CN116210513A - Method for reducing seeds of sweet persimmon fruits in Rota and improving fruit setting rate and application thereof - Google Patents
Method for reducing seeds of sweet persimmon fruits in Rota and improving fruit setting rate and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for reducing the seeds of sweet persimmon fruits in a Rota and improving the fruit setting rate and application thereof. The invention mainly comprises the following aspects: (1) Providing a production auxiliary facility for isolating pollinating insects from entering a tree body, thereby avoiding cross pollination and reducing the formation of fruit seeds; (2) Providing a fruit bag which can prevent pollinating insects from entering the corolla of the female flowers of sweet persimmon in the Rota, thereby preventing cross pollination and preventing the formation of fruit seeds; (3) In cultivation, the nutrition level of the tree body is improved through girdling and inhibitor, bud thinning and fruit thinning, reasonable loading and scientific fertilization, and a material foundation is laid for improving the quality of fruits; (4) By the comprehensive application of the method, the fruit setting rate and the fruit quality are improved, the formation of fruit seeds is reduced, the commodity quality character is improved, the market competitiveness of the product is improved, and the industrial economic benefit is improved on the premise that cross pollination is not carried out on the sweet persimmon in the Rofield.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for reducing the seeds of sweet persimmon fruits in a Rota and improving the fruit setting rate and application thereof.
Background
Persimmon (Diospyros L.F.) belongs to Diospyros (Ebenaceae) genus, is a representative species used as fruit tree in Diospyros plants, is also the best known berry of our country origin, and has long cultivation history. In the summer dynasty and the business dynasty of the original society and the slave society, people collect persimmon fruits in a wild state to allay hunger, and artificial domestication cultivation is emerging in the war age and popular in Han dynasty. China is an important place of origin of astringent persimmon and also a place of origin of sweet persimmon. The mountain area of the border area of three provinces of Hubei province, especially around the county of Rota in Hubei province and hemp city, distributes the oldest sweet persimmon germplasm resource in the world, namely the Rota sweet persimmon, and is the only sweet persimmon germplasm originally produced in China. The history of cultivation of Diospyros rosea is recorded in Zhujia, ming Jing 10 years (male element 1531 year), and the contract of Diospyros rosea in Hubei province is recorded in "Diospyros rosea in the bamboo garden is shared by two people". In Qing kang Xixi, in the section "Xiang Yi" written in Luo field county, song Mingdao Yuan-Yuan 1032, huangzhou orange and persimmon, yuan Zhi Ling, luo field county, song dynasty, huangzhou jurisdiction, therefore, the artificial cultivation history of Luo field sweet persimmon has been nearly thousand years, 182 years earlier than Japanese old sweet persimmon variety "Buddhist persimmon pill" (Yuan 1214).
Although the sweet persimmon in the Rota has unique flavor and good quality, the sweet persimmon in the Rota has small fruits, many seeds and bad commodity properties. Wang Renzi it was found that there were 4 to 6 seeds per seed of Diospyros rosea (discussion about the origin of Diospyros rosea, 1983); li Xian the investigation revealed that the number of seeds of Diospyros rosea was 1-8, and the average number was 4 (Diospyros rosea germplasm resource investigation report, 2003).
Persimmon fruits can be classified into coreless and nucleated according to the presence or absence of seeds in mature persimmon fruits, wherein coreless or less is an excellent trait. Persimmon seedless fruits are of various varieties, such as Japanese peaceful pit, kazakii pit, qingzhou pit, chinese millstone persimmon, may you be city persimmon, etc. are all astringent persimmon varieties. Most of the fruits of sweet persimmon are seeded (Hu Huiling, review of the biological sciences of persimmon reproduction, 2006), and the fruits of the sweet persimmon in the rozen are more seeded.
Embryological studies have shown that stone-free fruit formation in fruit trees is often associated with embryo sac abortion, which may lead to abnormal fruit seed formation either before or after fertilization. The persimmon seedless fruit is produced, the ovule of the persimmon rich part does not form embryo sacs, while the ovule produces a plurality of embryo sacs, the number of the nuclei in part of embryo sacs is changed, and the occurrence frequency of abnormal embryo sacs is directly related to the occurrence frequency of seedless fruits. Embryo sac abortion of different persimmon varieties is similar, but there is a certain difference in time and specific form, some embryo sac abortion occurs before fertilization, and some varieties occur after fertilization (Tang Xianying, study on seedless or less mechanism and seedless type cultivation of persimmon, 2001).
The seedless persimmon is one of the excellent economic traits of persimmon, and the fundamental way for solving the problems is to create seedless persimmon germplasm, but breakthrough progress is not made yet, and the problem that the persimmon has a large number of fruit seeds in the production of the sweet persimmon in the Rota. How to reduce the number of seeds of sweet persimmon fruits in the field and maintain the original field yield by the comprehensive application of the artificial cultivation technology measures is a main problem to be solved by the invention.
