CN108419981B - 一种黄鱼脱腥剂及其制备和使用方法 - Google Patents
一种黄鱼脱腥剂及其制备和使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108419981B CN108419981B CN201810067823.4A CN201810067823A CN108419981B CN 108419981 B CN108419981 B CN 108419981B CN 201810067823 A CN201810067823 A CN 201810067823A CN 108419981 B CN108419981 B CN 108419981B
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种黄鱼脱腥剂,该黄鱼脱腥剂由下述重量百分比的原料组成:酵母提取物22~50%、鱼腥草提取物1~22%、生姜提取物11~22%、食盐17~22%。本发明黄鱼脱腥剂以酵母提取物、鱼腥草提取物、生姜提取物、食盐为原料,这些原料天然、安全,不存在化学添加剂,这些天然原料以特定的配比组合,赋予本发明黄鱼脱腥剂良好的脱腥效果,既可以脱除黄鱼的腥味同时又可以保持黄鱼的香味并增加鱼肉的鲜味和醇厚感;本发明黄鱼脱腥剂的脱腥使用条件温和,在室温下即可进行脱腥处理,脱腥处理后脱腥液与黄鱼鱼糜可以不分离,步骤简单可控,不会造成黄鱼鱼糜中营养物质的损失,能够最大限度保留鱼黄鱼的鲜味。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产品加工领域,具体涉及一种黄鱼脱腥剂及其制备和使用方法。
背景技术
黄鱼是深受人们喜爱的海鲜鱼类,通常有大黄鱼和小黄鱼之分。大黄鱼和小黄鱼属于黄鱼属的两个品种。黄鱼风味鲜美,含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、钙、磷、铁、钾、钠、镁、硒和维生素A等人体所需的多种营养成分,食用价值高。但黄鱼的腥味也令其食用受到限制,目前黄鱼的产品形式主要是鲜食、腌制、休闲食品。在各种加工形式中,脱腥的效果将直接影响黄鱼产品的质量,因此腥味的脱除是黄鱼整个加工工艺最关键的控制点。
鱼肉的腥味成分主要由挥发性二甲胺、氨、硫化氢及低分子量的醛、醇、酮、硫醚等组成,主要由氧化三甲胺降解、脂肪氧化、含硫氮前体物质转化等途径产生。目前脱腥的方法有物理法(吸附法、包埋法、掩盖法、微胶囊法等)、化学法(盐溶法、酸碱法等)和生物法(酵母菌、乳酸菌发酵)。这些方法单独应用时都有不足之处。物理法脱腥效果不明显,且不易与原料分离;化学法脱腥易造成化学物质残留和对营养成分的破坏,存在食品安全问题;生物法脱腥对微生物的发酵过程可控性较差,且微生物发酵后的产物容易在鱼肉中残留产生异味。现有实际脱腥方法,通常是上述三种方法互补,采用两种或三种方法组合脱腥,其缺点是脱腥步骤复杂、时间长、效率低,还影响鱼肉固有的风味。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是,针对现有技术的不足,提供一种黄鱼脱腥剂及其制备和使用方法,该脱腥剂完全以天然物质为原料,不存在化学添加剂,其脱腥效果好、时间短、操作简单,既可以脱除黄鱼的腥味,同时又可以保持黄鱼的香味并增加鱼肉的鲜味和醇厚感。
本发明解决上述技术问题所采用的技术方案为:一种黄鱼脱腥剂,该黄鱼脱腥剂由下述质量百分比的原料组成:酵母提取物22~50%、鱼腥草提取物1~22%、生姜提取物11~28%、食盐17~22%。
优选地,以所述的酵母提取物的质量计,所述的酵母提取物中的总氨基酸含量≥20%。
进一步地,以所述的酵母提取物的质量计,所述的酵母提取物中:谷氨酸含量≥2.7%,天冬氨酸含量≥1.0%,丙氨酸含量≥3.5%,苯丙氨酸≥2.0%,亮氨酸含量≥1.9%。
