CN108567071B - Feed for improving growth performance of mutton sheep and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Feed for improving growth performance of mutton sheep and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN108567071B CN108567071B CN201810464887.8A CN201810464887A CN108567071B CN 108567071 B CN108567071 B CN 108567071B CN 201810464887 A CN201810464887 A CN 201810464887A CN 108567071 B CN108567071 B CN 108567071B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/33—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from molasses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/22—Compounds of alkali metals
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Abstract
The invention provides a feed for improving growth performance of mutton sheep and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of livestock feed, wherein the feed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-20 parts of quinoa straw, 4-12 parts of corn straw, 50-55 parts of corn, 4-6 parts of molasses, 4-8 parts of soybean meal, 1-2 parts of rapeseed meal and 10-12 parts of concentrated material. The preparation method comprises pulverizing the above raw materials, mixing, and granulating to obtain granulated feed. The feed provided by the invention comprises chenopodium quinoa straws which are rich in various nutrient substances and hard in texture, and after the mutton sheep eats the feed, the rumen development is promoted, the frequency of rumination of the mutton sheep is increased, and the nutrient digestibility can be effectively improved. The feed is used for feeding mutton sheep, and has the advantages of fast weight gain, high feed intake and low feed-weight ratio.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of livestock feed, and particularly relates to feed for improving the growth performance of mutton sheep and a preparation method thereof.
Background
With the improvement of the living standard and the change of consumption concept of residents in China, mutton is more and more favored by consumers and gradually changed into a consumption product for the whole year and the whole people, and the requirement of mutton is continuously increased. China is the biggest mutton consumer nationality in the world, the per-capita consumption exceeds 3kg, and the mutton consumption accounts for 5 percent of the whole meat consumption proportion. Mutton yield, sheep stock and sheep slaughter quantity all live at the top of the world in China, however, about 5 ten thousand tons of mutton need to be imported in China every year to meet the mutton requirement of domestic market. Therefore, the production of mutton in China is improved at any level and far.
The feed is a material basis for mutton sheep breeding, and the production quantity, the product quality and the economic effect of mutton sheep depend on the progress of feed technology and the popularization and application of new technology to a great extent. The coarse feed is an important component of the mutton sheep feed, the quality of the coarse feed determines the actual using effect of the feed to a great extent, the high-quality coarse feed resource for mutton sheep breeding is still relatively lack at present, and the problems of slow weight gain and high feed-weight ratio of the fed mutton sheep generally exist in the existing mutton sheep coarse feed. The quinoa straw is rich in various nutrient substances, hard in texture, and capable of promoting rumen development after being eaten by mutton sheep, increasing the rumination times of the mutton sheep and effectively improving nutrient digestibility.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide the feed for improving the growth performance of the mutton sheep, which has the advantages of fast weight increment of the mutton sheep and high daily feed intake, and the preparation method thereof.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: the feed for improving the growth performance of the mutton sheep comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-20 parts of quinoa straw, 4-12 parts of corn straw, 50-55 parts of corn, 4-6 parts of molasses, 4-8 parts of soybean meal, 1-2 parts of rapeseed meal and 10-12 parts of concentrated material.
Preferably, the feed additive is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 16 parts of quinoa straw, 8 parts of corn straw, 52.7 parts of corn, 5 parts of molasses, 6 parts of soybean meal, 1.4 parts of rapeseed meal and 10.9 parts of concentrated material.
Preferably, the chenopodium quinoa straws are dry chenopodium quinoa straw powder, and the mesh number of the dry chenopodium quinoa straw powder is 15-20 meshes.
Preferably, the concentrated material comprises 15-25 parts of cottonseed meal, 5-15 parts of baking soda, 15-25 parts of malt roots, 5-15 parts of corn protein powder, 15-25 parts of wheat middling, 3-8 parts of salt, 5-15 parts of stone powder and 3-8 parts of premix.
Preferably, the weight percentage content of the baking soda in the feed is 0.8-1.2%.
Preferably, the mass percentage of the salt in the feed is 0.4-0.6%.
Preferably, the digestion energy of the feed is 10.0-14.0 MJ/kg;
the crude protein of the feed is 15.0-17.0%.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the feed, which comprises the steps of crushing the raw materials, mixing the raw materials, and pressing the raw materials into granulated feed by adopting a granulation method.
