离子液体。
在一些实施方案中,除了离子液体之外,电解质还包含锂盐。可以使用各种锂盐,包括例如Li[CF3CO2];Li[C2F5CO2];Li[C1O4];Li[BF4];Li[AsF6];Li[PF6];Li[PF2(C2O4)2];Li[PF4C2O4];Li[CF3SO3];Li[N(CF3SO2)2];Li[C(CF3SO2)3];Li[N(SO2C2F5)2];烷基氟磷酸锂;Li[B(C2O4)2];Li[BF2C2O4];Li2[B12Z12-jHj];Li2[B10X10-j’Hj'];或它们中的任何两种或更多种的混合物,其中Z在每次出现时独立地为卤素,j为0至12的整数,并且j’为1至10的整数。
在一些实施方案中,存在于离子液体中的锂盐的浓度范围为约0.01M至约1.5M,约0.05M至约1.2M,或约0.4M至约1.0M。如果离子电解质盐的浓度小于约0.01M,由于电解质中载体离子数量不足,导致非水性电解质的离子电导率趋于降低。
在本发明电解质的一些应用中,比如用于锂离子电池的配方,非质子溶剂与本发明的离子液体组合以降低粘度并增加电导率。非质子溶剂缺乏可交换的质子,包括环状碳酸酯、直链碳酸酯、磷酸酯、低聚醚取代的硅氧烷/硅烷、环醚、链醚、内酯化合物、链酯、腈化合物、酰胺化合物、砜化合物等。这些溶剂可以单独使用,或者至少两种混合使用。用于形成电解质体系的非质子溶剂或载体的实例包括但不限于碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲丙酯、碳酸乙丙酯、碳酸二丙酯、碳酸双(三氟乙基)酯、碳酸双(五氟丙基)酯、碳酸三氟乙基甲基酯、碳酸五氟乙基甲基酯、碳酸七氟丙基甲基酯、全氟丁基甲基碳酸酯、碳酸三氟乙基乙基酯、碳酸五氟乙基乙基酯、碳酸七氟丙基乙基酯、全氟丁基乙基碳酸酯等等;氟化低聚物、二甲氧基乙烷、三甘醇二甲醚、碳酸二甲基亚乙烯酯、四甘醇、二甲醚、聚乙二醇、砜和γ-丁内酯。非质子溶剂占总电解质质量的约5wt.%至约85wt.%。离子液体或化合物占总电解质质量的约0.1wt.%至约85wt.%,优选占总电解质质量的约20至75wt.%。
在一些实施方案中,电解质还包含电极稳定添加剂以保护电极免于劣化。因此,本技术的电解质可以包括电极稳定添加剂,其可以在负极的表面上还原或聚合以在负极的表面上形成钝化膜。类似地,电解质可以包含电极稳定添加剂,其可以在正电极的表面上氧化或聚合以在正电极的表面上形成钝化膜。在一些实施方案中,本技术的电解质还包括两种类型的电极稳定添加剂的混合物。添加剂通常以约0.001至约8wt.%的浓度存在。
在一些实施方案中,电极稳定添加剂是包含至少一个氧原子和至少一个芳基、烯基或炔基的经取代或未经取代的直链、支链或环状烃。由这种电极稳定添加剂形成的钝化膜也可以由经取代的芳基化合物或经取代或未经取代的杂芳基化合物形成,其中添加剂包含至少一个氧原子。或者,可以使用两种添加剂的组合。在一些这样的实施方案中,一种添加剂对于在阴极上形成钝化膜以防止金属离子的浸出是选择性的,并且另一种添加剂可以对钝化阳极表面以防止或减少阳极处的金属离子的还原是选择性的。
代表性的电极稳定添加剂包括1,2-二乙烯基糠酸酯、1,3-丁二烯碳酸酯、1-乙烯基氮杂环丁烷-2-酮、1-乙烯基吖丙啶-2-酮、1-乙烯基哌啶-2-酮、1-乙烯基吡咯烷-2-酮、2,4-二乙烯基-1,3-二恶烷、2-氨基-3-乙烯基环己酮、2-氨基-3-乙烯基环丙酮、2-氨基-4-乙烯基环丁酮、2-氨基-5-乙烯基环戊酮、2-芳氧基-环丙酮、2-乙烯基-[1,2]氧氮杂环丁烷、2乙烯基氨基环己醇、2-乙烯基氨基环丙酮、2乙烯基氧杂环丁烷、2-乙烯基氧基环丙酮、3-(N-乙烯基氨基)环己酮、3,5-二乙烯基糠酸酯、3-乙烯基氮杂环丁烷-2-酮、3乙烯基吖丙啶-2-酮、3乙烯基环丁酮、3乙烯基环戊酮、3乙烯基氧杂吖丙啶、3乙烯基氧杂环丁烷、3-乙烯基吡咯烷-2-酮、4,4二乙烯基-3二氧戊环-2