优选地,所述的酵母提取物的制取过程为:在100g干酵母中加入800mL质量分数为3.5%的NaCl水溶液,得混悬液,再加入混悬液中固形物质量1%的核酸酶,搅拌均匀,在40MPa压力下均质3次,调节混悬液的pH值至5.0,再加入由木瓜蛋白酶、胰酶和葡聚糖酶以1:0.1:1的质量比混合而成的复合酶0.5~0.8g,搅拌均匀后加热至55℃并保温搅拌酶解12h,然后加热至100℃灭酶活,之后离心分离取上清液,对上清液喷雾干燥,即得到酵母提取物。
进一步地,所述的木瓜蛋白酶的酶活为80万U/g,所述的胰酶的酶活为0.5万U/g,所述的葡聚糖酶的酶活为2万U/g。
优选地,所述的鱼腥草提取物的制取过程为:取洗净的新鲜鱼腥草1000g至烘箱中在40℃下低温烘干,然后粉碎成粗粉,再加至二氧化碳超临界萃取装置中进行萃取,以乙醇为夹带剂,乙醇占总萃取溶剂的体积百分比为2~5%,二氧化碳超临界萃取装置的运行参数为:萃取压力30MPa,温度45℃,二氧化碳流量45kg/h,萃取时间为100min,得到深黄绿色油状物;另取洗净的新鲜鱼腥草1000g直接用榨汁机榨汁,过滤分离滤液和滤渣,加入滤渣质量3~5倍的水浸泡滤渣5~20min,再次榨汁,过滤分离滤液和滤渣,合并两次过滤所得滤液进行喷雾干燥,得到鱼腥草粉末;用鱼腥草粉末吸附上述萃取得到的深黄绿色油状物即得所述的鱼腥草提取物。
优选地,所述的生姜提取物的制取过程为:将生姜1000g洗净后直接用榨汁机榨汁,过滤分离滤液和滤渣,然后加滤渣质量3~5倍的水浸泡滤渣5~20min,再次榨汁,过滤分离滤液和滤渣,合并两次过滤所得滤液,进行喷雾干燥,得到所述的生姜提取物。
上述黄鱼脱腥剂的制备方法为:按照酵母提取物22~50%、鱼腥草提取物1~22%、生姜提取物11~28%、食盐17~22%的质量百分比称取四种原料并混合均匀,通过干法制粒工艺,得到堆密度为0.65~0.73g/mL的颗粒状黄鱼脱腥剂。
上述黄鱼脱腥剂的使用方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将黄鱼脱腥剂与水混合并搅拌均匀,得到黄鱼脱腥液,该黄鱼脱腥液中,黄鱼脱腥剂的质量百分比含量为0.2~2%,余量为水;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的黄鱼脱腥液与黄鱼鱼糜以(2~3):1的质量比混合,在4~30℃温度下,搅拌1~5min后静置15~60min,沥干水分即完成黄鱼的脱腥处理。
酵母提取物主要成分为多肽、氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、B族维生素及微量元素,且其谷氨酸钠、小分子肽、氨基酸和5'-核苷酸等成分含量较高。高含量的酸性氨基酸能与碱性胺类发生反应,降低三甲胺含量,反应之余又能增加鱼肉的鲜味并除去苦味、屏蔽咸味及异臭。
酵母提取物具有天然、营养丰富、味道鲜美的优点,还有一定的抗氧化作用,一般作为食品添加剂使用,添加到食品中能改善产品风味,缓和酸味、除去苦味、屏蔽咸味。酵母提取物中的氨基酸能与还原糖起复杂的美拉德反应,生成独特而浓郁的肉香味。
鱼腥草和生姜是卫生部确认的“药食两用”资源的可食性植物,二者的提取物均具有抗氧化、抗菌的作用。鱼腥草、生姜特有的气味在脱除黄鱼腥味物质的同时,还能够抑制鱼肉中新的腥味物质的产生,延长小黄鱼加工时间,增加产品风味附加值。但其去腥效果受添加量的控制,添加量过大反而会遮盖黄鱼肉原有的鲜味。
鱼腥草含有的癸酰乙醛、月桂醛、a-蒎烯、芳樟醇、柠檬烯等挥发性有机物,另含有的阿福甙、金丝桃甙、芸香甙、绿原酸、槲皮甙等黄酮类、酚类、糖苷类等成分,除了有特殊的风味外,还具有明显的杀菌、抑菌、抗氧化等功效。已发现鱼腥草挥发油对大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、粪肠球菌、八叠球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等多种病原细菌具有一定的抑制作用,其抗氧化能力大于维生素C。鱼腥草具有的特殊气味,不仅可以有效掩盖鱼腥味,而且可防止鱼肉在脱腥过程中微生物的繁殖。
