A method of overcoming persimmon biennial bearing
Technical field
The present invention relates to field of fruit tree cultivation, especially relates to field yield between mitigating fruit tree year border and fluctuate, specially
The excessive variation of persimmon size annual output is prevented, realizes persimmon off year increasing both production and income, good year upgrading synergy.
Background technology
China is maximum persimmon producing country, cultivated area and yield occupy first place in the world in the world.China's persimmon production in 2015
Amount is 379.14 ten thousand tons, and 2016, Chinese Persimmon yield was 396.61 ten thousand tons.Wherein the middle part of Yellow River basin and eastern region are me
The traditional persimmon producing region of state, such as the Hebei of North China, Henan, the Shaanxi of Shandong and the Northwest, Shanxi province persimmon yield
Account for the 46.68% of national persimmon yield;The Yangtze river basin and areas to the south's persimmon yield then rapid growth, as Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong,
The provinces such as Anhui, Jiangsu, Guangxi persimmon yield is 97.53 ten thousand tons within 2015, accounts for the 25.72% of national persimmon total output.Recent China persimmon
Industry development shows zooming situation, and part persimmon producing region relies on local traditional persimmon variety source, greatly develops production,
The main industry that persimmon industry, which has become part mountain area, upper level is shaken off poverty and set out on the road to prosperity strives for a relatively comfortable life, Industry Effect power enhance year by year.The whole nation
Successively emerge a collection of " township of Chinese Persimmon " with their own characteristics, Fangshan District of Beijing, Jixian Tianjin, Hebei Yi County, Mancheng County quilt
Authorize " township of Chinese Mopan Persimmon ", Artifacts In Wanrong, Shanxi county, Linchu, shantung county, Shaanxi Fuping, Shangzhou City be " township of Chinese Persimmon ", Hubei
Luotian County, Baoshan, Yunnan city are " township of China native nonastringent persimmon ", Gongcheng Guangxi is " the Chinese townshiies Yue Shizhi ".
Persimmon biennial bearing, also known as alternates bear, and lean year in yield good year interval occurs.The yield in off year accounts for the 80% of normal volume
As slight biennial bearing, it is moderate biennial bearing to account for 50%~80%, if it is serious biennial bearing only to account for 30% or less.In persimmon production
Biennial bearing generation is more universal, and the persimmon garden of especially drifting-management almost occurs every year, and degree is heavier.Big annual bearing is excessive,
It is a large amount of to reserve nutrient for blooming and fruit development, and the nutrient of current year leaf manufacture, it is also most of to be disappeared by fruit development
Consumption, and relatively reduce accumulation;Metabolism and the absorption function of root system are again limited in turn, also influence shoot and leaf growth and photosynthetic
Effect, makes the subalimentation of bud differentiation, limits the formation of bud, cause good year nutrient growth bad, cannot be formed enough
With the bud of high quality, the coming year occurs as soon as off year.It yields positive results when off year few, trunk infusion growth is strong, and nutrient accumulation is more than
Consumption, forms a large amount of high quality bud, and the coming year largely yields positive results, and becomes good year.
For in persimmon production process, how biennial bearing common problem creates a kind of method overcoming persimmon biennial bearing,
Effectively prevent the excessive variation of persimmon size annual output, realize persimmon off year increasing both production and income, good year upgrading synergy, when current persimmon industry
In evolution the problem of urgent need to resolve.
Invention content
In order to solve prior art problem, the present invention provides a kind of methods overcoming persimmon biennial bearing, reduce persimmon year
Output fluctuation between border, biennial bearing index is less than 10, and improves fruit quality, includes the following steps:
(1) the dry iron wire of tying up of off year persimmon improves percentage of fertile fruit;
(2) off year full-bloom stage is aided with using benzene peptide amino acid;
(3) good year persimmon carries out Chemical thinning;
(4) bud quantity is regulated and controled by winter pruning;
(5) aggregate measures are mating.
In order to increase the yield in persimmon off year, percentage of fertile fruit is improved, in step (1), the present invention provides a kind of new methods, pass through
Iron wire strapping improves percentage of fertile fruit.It is carried out when specially female flower opens 30%, persimmon trunk uses iron at the 25-30cm of ground
Silk ties up trunk, and trunk diameter is less than 8cm (φ≤8cm) persimmon tie up 1 with 18# galvanized wires (φ=1.2mm), trunk
The persimmon of diameter 8cm or more (φ ﹥ 8cm) ties up 1 with 12# galvanized wires (φ=2.8mm), and trunk is injured with iron wire when tying up
Bast (as deep as forming layer) is degree without injuring xylem, and the iron wire of bondage is released after 40 days.
