CN1082122C - 建筑物绝热用蒸汽屏障 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种蒸汽屏障，它用于建筑物的绝热，特别是用于新建建筑物或旧建筑物的修缮。本发明的蒸汽屏障能够在不同的环境条件下实现水蒸汽的交换。这个过程的实现是用一种材料做为基本材料，这种材料的水蒸汽扩散阻力决定于环境的湿度，此外，它还具有足够的抗拉强度和抗断强度。
Description
本发明涉及一种屋面空间蒸汽屏障(dampbremse)，用于建筑物的绝热，特别是用做新建筑物和旧建筑物修缮的绝热措施。
为了减少建筑物供暖产生的二氧化碳量，在建造新建筑物和修缮旧建筑物时要采取绝热措施。业主总是站在节俭的角度看问题，此时必须考虑造价问题。另外，建筑物的外观也是一种重要的因素，同样地，这也限制了实际的操作。所以，如在桁架建筑物上应用这种防潮措施，只能采取内层绝热层。特别是在冬季条件下，必须用室内蒸汽屏障通过可能的蒸气扩散来保障桁架木材中适宜的水分含量，相反，在夏季，为了延长桁架建筑中使用的木材的寿命，尽管具备较好的绝热性，从木墙架和其填充物之间的缝隙渗入的雨水，过后必须把它弄干。
带不漏汽的覆盖物(如木屋面板上的屋面油毡)的陡斜屋顶，其附加的全部橡木绝热时，也会遇到相似的困难。因此，Fraunhofer弗朗霍费尔建筑物理研究所的研究报告指出，在里面制作的蒸汽屏障的水蒸汽扩散阻力(Sd值)小于10米的扩散等效空气层厚度，尤其是正朝北面的屋顶，夏天，为了达到令人放心的木材含水情况，木屋面板的干燥是不充分的。所以，合适的屋内蒸汽屏障在很大程度上可以避免诸如由对流引起的湿度增加。
针对上述缺陷，本发明的目的是提供一邻近于屋面空间的蒸汽屏障，它能够在不同环境条件下使用，保障空气与建筑物构件内部之间的水蒸汽交换，最大程度地减少潮湿对所用建筑材料的破坏。
根据本发明，权利要求1特征部分提到的特征已达到了这个目的。
本发明的发展和提高在于运用了从属性权利要求中提到的特性。
本发明的用于房屋的蒸汽屏障，也称之为“适于潮湿的蒸汽屏障”，使用了一种基本材料，它的水蒸汽扩散阻力取决于环境湿度，用于建造建筑物时，还具有足够的抗拉和抗压强度。
用做蒸汽屏障的材料，以薄膜形式或者做为涂层覆盖在载体材料上，当其周围的空气相对湿度为30-50％时，它的水蒸汽扩散阻力(Sd值)为2～5米的扩散等效空气层厚度，当相对湿度为60-80％时，象夏季中的典型湿度，它的水蒸汽扩散阻力(Sd值)小于1米的扩散等效空气层厚度。
由此可以看出，冬季的水蒸汽扩散阻力比夏季大。因此，夏天有利于干燥，而在冬季条件下，湿度也不可能积累到一定值，以致于能造成对所用材料和建筑物本身的破坏。
本发明除了上述的为弥补现有技术方面的缺陷的使用目的之外，还能应用于金属屋顶或者木架结构，这儿，除了改善绝热性能，还能降低建筑费用。
做为蒸汽屏障材料，应具有理想的性能，例如，可以使用聚酰胺-6、聚酰胺-4或聚酰胺-3，参见BIEDERBICK，K，“KUNSTSTOFFE-kurz und bündig”，Vogel-Verlag Würzburg。这些聚酰胺用做薄膜，本身具有所要求的有关水蒸汽扩散阻力的特性。另外，应用在建筑物上时，它们具有必要的强度，而不必要再投入其他的额外费用。薄膜的厚度为10μm-2mm，优先选用的范围为20μm-100μm。
然而，也可以使用其他材料，其没有足够的强度，并可涂在合适的载体材料上。此时，载体材料最好具有低的水蒸汽扩散阻力，并且，本发明所要求的蒸汽屏障的性能基本上取决于涂层。
载体材料可以使用纤维增强的纤维素材料，例如，纸轨，含人造纤维网的薄膜或者多孔的聚乙烯薄膜。- 这种材料也可以在载体材料上做成涂层。这时，涂层涂在载体材料一侧，但是，特殊情况下，也可以夹在两个载体材料层之间做成夹层的形状。在后一种情况下，两侧的载体材料层材料能有效地抵挡力学作用，并且，通过它还能长期保持理想的水蒸汽扩散。
也可以做成多层这样的层状结构。
载体材料的涂层可以使用不同的物质和材料。可采用合适的涂覆方法涂覆聚合物，例如改性的聚乙烯醇。此时，根据DIN 52615标准，水蒸汽扩散阻力在干燥环境和潮湿环境相差大约10的一次幂。
另外，塑料、甲基纤维素、亚麻油醇酸、骨胶，或者蛋白质衍生物也可以做为载体的涂层材料。
在载体材料一侧涂抹涂层的情况下，可将涂层涂于对抗机械影响性能要求较低的一侧。在这种情况下，应用本发明的蒸汽屏障时，可使起保护作用的载体材料朝向房间的一侧或背向房间的一侧。
下面举一个例子更加详细地阐述本发明。
其中，本发明的蒸汽屏障只是用含尼龙-6的薄膜做成的。实验中的薄膜厚度为50μm。现在使用的尼龙-6薄膜由德国肯普滕的MF-薄膜有限公司生产。
实验室中的吸湿性
适于潮湿的蒸汽屏障在干燥范围(相对湿度为3～50％)、潮湿范围(相对湿度为50～93％)以及两者中间的湿度范围(相对湿度为33～50％和50～75％)中的水蒸汽扩散阻力根据DIN 52615来确定。厚度为50μm的蒸汽屏障的扩散等效空气层厚度取决于实验室中存在的平均相对湿度，见图1。在干燥范围和潮湿范围之间的Sd值大于10的一次幂，以致于在实际的空气条件下，即相对湿度冬天在30％～50％，夏天在60％～70％之间波动，可以清楚地控制通过蒸汽屏障的扩散流量。