The sweet persimmon in the Rofield has the capability of parthenogenesis and contains more pollen hormone (Xu Yohai, the cause of abnormal fruit drop of the sweet persimmon in the Rofield and a countermeasure for preventing and controlling the abnormal fruit drop, 2000). According to investigation, the production of fruit seeds of the sweet persimmon in the Hongshan area is mainly produced by cross pollination, because the sweet persimmon producing area in the Dabieshan area naturally has a large number of single plants of the sweet persimmon with male flowers, even complete male plants of the sweet persimmon are naturally reserved (Pan Desen and the like, the resource investigation of the sweet persimmon in the Hongshan area and the breeding of excellent strains, 1994). Persimmon is insect-borne flower, the type of the medium insect is related to the environment, and generally pollinating insects have hymenoptera, diptera and lepidoptera, and the number of the hymenoptera is large, and the number of the lepidoptera is small. Japanese scholars studied that persimmon media insects have 6 families of 7 species (Wang Jinfeng et al, sweet persimmon introduction, 1995).
Through the above analysis, the problems and defects existing in the prior art are as follows: no break-through progress has been made to create seedless sweet persimmon germplasm and provide production applications (Tang Xianying, study of seedless or less mechanisms and seedless type cultivation, 2001), and there is essentially no possibility of application in production.
However, the inventor of the application analyzes that the feasibility exists in production, and cross pollination is isolated by blocking media insects, so that the formation of fruit seeds is avoided. The related reports are not yet queried after searching in the Chinese awareness network, the world wide web site and the 360-degree web site. In particular, how to reduce the seeds of sweet persimmon fruits in the Rota is difficult to find in the database and the website.
The difficulty of solving the problems and the defects is as follows: (1) Under natural conditions, how to effectively prevent media insects from entering and exiting the tree body and the corolla of female flowers, so as to avoid cross pollination; (2) How to prevent insects from entering the canopy of the traditional tall persimmon tree; (3) Under the condition of cross pollination by isolating media insects, how to maintain or further improve the fruit setting rate of the sweet persimmon in the field and improve the field biological yield; (4) How to improve the fruit quality of the sweet persimmon by strengthening fertilizer and water management, so that the reduction of purchasing will of consumers caused by the reduction of the fruit quality is avoided, and the market competitiveness is enhanced.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems existing in the prior art, the invention provides a method for reducing the seeds of sweet persimmon fruits in the Rota and improving the fruit setting rate at the same time and application thereof, and aims to solve part of the problems in the prior art or at least relieve part of the problems in the prior art.
The invention discloses a method for reducing seeds of sweet persimmon fruits in a Rota and improving fruit setting rate, which comprises the following steps:
s1: covering a nylon net on the sweet persimmon tree or covering a non-woven fabric bag on the female flower buds which are not yet opened before the female flower calyx of the sweet persimmon in the rofield is exposed; after the female flowers are opened and the flowers are removed, releasing the nylon net or the non-woven fabric bag;
s2: when female flowers are half opened, girdling the trunk until the trunk reaches the cambium, wherein the girdling width is 0.3 cm-0.5 cm; continuously girdling for 2 times at intervals of 1.0 cm-1.5 cm; rapidly dipping and peeling mouth by using a phthalein cyclohexanedione suspending agent, and then binding by using a plastic strip;
s3: thinning fruits when physiological fruit dropping is about to end;
s4: respectively injecting fertilizer into soil at the root of a persimmon tree in the last ten days of 8 months and 9 months, and dissolving nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer into the fertilizer solution; and simultaneously carrying out foliar fertilization.
Further, before bagging or covering nylon net, the sweet persimmon in the rotian is subjected to bud thinning; if 3-4 fruiting branches are extracted from the fruiting parent branch, only 2 fruiting branches at the top of the fruiting parent branch are reserved, 3 buds at the stem part of each fruiting branch are reserved, and all the rest buds and the buds on other fruiting branches are removed; if more than 5 fruiting branches are extracted from the fruiting parent branch, the first 3 fruiting branches are reserved, 3 buds with the stem upward are reserved in each fruiting branch, and the rest of the buds are thinned. Early bud thinning and easy pinching of flower stalks with fingers; if too late, the flower stalks are lignified, and fruit thinning and shearing are needed. After female flowers of the whole tree are opened and flowers are withered (the valve withers), the non-woven fabric fruit bag is immediately removed.
Further, covering the small-crown sweet persimmon tree with a nylon net; for large-crown sweet persimmon, a non-woven fabric bag is sleeved on the female flower buds which are not yet opened.
Further, small crown width refers to crown diameter below 2.5m and tree height below 3.0 m; large crown width means crown diameter greater than 2.5m and tree height higher than 3.0m.
The small-crown sweet persimmon tree is covered by a white nylon net, the nylon net is formed by drawing and braiding high-strength polyethylene, the specification is white and 60 meshes, the aperture size is 0.25mm, the wire diameter is 0.20mm, the void ratio is 52.48%, and the windage coefficient is 0.77. The nylon net is sewn into a rectangular bag which can be closed according to the size of the persimmon crown, and a nylon rope for closing is sewn at the bag opening. After the mesh bag is sleeved on the crown, the mesh bag is tied on a trunk which is about 20cm away from the ground by using a nylon rope at the opening of the mesh bag and is used for isolating soil and attachments on the ground, so that the crown forms a relatively independent closed environment and pollinated insects are isolated from entering. After the female flowers of the whole tree are opened and the flowers are withered (the valve withers), the nylon net is immediately released, and the period is positive before the nodes are full.
