CN107259137A - A kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone - Google Patents

A kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107259137A
CN107259137A CN201710627229.1A CN201710627229A CN107259137A CN 107259137 A CN107259137 A CN 107259137A CN 201710627229 A CN201710627229 A CN 201710627229A CN 107259137 A CN107259137 A CN 107259137A
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feed
vitamin
corn
china holstein
holstein cowses
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陈林生
陈子龙
林少宝
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Guangzhou Popular Dairy Ltd By Share Ltd
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Guangzhou Popular Dairy Ltd By Share Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
    • A23K50/15—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants containing substances which are metabolically converted to proteins, e.g. ammonium salts or urea
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
    • A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
    • A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A23K10/33—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from molasses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
    • A23K10/38—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material from distillers' or brewers' waste
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/116—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A23K20/121—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen or sulfur as hetero atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/174—Vitamins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
    • A23K20/22—Compounds of alkali metals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
    • A23K20/24—Compounds of alkaline earth metals, e.g. magnesium
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
    • A23K20/26—Compounds containing phosphorus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
    • A23K20/30—Oligoelements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
    • Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Fodder In General (AREA)
  • Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone.The feed is made up of following raw material：Corn silage, cotton seed, Alfalfa, tall oat grass, megasse, beer residue, molasses, water, pineapple bran, rapeseed dregs, corn, slow-release carbamide, calcium monohydrogen phosphate, corn wine waste matter, salt, probiotics yeast, sodium acid carbonate, magnesia, dregs of beans, skin of beancurd particle, rumen-undegraded fat powder and premix material additive.The present invention provides a kind of scientific and reasonable feed formula, high-quality hay, mineral additive, trace element, vitamin, industry byproduct according to a certain percentage etc. optimize preparation, it can guarantee that the cud health of china holstein cowses, reduce heat stress, increase milk production, improve the economic benefit for raising china holstein cowses.

