CN112753470A - Method for synchronously preventing and controlling chapping and sunburn of persimmon fruits - Google Patents
Method for synchronously preventing and controlling chapping and sunburn of persimmon fruits Download PDFInfo
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- CN112753470A CN112753470A CN202110013406.3A CN202110013406A CN112753470A CN 112753470 A CN112753470 A CN 112753470A CN 202110013406 A CN202110013406 A CN 202110013406A CN 112753470 A CN112753470 A CN 112753470A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0237—Devices for protecting a specific part of a plant, e.g. roots, trunk or fruits
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
- A01N43/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings
- A01N43/12—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings condensed with a carbocyclic ring
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N45/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing compounds having three or more carbocyclic rings condensed among themselves, at least one ring not being a six-membered ring
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for synchronously preventing and controlling persimmon from chapping and sunscald, which comprises the following steps: (1) bagging at a proper time; (2) spraying dihydroporphin iron on young fruits; (3) effective application of liquid fertilizer; (4) regulating the micro-domain ecology of the tree body; the first physiological fruit drop of persimmon treeThen, the whole plant is sprayed with dihydroporphin iron +10mg/kgGA with the mass ratio of 0.03mg/kg4+7The key point is the surface of the young fruit and the spraying is carried out until the water drops. Through scientific application of the comprehensive technical measures, the invention obviously reduces the proportion of chapping of the fruit skin and the crisscross groove and sunburn of the fruit, effectively avoids the harm of persimmon calyx and hornet, and improves the appearance quality of the persimmon. Meanwhile, the internal quality of the persimmon fruits is improved, the average single fruit quality of the persimmon fruits is improved by 7.85 percent compared with the control, and the soluble solid content of the pulp is improved by 4.94 percent compared with the control.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of persimmon cultivation, in particular to improvement of appearance of persimmon fruits, and specifically relates to a method for synchronously preventing and controlling chapping and sunscald of peels and fruit tops of persimmon fruits, reducing fruit insect pests, improving quality of persimmon fruits and increasing market competitiveness of products.
Background
China is the biggest persimmon producing country in the world, and the cultivation area and the yield are the first place in the world. Persimmon trees are one of the main economic fruit tree species in the traditional cultivation in China, the persimmon industry in the Yangtze river valley and the southern area is rapidly developed in recent years, the yield of persimmons in the whole country in 2016 is 396.91 ten thousand tons, and the yield of persimmons in Guangxi only reaches 117.83 ten thousand tons, which accounts for 29.69 percent of the total yield of persimmons in the whole country.
In the production process of the persimmons in the south, due to the ecological climatic conditions of high temperature, high humidity and strong illumination in the Yangtze river basin and the south area, such as heavy rain in spring, plum rain in the high-temperature period of 7 months, rain in the near-mature period of autumn and the like, chaps appear on the surfaces of the persimmons and at the cross ditches at the tops of the persimmons. In some varieties, such as the sweet persimmon variety Yangfeng and Taiqiu in Hubei, Jiangxi and Hunan, the top of the fruit is easy to generate fine stripes and concentric micro cracks. Meanwhile, due to continuous high-temperature drought in summer and autumn, the color of the epidermal tissue of the fruit is changed into brown and light brown, the pulp tissue is free from sinking and scorching, sunburn damage is caused, and the appearance quality of the fruit is seriously influenced.