-酮、4-乙烯基四氢吡喃、5-乙烯基哌啶-3-酮、烯丙基缩水甘油醚、环氧丁烯、丁基乙烯基醚、二氢吡喃-3-酮、二乙烯基丁基碳酸酯、二乙烯基碳酸酯、二乙烯基巴豆酸酯、二乙烯基醚、二乙烯基碳酸乙烯酯、二乙烯基硅酸乙烯酯、二乙烯基硫酸乙烯酯、二乙烯基亚硫酸乙烯酯、二乙烯基甲氧基吡嗪、二乙烯基甲基磷酸酯、二乙烯基碳酸丙烯酯、磷酸乙酯、甲氧基-邻三联苯、磷酸甲酯、氧杂环丁烷-2-基-乙烯基胺、环氧乙烷基乙烯基胺(oxiranylvinylamine)、碳酸乙烯酯、巴豆酸乙烯酯、乙烯基环戊酮、乙烯基乙基-2-糠酸酯、乙烯基碳酸乙烯酯、乙烯基硅酸亚乙酯、乙烯基硫酸亚乙酯、乙烯基亚硫酸亚乙酯、乙烯基甲基丙烯酸酯、乙烯基磷酸酯、乙烯基-2-糠酸酯、乙烯基环丙烷酮、乙烯基氧化乙烯、β-乙烯基-γ-丁内酯或其任何两种或更多种的混合物。在一些实施方案中,电极稳定添加剂可以是经F、烷氧基、烯氧基、芳氧基、甲氧基、烯丙氧基或其组合取代的环三磷腈。例如,添加剂可以是(二乙烯基)-(甲氧基)(三氟)环三磷腈、(乙烯基)(二氟)(甲氧基)环三磷腈、(乙烯基)(甲氧基)(四氟)环三磷腈、(芳氧基)(四氟)(甲氧基)环三磷腈、(二芳氧基)(三氟)(甲氧基)环三磷腈化合物或两种或更多种这样的化合物的混合物。在一些实施方案中,电极稳定添加剂是乙烯基碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸乙烯酯或1,2-二苯醚,或者任何两种或更多种这样的化合物的混合物。
其它代表性的电极稳定添加剂可以包括具有苯基、萘基、蒽基、吡咯基、恶唑基、呋喃基、吲哚基、咔唑基、咪唑基或噻吩基的化合物。例如,电极稳定添加剂可以是芳氧基吡咯、芳氧基硫酸乙烯酯、芳氧基吡嗪、芳氧基-咔唑三乙烯基磷酸酯、芳氧基-乙基-2-糠酸酯、芳氧基邻三联苯、芳氧基哒嗪、丁基芳氧基醚、二乙烯基二苯基醚、(四氢呋喃-2-基)乙烯基胺、二乙烯基甲氧基联吡啶、甲氧基-4-乙烯基联苯、乙烯基甲氧基咔唑、乙烯基甲氧基哌啶、乙烯基甲氧基吡嗪、碳酸乙烯甲酯-烯丙基苯甲醚、乙烯基哒嗪、1-二乙烯基咪唑、3-乙烯基四氢呋喃、乙烯基呋喃(divinyl furan)、乙烯基甲氧基呋喃、乙烯基吡嗪、乙烯基甲氧基咪唑、乙烯基甲氧基吡咯、乙烯基-四氢呋喃、2,4-二乙烯基异恶唑、3,4-二乙烯基-1-甲基吡咯、芳氧基氧杂环丁烷、芳氧基-苯基碳酸酯、芳氧基-哌啶、芳氧基-四氢呋喃、2-芳基-环丙酮、2-二芳基氧基-糠酸酯、4-烯丙基苯甲醚、芳氧基-咔唑、芳氧基-2-糠酸酯、芳氧基-巴豆酸酯、芳氧基-环丁烷、芳氧基-环戊酮、芳氧基-环丙酮、芳氧基-环磷腈、芳氧基-硅酸乙烯酯、芳氧基-硫酸乙烯酯、芳氧基-亚硫酸乙烯酯、芳氧基-咪唑、芳氧基-甲基丙烯酸酯、芳氧基-磷酸酯、芳氧基-吡咯、芳氧基喹啉、二芳氧基环丁基磷腈、二芳氧基碳酸乙烯酯、二芳氧基呋喃、二芳氧基磷酸甲酯、二芳氧基碳酸丁酯、二芳氧基巴豆酸酯、二芳氧基-二苯醚、二芳氧基-硅酸乙酯、二芳氧基-硅酸乙烯酯、二芳氧基-硫酸乙烯酯、二芳基氧基亚硫酸乙烯酯、二芳氧基碳酸二苯酯、二芳氧基碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸二苯酯、二苯基二芳氧基硅酸酯、二苯基二乙烯基硅酸酯、二苯基醚、二苯基硅酸酯、二乙烯基甲氧基二苯醚、二乙烯基碳酸二苯酯、甲氧基咔唑,或2,4-二甲基-6-羟基嘧啶、乙烯基甲氧基喹啉、哒嗪、乙烯基哒嗪、喹啉、乙烯基喹啉、吡啶、乙烯基吡啶、吲哚,乙烯基吲哚、三乙醇胺、1,3-二甲基丁二烯、丁二烯、乙烯基碳酸乙烯酯、乙烯基碳酸酯、咪唑、乙烯基咪唑、哌啶、乙烯基哌啶、嘧啶、乙烯基嘧啶、吡嗪、乙烯基吡嗪、异喹啉、乙烯基异喹啉、喹喔啉、乙烯基喹喔啉、联苯、1,2-二苯基醚、1,2-二苯基乙烷、三联苯、N-甲基吡咯、萘或任何两种或更多种这样的化合物的混合物。在一些其他实施方案中,本技术的电解质包括非质子凝胶聚合物载体/溶剂。合适的凝胶聚合物载体/溶胶包括聚醚、聚氧化乙烯、聚酰亚胺、聚膦嗪、聚丙烯腈、聚硅氧烷、聚醚接枝聚硅氧烷、前述的衍生物、前述的共聚物、前述的交联和网络结构、前述的混合物,等等,向其中加入合适的离子电解质盐。其它凝胶聚合物载体/溶剂包括由衍生自聚环氧丙烷、聚硅氧烷、磺化聚酰亚胺、全氟化膜(全氟磺酸(Nafion)树脂)、二乙烯基聚乙二醇、聚乙二醇-双-(丙烯酸甲酯)、聚乙二醇-双(甲基丙烯酸酯)、前述的衍生物、前述的共聚物、前述的交联和网络结构制备的那些。