Description

A kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone.
Background technology
Milk is one of most ancient natural drink, is described as " white blood ".China holstein cowses are by purebred Holstein cow passes through long-term domestication, seed selection in China, is particularly hybridized with each bamboo top, the China gradually formed is most A main dairy bread.
The environment of china holstein cowses optimum existence is 9~17 DEG C of temperature, humidity 30~38%.South China of China Belong to subtropical monsoon climate, summer high temperature is rainy, winter mild and moist, for raising Chinese Holstein in South China and Speech, annual April to November, heat stress was largely affected by South China's china holstein cowses all in heat stress state Milk crop.
Stress, refer to body to external world or it is internal it is various stimulate very much that produced nonspecific response reacts it is total Be animal to external stimulus in body or the response of adjustment.When environment temperature and humidity exceed certain limit, (temperature is more than 26 DEG C, humidity be more than 40%) when, milk cow is begun to by heat stress, shows as milk cow respiratory rate more than 70 beats/min, rectum Temperature is more than 38.5 DEG C, and dry matter intake declines, and ultimately results in the decline of milk crop, and reproductive performance declines, under immunity Drop, milk quality decline, and have a strong impact on the economic benefit of raising dairy cattle.The pattern of current China South China's breeding milk cow is still Compare extensive, lack the feeding hay of high-quality, feed formula collocation is unreasonable, cause the china holstein cowses yield raised inclined Low, cow disease rate is high, and milk physical and chemical index and sanitary index fluctuation are big.
Reform and opening-up is over 30 years, and China's South China's urbanization process is constantly promoted, and people's living standard is improved constantly, peace Entirely, nutrition, fresh milk are into the necessity on common people's dining table.At the same time, South China china holstein cowses The bottleneck that yield develops into regional Dairy Industry, it is incompatible with huge dairy market demand.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone.
The technical solution used in the present invention is：
A kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone, is made up of the raw material of following mass percent：Corn Ensiling 21~22%, cotton seed 3~4%, Alfalfa 11~12%, tall oat grass 2~3%, megasse 7~8%, beer residue 21~ 22%, molasses 2~3%, water 3~4%, pineapple bran 4~5%, rapeseed dregs 1~2%, corn 12~13%, slow-release carbamide 0.2~ 0.3%, calcium monohydrogen phosphate 0.5~0.6%, corn wine waste matter 2~3%, salt 0.1~0.2%, probiotics yeast 0.2~0.3%, Sodium acid carbonate 0.5~0.6%, magnesia 0.1~0.2%, dregs of beans 2~3%, skin of beancurd particle 1~2%, rumen-undegraded fat powder 0.5 ~0.6%, premix material additive 0.1~0.2%.
It is preferred that, a kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone is the raw material group by following mass percent Into：Corn silage 21.0~21.1%, cotton seed 3.4~3.5%, Alfalfa 11.7~11.8%, tall oat grass 2.3~2.4%, Megasse 7.0~7.1%, beer residue 21.0~21.1%, molasses 2.8~2.9%, water 3.5~3.6%, pineapple bran 4.5~ 4.6%, rapeseed dregs 1.7~1.8%, corn 12.4~12.5%, slow-release carbamide 0.2~0.3%, calcium monohydrogen phosphate 0.5~ 0.6%, corn wine waste matter 2.2~2.3%, salt 0.1~0.2%, probiotics yeast 0.2~0.3%, sodium acid carbonate 0.5~ 0.6%, magnesia 0.1~0.2%, dregs of beans 2.2~2.3%, skin of beancurd particle 1.1~1.2%, rumen-undegraded fat powder 0.5~ 0.6%, premix material additive 0.1~0.2%.
Premix material additive is made up of the raw material of following mass percent：Bio 0.03~0.05%, β-carrot Element 0.05~0.06%, vitamin A 0.8~1.0%, vitamin D 0.03~0.04%, vitamin E 1.8~2.2%, copper 0.5~0.7%, iron 0.2~0.4%, zinc 2.8~3.2%, manganese 0.5~0.7%, iodine 0.03~0.05%, selenium 0.01~ 0.03%, cobalt 0.01~0.02%, coban 0.3~0.5%, surplus is carrier.
It is preferred that, premix material additive is made up of the raw material of following mass percent：Bio 0.04%, β-Hu Luo Bu Su 0.06%, vitamin A 0.9%, vitamin D 0.038%, vitamin E 2%, copper 0.6%, iron 0.3%, zinc 3%, manganese 0.6%, iodine 0.04%, selenium 0.02%, cobalt 0.012%, coban 0.4%, surplus is carrier.
Carrier is at least one of rice chaff, rice bran, stone flour, maize cob meal.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：
The present invention provides a kind of scientific and reasonable feed formula, high-quality hay according to a certain percentage, mineral additive, Trace element, vitamin, industry byproduct etc. optimize preparation, can guarantee that the cud health of china holstein cowses, reduce Heat stress, increase milk production, improve the economic benefit for raising china holstein cowses.
Embodiment
A kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone, is made up of the raw material of following mass percent：Corn Ensiling 21~22%, cotton seed 3~4%, Alfalfa 11~12%, tall oat grass 2~3%, megasse 7~8%, beer residue 21~ 22%, molasses 2~3%, water 3~4%, pineapple bran 4~5%, rapeseed dregs 1~2%, corn 12~13%, slow-release carbamide 0.2~ 0.3%, calcium monohydrogen phosphate 0.5~0.6%, corn wine waste matter 2~3%, salt 0.1~0.2%, probiotics yeast 0.2~0.3%, Sodium acid carbonate 0.5~0.6%, magnesia 0.1~0.2%, dregs of beans 2~3%, skin of beancurd particle 1~2%, rumen-undegraded fat powder 0.5 ~0.6%, premix material additive 0.1~0.2%.