Aiming at the phenomena of fruit rhagadia and fruit suntan in the persimmon production process, how to create a method for synchronously preventing and controlling the fruit rhagadia and the fruit suntan and simultaneously preventing and controlling the harm of pests such as persimmon calyx insect, citrus fruit fly, hornet, scale insect, leafhopper and the like, improves the appearance quality and the yield of persimmon fruits and increases the economic benefit of a persimmon orchard.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems of the prior art, the invention particularly provides a method for synchronously preventing and controlling the chapping and the sunburn of the persimmon fruits, effectively relieves the chapping on the surfaces and the crisscross ditches at the tops of the persimmon fruits, prevents the sunburn of the persimmon fruits and improves the appearance quality and the yield of the persimmon fruits.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method for synchronously preventing and controlling persimmon chap and sunburn comprises the following steps:
(1) bagging at a proper time;
(2) spraying dihydroporphin iron on young fruits;
(3) effective application of liquid fertilizer;
(4) regulating micro-ecological environment of tree
In the step (1), when the average temperature is continuously higher than or equal to 28 ℃ for 3 days in daytime, the fruits are completely bagged; before the paper bag is used, carrying out wet mouth and disease and insect harm prevention treatment, placing the paper bag with the mouth facing downwards in a mixed solution of 2000 times of 12.5% diniconazole wettable powder and 1000 times of 2.5% high-efficiency cyhalothrin emulsifiable solution, immersing for 5 seconds, placing the paper bag with the mouth facing upwards, and covering a wet towel or gauze on the paper bag, so that the pests of scale insects and leafhoppers after bagging are effectively prevented from entering the paper bag and damaging fruits; meanwhile, 4000 times of 40% flusilazole missible oil and 2000 times of 3% acetamiprid missible oil are sprayed on the persimmon orchard before bagging, and the leaf back and the leaf surface are uniformly sprayed;
in the step (1), the white single-layer paper bag is spread like a lantern during bagging, the water outlet port at the bottom corner is opened, and the persimmon fruits are suspended in the paper bag so as to prevent the paper bag from rubbing the surfaces of the young fruits; the paper bags are directly bound on the bearing branches, the binding openings are tightly bound to prevent the paper bags from sliding on the bearing branches, and the iron wires are in a V shape; the tree body is sleeved with bags in the sequence of upper to lower and inner to outer;
bagging in a persimmon orchard is required to be completed within one week, and downward or oblique fruits are selected particularly, upward growth and bare fruits are removed; after bagging, spraying 8000 times of 40% myclobutanil wettable powder and 4000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder to the persimmon orchard once;
in the step (2), after the persimmon tree is subjected to primary physiological fruit drop, the whole plant is sprayed with chlorin iron and 10mg/kgGA with the mass ratio of 0.03mg/kg4+7The key point is the surface of the young fruit and the spraying is carried out until the water drops;
in the step (3), the depth limit gear of a fertilizing gun is adjusted to 30cm, 8-10 injection holes are determined within the range from 30cm away from a trunk to a water dropping line of a crown, the fertilizing is performed once 10 days before germination, and the fertilizing amount is 0.35kg of inorganic pure nitrogen applied to 100kg of persimmon fruits per production harvest; injecting and fertilizing once 50 days after flower falling, wherein the fertilizing amount is that 0.45kg of inorganic pure nitrogen is applied to 100kg of persimmon fruits per production harvest according to the ratio of N to P2O5∶K2O is 1.00: 0.25: 0.85, wherein the nitrogenous fertilizer is urea, the phosphate fertilizer is water-soluble calcium superphosphate, and the potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate;
spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.02% trace element fertilizer (boron, manganese, selenium) mixed solution for 1 time in the early flowering stage of persimmon tree;
in the step (4), low and short gramineous weeds in the persimmon orchard are reserved in spring and summer, wherein the gramineous weeds are large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop), Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.), blue grass (Poa annua L.), goosegrass (Roegneria kamoji Ohwi) and green bristlegrass (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), and the alternanthera philoxeroides, gooseberry, artemisia and imperata glauca arum are removed;
or planting peanuts in the rows of the persimmon orchard, wherein the seeding time is preferably before or after five, 12-15 holes are planted in each square meter, 2 seeds are planted in each hole, and the width of peanut intercropping in the middle of the rows of the persimmon orchard is 1.2-1.5 meters.
Further, in the step (1), the paper bag is a single-layer white pure bleached wood pulp paper bag with the size specification of length multiplied by widthThe thickness is 18-20 cm multiplied by 15-17 cm; the physical and chemical parameters of the wood pulp used for manufacturing the paper bag are quantitative 40.0g/m2The tensile index is more than or equal to 55.0Nm/g, the wet tensile index is more than or equal to 30.0 percent, and the water absorption is less than or equal to 10.0g/m2The air permeability is more than or equal to 5.0 um/Pa.s, the opacity is more than or equal to 70.0 percent, the whiteness is 75.0 percent, and the moisture is 6.5 to 8.5 percent.