生姜作为传统天然去腥植物,含有的黄酮类、萜烯类、姜酚类等抗氧化物质能够抑制脂肪氧化、钝化酶、杀菌、清除异味等功效。生姜中的辛辣成分6-姜醇、10-姜二酮在去腥味中起到了很大作用,6-姜醇有溶解三甲胺并挥发逸去,10-姜二酮可增加鲜味掩盖残余的三甲胺。
食盐有促进鱼中腥味成分析出的功效,从而有利于脱去鱼肉内部的腥味物质。
本发明以酵母提取物、鱼腥草提取物、生姜提取物、食盐为原料,通过相互协同作用,不仅能协同脱除黄鱼腥味并增加黄鱼的鲜味和醇厚感,而且具有天然、安全等优点。本发明中酵母提取物、鱼腥草提取物和生姜提取物的制取过程能够最大限度保留原料的活性成分,确保脱腥剂的脱腥效果。
与现有技术相比,本发明的优点在于:
(1)本发明黄鱼脱腥剂以酵母提取物、鱼腥草提取物、生姜提取物、食盐为原料,这些原料天然、安全,不存在化学添加剂,这些天然原料以特定的配比组合,赋予本发明黄鱼脱腥剂良好的脱腥效果,既可以脱除黄鱼的腥味同时又可以保持黄鱼的香味并增加鱼肉的鲜味和醇厚感。
(2)本发明黄鱼脱腥剂的脱腥使用条件温和,在室温下即可进行脱腥处理,脱腥处理后脱腥液与黄鱼鱼糜可以不分离,步骤简单可控,不会造成黄鱼鱼糜中营养物质的损失,能够最大限度保留黄鱼的鲜味。
(3)本发明利用酵母提取物、天然抗氧化抗菌的鱼腥草提取物和生姜提取物对黄鱼进行协同脱腥和保鲜,可脱除小黄鱼的腥味、抑制微生物生长、减缓脂肪和蛋白氧化、保留小黄鱼的独特鱼鲜味,为黄鱼制品的生产加工提供有力支撑。
附图说明
图1为采用不同脱腥方法处理黄鱼鱼糜后,对黄鱼鱼糜熬煮得到的鱼汤的风味评价;
图2为采用不同脱腥方法处理的黄鱼鱼糜的电子鼻测定结果。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图实施例对本发明作进一步详细描述。应当理解,本发明的实施并不局限于下面的实施例,对本发明所做的任何形式上的变通或改变都将落入本发明保护范围。
在本发明中,若非特指,所采用的设备和原料等均可从市场购得或是本领域常用的。下述实施例中的方法,如无特别说明,均为本领域的常规方法。
首先,制备酵母提取物、鱼腥草提取物和生姜提取物。
酵母提取物的制取过程为:在100g干酵母中加入800mL质量分数为3.5%的NaCl水溶液,得混悬液,再加入混悬液中固形物质量1%的核酸酶,搅拌均匀,在40MPa压力下均质3次,调节混悬液的pH值至5.0,再加入由木瓜蛋白酶、胰酶和葡聚糖酶以1:0.1:1的质量比混合而成的复合酶0.7g,其中,所述的木瓜蛋白酶的酶活为80万U/g,所述的胰酶的酶活为0.5万U/g,所述的葡聚糖酶的酶活为2万U/g,搅拌均匀后加热至55℃并保温搅拌酶解12h,然后加热至100℃灭酶活,之后离心分离取上清液,对上清液喷雾干燥,即得到酵母提取物,其得率为48.59±3.11%。
鱼腥草提取物的制取过程为:取洗净的新鲜鱼腥草1000g至烘箱中在40℃下低温烘干,然后粉碎成粗粉,再加至二氧化碳超临界萃取装置中进行萃取,以乙醇为夹带剂,乙醇占总萃取溶剂的体积百分比为5%,二氧化碳超临界萃取装置的运行参数为:萃取压力30MPa,温度45℃,二氧化碳流量45kg/h,萃取时间为100min,得到深黄绿色油状物;另取洗净的新鲜鱼腥草1000g直接用榨汁机榨汁,过滤分离滤液和滤渣,加入滤渣质量3倍的水浸泡滤渣15min,再次榨汁,过滤分离滤液和滤渣,合并两次过滤所得滤液进行喷雾干燥,得到鱼腥草粉末;用鱼腥草粉末吸附上述萃取得到的深黄绿色油状物即得所述的鱼腥草提取物,其得率为2.37±0.13%。
生姜提取物的制取过程为:将生姜1000g洗净后直接用榨汁机榨汁,过滤分离滤液和滤渣,然后加滤渣质量4倍的水浸泡滤渣20min,再次榨汁,过滤分离滤液和滤渣,合并两次过滤所得滤液,进行喷雾干燥,得到所述的生姜提取物,其得率为4.68±0.29%。
称取上述制备的酵母提取物50g、鱼腥草提取物5g、生姜提取物28g、食盐17g,将上述四种原料混合均匀,通过干法制粒工艺,得到堆密度为0.7g/mL的黄鱼脱腥剂。