官能化离子液体和含有盐的电解液在有机溶剂中的导电率和溶解性高,适合用作电化学装置的电解液。电化学装置的实例是双电层电容器、二次电池、颜料敏化剂类型的太阳能电池、电致变色装置、电容器(condenser)等,但是不限于此。特别适合作为电化学装置的是双电层电容器和二次电池如锂离子电池。
在又一方面,提供了电化学装置,其包括阴极;阳极;和包含如本文所述的离子液体的电解质。在一个实施方案中,电化学装置是锂二次电池。在一些实施方案中,二次电池是锂电池、锂离子电池、锂硫电池、锂空气电池、钠离子电池或镁电池。在一些实施方案中,电化学装置是电化学电池,比如电容器。在一些实施方案中,电容器是不对称电容器或超级电容器。在一些实施方案中,电化学电池是原电池。在一些实施方案中,所述原电池是锂/MnO2电池或Li/聚(一氟化碳)电池。在一些实施方案中,电化学电池是太阳能电池。
合适的阴极包括但不限于那些比如锂金属氧化物、尖晶石、橄榄石、碳涂覆的橄榄石、LiFePO4、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiNi1-xCoyMetzO2、LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2、LiMn0.3Co0.3Ni0.3O2、LiMn2O4、LiFeO2、Li1+x’NiαMnβCoγMet’δO2-z’Fz’、An’B2(XO4)3(NASICON)、氧化钒;过氧化锂(lithiumperoxide)、硫磺、多硫化物、一氟化碳锂(也称为LiCFx),或其任何两种或更多种的混合物,其中Met是Al、Mg、Ti、B、Ga、Si、Mn或Co;Met’是Mg、Zn、Al、Ga、B、Zr或Ti;A是Li、Ag、Cu、Na、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu或Zn;B是Ti、V、Cr、Fe或Zr;X是P、S、Si、W或Mo;0≤x≤0.3,0≤y≤0.5,0≤z≤0.5,0≤x’≤0.4,0≤α≤1,0≤β≤1,0≤γ≤1,0≤δ≤0.4和0≤z’≤0.4;并且0≤h’≤3。根据一些实施方案,尖晶石是具有式Li1+xMn2-zMet”’yO4-mX’n的尖晶石氧化锰,其中Met”’是Al、Mg、Ti、B、Ga、Si、Ni或Co;X’是S或F;并且其中0≤x≤0.3,0≤y≤0.5,0≤z≤0.5,0≤m≤0.5和0≤n≤0.5。在其它实施方案中,橄榄石具有式Li1+xFe1-zMet”yPO4-mX’n,其中Met”为Al、Mg、Ti、B、Ga、Si、Ni、Mn或Co;X’是S或F;并且其中0≤x≤0.3,0≤y≤0.5,0≤z≤0.5,0≤m≤0.5和0≤n≤0.5。
合适的阳极包括那些比如锂金属;石墨材料、无定形碳、Li4Ti5O12、锡合金、硅合金、金属间化合物,或任何两种或更多种这类材料的混合物。合适的石墨材料包括天然石墨、人造石墨、石墨化中间相碳微球(MCMB)和石墨纤维以及任何无定形碳材料。在一些实施方案中,阳极和阴极通过多孔隔膜彼此分隔。
锂电池的隔膜通常是微孔聚合物膜。用于形成膜的聚合物的实例包括:尼龙、纤维素、硝化纤维素、聚砜、聚丙烯腈、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚丁烯,或任何两种或更多种这类聚合物的共聚物或共混物。在一些情况下,隔膜是电子束处理的微孔聚烯烃隔膜。电子处理可以改善隔膜的变形温度并且因此可以提高隔膜的高温性能。另外或可选地,隔膜可以是关闭隔膜。关闭隔膜的触发温度可高于130℃,以使电化学电池在高达130℃的温度下工作。