The invention creates a method for synchronously preventing and controlling the chap and the sunburn of the persimmon fruits, and the following beneficial effects are generated:
1. the single-layer white wood pulp paper bag used in the invention has good application effect, the proportion of chapped fruit is only 1.32 percent, which is 79.18 percent lower than that of the conventional contrast; the proportion of sunscald in the fruit is only 0.42%, which is lower than that of the conventional control by 90.73%, and the degree of disease is very light.
2. The use of chlorin iron +10mg/kgGA with a mass ratio of 0.03mg/kg4+7And then, the fruit cracking rate of the persimmon fruits is reduced by 59.38 percent compared with that of the control sprayed clean water, and the sunscald proportion of the fruits is reduced by 22.60 percent compared with that of the control sprayed clean water.
3. By applying the injection fertilization method, the adverse effect of the full bagging treatment on the reduction of the soluble solid matters of the fruits is greatly reduced, the average single fruit quality of the fruits is increased by 14.88 percent compared with the conventional ditching fertilization method, and the content of the soluble solid matters of the fruits is increased by 10.34 percent compared with the conventional ditching fertilization method; meanwhile, as the nutrition level of the tree body is improved and the stress resistance is enhanced, the chapping proportion of the fruit skin is reduced by 44.97 percent compared with the conventional ditching and fertilizing method, and the sunscald proportion of the fruit is reduced by 27.40 percent compared with the conventional ditching and fertilizing method.
4. Through scientific application of the comprehensive technical measures, the proportion of chapping of the fruit skin and the crisscross groove and sunscald of the fruit is obviously reduced, the harm of persimmon calyx and hornet is effectively avoided, and the appearance quality of the persimmon is improved. Meanwhile, the internal quality of the persimmon fruits is improved, the average single fruit quality of the persimmon fruits is improved by 7.85 percent compared with the control, and the soluble solid content of the pulp is improved by 4.94 percent compared with the control.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a comparison of the proportion of chapped and sunburned fruits of different bags of the invention after treatment;
FIG. 2 is a comparison of the average daily temperature versus chapping and sunburn of the present invention when bagged;
FIG. 3 shows that the invention sprays dihydroporphin iron +10mg/kgGA on the whole plant4+7Comparative graph of the ratio of chapped fruit to sunscald after treatment.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further described below with reference to specific embodiments:
a method for synchronously preventing and controlling persimmon chap and sunburn comprises the following steps:
(1) paper bag quality and parameters;
(2) bagging at a proper time;
(3) spraying dihydroporphin iron on young fruits;
(4) effective application of liquid fertilizer;
(5) regulating micro-ecological environment of tree
In order to synchronously prevent and control the chapping and the sunburn of the persimmon fruits and improve the appearance quality of the persimmon fruits, in the step (1), the paper bags used by the method are single-layer white pure bleached wood pulp paper bags, and the size specification of the paper bags is length multiplied by width (18 ℃ -20cm is multiplied by 15-17 cm. The physical and chemical parameters of the wood pulp used for manufacturing the paper bag are quantitative 40.0g/m2The tensile index is more than or equal to 55.0Nm/g, the wet tensile index is more than or equal to 30.0 percent, and the water absorption is less than or equal to 10.0g/m2The air permeability is more than or equal to 5.0 um/Pa.s, the opacity is more than or equal to 70.0 percent, the whiteness is 75.0 percent, and the moisture is 6.5 to 8.5 percent. Paper bags have a certain dry tensile strength while requiring a higher wet tensile strength; can resist the damage of wind and rain to the fruit bag in the natural environment, and has good flatness and wet stability on the surface. After the paper bag is inclined, water is sprayed on the surface of the paper bag to prevent the paper bag from being wetted, and water drops on the surface of the paper bag slide off; the fruit bag has good waterproof performance and good air permeability, and fruits can breathe normally in the bag.