In order to further increase the percentage of fertile fruit in persimmon off year, in step (2), in persimmon full-bloom stage, (persimmon of 50%-60% is spent
It is open), benzene peptide amino acid (Phthalanilic acid, be abbreviated as PPA)+0.2%0.2% zinc sulfate of complete stool sprays 200mg/L
(ZnSO4) mixed liquor 1 time.
In step (3), in order to regulate and control the yield in persimmon good year, in persimmon full-bloom stage (persimmon of 50%-60% the flowers are in blossom put), complete stool
The dinitro-o-cresol (2,4-dinitro-o-cresol, be abbreviated as DNOC) 1 time for spraying 300mg/L, removes excessive female flower
And young fruit.It thanks after spending 50 days, (Phenylmercuric acetate, are abbreviated as the phenyl acetic acid mercury of complete stool sprays 200mg/L
PMA) 1 time, excessive young fruit is removed.
In order to further regulate and control fluctuation of the yield year of persimmon biennial bearing between border, in step (4), it is contemplated that next year is good year,
In winter pruning, based on " dredge, contracting, cut ", control result mother's branch, go it is close stay it is dilute, go to stay always it is new, go it is weak stay it is strong, go directly to stay tiltedly,
It goes far to stay closely, wipes out thin and delicate branch, sick branch, overstocked branch, intersects branch and overlapping branch, 30% progress cutting back culture of bearing basal shoot is pre-
Standby branch, every plant of persimmon bearing basal shoot reserve quantity=[yield (kg/ plants)/fruit mass (kg) × 1.5 fruit/mother's branch] × 150%.
It is expected that next year is off year, when persimmon winter pruning, based on " put, stay, slow ", retains bearing basal shoot as possible, raw
The skeleton branch of bearing basal shoot or large-scale branch group retraction light and slow as possible, it is dredge few section more, keep off year not small.
In step (5), persimmon good year is aided with artificial fruit thinning, improves fruit quality.It closes to an end in early July physiological fallen fruit
When carried out with fruit thinning scissors, principle is three to dredge and three stay;Dredge and remove depauperation fruitlet, sepal injury fruit, malformed fruit, dredge go upwards it is raw
Fruit (easily by day burn), dredge wormed fruit of preventing or cure a disease;It selects and remain and is not easy fruit under by the side fruit of periods of direct sunlight or side, big and bottle green,
Fruit shape is high and well-balanced young fruit, and sepal is big, shape is just without injured young fruit, and fruit is easiest to develop into big fruit.
Persimmon off year pays attention to foliage spray, improves persimmon fruit mass.Growth period (early October late May -), blade spraying
Concentration 0.2%+ phosphorus elements fertilizer (calcium superphosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium phosphate) 0.2%+ trace elements of nitrogen (urea) fertilizer
Fertilizer (calcium, boron, manganese etc.) 0.02% mixed liquor 2~3 times.
A kind of method in persimmon of the invention rapid-result garden soon, has the following advantages:
1, off year persimmon ties up new method by trunk iron wire, easy to operate, relatively compares percentage of fertile fruit and improves 35.2 percentage points,
More traditional annular stripping method percentage of fertile fruit improves 13.31 percentage points.
2, using new method, off year persimmon percentage of fertile fruit is further increased.The benzene peptide amino acid of full-bloom stage complete stool sprays 200mg/L
+ 0.2% zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) mixed liquor 1 time, relatively control improves 39.09 percentage points of percentage of fertile fruit.
3, iron wire+PPA is tied up in persimmon off year, integrated use, persimmon thank spend latter 20 days, 50 days percentages of fertile fruit be respectively
79.78%, 77.50%, 2.89 times respectively compareed and 3.60 times.
4, persimmon good year, the dinitro-o-cresol of full-bloom stage complete stool sprays 300mg/L 1 time thank to 50 days complete stool sprays after spending
The phenyl acetic acid mercury of 200mg/L 1 time, carries out Chemical thinning, and percentage of fertile fruit is compare percentage of fertile fruit 50.05%, fruit single fruit matter
Amount relatively control increases by 46.57%, and the relatively control of pulp soluble solid content increases by 11.32%, and malformed fruit rate is low.
5, bearing basal shoot quantity is regulated and controled by rational winter pruning, Scientific application comprehensive effectively mitigates persimmon
Output fluctuation between tree year border, biennial bearing index (I) of the invention are 6.91, show that biennial bearing is extremely slight;And compare biennial bearing
Index is 87.21, is serious biennial bearing (≤50).
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is that persimmon trunk iron wire ties up influence of the processing to cattle heart persimmon female flower percentage of fertile fruit;
Fig. 2 is influence of the different plant growth regulator treatments to cattle heart persimmon female flower percentage of fertile fruit;
Fig. 3 is that full-bloom stage sprays the influence of benzene peptide amino acid and zinc sulfate to cattle heart persimmon female flower percentage of fertile fruit;
Fig. 4 is the influence of invention biennial bearing of fruits index I.