It is preferred that, a kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone is the raw material group by following mass percent Into：Corn silage 21.0~21.1%, cotton seed 3.4~3.5%, Alfalfa 11.7~11.8%, tall oat grass 2.3~2.4%, Megasse 7.0~7.1%, beer residue 21.0~21.1%, molasses 2.8~2.9%, water 3.5~3.6%, pineapple bran 4.5~ 4.6%, rapeseed dregs 1.7~1.8%, corn 12.4~12.5%, slow-release carbamide 0.2~0.3%, calcium monohydrogen phosphate 0.5~ 0.6%, corn wine waste matter 2.2~2.3%, salt 0.1~0.2%, probiotics yeast 0.2~0.3%, sodium acid carbonate 0.5~ 0.6%, magnesia 0.1~0.2%, dregs of beans 2.2~2.3%, skin of beancurd particle 1.1~1.2%, rumen-undegraded fat powder 0.5~ 0.6%, premix material additive 0.1~0.2%.
Premix material additive is made up of the raw material of following mass percent：Bio 0.03~0.05%, β-carrot Element 0.05~0.06%, vitamin A 0.8~1.0%, vitamin D 0.03~0.04%, vitamin E 1.8~2.2%, copper 0.5~0.7%, iron 0.2~0.4%, zinc 2.8~3.2%, manganese 0.5~0.7%, iodine 0.03~0.05%, selenium 0.01~ 0.03%, cobalt 0.01~0.02%, coban 0.3~0.5%, surplus is carrier.
It is preferred that, premix material additive is made up of the raw material of following mass percent：Bio 0.04%, β-Hu Luo Bu Su 0.06%, vitamin A 0.9%, vitamin D 0.038%, vitamin E 2%, copper 0.6%, iron 0.3%, zinc 3%, manganese 0.6%, iodine 0.04%, selenium 0.02%, cobalt 0.012%, coban 0.4%, surplus is carrier.
It is preferred that, carrier is at least one of rice chaff, rice bran, stone flour, maize cob meal；Still further preferably, carrier For rice chaff.
Present disclosure is described in further detail below by way of specific embodiment.
Embodiment 1：
The feed formula of embodiment 1 is made up of the raw material of following percentage by weight meter：Corn silage 21.09%, cotton seed 3.41%, Alfalfa 11.72%, tall oat grass 2.34%, megasse 7.03%, beer residue 21.09%, molasses 2.81%, water 3.52%, pineapple bran 4.55%, rapeseed dregs 1.78%, corn 12.45%, slow-release carbamide 0.22%, calcium monohydrogen phosphate 0.53% is beautiful Rice wine waste matter 2.23%, salt 0.18%, probiotics yeast 0.27%, sodium acid carbonate 0.56%, magnesia 0.18%, dregs of beans 2.23%, skin of beancurd particle 1.11%, rumen-undegraded fat powder 0.53%, premix material additive 0.18%.
Wherein premix material additive is made up of the raw material of following percentage by weight meter：Bio 0.04%, beta carotene 0.06%, vitamin A 0.9%, vitamin D 0.038%, vitamin E 2%, copper 0.6%, iron 0.3%, zinc 3%, manganese 0.6%, iodine 0.04%, selenium 0.02%, cobalt 0.012%, coban 0.4%, surplus is rice chaff carrier.
Manufacture craft：Each composition in formula is cut into (or crushing) earnestly, the feed of (or crushing) then will be cut Composition is shoveled in trucd mixer, until hay length is 2cm or so, and stirred, then with sending the truck will to be stirred Mixed fodder is sent in feed trough.
Comparative example 1：
The feed formula of comparative example 1 is similar to the feed formula of embodiment 1, and difference is comparative example 1 without pineapple bran.
Comparative example 2：
The feed formula of comparative example 2 is similar to the feed formula of embodiment 1, and difference is the high-quality hay ratio of comparative example 2 It is relatively low, lack the supplement of trace element, lack cud cushion and rumen-undegraded fat powder.
Carry out feed formula respectively to the experiment in different times to the yield effect of china holstein cowses.
Experiment one, yield effect of the feed formula of the present invention during January to March to china holstein cowses
The embodiment of the present invention 1 and feed feeding parity, lactation number of days, milk crop, feeding made from comparative example 1 is respectively adopted Feed 2 groups of close china holstein cowses of environment, count within every 10 days once the milk yield of different cows, continuous contrast test 50 My god, it is January to March during experiment, statistical result is shown in Table 1.
Table November to March, DIFFERENT FEED was formulated the influence to china holstein cowses milk yield
Statistical result showed, during progress is tested, embodiment 1, the output of milk of comparative example 1 have fluctuating, final result It is that embodiment 1 averagely adds 1.12 kilograms, comparative example 1 averagely adds 0.13 kilogram, and both compare comparative example compared to embodiment 1 Increasing by 0.99 kilogram 1 more.
The influence of experiment two, the present invention during July to September to china holstein cowses milk crop
Specific implementation method is with experiment one, and test period is carried out during being arranged in July to September heat stress, and statistical result is shown in Table 2.
The July of table 2 is formulated the influence to china holstein cowses milk yield to September DIFFERENT FEED
Statistical result showed, during heat stress, embodiment 1, the output of milk of comparative example 2 have fluctuating, and final result is Embodiment 1 averagely adds 0.72 kilogram, and comparative example 1 does not change before and after testing, and both are compared to embodiment 1 than comparative example more than 2 0.72 kilogram of increase.