In the step (2), when the average daily temperature is continuously more than or equal to 28 ℃ for 3 days in the daytime, the fruits are completely bagged, so that the chapping and sunburn of the fruits can be prevented and treated, the appearance quality of the fruits is improved, and the influence of bagging on the internal quality of the fruits (the sugar degree of the fruits is reduced) is reduced to the maximum extent. Before the paper bag is used, the paper bag is subjected to wet mouth and pest damage prevention treatment, the paper bag is placed in a mixed solution of 2000 times of 12.5% diniconazole wettable powder and 1000 times of 2.5% high-efficiency cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate for soaking for 5 seconds, and then a wet towel or gauze is placed and covered on the paper bag with the mouth facing upwards, so that pests such as coccid, leafhopper and the like can be effectively prevented from entering the paper bag to damage fruits after bagging. Meanwhile, 4000 times of 40% flusilazole missible oil and 2000 times of 3% acetamiprid missible oil are sprayed on the persimmon orchard before bagging, and the leaf backs and the leaf surfaces are sprayed uniformly.
In order to further improve the action effect of the paper bag, in the step (2), the white single-layer paper bag is spread like a lantern during bagging, the water outlet port at the bottom corner is opened, and the persimmon fruit is suspended in the paper bag so as to prevent the paper bag from rubbing the surfaces of the young fruits. The paper bag is directly bound on the bearing branches, the binding is tight to prevent the paper bag from sliding on the bearing branches, and the iron wire is in a V shape. The tree body is sleeved with bags in the sequence of upper to lower and inner to outer. The bagging of the persimmon orchard is required to be completed within one week, and the selection of the fruits growing downwards or obliquely growing is particularly paid attention to the fact that the fruits grow upwards and the bare fruits are removed. After bagging, the persimmon orchard is sprayed with 8000 times of 40% myclobutanil wettable powder and 4000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder once.
To is coming toFurther improving the prevention and treatment effect of the persimmon tree on chapping and sunscald, in the step (3), after the persimmon tree is subjected to the first physiological fruit drop (before the paper bag treatment), the whole plant is sprayed with the chlorin iron with the mass ratio of 0.03mg/kg and 10mg/kg GA4+7The key point is the surface of young fruit, and the spraying is carried out until the water drops are formed, so that the stress resistance of the fruit epidermis is enhanced.
In order to enhance the nutrition level of the persimmon trees and form the persimmon orchard tree growth vigor with branch propagation, luxuriant leaves, excellent fruits and strong resistance, the step (4) provides the persimmon tree injection fertilization method, the operation is simple and efficient, the fertilizer and the moisture accurately and intensively reach a root system distribution area, the utilization efficiency of the water and the fertilizer is greatly improved, and meanwhile, different manual trenching is carried out to destroy the ecological environment of the raw grass cultivation. The depth limit of a fertilizing gun is adjusted to 30cm, 8-10 injection holes are determined within the range from 30cm away from a trunk to a water dripping line of a crown, fertilization is performed once 10 days before germination, and 0.35kg of inorganic pure nitrogen is applied to 100kg of persimmon fruits per production harvest; injecting and fertilizing once 50 days after flower falling, wherein the fertilizing amount is that 0.45kg of inorganic pure nitrogen is applied to 100kg of persimmon fruits per production harvest according to the ratio of N to P2O5∶K2O is 1.00: 0.25: 0.85, wherein the nitrogenous fertilizer is urea, the phosphate fertilizer is water-soluble calcium superphosphate, and the potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate. Meanwhile, in the early flowering period of the persimmon trees, mixed liquor of 0.2% of monopotassium phosphate and 0.02% of trace element fertilizers (boron, manganese and selenium) is sprayed on the bodies of the persimmon trees for 1 time, the growth of bearing branches of the persimmon trees is promoted, and the growth vigor of young fruits is enhanced.
The direct irradiation of sunlight can be avoided after the fruits are bagged, the illumination intensity is effectively reduced, the surface temperature of the fruits is correspondingly reduced, so that the young fruits are prevented from being sunburned in the bags, in order to further reduce the sunburning of the persimmon fruits, in the step (5), the peanuts are naturally grown or intercropped between the rows of the persimmon orchard, the surface temperature in summer is reduced, the scattered radiation is reduced, the surface temperature of the fruits is reduced, and the sunburning of the fruits is prevented. In the mode of 'natural grass growing/intercropping in growing season and rotary tillage in winter', the ecological condition of the persimmon orchard in a micro-area is effectively improved, and the radiation temperature of the fruit surface is reduced. In spring and summer, attention is paid to the retention of low and short gramineous weeds in persimmon orchards, such as crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop), goosegrass (Eleusines indica (L.) Gaertn.), Poa annua (Poa annua L.), goosegrass (Roegneria kamoji Ohwi), and Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) of the Gramineae, and the like, and to the elimination of malignant weeds such as alternanthera philoxeroides, gooseberry, Artemisia annua, and Imperata alba.