Preferably, the granulating temperature is 68-75 ℃.
Preferably, the diameter of the pellet feed is 5-7 mm, and the length of the pellet feed is 10-15 mm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the feed for improving the growth performance of the mutton sheep comprises 10-20 parts of quinoa straws, 4-12 parts of corn straws, 50-55 parts of corn, 4-6 parts of molasses, 4-8 parts of soybean meal, 1-2 parts of rapeseed meal and 10-12 parts of concentrated materials. The chenopodium quinoa straw is a byproduct of chenopodium quinoa planting, is rich in various nutrient substances, has the crude protein content equivalent to that of corn straw, and is an available unconventional coarse feed resource; the quinoa straw is hard in texture, rumen development is promoted after mutton sheep eat the quinoa straw, ruminant rumination times of mutton sheep are increased, and nutrient digestibility can be effectively improved.
According to the invention, the quinoa straw, corn, molasses, soybean meal, rapeseed meal and concentrated material are compounded in proportion to obtain the feed, which is rich in nutrition, and the weight of the fed mutton sheep is increased quickly, the feed intake is high, and the feed weight ratio is low. According to the records of the examples, the digestion energy of the feed added by the chenopodium quinoa straws is 12.0MJ/kg, the mass percentage of crude protein is 16.4 percent, the mass percentage of neutral detergent fiber is 31.11 percent, the mass percentage of starch is 33.58 percent, the mass percentage of calcium is 0.60 percent, and the mass percentage of phosphorus is 0.30 percent; the average daily gain is significantly higher than that of the control group (P <0.05), and the material-weight ratio is significantly lower than that of the control group.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a feed for improving growth performance of mutton sheep, which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-20 parts of quinoa straw, 4-12 parts of corn straw, 50-55 parts of corn, 4-6 parts of molasses, 4-8 parts of soybean meal, 1-2 parts of rapeseed meal and 10-12 parts of concentrated material.
In the present invention, the raw materials preferably include: 16 parts of quinoa straw, 8 parts of corn straw, 52.7 parts of corn, 5 parts of molasses, 6 parts of soybean meal, 1.4 parts of rapeseed meal and 10.9 parts of concentrated material.
The sources and the production places of the quinoa straws are not particularly limited, the quinoa straws are preferably dry quinoa straw powder, and the mesh number of the dry quinoa straw powder is preferably 15-20 meshes, and more preferably 16-18 meshes. In the invention, the quinoa straw is a byproduct of quinoa planting, is rich in various nutrient substances, has the crude protein content equivalent to that of corn straw, and is an available unconventional coarse feed resource. The quinoa straw is hard in texture, rumen development is promoted after mutton sheep eat the quinoa straw, ruminant rumination times of mutton sheep are increased, and nutrient digestibility can be effectively improved.
In the invention, the raw materials of the feed also comprise corn straws, and the invention has no limitation on the sources and the production places of the corn straws; the corn straw is preferably dry corn straw powder; the mesh number of the dried corn straw powder is preferably 15-20 meshes, and more preferably 16-18 meshes. In the invention, the corn straw provides nutrient components such as crude protein, fiber and the like for the feed.
In the invention, the raw materials of the feed also comprise corn, and the source and the production place of the corn are not limited by the invention. The corn provides nutrient components such as crude protein, starch, vitamins, minerals and the like for the feed.
In the present invention, the feed further comprises molasses, and in the present invention, the molasses is preferably beet molasses. The beet molasses is preferably dark brown viscous liquid, the dry matter content is 72% -89%, and the mass content of sugar components in the beet molasses is 30-50%. The molasses provided by the invention provides soluble sugar for the feed, and improves the palatability of the feed. In the invention, the feed also comprises soybean meal and rapeseed meal, the sources and production places of the soybean meal and the rapeseed meal are not particularly limited, and the soybean meal and the rapeseed meal provide nutrient components such as crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, amino acid, trace elements and the like for the feed.