将参考以下具体实施例进一步说明本发明。应该理解的是,这些实施例是以举例说明的方式给出的,并不意味着限制本发明或权利要求。
实施例1-甲硅烷基官能化离子液体的合成
N-甲基三甲基甲硅烷基_吡咯烷(NB2-107)的合成
试剂 | 分子质量 | 当量 | 摩尔 | 质量(g) | 密度 | 体积(mL) | 浓度 | 收率(计算值) |
吡咯烷 | 71.12 | 1.00 | 0.028 | 2.0 | 0.852 | 2.3 | ||
氯甲基三甲基硅烷 | 122.67 | 1.00 | 0.028 | 3.4 | 0.89 | 3.9 | ||
净相 | #DIV/0! | #DIV/0! | ||||||
K2CO3 | 138.21 | 1.02 | 0.029 | 4.0 | ||||
N-甲基三甲基甲硅烷基_吡咯烷 | 157.29 | 1.00 | 0.000 | 4.4 | ||||
KCI | 74.55 | 1.00 | 2.10 | |||||
KHCO3 | 100.11 | 1.00 | 2.82 |
1.向装有磁力搅拌棒的20mL小瓶中加入碳酸钾、吡咯烷和氯甲基三甲基硅烷。没有观察到温度升高。在室温下搅拌混合物,总反应时间为5天。
2.随着反应的进行,碳酸钾逐渐消耗,因为它清除释放的HCl形成氯化钾(2.1g)和碳酸氢钾(2.8g)。
3.加入DCM(30mL)并通过真空过滤收集固体,5.2g。通过旋转蒸发除去溶剂。收率:粗制浅色油(crude pale oil),4.3g(98%)。
4.H+NMR表征:(CDCl3)δ ppm 2.53(m,4H),2.07(s,2H),1.82(m,4H),0.12(s,9H)。
Pyr11Si(CH3)3-TFSI(NB2-109)的离子液体合成
试剂 | 分子质量 | 当量 | 摩尔 | 质量(g) | 密度 | 体积(mL) | 浓度 | 收率(计算值) |
N-甲基三甲基甲硅烷基_吡咯烷 | 157.29 | 1.00 | 0.027 | 4.3 | #DIV/0! | |||
甲基碘 | 141.94 | 1.00 | 0.027 | 3.9 | 2.28 | 1.7 | ||
乙腈 | 16.4 | 0.786 | 20.8 | 50% | ||||
Pyr11TMS-I | 299.23 | 1.00 | 0.015 | 4.5 | 8.2 | |||
去离子水 | 11.3 | 1.00 | 11.3 | 80% | ||||
LiTFSI | 287.09 | 1.05 | 0.016 | 4.5 | ||||
Pyr11TMS-TFSI | 452.47 | 6.8 |
季铵化
1.向装有磁力搅拌棒、水冷冷凝器、N2入口和热电偶的250mL三颈烧瓶中加入N-甲基三甲基甲硅烷基吡咯烷(NB2-107)和乙腈。
2.在室温下搅拌,同时将甲基碘缓慢加入到混合物中,并监测内部温度用于证明放热。温度保持在33℃以下。
3.混合物缓慢变成浅黄色溶液。整个反应时间约2小时。通过旋转蒸发去除溶剂得到黄色固体。收率:淡黄色固体,4.5g(55%)。
复分解(TFSI)
1.向装有磁力搅拌棒的100mL加盖瓶中加入来自步骤1的碘化物和双(三氟甲基磺酰基)酰亚胺锂(lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide)作为两种单独的溶液,各自溶解于20mL去离子水中。将溶液合并,立即形成浑浊的沉淀,然后在烧瓶底部沉积浅黄色油。将混合物在室温下搅拌1小时。
2.倾析出水层,加入DCM(20mL)并将整个混合物倒入分液漏斗中。用去离子水(2×20mL)洗涤有机层,分离,用MgSO4干燥,并通过旋转蒸发去除溶剂,在高真空下和通过真空烘箱(5mbar,60℃)泵抽。收率:浅色油,6.0g(88%)。