Peanuts are planted in rows of the persimmon orchard, the seeding time is preferably around five days, seeds with bright colors, large and full grains and consistent sizes are selected as primary seeds, the seedlings emerge uniformly, 12-15 holes are planted in each square meter, 2 seeds are planted in each hole, and the width of peanut intercropping in the middle of the rows of the persimmon orchard is 1.2-1.5 meters.
The first embodiment is as follows:
method for synchronously preventing and controlling chapping and sunburn of persimmon fruits
(1) Selection of suitable paper bags
The example shows that the ginseng test variety is Yangfeng sweet persimmon, the tree age is 9 years old, and the test place is in Jiamiao village in Jufeng county, Hubei province. A single-layer white pure bleached wood pulp paper bag is selected. The persimmon paper bag has certain dry tensile strength and also needs higher wet tensile strength; the fruit bag can resist damage of wind and rain in the natural environment, and meanwhile, the surface of the fruit bag has good flatness and wet stability; the water-proof performance is good, inclines the container bag, is not moistened after water sprays on its surface, forms the drop landing, has good gas permeability simultaneously, ensures that the fruit carries out normal respiration in the bag, and the humidity can not be too high in the bag under high temperature, high humid condition. The paper bag parameters determined by the paper bag of the invention are quantitative 40.0g/m2The tensile index is more than or equal to 55.0Nm/g, the wet tensile index is more than or equal to 30.0 percent, and the water absorption is less than or equal to 10.0g/m2The air permeability is more than or equal to 5.0 um/Pa.s, the opacity is more than or equal to 70.0 percent, the whiteness is 75.0 percent, and the moisture is 6.5 to 8.5 percent.
The selection of the proper paper bags and the reasonable physical parameters of the paper bags are the key points for achieving the effect of the invention and are the core of the invention. As analyzed from FIG. 1, the single-layer white wood pulp paper bag of the present invention has good application effect, the cracked fruit ratio is only 1.32%, 79.18% lower than that of the conventional treatment, and the cracked fruit ratio is the lowest in all treatments; the proportion of fruit sunscald was only 0.42%, the degree of morbidity was very mild, 90.73% lower than that of conventional treatments, and the proportion of fruit sunscald was the lowest in all treatments.
From the analysis of fig. 1, it can be found that in 6 treatments of single-layer white wood pulp paper bag (the invention), single-layer white waxed kraft paper bag, single-layer yellow wood pulp paper bag, double-layer outer bag yellow and inner black plus inner bag black wood pulp paper, double-layer outer bag white and inner white plus inner bag yellow wood pulp paper bag, and Control (CK), the difference of the paper bag types also leads to the increase of chapping degree of the fruit, for example, the cracking degree of the peel is increased due to the use of double-layer bag (outer bag yellow and inner black, inner bag black wood pulp paper) because the humidity in the bag is higher, the cracking proportion is 8.01%, and is increased by 1.67 percentage points compared with the control; the use of the double-layer bag causes the temperature to rise while the humidity in the bag increases, so that the sunscald rate of the fruits is 6.15 percent compared with 1.62 percent of the control. The disease degree of the 3 kinds of fruits treated by the bagging layer tends to be reduced compared with the control, and the action effects of different single-layer bags are different.
(2) Persimmon bagging suitable period and operation method
Before bagging, persimmon trees are sprayed with 4000 times of 40% flusilazole missible oil and 2000 times of 3% acetamiprid missible oil, and the leaf backs and leaf surfaces are sprayed uniformly. When bagging, the white single-layer paper bag is spread like a lantern, the water outlet air port at the bottom corner is opened, and the persimmon fruit is suspended in the paper bag so as to prevent the paper bag from rubbing the surfaces of the young fruits. The paper bag is directly bound on the bearing branches, the binding is tight to prevent the paper bag from sliding on the bearing branches, and the iron wire is in a V shape. The tree body is sleeved with bags in the sequence of upper to lower and inner to outer. The bagging of the persimmon orchard is required to be completed within one week, and the selection of the fruits growing downwards or obliquely growing is particularly paid attention to the fact that the fruits grow upwards and the bare fruits are removed. After bagging, the persimmon orchard is sprayed with 8000 times of 40% myclobutanil wettable powder and 4000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder once.