For the large-crown sweet persimmon tree, in order to save cost and facilitate operation, the female flower buds which are not yet opened are bagged. The female buds of the sweet persimmon trees with small crowns can also be subjected to bagging treatment without covering the crowns. A white non-woven fabric pouch is used, the specification is 7.5cm multiplied by 10.5cm, three sides are sealed, and only one side of the pouch mouth is left unsealed; the bag mouth is attached with a binding wire for binding and sealing. The female flowers with the exposed calyx are sleeved into a non-woven fabric bag, the bag opening is tied on fruit branches, and the bag opening is tied tightly by iron wires so as to prevent pollinated insects from entering and exiting. The non-woven bag is effectively isolated, so that insects cannot enter the bag, and the bag is soft in texture, is convenient to tie firmly on fruiting branches, and does not leave gaps.
Further, in step S3, the specific operations of thinning fruits are: thinning off dysplastic small fruits, sepal injured fruits and malformed fruits, thinning off fruits growing upwards, and thinning off insect fruits; selecting and reserving side fruits or side lower fruits which are not easy to be directly irradiated by sunlight, wherein the side fruits or side lower fruits are big, dark green, high in fruit shape and symmetrical, and the young fruits are big in sepals and regular in shape and are not injured.
Further, the nylon mesh number was 60 mesh.
Further, 0.5% phthalocyclohexanedione suspending agent 150mg/kg.
In order to improve the fruit setting rate of the sweet persimmon covered with the nylon net (sleeved with the non-woven bag) and enhance the parthenocarpy capability of the sweet persimmon, the trunk is girdled in the full bloom period (half of female flowers are opened). Girdling the trunk near the lower part of the tying nylon rope (20 cm away from the ground for bagging the sweet persimmon tree) until the depth of the cambium is reached, wherein the width of the girdling opening is 0.3 cm-0.5 cm; continuously girdling for 2 times at intervals of 1.0 cm-1.5 cm; 150mg/kg of 0.5% phthalocyclohexanedione suspending agent is used for rapidly dipping and peeling, and then a plastic strip is used for binding, so that the peeling humidity is kept, and the healing is promoted.
Further, in the step S4, 0.55kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 0.25kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 0.50kg of potassium oxide are dissolved in the fertilizer liquid.
In order to improve the fruit quality of the sweet persimmon, injection fertilization is carried out for 2 times in the last ten days of 8 months and the last ten days of 9 months, 10L of fertilizer liquid is applied to each plant, 0.55kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 0.25kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 0.50kg of potassium oxide are dissolved in the fertilizer liquid, and the depth of a fertilization gun is 20-30 cm. The liquid fertilizer gun is directly injected into the persimmon tree root soil at high pressure through the water spray holes on the gun head by means of a sprayer, a pesticide spraying machine and other pressure systems, and particularly the problem that fertilizer in drought soil in summer and autumn can not be dissolved can be well solved.
Further, in the step S4, the concentration of the nitrogen fertilizer is 0.3-0.5% during foliar fertilization; 0.2 to 1.5 percent of phosphorus fertilizer, 0.5 to 1.0 percent of potassium fertilizer and 0.02 percent of trace element fertilizer.
And (3) foliar fertilization is carried out, so that the nutrition level of the tree body is improved. The foliar fertilization is mainly carried out by spraying She Beimian, because the fertilizer liquid mainly enters mesophyll cells through air holes, and the air holes of the leaves are on the back of the leaves. In order to save labor and time, the fertilizer is mixed and sprayed with various fertilizers or mixed and sprayed with pesticides and growth regulators, and the materials are fully and uniformly mixed. The fertilizer with neutral aqueous solution such as urea can be mixed and sprayed with almost all pesticides, and the fertilizer with acidic aqueous solution such as ammonium sulfate, superphosphate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and the like can be mixed and sprayed with pesticides except alkaline pesticides (such as Boerdosol and the like), and the fertilizer with ferrous sulfate and the like which are easily fixed by calcein is not suitable to be mixed and sprayed with Boerdosol. The foliar fertilization generally has better effect of high-concentration fertilizer liquid than low-concentration fertilizer liquid, but the concentration is too high to easily produce fertilizer damage, and the effect is not good if the concentration is too low. For persimmon trees, the concentration of the nitrogen (urea) fertilizer is 0.3% -0.5%; the phosphorus fertilizer (calcium superphosphate, monopotassium phosphate and ammonium phosphate) is 0.2-1.5%, the potassium fertilizer (potassium sulfate and potassium phosphate) is 0.5-1.0%, and the trace element fertilizer use concentration is 0.02%. Each fertilizer is sprayed for 2-3 times every year, and each time is 7-10 days.
The most suitable spraying time of the foliar fertilization is before 10 am and after 4 pm; before and after the noon, the air temperature is high, the sunlight is strong, and the fertilizer liquid is quickly evaporated and dried after being sprayed, so that the fertilizer liquid is difficult to enter the leaves, and the fertilizer efficiency is greatly reduced. The spraying can be carried out all over the day in the cloudy day, and the spraying should be carried out when meeting rain within one day after the spraying.
In order to improve the fertilizer efficiency, especially the fertilizer use effect during mixed spraying, proper amount of a neutral detergent or a detergent or other spreading agent is preferably added, so that the surface tension of the fertilizer liquid is reduced, and the contact area with the blades is increased; a small amount of adhesive such as skin glue can also be added. The concentration of the spreading agent and the adhesive is 2000-3000 times of the liquid.