The feed also comprises a concentrated material, wherein the concentrated material preferably comprises 15-25 parts of cottonseed meal, 5-15 parts of baking soda, 15-25 parts of malt roots, 5-15 parts of corn protein powder, 15-25 parts of wheat middling, 3-8 parts of salt, 5-15 parts of stone powder and 3-8 parts of premix; more preferably, the feed comprises 18-22 parts of cottonseed meal, 8-12 parts of baking soda, 18-22 parts of malt roots, 8-12 parts of corn protein powder, 18-22 parts of wheat middling, 4-7 parts of salt, 8-12 parts of stone powder and 4-7 parts of premix; the most preferable components comprise 20 parts of cottonseed meal, 10 parts of baking soda, 20 parts of malt root, 10 parts of corn gluten meal, 20 parts of wheat middling, 5 parts of salt, 10 parts of stone powder and 5 parts of premix. In the invention, the weight percentage content of the baking soda in the feed is preferably 0.8-1.2%, and more preferably 1.0%; in the invention, the baking soda has the function of regulating a rumen buffering system and reducing the risk of rumen acidosis; the mass percentage content of the table salt in the feed is preferably 0.4-0.6%, and more preferably 0.5%. The premix of the invention is preferably selected from Lanzhou Federal feed Co., Ltd, and the product number is as follows: 562;
the nutritional components of the concentrate of the present invention preferably include minerals and vitamins; the minerals preferably include iron, zinc, copper, iodine, manganese, selenium and cobalt; the vitamins include vitamin A and vitamin E. In the present invention, the content of each component in the concentrate is preferably, in mg/kg: fe, 70; zn, 41; cu, 8; i, 0.7; mn, 24; se, 0.3; 0.3 parts of Co; vitamins (IU/kg): VA, 2500; VE, 23.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the feed, which comprises the steps of crushing the raw materials, mixing the raw materials, and pressing the raw materials into granulated feed by adopting a granulation method.
In the present invention, the raw material is pulverized; the crushing is carried out by adopting a conventional crusher in the field, and the mesh number of the crushed raw materials is preferably 15-20 meshes; in the invention, the crushed raw materials are uniformly mixed, and the mixing is realized by stirring, and the rotating speed of the stirring is not limited, so that the mixing can be realized.
In the present invention, the granulation method and apparatus may adopt the conventional granulation method and apparatus in the art; the granulation temperature is preferably 68-75 ℃, and more preferably 70 ℃. The diameter of the pellet feed is preferably 5-7 mm, and more preferably 6 mm; the length of the pellet feed is preferably 10-15 mm.
The feed for improving the growth performance of mutton sheep and the preparation method thereof provided by the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Comparative example 1
The feed components and nutrient levels are shown in table 1.
Table 1 composition and nutrient level of the feed in comparative example 1 (air-dried basis)
Note: the concentrated material comprises cottonseed meal, sodium bicarbonate, malt root, corn gluten meal, wheat middling, salt, stone powder, premix and the like, wherein the mineral substances (mg/kg): fe, 70; zn, 41; cu, 8; i, 0.7; mn, 24; se, 0.3; 0.3 parts of Co; vitamins (IU/kg): VA, 2500; VE, 23.
The preparation method comprises the following steps: pulverizing the above materials, mixing, and granulating at 70 deg.C. The diameter of the pellet feed is 6 mm; the length of the pellet feed is 13 mm.
Example 1
The feed composition and nutrient levels are shown in table 2.
Table 2 composition and nutrient level of the feed in example 1 (air-dry basis)
Note: the concentrated material comprises cottonseed meal, sodium bicarbonate, malt root, corn gluten meal, wheat middling, salt, stone powder, premix and the like, wherein the mineral substances (mg/kg): fe, 70; zn, 41; cu, 8; i, 0.7; mn, 24; se, 0.3; 0.3 parts of Co; vitamins (IU/kg): VA, 2500; VE, 23.
The preparation method comprises the following steps: pulverizing the above materials, mixing, and granulating at 70 deg.C. The diameter of the pellet feed is 6 mm; the length of the pellet feed is 13 mm.
Example 2
The feed composition and nutrient levels are shown in table 3.