The size specification of the paper bag is 18cm × 16cm, and the single-layer white wood pulp paper bag is used in the invention. Before use, the paper bag is placed in a mixed solution of 12.5 percent diniconazole wettable powder 2000 times and 2.5 percent high-efficiency cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times, soaked for 5 seconds, and then placed with the bag mouth upward and covered with a wet towel or gauze.
As shown in FIG. 2, the degree of cracking of the peel and the crisscross furrows of the tops of the persimmon fruits tends to increase as the average daily temperature increases during bagging (the test variety is Yangfeng). Bagging is started at the average daily temperature of 25 ℃, the fruit cracking proportion is 1.10 percent, the proportion is the lowest, but the soluble solid of the bagged fruits at the period is only 13.87 percent, is reduced by 1.50 percent compared with a control, the flavor of the fruits is deteriorated, and the fruit dropping is easy to occur because the bagging period is too early; when the average daily temperature is 34 ℃, bagging is started, the function of preventing and controlling the fruit from being cracked is completely lost, and thus the cracking of the persimmon fruits is proved mainly in the young fruit period. According to the analysis of the results shown in FIG. 2, bagging starts when the average daily temperature is 28 ℃, the effect of synchronously preventing and controlling the chapping and sunburn of the persimmon fruits is the best (1.32%), and the influence on the quality of the fruits is small.
(3) Spraying dihydroporphin iron and GA4+7Effect of (1)
After the persimmon tree is subjected to the first physiological fruit drop (before the paper bag treatment), the whole plant is sprayed with 0.03mg/kg of chlorin iron and 10mg/kg of GA according to the mass ratio4+7The key point is the surface of the young fruit and the spraying is carried out until the water drops.
FIG. 3 shows that the total plant is sprayed with 0.03mg/kg of chlorin iron +10mg/kg of GA4+7After treatment, the fruit cracking rate of Yangfeng sweet persimmon is 3.92 percent, which is reduced by 59.38 percent compared with that of the control sprayed clean water; the proportion of the sunscald on the fruits is 4.83 percent, which is reduced by 22.60 percent compared with that of the control water spray.
(4) Comprehensive application effect of liquid fertilizer
The invention provides an injection fertilization method for persimmon trees, which is characterized in that a reference variety is Yang Feng sweet persimmon, the tree age is 9 years old, and the test site is in Jia Tech county, Ouden province, Hubei province. The injection fertilization is simple and efficient to operate, the fertilizer and the moisture accurately and intensively reach a root system distribution area, the utilization efficiency of the water and the fertilizer is greatly improved, and meanwhile, different manual ditches destroy the ecological environment of the raw grass cultivation. The depth limit of a fertilizing gun is adjusted to 30cm, 8-10 injection holes are determined within the range from 30cm away from a trunk to a water dripping line of a crown, fertilization is performed once 10 days before germination, and 0.35kg of inorganic pure nitrogen is applied to 100kg of persimmon fruits per production harvest; injecting and fertilizing once 50 days after flower falling, wherein the fertilizing amount is that 0.45kg of inorganic pure nitrogen is applied to 100kg of persimmon fruits per production harvest according to the ratio of N to P2O5∶K2O is 1.00: 0.25: 0.85, wherein the nitrogenous fertilizer is urea, the phosphate fertilizer is water-soluble calcium superphosphate, and the potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate. At the same timeSpraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.02% trace element fertilizer (boron, manganese, selenium) mixed solution 1 time at the early flowering stage of persimmon tree to promote the growth of fruit branches of persimmon tree and enhance the growth vigor of young fruit.