Further, the sweet persimmon She Guobi in the Rofield is kept to be 20:1, 2-3 long fruiting branches with more than 30cm leave single fruits per branch, 1-2 medium fruiting branches with less than 30cm leave fruits, and small branches with less than 5 leaves leave no fruits, and the main branches and the extension branches of the side branches do not leave fruits, so that the growth of the main branches and the side branches is promoted.
In summary, the invention has the advantages and positive effects that: the method for reducing the number of the fruits and the seeds of the sweet persimmon in the Rota is created, the fruit setting rate and the fruit quality of the sweet persimmon in the Rota are improved, and meanwhile, the field yield and the planting economic benefit of the sweet persimmon in the Rota are remarkably improved.
(1) The sweet persimmon in the Rotian reaches the standard of seedless fruits, the average single plant yield is 35.8kg, and the yield is increased by 26.06% compared with the conventional management, so that the extremely remarkable difference is achieved; the field yield per mu is 3010kg, which is increased by 32.60% compared with the conventional management, and the difference is very remarkable. The average selling price of the produced sweet persimmon in the Rota is 13.0 yuan/kg because the fruits are seedless, and is 62.50 percent higher than that of the sweet persimmon with seeds produced by conventional management; the yield per mu reaches 3.91 ten thousand yuan, which is 2.15 times of the conventional management, and the difference is very obvious; the pure profit per mu is 3.01 ten thousand yuan, which is 2.47 times of the pure profit of the conventional management, and the difference is very obvious.
(2) After the technology is applied, the average seed number of each fruit is only 0.21 after the crown is covered by the nylon net with 60 meshes and the fruit is sleeved with the non-woven fabric bag, and the seed number of each fruit is only 4.76 percent and 4.54 percent of the seed number of the fruit under natural conditions, so that the seedless fruit is realized.
(3) The girdling and inhibitor treatment of the invention obviously improves the flower fruit setting rate of the sweet persimmon in the rotian, the female flower fruit setting rate is 54.22% 20 days after girdling, and is 18.46% higher than the natural fruit setting rate; 50 days after girdling, the fruit setting rate of flowers is 51.31 percent, which is 19.00 percent higher than the natural fruit setting rate.
(4) After the method is comprehensively applied, the average seed number of each fruit of the sweet persimmon in the Rofield is only 0.18, and the sweet persimmon accounts for 3.96 of the conventional management; the fruit seeds are very few, and the requirement of seedless fruits is met. The fruits are sweet, crisp and palatable, the flavor is rich, the quality of single fruits is 161.2g, and the quality is improved by 0.09% compared with the conventional management; the content of the soluble solid in the pulp is 20.2 percent, which is improved by 4.12 percent compared with the conventional management, and the Vc content of the pulp and the peel hardness of the pulp have no obvious difference.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the seed numbers of sweet persimmon fruits treated in different ways;
FIG. 2 shows fruit setting rates of sweet persimmon in different treatments.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following examples, in which the apparatus and reagents used in the respective examples and test examples are commercially available unless otherwise specified. The specific embodiments described herein are to be considered in an illustrative sense only and are not intended to limit the invention.
Various modifications to the precise description of the invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the information contained herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims. It is to be understood that the scope of the invention is not limited to the defined processes, properties or components, as these embodiments, as well as other descriptions, are merely illustrative of specific aspects of the invention. Indeed, various modifications of the embodiments of the invention which are obvious to those skilled in the art or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.
For a better understanding of the present invention, and not to limit its scope, all numbers expressing quantities, percentages, and other values used in the present application are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about". Accordingly, unless indicated otherwise, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained. Each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. In the present invention, "about" means within 10%, preferably within 5% of a given value or range.
In the following examples of the present invention, the temperature is not particularly limited, but is a normal temperature condition. The normal temperature is natural room temperature in four seasons, and is generally controlled at 10-30 ℃, preferably 15-25 ℃ without additional cooling or heating treatment.
The invention discloses a method for reducing seeds of sweet persimmon fruits in a Rota and improving fruit setting rate and application thereof. The invention mainly comprises the following aspects: (1) Providing a production auxiliary facility for isolating pollinating insects from entering a tree body, thereby avoiding cross pollination and reducing the formation of fruit seeds; (2) Providing a fruit bag which can prevent pollinating insects from entering the corolla of the female flowers of sweet persimmon in the Rota, thereby preventing cross pollination and preventing the formation of fruit seeds; (3) In cultivation, the bud and fruit thinning, reasonable loading and scientific fertilization are adopted to improve the nutrition level of the tree body, and a material foundation is laid for improving the quality of the fruits; (4) By the comprehensive application of the method, the fruit setting rate and the fruit quality are improved, the formation of fruit seeds is reduced, the commodity quality character is improved, the market competitiveness of the product is improved, and the industrial economic benefit is improved on the premise that cross pollination is not carried out on the sweet persimmon in the Rofield.
The technical scheme of the invention will be clearly and completely described in the following in connection with the embodiments of the invention.