Claims (5)

1. a kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone, it is characterised in that：It is by the raw material of following mass percent Composition：Corn silage 21~22%, cotton seed 3~4%, Alfalfa 11~12%, tall oat grass 2~3%, megasse 7~8%, Beer residue 21~22%, molasses 2~3%, water 3~4%, pineapple bran 4~5%, rapeseed dregs 1~2%, corn 12~13% delays Release urea 0.2~0.3%, calcium monohydrogen phosphate 0.5~0.6%, corn wine waste matter 2~3%, salt 0.1~0.2%, probiotics yeast 0.2~0.3%, sodium acid carbonate 0.5~0.6%, magnesia 0.1~0.2%, dregs of beans 2~3%, skin of beancurd particle 1~2% crosses knurl Stomach fatty powder 0.5~0.6%, premix material additive 0.1~0.2%.
2. a kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Be by with The raw material composition of lower mass percent：Corn silage 21.0~21.1%, cotton seed 3.4~3.5%, Alfalfa 11.7~ 11.8%, tall oat grass 2.3~2.4%, megasse 7.0~7.1%, beer residue 21.0~21.1%, molasses 2.8~2.9%, water 3.5~3.6%, pineapple bran 4.5~4.6%, rapeseed dregs 1.7~1.8%, corn 12.4~12.5%, slow-release carbamide 0.2~ 0.3%, calcium monohydrogen phosphate 0.5~0.6%, corn wine waste matter 2.2~2.3%, salt 0.1~0.2%, probiotics yeast 0.2~ 0.3%, sodium acid carbonate 0.5~0.6%, magnesia 0.1~0.2%, dregs of beans 2.2~2.3%, skin of beancurd particle 1.1~1.2%, Rumen-undegraded fat powder 0.5~0.6%, premix material additive 0.1~0.2%.
3. a kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Premix Additive is made up of the raw material of following mass percent：Bio 0.03~0.05%, beta carotene 0.05~ 0.06%, vitamin A 0.8~1.0%, vitamin D 0.03~0.04%, vitamin E 1.8~2.2%, copper 0.5~ 0.7%, iron 0.2~0.4%, zinc 2.8~3.2%, manganese 0.5~0.7%, iodine 0.03~0.05%, selenium 0.01~0.03%, cobalt 0.01~0.02%, coban 0.3~0.5%, surplus is carrier.
4. a kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone according to claim 3, it is characterised in that：Premix Additive is made up of the raw material of following mass percent：Bio 0.04%, beta carotene 0.06%, vitamin A 0.9%, vitamin D 0.038%, vitamin E 2%, copper 0.6%, iron 0.3%, zinc 3%, manganese 0.6%, iodine 0.04%, selenium 0.02%, cobalt 0.012%, coban 0.4%, surplus is carrier.
5. a kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone according to claim 3 or 4, it is characterised in that：Carry Body is at least one of rice chaff, rice bran, stone flour, maize cob meal.
CN201710627229.1A 2017-07-28 2017-07-28 A kind of china holstein cowses feed of subtropical zone Pending CN107259137A (en)

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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CN107912624A (en) * 2017-12-12 2018-04-17 湖南德人牧业科技有限公司 A kind of milk cow roughage and preparation method thereof
CN108378231A (en) * 2018-04-24 2018-08-10 牡丹江红星天野第六现代牧业有限公司 A kind of organic milk and its production method containing beta carotene
CN109619296A (en) * 2019-01-28 2019-04-16 天津市畜牧兽医研究所 Application of the grains dedicated fine fodder in terms of promoting the bull calf growth and development of He Sitan kind
CN109619295A (en) * 2019-01-28 2019-04-16 天津市畜牧兽医研究所 A kind of grains dedicated fine fodder of Holstein bull and application
CN110100951A (en) * 2019-06-11 2019-08-09 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所 A kind of feed and preparation method reducing body cell in heat stress phase lactating cow cream
CN114009593A (en) * 2021-10-29 2022-02-08 浙江大学 Dairy cow daily ration efficiently utilizing corn straws and application thereof
CN114391608A (en) * 2021-12-29 2022-04-26 宁夏新澳农牧有限公司 Novel composite cattle feed
CN115736113A (en) * 2022-11-18 2023-03-07 江苏汇福油脂科技有限公司 Formula and manufacturing method of high-yield dairy cow feed produced by soybean hulls

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Application publication date: 20171020