By applying the injection fertilization, the fruit quality is improved, and the adverse effect of the complete bag cultivation on the reduction of soluble solid matters of the fruits is greatly reduced. As shown in Table 1, the average single fruit mass of the Yangfeng sweet persimmon prepared by the injection fertilization method is 278g, which is increased by 14.88% compared with the conventional ditching fertilization method; the content of soluble solids in the fruits is 16.96 percent, which is increased by 10.34 percent compared with the conventional ditching and fertilizing method; the rhagadia proportion of Yangfeng sweet persimmon is 5.31 percent, which is reduced by 44.97 percent compared with the conventional ditching and fertilizing method; the sunburn proportion of the fruits is 4.53 percent, which is reduced by 27.40 percent compared with the conventional ditching and fertilizing method.
TABLE 1 Effect of the injection fertilization method
| Treatment of | Average single fruit mass/g | Soluble solids/% | Fruit cracking rate/%) | Sunscald rate/%) |
| Injection fertilizing method | 278 | 16.96 | 5.31 | 4.53 |
| Conventional ditching and fertilizing method | 242 | 15.37 | 9.65 | 6.24 |
(5) Effect of comprehensive technical measures of complete bag on improving appearance quality of persimmon
The experiment site is in Jiamiao village of Jufeng county of Hubei province, the reference variety is Yangfeng sweet persimmon with the age of 9 years, and by comprehensively applying each technical measure of the invention, when the average daily temperature of a key technical link is continuously more than or equal to 28 ℃ for 3 days in the daytime, the fruit is bagged; selecting a single-layer white pure bleached wood pulp paper bag, wherein the physical and chemical parameters of the paper are quantitative 40.0g/m2The tensile index is more than or equal to 55.0Nm/g, the wet tensile index is more than or equal to 30.0 percent, and the water absorption is less than or equal to 10.0g/m2The air permeability is more than or equal to 5.0 um/Pa.s, the opacity is more than or equal to 70.0 percent, the whiteness is 75.0 percent, and the moisture is 6.5 to 8.5 percent. Placing the mixture in a mixed solution of 2000 times of 12.5 percent diniconazole wettable powder and 1000 times of 2.5 percent high-efficiency cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate for wetting mouth; determining 8-10 injection holes within a range from 30cm away from a trunk to a water dropping line of a crown, injecting and fertilizing once 10 days before germination, and applying 0.35kg of inorganic pure nitrogen to 100kg of persimmon fruits per production harvest; injecting and fertilizing once 50 days after flower falling, wherein the fertilizing amount is that 0.45kg of inorganic pure nitrogen is applied to 100kg of persimmon fruits per production harvest according to the ratio of N to P2O5∶K2O is 1.00: 0.25: 0.85, wherein the nitrogenous fertilizer is urea, the phosphate fertilizer is water-soluble calcium superphosphate, and the potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate; spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.02% microelement fertilizer (boron, manganese, selenium) mixed solution 1 time at the early flowering stage of persimmon tree to promote the growth of bearing branches and improve the fruit setting rate of persimmon; spraying 0.03mg/kg of dihydroporphin iron +10mg/kg of GA on the whole plant after the first physiological fruit drop of persimmon tree4+7The key point is the surface of the young fruit and the spraying is carried out until the water drops; persimmon orchards retain low grassy weeds such as large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop), goosegrass (Eleusines indica (L.) Gaertn.) of Gramineae, Poa annua L, goosegrass (Roegneria kamoji Ohwi), and Setaria viridis among rows of the persimmon orchard(Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) et al, pay attention to elimination of malignant weeds such as Alternanthera philoxeroides, goose down vines, artemisia, Imperata cylindrica, etc.
Through the application of the comprehensive technical measures, the invention has obvious beneficial effect. As analyzed in Table 2, the method remarkably reduces the proportion of chapped fruit skin and crisscross groove and sunburn of the fruit after the application of the comprehensive technical measures, effectively avoids the harm of persimmon calyx and hornet, and improves the appearance quality of the persimmon. Meanwhile, the internal quality of the persimmon fruits is improved, the average single fruit quality of the persimmon fruits is improved by 7.85 percent compared with the control, and the soluble solid content of the pulp is improved by 4.94 percent compared with the control.