上述黄鱼脱腥剂的使用方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将0.25g黄鱼脱腥剂与50mL水混合搅拌均匀,得到黄鱼脱腥液;
(2)将黄鱼鱼排经解冻、去内脏、清洗、晾干、绞肉后的鱼肉与水以8:1的质量比混合,在水温20℃下高速搅拌打成匀浆,得到黄鱼鱼糜;
(3)将50mL黄鱼脱腥液与20g黄鱼鱼糜混合,在20℃温度下,搅拌1min后静置60min,沥干水分即完成黄鱼的脱腥处理。采用甲苯苦味酸比色法检测脱腥后黄鱼鱼糜中三甲胺含量,并与其他脱腥方法(1%的安琪活性酵母发酵脱腥、1%的川秀乳酸菌发酵脱腥、6mol/L的氢氧化钠脱腥、6mol/L的盐酸脱腥、0.5%的酵母提取物脱腥、0.5%的鱼腥草提取物脱腥、0.5%的生姜提取物脱腥)进行比较,结果见表一。
表一:不同脱腥方法处理对黄鱼鱼糜中三甲胺含量的影响
由表一所示的实验结果可知,采用本发明脱腥剂脱腥方法脱腥,黄鱼中的三甲胺含量最低。
图1为采用不同脱腥方法处理黄鱼鱼糜后,对黄鱼鱼糜熬煮得到的鱼汤的风味评价。其中,未处理组(即空白组)和乳酸菌处理组(即1%的川秀乳酸菌发酵脱腥组)获得的鱼汤与其他脱腥方法组相比,腥味、苦味和涩味明显。鱼腥草提取物组和自制脱腥液组(即本发明脱腥剂配制的脱腥液处理组)获得的鱼汤不仅脱腥效果明显,而且呈现较为浓郁的鱼香味。酵母提取物组和自制脱腥液组获得的鱼汤鲜味明显。综合比较各种脱腥处理方法,自制脱腥液组较其他处理组脱腥效果明显且能增加鱼香味和鲜味。
图2为采用不同脱腥方法处理的黄鱼鱼糜的电子鼻测定结果。其中,S1代表芳香苯类,S2代表氮氧化物,S3代表氨类,S4代表氢气,S5代表烷烃,S6代表甲烷,S7代表硫化氢,S8代表乙醇,S9代表硫化氢类,S10代表芳香烷烃。S1~S10中的每种感应器分别测定7种不同脱腥方法处理的黄鱼鱼糜,每种感应器对应的直方图数据,从左到右分别代表空白组、1%酵母脱腥组、1%乳酸菌脱腥组、6mol/L氢氧化钠脱腥组、6mol/L盐酸脱腥组、生姜提取物脱腥组、本发明脱腥剂配制的脱腥组。从响应结果来看,除酵母处理组外,每种处理方法相对于未处理组都有一定的效果。其中S2、S7、S9号传感器对气味较为敏感,是不良气味区分的主要成分。本发明脱腥剂配置的脱腥液处理组对比其他处理组的S2、S7、S9号传感器响应值相对较低,表明本发明脱腥剂配置的脱腥液处理组中氮氧类、硫化氢、硫化氢类不良风味物质所占比重小。本发明脱腥剂配置的脱腥液处理组在1、10号传感器的响应值比其他处理组响应值高,而S1、S10号传感器属于芳香类物质,综合评价本发明脱腥剂配置的脱腥液处理组得到鱼汤腥味弱但风味较其他组别好。
测试不同浓度的脱腥液的脱腥效果:分别称取0.1g、0.25g、0.5g、1.0g黄鱼脱腥剂,并分别用去离子水定容至50mL,得到四种不同浓度的脱腥液。将小黄鱼鱼排经解冻、去内脏、清洗、晾干、绞肉后的鱼肉与水以8:1的重量比混合,在水温20℃下高速搅拌打成匀浆,得到小黄鱼鱼糜。各取20g小黄鱼鱼糜与50mL四种不同浓度的脱腥液分别混合,并分别在20℃温度下,搅拌1min后静置60min,沥干水分,得到四种脱腥小黄鱼鱼糜。采用甲苯苦味酸比色法检测四种脱腥小黄鱼鱼糜中的三甲胺含量,结果见表二。
表二:不同浓度的脱腥液脱腥处理后的小黄鱼鱼糜中三甲胺含量
由表二所示的实验结果可知,0.2%~2.0%脱腥液对黄鱼的脱腥效果,呈现“L”型波动变化,以脱腥液浓度为0.5%时,黄鱼糜中三甲胺含量最低,脱腥效果最好。
测试不同脱腥温度下的脱腥效果:称取1.0g黄鱼脱腥剂,用去离子水定容至200mL。将小黄鱼鱼排经解冻、去内脏、清洗、晾干、绞肉后的鱼肉与水以8:1的重量比混合,在水温20℃下高速搅拌打成匀浆,得到小黄鱼鱼糜。各取20g小黄鱼鱼糜与50mL脱腥液分别混合,并分别在4℃、20℃、30℃、40℃温度下,搅拌1min后静置60min,沥干水分,得到四种不同脱腥温度下的脱腥小黄鱼鱼糜。采用甲苯苦味酸比色法检测四种不同脱腥温度下的脱腥小黄鱼鱼糜中的三甲胺含量,结果见表三。