Specific implementation mode
Implement illustration:A method of overcoming persimmon biennial bearing
(1) the dry iron wire of tying up of off year persimmon improves percentage of fertile fruit
Implementation illustration tested variety is cattle heart persimmon, age of tree life in 17 years.It is expected that current year persimmon result status is off year, pass through master
It is dry to tie up iron wire, improve persimmon percentage of fertile fruit.The time tied up is that female flower carries out when opening 30%, and persimmon trunk is apart from ground 25-
At 30cm, tie up trunk with iron wire, trunk diameter is less than 8cm (φ≤8cm) persimmon with 18# galvanized wires (φ=1.2mm)
Tie up 1, the persimmon of trunk diameter 8cm or more (φ ﹥ 8cm) ties up 1 with 12# galvanized wires (φ=2.8mm), when tying up with
It is degree that iron wire, which injures trunk bast (as deep as forming layer) without injuring xylem, and the iron wire of bondage is released after 40 days.At band girdle
It manages in when female flower opens 50%, double semicircle spiral shape girdings is carried out to trunk, shell mouth width degree 0.3cm~0.6cm, as deep as
Forming layer is wrapped up after stripping with plastics cloth.It is without any processing to compare (CK).
It is analyzed referring to Fig. 1, persimmon trunk iron wire ties up processing and effectively improves female flower percentage of fertile fruit, and easy to operate.Xie Huahou
It investigates within 20 days, the cattle heart persimmon female flower percentage of fertile fruit that trunk iron wire ties up processing is 62.83%, is existed with control treatment (27.61%)
Pole significant difference;It is 49.52% that band girdle, which handles female flower percentage of fertile fruit, only ties up the 78.82% of iron wire processing.It thanks 50 days after spending and adjusts
It looks into, the cattle heart persimmon female flower percentage of fertile fruit that trunk iron wire ties up processing is 61.72%, is existed extremely significantly with control treatment (25.33%)
Difference;It is 45.92% that band girdle, which handles female flower percentage of fertile fruit, only ties up the 74.43% of iron wire processing.Moreover, trunk band girdle is handled
Operating process is complicated, is not easy to grasp, labor intensive labour is more.
(2) off year full-bloom stage is aided with using benzene peptide amino acid
While carrying out physical treatment to off year persimmon, individually designed different plant growth regulator treatments, to
Optimum growth regulator is filtered out, cattle heart persimmon female flower percentage of fertile fruit is improved.In persimmon full-bloom stage, (the flowers are in blossom for the persimmon of 50%-60%
Put) ,+0.2% zinc sulfate (ZnSO of benzene peptide amino acid (Phthalanilic acid, be abbreviated as PPA) of complete stool sprays 200mg/L4)
Mixed liquor 1 time;Brassin lactones (BR) 350mg/L, PBO water soluble fertilizer 3000mg/L, 0.2% sulfuric acid are sprayed respectively simultaneously
Zinc, gibberellin (GA3) 80mg/L, control treatment spray clear water.
It is analyzed referring to Fig. 2, the PPA+0.2%ZnSO of 200mg/L4Processing, it is 67.26% to thank to 20 days percentages of fertile fruit after spending, compared with
It is (BR, PBO water soluble fertilizer, zinc sulfate, red mould to be above brassin lactones there are pole significant difference for control treatment (28.17%)
Element (GA3) processing, but significant difference is not present.
The resultant effect of (3) two kinds of processing
While trunk ties up iron wire processing, full-bloom stage sprays+0.2% zinc sulfate of benzene peptide amino acid of 200mg/L
(ZnSO4) mixed liquor 1 time, resultant effect is more notable (referring to Fig. 3).It thanks and is investigated within 20. days, 50 days after spending, integrated treatment
Cattle heart persimmon percentage of fertile fruit be respectively 79.78%, 77.50%, 2.89 times respectively compareed and 3.60 times.
(4) it is cattle heart persimmon, age of tree life in 16 years to implement illustration tested variety.It is expected that current year persimmon result status is good year, it is
The yield in regulation and control persimmon good year, in persimmon full-bloom stage (persimmon of 50%-60% the flowers are in blossom put), the dinitro of complete stool sprays 300mg/L
O-cresol (2,4-dinitro-o-cresol, be abbreviated as DNOC) 1 time, removes excessive female flower and young fruit.It thanks and spends 50 days afterwards, entirely
Strain sprays the phenyl acetic acid mercury (Phenylmercuric acetate, be abbreviated as PMA) 1 time of 200mg/L, removes excessive young fruit.
The processing being carried out at the same time also has methyl α-naphthyl acetate (NAA) 20mg/L, ethephon (CEPHA),2-(chloroethyl) phosphonic acid 300mg/L, 1- amino-cyclopropane mg/L hydroxy acids (ACC)
300mg/L is sprayed 2 times for 50 days respectively after full-bloom stage and thanking is spent, control (CK) spray clear water 2 times.Each processing is adopted in fruit
Sampling analysis is carried out after receipts, calculates percentage of fertile fruit, and sampling and testing analyzes fruit quality.