Example 1: reducing the number of seeds of sweet persimmon in Luotai and improving fruit setting rate
(1) Effect of different treatments on reducing the number of seeds of sweet persimmon in Rota
The test was carried out on a sweet persimmon production base of Tian pharmaceutical industry Co., ltd. The sweet persimmon in the Rofield grows for 6 years, is a sweet persimmon major line 'Qiu Gongyu', the stock is monarch, the planting row spacing is 3.0cm multiplied by 4.0cm, the soil is hemp bone soil formed by gneiss, and other cultivation measures are the same as the conventional one except the technical measures of the invention.
Before the female flower calyx of the sweet persimmon in the Rota is exposed, a small crown-width sweet persimmon tree (the crown diameter is smaller than 2.5m, the tree height is smaller than 3.0 m) is covered by a white nylon net, the nylon net is formed by drawing and braiding high-strength polyethylene, the specifications of the nylon net are white 40, 60 and 80 meshes, the pore size is 0.25mm, the line diameter is 0.20mm, the void ratio is 52.48%, and the windage coefficient is 0.77. The nylon net is sewn into a rectangular bag which can be closed according to the size of the persimmon crown, and a nylon rope for closing is sewn at the bag opening. After the mesh bag is sleeved on the crown, the mesh bag is tied on a trunk which is about 20cm away from the ground by using a nylon rope at the opening of the mesh bag and is used for isolating soil and attachments on the ground, so that the crown forms a relatively independent closed environment and pollinated insects are isolated from entering. After the female flowers of the whole tree are opened and the flowers are withered (the valve withers), the nylon net is immediately released, and the period is positive before the nodes are full.
For large-crown sweet persimmon trees (the crown diameter is larger than 2.5m and the tree height is higher than 3.0 m), in order to save cost and facilitate operation, female buds which are not yet opened are bagged. A white non-woven fabric pouch is used, the specification is 7.5cm multiplied by 10.5cm, three sides are sealed, and only one side of the pouch mouth is left unsealed; the bag mouth is attached with a binding wire for binding and sealing. The female flowers with the exposed calyx are sleeved into a non-woven fabric bag, the bag opening is tied on fruit branches, and the bag opening is tied tightly by iron wires so as to prevent pollinated insects from entering and exiting. The non-woven bag is effectively isolated, so that insects cannot enter the bag, and the bag is soft in texture, is convenient to tie firmly on fruiting branches, and does not leave gaps.
Before the female flowers of the sweet persimmon are sleeved with the non-woven fabric bag, the buds are thinned, and the bagging efficiency is improved. When 3-4 fruiting branches are extracted from the fruiting parent branch, only 2 fruiting branches at the top of the fruiting parent branch are reserved, each fruiting branch is reserved with 3 buds at the stem upwards, and all the rest buds and the buds on other fruiting branches are removed and reserved as preparation branches; if more than 5 fruiting branches are extracted from the fruiting parent branch, the first 3 fruiting branches are reserved, 3 buds with the stem upward are reserved in each fruiting branch, and the rest of the buds are thinned. Early bud thinning and easy pinching of flower stalks with fingers; if too late, the flower stalks are lignified, and fruit thinning and shearing are needed. After female flowers of the whole tree are opened and flowers are withered (the valve withers), the non-woven fabric fruit bag is immediately removed.
According to the analysis of the attached figure 1, 3 treatments of covering crowns and fruit sleeve non-woven bags with nylon meshes of 60 meshes and 80 meshes respectively show that the average seed number of each fruit is 0.22, 0.20 and 0.20, which indicates that 3 treatments effectively isolate media insects from entering, cross pollination is avoided, and therefore parthenocarpy of the sweet persimmon in the Rota is realized. In theory, parthenocarpic fruits should be seedless, but the results of the present test indicate that the average seed number per sweet persimmon fruit after treatment is 0.21, although it can be said that the fruit is seedless (less than 1.0 seed per fruit seed), there are still 1 seed per minute of fruit, and the mechanism of seed formation is not yet clear. The average number of seeds of each fruit is 2.16 after the 40-mesh nylon net covering crown treatment, which shows that although the entrance of main pollination insects and bees is effectively prevented, small insects of individuals can still enter the tree body, so that cross pollination of the sweet persimmon in the Rota is realized, and a small number of seeds are formed in the fruits.
The test result of the invention shows that the average seed number of each fruit of 3 treatments of the nylon net covered tree crowns and the fruit covered non-woven fabric bags with 60 meshes and 80 meshes is only 0.22, 0.20 and 0.20 respectively, which account for 4.99 percent, 4.54 percent and 4.54 percent of the seed number of the fruit treated by the control treatment, the cost is increased due to the increase of the nylon net meshes, the windage coefficient with 80 meshes is higher than 60 meshes, and a greenhouse effect similar to film coverage is formed, so that the temperature in the crown layer is increased, and the fruit setting rate of flowers is reduced. Therefore, the production of covering the tree body with a 60-mesh nylon net or bagging treatment with a non-woven bag is suggested, so that the formation of the seeds of the sweet persimmon fruits in the Luotai can be effectively reduced.