Table 3 composition and nutrient level of the feed of example 2 (air-dry basis)
Note: the concentrated material comprises cottonseed meal, sodium bicarbonate, malt root, corn gluten meal, wheat middling, salt, stone powder, premix and the like, wherein the mineral substances (mg/kg): fe, 70; zn, 41; cu, 8; i, 0.7; mn, 24; se, 0.3; 0.3 parts of Co; vitamins (IU/kg): VA, 2500; VE, 23.
The preparation method comprises the following steps: pulverizing the above materials, mixing, and granulating at 70 deg.C. The diameter of the pellet feed is 6 mm; the length of the pellet feed is 13 mm.
Example 3
The feed composition and nutrient levels are shown in table 4.
Table 4 composition and nutrient level of the feed of example 3 (air-dry basis)
Note: the concentrated material comprises cottonseed meal, sodium bicarbonate, malt root, corn gluten meal, wheat middling, salt, stone powder, premix and the like, wherein the mineral substances (mg/kg): fe, 70; zn, 41; cu, 8; i, 0.7; mn, 24; se, 0.3; 0.3 parts of Co; vitamins (IU/kg): VA, 2500; VE, 23.
The preparation method comprises the following steps: pulverizing the above materials, mixing, and granulating at 70 deg.C. The diameter of the pellet feed is 6 mm; the length of the pellet feed is 13 mm.
Example 4
The test selects 40 Hu sheep weaned male lambs with the same genetic background, health, no diseases, good growth condition and similar weight (28.7 +/-1.2 kg) at the age of about 3 months, and the Hu sheep weaned male lambs are divided into 4 groups according to the weight consistency principle, each group has 10 repetitions, and each repetition has 1 sheep. The experiment was scheduled for a transition period of 14d, a pre-test period of 10d, a positive test period of 60d, a transition period and a pre-feeding period during which basal diets (feed in comparative example 1) were fed. And weighing the fasting weight of the lambs two consecutive days before the beginning of the positive test period, and carrying out homogeneity test to ensure that the initial weight difference among all groups is not significant.
The formula of the experimental basic feed (the feed in the comparative example 1) refers to mutton sheep feeding standards (NY/T816-2004) in the agricultural industry of the people's republic of China, and is prepared according to the fattening sheep nutrition requirement with the weight of 30kg and the daily gain of 250 g/d. In the formula calculation, the contents of Dry Matter (DM), Crude Protein (CP), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in the feed raw materials are measured, and other indexes refer to Chinese feed ingredients and a nutrition value table (26 th edition). The feed raw materials are crushed, fully stirred and mixed, and are pressed into granulated feeds by adopting a granulation process, wherein the granulation temperature is 70 ℃, the diameter is 6mm, the length is 10-15 mm, and the granulated feeds are naturally air-dried for later use.
The experimental sheep are fed in single pens, the influence of position effect is considered by arrangement of repeated sheep, each single pen is provided with an independent trough and a small bucket, feeding and drinking water are freely taken, the buckets are cleaned every day, and sufficient and clean drinking water is guaranteed. The test sheep were fed 4 times a day at 6:30, 11:30, 15:30 and 19:30, and the daily feed amount and the remaining feed amount were accurately recorded. Before the test starts, all test sheep are injected with foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, capripox vaccine and sheep quadruple three-prevention vaccine and parasite expelling, 5-10 mg albendazole is orally taken by each test sheep in the transition period, and ectoparasites of the test animals are expelled by 0.6% dipterex medicated bath. The test sheep pen was sterilized with 1:3000 of disinfectant "Qiangli" II (main ingredient: sodium dichloroisocyanurate powder) every week, including sheep pen, charging basket, bucket, trough, floor, wall and other tools. The sheep pen excrement and urine is regularly cleared up, and the cleanness and sanitation inside and outside the sheep pen are kept.
Initial weight, end weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake of the test sheep were recorded and the feed-to-weight ratio was calculated, and the results are shown in table 5.
As can be seen from table 5, the test sheep body weight gain and the average daily gain weight gain increased with the increase of the daily food chenopodium quinoa straw addition level compared to the control group (comparative example 1), and the average daily gain was significantly higher in the 16% chenopodium quinoa straw addition group (example 2) than the control group (P <0.05), while the test sheep weight loss and the average daily gain weight gain were significantly lower (P <0.05) than in the 16% group (P >0.05) when the daily food chenopodium quinoa straw level was increased to 24% (example 3), and were equivalent to the control group level (P > 0.05). The weight ratio of the test sheep feed is improved by adding chenopodium quinoa straws into the ration, and the weight ratio of 16% chenopodium quinoa straw group feed is obviously lower than that of a control group and a 24% group (P is less than 0.05).