It is analyzed by table 1, chemically fruit thinning effect is seen merely, the phenyl vinegar of the dinitro-o-cresol+200mg/L of 300mg/L
Sour mercury combined treatment percentage of fertile fruit is 10.08%, only compares the 50.05% of percentage of fertile fruit, is also less than NAA (12.37%), ACC
(15.92) it handles;But the phenyl acetic acid mercury combined treatment fruit quality of the dinitro-o-cresol+200mg/L of 300mg/L is most
Excellent, the relatively control of fruit fruit mass increases by 46.57%, significant difference;Fruit mass is respectively compared with NAA, ethephon (CEPHA),2-(chloroethyl) phosphonic acid, ACC processing
Increase by 20.31%, 13.74%, 37.40%.Dinitro-o-cresol+the 200mg/L of pulp soluble solid content 300mg/L
Phenyl acetic acid mercury combined treatment also above other handle, especially compared with control treatment increase by 11.32%.
Persimmon malformed fruit, which is mainly too small fruit (being less than 80g), fruit top cross mouth larger, fruit face of cracking, rib, excessively flat
Fruit.Chemical thinning processing has the tendency that increase deformed fruit fruit rate, the malformed fruit rate respectively handled are above control.300mg/L
Dinitro-o-cresol+200mg/L phenyl acetic acid mercury combined treatment deformed fruit fruit rate it is minimum, only relatively control increase by 1.2%;
NAA handles deformed fruit rate highest, is 9.6%, is secondly ethephon (CEPHA),2-(chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (7.2%), ACC (6.5%).
As can be seen from Table 1, fruit thinning effect, fruit mass, pulp soluble solid content, the malformed fruit rate of comprehensive each processing
Etc. combined factors consider that the phenyl acetic acid mercury treatment effect of the dinitro-o-cresol+200mg/L of 300mg/L is optimal.
1 different disposal cattle heart persimmon percentage of fertile fruit of table and fruit quality
(5) the biennial bearing index of different disposal
In order to further regulate and control fluctuation of the yield year of persimmon biennial bearing between border, it is contemplated that next year is in good year winter pruning,
Based on " dredge, contracting, cut ", control result mother's branch, go it is close stay it is dilute, go to stay always it is new, go it is weak stay it is strong, go directly to stay tiltedly, go far to stay close, cut
Except thin and delicate branch, sick branch, overstocked branch, intersect branch and overlapping branch, the 30% of bearing basal shoot carries out cutting back culture preparation branch, the present invention
The pre- residual of bearing basal shoot is calculated according to formula:Every plant of persimmon bearing basal shoot reserves quantity=[yield (kg/ plants)/fruit mass
(kg) × 1.5 fruit/mother's branch] × 150%.It is expected that when next year is off year persimmon winter pruning, based on " put, stay, slow ", protect as possible
Bearing basal shoot is stayed, the skeleton branch or large-scale branch group retraction light and slow as possible of raw bearing basal shoot, dredge is cut less, keeps off year not small more.
Persimmon good year is aided with artificial fruit thinning, improves fruit quality.Fruit thinning scissors when early July, physiological fallen fruit closed to an end
It carries out, principle is dredged three for three and stayed;Dredge and remove depauperation fruitlet, sepal injury fruit, malformed fruit, dredge go upwards raw fruit (easily
Burnt by day), dredge wormed fruit of preventing or cure a disease;It selects and remain and is not easy fruit under by the side fruit of periods of direct sunlight or side, it is big and bottle green, fruit shape are high and even
The young fruit of title, sepal is big, shape is just without injured young fruit, and fruit is easiest to develop into big fruit.Persimmon off year notices that blade face chases after
Fertilizer improves persimmon fruit mass.Growth period (early October late May -), the concentration 0.2%+ of blade spraying nitrogen (urea) fertilizer
Phosphorus element fertilizer (calcium superphosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium phosphate) 0.2%+ trace-element fertilizers (calcium, boron, manganese etc.) 0.02% mix
Liquid 2~3 times.
Biennial bearing of fruits index I=of the present invention the sum of (difference of two annual outputs/two annual output) × 100, as I=0, indicates
Without biennial bearing, as I=100, complete biennial bearing is indicated.It is analyzed by Fig. 4, biennial bearing index (I) of the invention is 6.91, is shown
Biennial bearing is extremely slight;And it is 87.21 to compare biennial bearing index, is serious biennial bearing (≤50).
The present invention is not limited solely to above example, and it is similar that anyone can obtain its under the inspiration of the present invention
Method, but it makees any change in form, and existing same or similar technical solution both falls within the scope of the present invention.