3.H+NMR表征:(CDCl3)δppm 3.58-3.51(m,4H),3.09(d,5H),2.29-2.26(m,4H),0.28(s,9H)。
实施例2:电化学装置中的甲硅烷基官能化离子液体电解质。
通过将小瓶中的所有电解质组分混合并搅拌24小时以确保盐完全溶解,在充满干燥氩气的手套箱中制备三种电解质配方。对于比较电解质1,将1M的六氟磷酸锂(“LiPF6”)与碳酸乙烯酯(“EC”)和溶解于其中的碳酸甲乙酯(“EMC”)组合。对于比较电解质2,将1MLiPF6与EC、EMC和离子液体1-丁基-1-甲基-吡咯烷鎓TFSI(“Pyr14TFSI”)组合。对于电解质3,将1M LiPF6与EC、EMC和甲硅烷基官能化离子液体1-甲基-三甲基甲硅烷基-1-甲基-吡咯烷鎓TFSI(“Pyr11TMSTFSI”)组合。表1总结了制备的电解质配方。
表1电解质配方
使用本文制备的电解质配方作为锂离子聚合物袋电池(pouch cells)中的电解质,包括锂镍钴氧化铝(Lithum nickel cobalt aluminium oxide)阴极活性材料和石墨作为阳极活性材料。在每个电池中,加入1.1g电解质配方并在真空密封和测试之前允许在电池中浸泡1小时。然后将电池充电至4.2V并放电至2.5V,以C/15速率进行第一次循环,以C/5速率进行5次循环,并以C/3速率直至电池达到额定容量的80%。电池在C/5时额定容量为200mAh。在表2中,对于每种电解质而言,初始容量损失(“iCL”)定义为初始充电和放电的差与初始充电的比率。在图1中,示出了归因于每种电解质的第5次循环的电压曲线。在图2中,示出了每次循环在室温下测得的放电容量。
表2初始容量损失归因于NCA-石墨(NCA-Graphite)200mAh袋电池中的电解质
电解质 | iCL(%) |
1(比较) | 14.2 |
2(比较) | 25.7 |
3 | 18.8 |
如表2所示,离子液体的掺入改变了测量的初始容量损失“iCL”,其通常与电解质材料的分解相关以在阳极处形成界面有机层。与比较电解质2相关的高iCL是典型的电解质,包括与阳极或阴极材料不兼容的材料,在这种情况下为阳极。但是,如电解质3所证实的,在吡咯烷鎓离子液体上引入甲硅烷基部分导致与比较电解质1的iCL相当的初始容量损失低得多。
比较电解质1是包括现有技术已知材料的常规商业电解质。图1示出了包括离子液体电解质的NCA-石墨200mAh袋电池的放电曲线。
如图1所示,比较电解质1实现了锂离子电池的额定容量,并且包括现有技术中已知的吡咯烷鎓离子液体的比较电解质2证实了差的放电容量,表明与典型锂离子电池中的阴极和阳极材料不兼容。由于锂离子袋电池内电解质的不同传输动力学,电解质3相对于比较电解质1实现了稍低但可比的放电容量。不希望受理论束缚,本发明离子液体中的甲硅烷基官能团使得电解质3能够与对比电解质1相媲美。
图2证实了商业电解质(比较电解质1)、常规的基于IL的电解质(比较电解质2)和甲硅烷基官能化的基于IL的电解质(电解质3)之间的室温循环寿命比较。在图2中,显示了含有甲硅烷基官能化离子液体的电解质3在锂离子电池中相对于常规离子液体(如在比较电解质2中所证明的)具有优越的性能。本领域已知的锂离子电池的故障点定义为电池额定容量的70%至80%,并且包括比较电解质2的电池在前50次循环内失败。电解质3表现出与比较电解质1相当的容量保持率和性能。
虽然本文已经详细描绘和描述了各种实施方案,但是相关领域的技术人员将明白,在不脱离本发明的精神的情况下可以做出各种修改、添加、替换等,并且因此考虑这些处于以下权利要求所限定的本发明的范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种用于电能储存装置的电解质包括:
非质子有机溶剂;
碱金属盐;
添加剂;和