TABLE 5 influence of different levels of quinoa straws on lamb productivity on diet
Note: the different treatment group data are marked with different lower case letters to indicate that the difference is significant (P <0.05), marked with the same letter or not marked to indicate that the difference is not significant (P > 0.05); SEM is the mean standard error of the samples.
According to the embodiment, the feed for effectively improving the growth performance of the mutton sheep is prepared by compounding the chenopodium quinoa straws, the corn, the molasses, the soybean meal, the rapeseed meal and the concentrated material in proportion, and has the advantages of rich nutrition, quick weight increment of the fed mutton sheep, high feed intake and low feed-weight ratio. According to the records of the examples, the digestion energy of the feed added with 16% of chenopodium quinoa straws is 12.0MJ/kg, the mass percentage of crude protein is 16.4%, the mass percentage of neutral detergent fiber is 31.11%, the mass percentage of starch is 33.58%, the mass percentage of calcium is 0.60%, and the mass percentage of phosphorus is 0.30%; the average daily gain is significantly higher than the control group (P <0.05), and the material-to-weight ratio is significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05).
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The feed for improving the growth performance of the mutton sheep is characterized by being prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-20 parts of quinoa straw, 4-12 parts of corn straw, 50-55 parts of corn, 4-6 parts of molasses, 4-8 parts of soybean meal, 1-2 parts of rapeseed meal and 10-12 parts of concentrated material; the concentrated material comprises 15-25 parts of cottonseed meal, 5-15 parts of baking soda, 15-25 parts of malt roots, 5-15 parts of corn protein powder, 15-25 parts of wheat middling, 3-8 parts of salt, 5-15 parts of mountain flour and 3-8 parts of premix.
2. The feed according to claim 1, which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 16 parts of quinoa straw, 8 parts of corn straw, 52.7 parts of corn, 5 parts of molasses, 6 parts of soybean meal, 1.4 parts of rapeseed meal and 10.9 parts of concentrated material.
3. The feed of claim 1 or 2, wherein the chenopodium quinoa straws are dry chenopodium quinoa straw powder, and the mesh number of the dry chenopodium quinoa straw powder is 15-20 meshes.
4. The feed according to claim 1, wherein the baking soda in the feed is 0.8-1.2% by mass.
5. The feed according to claim 1, wherein the mass percentage of the salt in the feed is 0.4-0.6%.
6. The feed according to claim 1, wherein the digestibility of the feed is 10.0-14.0 MJ/kg; the feed contains 15-17% of crude protein.
7. A process for preparing the feed as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the raw materials are pulverized, mixed and then pressed into a granulated feed by a granulating method.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the granulation temperature is 68-75 ℃.
9. The method for preparing a pellet feed as claimed in claim 7 or 8, wherein the diameter of the pellet feed is 5 to 7mm and the length of the pellet feed is 10 to 15 mm.
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| CN110074268A (en) * | 2019-05-29 | 2019-08-02 | 兰州大学 | A kind of low ratio High-Forage Diets and preparation method thereof promoting fattening lamb weight gain |
| CN111165668A (en) * | 2020-01-07 | 2020-05-19 | 浙江大学 | Hu sheep complete pellet feed and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN113100333A (en) * | 2021-05-20 | 2021-07-13 | 甘肃农业大学 | Whole-plant quinoa and corn mixed silage and application thereof |
| CN113100340A (en) * | 2021-05-20 | 2021-07-13 | 甘肃农业大学 | Ruminant coarse feed containing quinoa straw and sorghum straw and application thereof |
| CN114916615A (en) * | 2022-05-18 | 2022-08-19 | 新疆畜牧科学院饲料研究所 | Feed, preparation method and application thereof, and method for improving mutton quality |
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| CN106260576A (en) * | 2016-08-17 | 2017-01-04 | 甘肃省农业科学院畜草与绿色农业研究所 | A kind of interpolation Quinoa straw beef ox fattening Diet Formula |
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