表三:脱腥温度对小黄鱼鱼糜中的三甲胺含量的影响
由表三所示的实验结果可知,不同脱腥温度下鱼肉中三甲胺含量先下降再上升,脱腥温度为20℃时三甲胺含量最低,因此,采用本发明脱腥剂可室温脱腥。
Claims (3)
1.一种黄鱼脱腥剂,其特征在于,该黄鱼脱腥剂由下述质量百分比的原料组成:酵母提取物22~50%、鱼腥草提取物1~22%、生姜提取物11~28%、食盐17~22%;
所述的酵母提取物的制取过程为:在100g干酵母中加入800mL质量分数为3.5%的NaCl水溶液,得混悬液,再加入混悬液中固形物质量1%的核酸酶,搅拌均匀,在40MPa压力下均质3次,调节混悬液的pH值至5.0,再加入由木瓜蛋白酶、胰酶和葡聚糖酶以1:0.1:1的质量比混合而成的复合酶0.5~0.8g,搅拌均匀后加热至55℃并保温搅拌酶解12h,然后加热至100℃灭酶活,之后离心分离取上清液,对上清液喷雾干燥,即得到酵母提取物;
所述的木瓜蛋白酶的酶活为80万U/g,所述的胰酶的酶活为0.5万U/g,所述的葡聚糖酶的酶活为2万U/g;
所述的鱼腥草提取物的制取过程为:取洗净的新鲜鱼腥草1000g至烘箱中在40℃下低温烘干,然后粉碎成粗粉,再加至二氧化碳超临界萃取装置中进行萃取,以乙醇为夹带剂,乙醇占总萃取溶剂的体积百分比为2~5%,二氧化碳超临界萃取装置的运行参数为:萃取压力30MPa,温度45℃,二氧化碳流量45kg/h,萃取时间为100min,得到深黄绿色油状物;另取洗净的新鲜鱼腥草1000g直接用榨汁机榨汁,过滤分离滤液和滤渣,加入滤渣质量3~5倍的水浸泡滤渣5~20min,再次榨汁,过滤分离滤液和滤渣,合并两次过滤所得滤液进行喷雾干燥,得到鱼腥草粉末;用鱼腥草粉末吸附上述萃取得到的深黄绿色油状物即得所述的鱼腥草提取物;
所述的生姜提取物的制取过程为:将生姜1000g洗净后直接用榨汁机榨汁,过滤分离滤液和滤渣,然后加滤渣质量3~5倍的水浸泡滤渣5~20min,再次榨汁,过滤分离滤液和滤渣,合并两次过滤所得滤液,进行喷雾干燥,得到所述的生姜提取物。
2.权利要求1所述的黄鱼脱腥剂的制备方法,其特征在于,制备过程为:按照酵母提取物22~50%、鱼腥草提取物1~22%、生姜提取物11~28%、食盐17~22%的质量百分比称取四种原料并混合均匀,通过干法制粒工艺,得到堆密度为0.65~0.73g/mL的颗粒状黄鱼脱腥剂。
3.权利要求1所述的黄鱼脱腥剂的使用方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将黄鱼脱腥剂与水混合并搅拌均匀,得到黄鱼脱腥液,该黄鱼脱腥液中,黄鱼脱腥剂的质量百分比含量为0.2~2%,余量为水;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的黄鱼脱腥液与黄鱼鱼糜以(2~3):1的质量比混合,在4~30℃温度下,搅拌1~5min后静置15~60min,沥干水分即完成黄鱼的脱腥处理。
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Effective date of registration: 20230801 Address after: No. 9-10 Aquatic Products Processing Park, Shipu Town, Xiangshan County, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, 315731 Patentee after: NINGBO LANYANG AQUATIC FOOD Co.,Ltd. Address before: 315100, Qian 8, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, Hunan Road Patentee before: ZHEJIANG WANLI University |