(2) Effect of girdling+inhibitor treatment on fruit setting rate of sweet persimmon in Rota
In order to improve the fruit setting rate of the sweet persimmon covered with the nylon net (sleeved with the non-woven bag) and enhance the parthenocarpy capability of the sweet persimmon, the trunk is girdled in the full bloom period (half of female flowers are opened). Girdling the trunk near the lower part of the tying nylon rope (20 cm away from the ground for bagging the sweet persimmon tree) until the depth of the cambium is reached, wherein the width of the girdling opening is 0.3 cm-0.5 cm; continuously girdling for 2 times at intervals of 1.0 cm-1.5 cm; 150mg/kg (0.5% suspension concentrate, sibao Biotech (Shanghai)) of phthalein-based cyclohexanedione suspension is used to quickly dip the peeling mouth, then the peeling mouth is wrapped with plastic strips, the humidity of the peeling mouth is maintained, and healing is promoted.
Thinning fruits, namely thinning dysplastic small fruits, sepal injured fruits and malformed fruits, thinning fruits growing upwards (easy to be sunburn) and thinning insect fruits when physiological fruit dropping is about to be finished in late 6 months; and selecting and reserving side fruits or side lower fruits which are not easy to be directly irradiated by sunlight, wherein the fruits are large, dark green, high in shape and symmetrical, and are large in sepals and healthy and are not injured, and the fruits are easiest to develop into large fruits. The fruit stalks are lignified during thinning, and must be cut with thinning scissors. The ratio of the sweet persimmon She Guobi in the Rofield is kept at 20:1, 2-3 fruits are reserved in each long fruiting branch of more than 30cm, 1-2 fruits are reserved in middle fruiting branches of less than 30cm, no fruits are reserved in small branches of less than 5 leaves, and no fruits are reserved in the extension branches of the main branches and the side branches so as to promote the growth of the main branches and the side branches.
The girdle only, as well as the control group of girdle free and inhibitor treated experiments were performed in the same batch.
According to the analysis of figure 2, the flower fruit setting rate of the sweet persimmon in the Rota is remarkably improved after the girdling and inhibitor treatment, and a foundation is laid for maintaining higher field biological yield. Investigation is carried out on 25 days of 5 months, the fruit setting rate of female flowers treated by the girdling and the inhibitor is 54.22 percent, which is 18.46 percent higher than that of the female flowers treated by the control; for a 6 month 25 day survey, the girdling + inhibitor treated flowers had a fruit setting rate of 51.31%, 19.00 percent higher than the control treatment. The simple girdling treatment has smaller difference in action effect compared with the control.
Example 2: comprehensive application of method for reducing seeds of persimmon fruits and improving field yield
The test was carried out on the production base of sweet persimmon in village, new African district, wuhan City, hubei province. The sweet persimmon in the Rotian is a major line Qiu Ji, the stock is Jun-qian, the planting row spacing is 2.0cm multiplied by 4.0cm, the soil is yellow soil, and other cultivation measures are the same as the conventional one except the technical measures of the invention.
And before bagging or covering a polyethylene net, the sweet persimmon in the Rota is subjected to bud thinning, so that the bagging efficiency is improved. When 3-4 fruiting branches are extracted from the fruiting parent branch, only 2 fruiting branches at the top of the fruiting parent branch are reserved, each fruiting branch is reserved with 3 buds at the stem upwards, and all the rest buds and the buds on other fruiting branches are removed and reserved as preparation branches; if more than 5 fruiting branches are extracted from the fruiting parent branch, the first 3 fruiting branches are reserved, 3 buds with the stem upward are reserved in each fruiting branch, and the rest of the buds are thinned. Early bud thinning and easy pinching of flower stalks with fingers; if too late, the flower stalks are lignified, and fruit thinning and shearing are needed.
The small-crown sweet persimmon tree (crown diameter is smaller than 2.5m, tree height is lower than 3.0 m) is covered by a white nylon net, and before female flower calyx is exposed, the nylon net is formed by drawing and braiding high-strength polyethylene, and has a specification of white 60 meshes, a pore size of 0.25mm, a line diameter of 0.20mm, a void ratio of 52.48% and a wind resistance coefficient of 0.77. The nylon net is sewn into a rectangular bag which can be closed according to the size of the persimmon crown, and a nylon rope for closing is sewn at the bag opening. After the mesh bag is sleeved on the crown, the mesh bag is tied on a trunk which is about 20cm away from the ground by using a nylon rope at the opening of the mesh bag and is used for isolating soil and attachments on the ground, so that the crown forms a relatively independent closed environment and pollinated insects are isolated from entering. After the female flowers of the whole tree are opened and the flowers are withered (the valve withers), the nylon net is immediately released, and the period is positive before the nodes are full.
For large-crown sweet persimmon trees (the crown diameter is larger than 2.5m and the tree height is higher than 3.0 m), in order to save cost and facilitate operation, female buds which are not yet opened are bagged. A white non-woven fabric pouch is used, the specification is 7.5cm multiplied by 10.5cm, three sides are sealed, and only one side of the pouch mouth is left unsealed; the bag mouth is attached with a binding wire for binding and sealing. The female flowers with the exposed calyx are sleeved into a non-woven fabric bag, the bag opening is tied on fruit branches, and the bag opening is tied tightly by iron wires so as to prevent pollinated insects from entering and exiting. The non-woven bag is effectively isolated, so that insects cannot enter the bag, and the bag is soft in texture, is convenient to tie firmly on fruiting branches, and does not leave gaps. Immediately releasing the non-woven bag after the female flowers of the whole tree are opened and the flowers are removed
In order to improve the fruit setting rate of the sweet persimmon covered with the nylon net (sleeved with the non-woven bag) and enhance the parthenocarpy capability of the sweet persimmon, the trunk is girdled in the full bloom period (half of female flowers are opened). Around the lower part of the tying nylon rope, girdling the trunk of the bagging sweet persimmon tree at a position 20cm away from the ground until the depth of the cambium is reached, and the width of the girdling opening is 0.3 cm-0.5 cm; continuously girdling for 2 times at intervals of 1.0 cm-1.5 cm; 150mg/kg of 0.5% phthalocyclohexanedione suspending agent is used for rapidly dipping and peeling, and then a plastic strip is used for wrapping so as to keep the peeling humidity and promote healing.