包含离子化合物阴离子和离子化合物阳离子的离子化合物,其中所述离子化合物阳离子连接到包含根据式(I)的硅烷官能团的官能团
其中所述离子化合物阳离子包含鎓、锍、鏻或具有1至3个作为环成员的杂原子的任何5或6元杂环,该杂原子选自氮、氧、硅或硫;
R1、R2、R3各自独立地为C1-C8烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳基、炔基或烷基甲硅烷氧基;
L是连接基,其为C1-C8烷基、烯基、炔基、酯、羰基、苯基或芳基,任选地包含与P、卤素、Si、B、S、O或N原子键合的键,不包括直接键合到根据式(I)的硅烷官能团上的O;且
所述离子化合物阴离子包含卤素、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、酰亚胺、硼酸盐或膦嗪。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电解质配方,其中所述非质子有机溶剂包含开链或环状碳酸酯、羧酸酯、亚硝酸酯、醚、砜、酮、内酯、二氧戊环、甘醇二甲醚、冠醚,或它们的混合物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的电解质配方,其中所述碱金属包含碱金属阳离子盐,该碱金属阳离子盐包含锂、钠、铝或镁。
4.根据权利要求3所述的电解质配方,其中所述碱金属阳离子盐包含锂。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电解质配方,其中所述添加剂包括(1)含硫化合物,(2)含磷化合物,(3)含硼化合物,(4)含硅化合物,(5)含有不饱和碳-碳键的化合物,(6)羧酸酐或(7)其混合物。
6.根据权利要求1所述的电解质配方,所述电解质配方还包含连接至根据式(II)的离子化合物阳离子的第二官能团
其中,所述第二官能团表示官能化部分,包括卤素、氧、氮、硫、磷、烷烃、酯、醚、酮、羰基、烷氧基烷烃、烯烃、芳基、腈、硅氧烷、砜、硫醇、酚、羟基、胺、酰亚胺、醛、羧酸、炔烃、碳酸酯或酸酐,其中在所述部分中的任意碳或氢原子进一步经卤素、氧、氮、硫、磷、烷烃、酯、醚、酮、羰基、烷氧基烷烃、烯烃、芳基、腈、硅氧烷、砜、硫醇、酚、羟基、胺、酰亚胺、醛、羧酸、炔烃、碳酸酯或酸酐取代。
7.根据权利要求6所述的电解质配方,其中所述第二官能团包含根据式(III)的第二硅烷官能团
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US11050087B2 (en) | 2021-06-29 |
EP3391454A1 (en) | 2018-10-24 |
JP2019505947A (ja) | 2019-02-28 |
JP6966437B2 (ja) | 2021-11-17 |
WO2017106250A1 (en) | 2017-06-22 |
EP3391454B1 (en) | 2020-10-14 |
CA3005799A1 (en) | 2017-06-22 |
CA3005799C (en) | 2023-10-17 |
CN108701866B (zh) | 2022-05-31 |
WO2017106250A8 (en) | 2018-05-31 |
US20170170522A1 (en) | 2017-06-15 |
KR102669779B1 (ko) | 2024-05-29 |
JP7174122B2 (ja) | 2022-11-17 |
EP3391454A4 (en) | 2019-07-31 |
KR20180094027A (ko) | 2018-08-22 |
JP2022003638A (ja) | 2022-01-11 |
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