TABLE 2 Effect of the application of the inventive Integrated technical measures
The invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any person can get similar method in the light of the present invention, but any change in form can be made, and the same or similar technical solutions can fall into the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. A method for synchronously preventing and controlling persimmon chap and sunburn comprises the following steps:
(1) bagging at a proper time;
(2) spraying dihydroporphin iron on young fruits;
(3) effective application of liquid fertilizer;
(4) regulating micro-ecological environment of tree
In the step (1), when the average temperature is continuously higher than or equal to 28 ℃ for 3 days in daytime, the fruits are completely bagged; before the paper bag is used, carrying out wet mouth and disease and insect harm prevention treatment, placing the paper bag with the mouth facing downwards in a mixed solution of 2000 times of 12.5% diniconazole wettable powder and 1000 times of 2.5% high-efficiency cyhalothrin emulsifiable solution, immersing for 5 seconds, placing the paper bag with the mouth facing upwards, and covering a wet towel or gauze on the paper bag, so that the pests of scale insects and leafhoppers after bagging are effectively prevented from entering the paper bag and damaging fruits; meanwhile, 4000 times of 40% flusilazole missible oil and 2000 times of 3% acetamiprid missible oil are sprayed on the persimmon orchard before bagging, and the leaf back and the leaf surface are uniformly sprayed;
in the step (1), the white single-layer paper bag is spread like a lantern during bagging, the water outlet port at the bottom corner is opened, and the persimmon fruits are suspended in the paper bag so as to prevent the paper bag from rubbing the surfaces of the young fruits; the paper bags are directly bound on the bearing branches, the binding openings are tightly bound to prevent the paper bags from sliding on the bearing branches, and the iron wires are in a V shape; the tree body is sleeved with bags in the sequence of upper to lower and inner to outer;
bagging in a persimmon orchard is required to be completed within one week, and downward or oblique fruits are selected particularly, upward growth and bare fruits are removed; after bagging, spraying 8000 times of 40% myclobutanil wettable powder and 4000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder to the persimmon orchard once;
in the step (2), after the persimmon tree is subjected to primary physiological fruit drop, the whole plant is sprayed with chlorin iron and 10mg/kgGA with the mass ratio of 0.03mg/kg4+7The key point is the surface of the young fruit and the spraying is carried out until the water drops;
in the step (3), the depth limit gear of a fertilizing gun is adjusted to 30cm, 8-10 injection holes are determined within the range from 30cm away from a trunk to a water dropping line of a crown, the fertilizing is performed once 10 days before germination, and the fertilizing amount is 0.35kg of inorganic pure nitrogen applied to 100kg of persimmon fruits per production harvest; injecting and fertilizing once 50 days after flower falling, wherein the fertilizing amount is that 0.45kg of inorganic pure nitrogen is applied to 100kg of persimmon fruits per production harvest according to the ratio of N to P2O5∶K2O is 1.00: 0.25: 0.85, wherein the nitrogenous fertilizer is urea, the phosphate fertilizer is water-soluble calcium superphosphate, and the potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate;
spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.2% + microelement fertilizer, namely 0.02% mixed solution of boron, manganese and selenium, on the persimmon tree in the initial flowering stage for 1 time;
in the step (4), low and short gramineous weeds in the persimmon orchard are reserved in spring and summer, wherein the gramineous weeds are large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop), Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.), blue grass (Poa annua L.), goosegrass (Roegneria kamoji Ohwi) and green bristlegrass (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), and the alternanthera philoxeroides, gooseberry, artemisia and imperata glauca arum are removed;
or planting peanuts in the rows of the persimmon orchard, wherein the seeding time is preferably before or after five, 12-15 holes are planted in each square meter, 2 seeds are planted in each hole, and the width of peanut intercropping in the middle of the rows of the persimmon orchard is 1.2-1.5 meters.
2. The method for simultaneously preventing and controlling the chapping and the sunburn of the persimmon fruits as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the paper bag is a single-layer white pure bleached wood pulp paper bag with the size specification of 18-20 cm x 15-17 cm; the physical and chemical parameters of the wood pulp used for manufacturing the paper bag are quantitative 40.0g/m2The tensile index is more than or equal to 55.0Nm/g, the wet tensile index is more than or equal to 30.0 percent, and the water absorption is less than or equal to 10.0g/m2The air permeability is more than or equal to 5.0 um/Pa.s, the opacity is more than or equal to 70.0 percent, the whiteness is 75.0 percent, and the moisture is 6.5 to 8.5 percent.
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