Thinning fruits, namely thinning dysplastic small fruits, sepal injured fruits and malformed fruits, thinning fruits growing upwards (easy to be sunburn) and thinning insect fruits when physiological fruit dropping is about to be finished in late 6 months; and selecting and reserving side fruits or side lower fruits which are not easy to be directly irradiated by sunlight, wherein the fruits are large, dark green, high in shape and symmetrical, and are large in sepals and healthy and are not injured, and the fruits are easiest to develop into large fruits. The fruit stalks are lignified during thinning, and must be cut with thinning scissors. After thinning, the ratio of the sweet persimmon She Guobi to the fruit is maintained to be 20:1, more than 30cm long fruit branches are reserved with 2-3 single fruits per branch, less than 30cm medium-length fruit branches are reserved with 1-2 fruits, less than 5 leaves are not reserved with small branches, and the fruit is not reserved with the extension branches of the main branch and the side branches so as to promote the growth of the main branch and the side branches.
In order to improve the fruit quality of the sweet persimmon, injection fertilization is carried out for 2 times in the last ten days of 8 months and the last ten days of 9 months, 10L of fertilizer liquid is applied to each plant, 0.55kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 0.25kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 0.50kg of potassium oxide are dissolved in the fertilizer liquid, and the depth of a fertilization gun is 20-30 cm. The liquid fertilizer gun is directly injected into the persimmon tree root soil at high pressure through the water spray holes on the gun head by means of a sprayer, a pesticide spraying machine and other pressure systems, and particularly the problem that fertilizer in drought soil in summer and autumn can not be dissolved can be well solved. And meanwhile, foliar fertilization is carried out, and She Beimian is sprayed on the important points, because the fertilizer liquid mainly enters mesophyll cells through air holes, and the air holes of the leaves are arranged on the back of the leaves. In order to save labor and time, the fertilizer is mixed and sprayed with various fertilizers or mixed and sprayed with pesticides and growth regulators, and the materials are fully and uniformly mixed. The fertilizer with neutral aqueous solution such as urea can be mixed and sprayed with almost all pesticides, and the fertilizer with acidic aqueous solution such as ammonium sulfate, superphosphate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and the like can be mixed and sprayed with pesticides except alkaline pesticides (such as Boerdosol and the like), and the fertilizer with ferrous sulfate and the like which are easily fixed by calcein is not suitable to be mixed and sprayed with Boerdosol. The foliar fertilization generally has better effect of high-concentration fertilizer liquid than low-concentration fertilizer liquid, but the concentration is too high to easily produce fertilizer damage, and the effect is not good if the concentration is too low. For persimmon trees, the concentration of the nitrogen (urea) fertilizer is 0.3% -0.5%; the phosphorus fertilizer (calcium superphosphate, monopotassium phosphate and ammonium phosphate) is 0.2-1.5%, the potassium fertilizer (potassium sulfate and potassium phosphate) is 0.5-1.0%, and the trace element fertilizer use concentration is 0.02%. Each fertilizer is sprayed for 2-3 times every year, and each time is 7-10 days.
The most suitable spraying time of the foliar fertilization is before 10 am and after 4 pm; before and after the noon, the air temperature is high, the sunlight is strong, and the fertilizer liquid is quickly evaporated and dried after being sprayed, so that the fertilizer liquid is difficult to enter the leaves, and the fertilizer efficiency is greatly reduced. The spraying can be carried out all over the day in the cloudy day, and the spraying should be carried out when meeting rain within one day after the spraying. In order to improve the fertilizer efficiency, especially the fertilizer use effect during mixed spraying, proper amount of a neutral detergent or a detergent or other spreading agent is preferably added, so that the surface tension of the fertilizer liquid is reduced, and the contact area with the blades is increased; a small amount of adhesive such as skin glue can also be added. The concentration of the spreading agent and the adhesive is 2000-3000 times of the liquid.
The same batch of CK group test is carried out (CK group cultivation management measures are the same as the conventional method, fruits are not covered with non-woven fabric bags, or tree crowns are covered with non-woven fabric nets, girdling is not carried out, and growth inhibitors are smeared, topdressing is carried out 2 times in the last ten days of 8 months and the last ten days of 9 months, furrows with the width and the depth of 10cm-15cm are dug, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied to each plant for 0.25kg, and clear water is sprayed when foliar fertilization is carried out, so that flower thinning and fruit thinning are not carried out) to be used as a comparison. The CK group is different from the experimental group in the present invention in that: does not need girdling and inhibitor treatment, is conventionally fertilized, and does not lead to thinning.
By analysis of Table 1, after the method is comprehensively applied, the average seed number of each fruit of the sweet persimmon in the Rota is only 0.18, which is 3.96 of the conventional management, and the seeds of the fruit are very few, so that the method meets the requirement of seedless fruits. The fruits are sweet, crisp and palatable, the flavor is rich, the quality of single fruits is 161.2g, and the quality is improved by 0.09% compared with the conventional management; the content of the soluble solid in the pulp is 20.2 percent, which is improved by 4.12 percent compared with the conventional management, and the Vc content of the pulp and the peel hardness of the pulp have no obvious difference.
TABLE 1 Effect of different treatments on the quality of sweet persimmon fruits
Analysis from Table 2 shows that the yield of the single plant is 35.8kg, which is increased by 26.06% compared with the conventional management, so that extremely remarkable difference is achieved; the field yield per mu is 3010kg, which is increased by 32.60% compared with the conventional management, and the difference is very remarkable. The average selling price of the produced sweet persimmon in the Rota is 13.0 yuan/kg because the fruits are seedless, and is 62.50 percent higher than that of the sweet persimmon with seeds produced by conventional management; the yield per mu reaches 3.91 ten thousand yuan, which is 2.15 times of the conventional management, and the difference is very obvious; the pure profit per mu is 3.01 ten thousand yuan, which is 2.47 times of the pure profit of the traditional method, and the difference is very obvious.
TABLE 2 field yield and economic benefits of different treatments
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to be limiting, but rather is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and principles of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for reducing seeds of sweet persimmon fruits in a rotian and improving fruit setting rate at the same time, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: covering a nylon net on the sweet persimmon tree or covering a non-woven fabric bag on the female flower buds which are not yet opened before the female flower calyx of the sweet persimmon in the rofield is exposed; after the female flowers are opened and the flowers are removed, releasing the nylon net or the non-woven fabric bag;
s2: when female flowers are half opened, girdling the trunk until the trunk reaches the cambium, wherein the girdling width is 0.3 cm-0.5 cm; continuously girdling for 2 times at intervals of 1.0 cm-1.5 cm; rapidly dipping and peeling mouth by using a phthalein cyclohexanedione suspending agent, and then binding by using a plastic strip;
s3: thinning fruits when physiological fruit dropping is about to end;
s4: respectively injecting fertilizer into soil at the root of a persimmon tree in the last ten days of 8 months and 9 months, and dissolving nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer into the fertilizer solution; and simultaneously carrying out foliar fertilization.
2. The method for reducing seeds of sweet persimmon in a rotian and improving fruit setting rate according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the sweet persimmon in the rotian is put in a bag or is covered with a nylon net before the bud is thinned; if 3-4 fruiting branches are extracted from the fruiting parent branch, only 2 fruiting branches at the top of the fruiting parent branch are reserved, 3 buds at the stem part of each fruiting branch are reserved, and all the rest buds and the buds on other fruiting branches are removed; if more than 5 fruiting branches are extracted from the fruiting parent branch, the first 3 fruiting branches are reserved, 3 buds with the stem upward are reserved in each fruiting branch, and the rest of the buds are thinned.
3. The method for reducing seeds of sweet persimmon in a rotian and improving fruit setting rate according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: covering a nylon net on the small-crown sweet persimmon tree; for large-crown sweet persimmon, a non-woven fabric bag is sleeved on the female flower buds which are not yet opened.
4. A method for reducing seeds of sweet persimmon fruits in the rotian while increasing fruit setting rate according to claim 3, wherein: small crown width means crown diameter below 2.5m and tree height below 3.0 m; large crown width means crown diameter greater than 2.5m and tree height higher than 3.0m.
5. The method for reducing seeds of sweet persimmon in a rotian and improving fruit setting rate according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in step S3, the specific operations of thinning fruits are as follows: thinning off dysplastic small fruits, sepal injured fruits and malformed fruits, thinning off fruits growing upwards, and thinning off insect fruits; selecting and reserving side fruits or side lower fruits which are not easy to be directly irradiated by sunlight, wherein the side fruits or side lower fruits are big, dark green, high in fruit shape and symmetrical, and the young fruits are big in sepals and regular in shape and are not injured.
6. The method for reducing seeds of sweet persimmon in a rotian and improving fruit setting rate according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the nylon mesh number is 60 mesh.
7. The method for reducing seeds of sweet persimmon in a rotian and improving fruit setting rate according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the concentration of the phthalocyclohexanedione suspending agent is 150mg/kg.
8. The method for reducing seeds of sweet persimmon in a rotian and improving fruit setting rate according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step S4, 0.55kg of nitrogenous fertilizer, 0.25kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 0.50kg of potassium oxide are dissolved in the fertilizer liquid.
9. The method for reducing seeds of sweet persimmon in a rotian and improving fruit setting rate according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step S4, the concentration of the nitrogen fertilizer is 0.3-0.5% during foliar fertilization; 0.2 to 1.5 percent of phosphorus fertilizer, 0.5 to 1.0 percent of potassium fertilizer and 0.02 percent of trace element fertilizer.
10. Use of a method for reducing seeds of the sweet persimmon fruit in the rotian while improving fruit setting rate as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9 in cultivation of the sweet persimmon fruit in the rotian.
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