实际应用举例
试验指出，带有不漏汽顶层的陡斜屋顶，采用10cm～20cm厚、包含矿物纤维的橡木间全绝热，尽管有室内蒸汽屏障，它可能在少数几年内变得潮湿，以致造成无法避免的损害。空气湿度高，例如相对湿度在一月份的50％和七月份的70％之间变化，同时，如果短波辐射增益通过北面损失的相对较小，这种情况特别危急。因此，适于潮湿的蒸汽屏障在霍尔茨基希纳(Holzkirchner)气候条件下对这些建筑的长期湿度平衡的影响，可以借助于一种已经多次实验验证的方法估算出来。
由木屋面板、沥青油毡和砖瓦覆盖的、朝北的、不绝热陡斜屋顶(斜度28°)，与其环境处于湿度平衡状态，用常规的和用适于潮湿的屋内蒸汽屏障实施橡木间绝热时，含水量如图2所示。上面为屋顶的总含水量曲线，下面是木屋面板十年之内的木材湿度曲线。期间，用传统的蒸汽屏障的屋顶的湿度随季节的变化增加得快，在这条曲线上，第一年里就已经出现了长期令人担心的木材湿度值(＞20M.-％)，而用适于潮湿的蒸汽屏障的屋顶没有发现湿度增加。夏天，木材湿度总保持在20M-％以下，因此，有用担心湿度破坏。
因此，用于潮湿的蒸汽屏障提供了一种可能，在没有大的破坏风险的情况下，降低旧建筑物领域陡斜屋顶的成本。
Claims (9)
1.一种室内蒸汽屏障，用于建筑物的绝热，其特征在于，至少蒸汽屏障的一部分包含一种材料，它的水蒸汽扩散阻力决定于其环境湿度，并且符合，当蒸汽屏障周围的空气相对湿度为30％～50％时，这种材料的水蒸汽扩散阻力(Sd值)为2～5米的扩散等效空气层厚度，当相对湿度为60～80％时，其水蒸汽扩散阻力(Sd值)小于1米的扩散等效空气层厚度。
2.权利要求1中的蒸汽屏障，其特征在于，这种材料是一种薄膜。
3.权利要求2中的蒸汽屏障，其特征在于，所述薄膜选自聚酰胺6、聚酰胺4或者聚酰胺3。
4.权利要求2或3中的蒸汽屏障，其特征在于，薄膜的厚度为10μm～2mm，优先选用的厚度为20μm～100μm。
5.权利要求1中的蒸汽屏障，其特征在于，这种材料是一种施用于载体材料上的聚合物涂层。
6.权利要求5中的蒸汽屏障，其特征在于，所选用的用于聚合物涂层的聚合物包括聚乙烯醇、分散合成树脂、甲基纤维素、亚麻油醇酸树脂、骨胶或者蛋白质衍生物。
7.权利要求1～6中任一项所述的蒸汽屏障，其特征在于，这种材料作为涂层施用于一种具有低水蒸汽扩散阻力的载体材料上。
8.权利要求1～7中任一项所述的蒸汽屏障，其特征在于，这种材料夹在具有低的水蒸汽扩散阻力的两层载体材料之间形成夹层形状。
9.至少权利要求1～8中任何一项的一种蒸汽屏障，其特征在于，所选用的载体材料选自一种纤维增强纤维素材料。
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| DE19514420A DE19514420C1 (de) | 1995-04-19 | 1995-04-19 | Dampfbremse für den Einsatz zur Wärmedämmung von Gebäuden |
| DE19514420.1 | 1995-04-19 |
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| DE29611626U1 (de) * | 1996-07-04 | 1996-09-12 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., 80636 München | Barriere zur Behinderung von Luftkonvektion und Emission von Schadstoffen |
| DE29704323U1 (de) * | 1997-02-26 | 1997-05-15 | Textec Construct GmbH Technische Textilien und Werkstoffe, 16321 Lindenberg | Dichtband/Dichtbahn als Verbindungselement im Baugewerbe |
| DE19902102B4 (de) * | 1998-06-15 | 2007-07-05 | Ökologische Bausysteme B.I. Moll GmbH & Co. KG | Verbundwerkstoff |
| DE19861057C2 (de) * | 1998-11-19 | 2002-09-12 | Rockwool Mineralwolle | Lager- und Transporteinheit für Dämmstoffelemente |
| EP1002738B1 (de) * | 1998-11-19 | 2005-05-18 | Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll GmbH & Co. OHG | Lager- und Transporteinheit für Dämmstoffelemente |
| DE69921692T2 (de) * | 1998-12-21 | 2005-10-06 | Icopal A/S | Wasserdampfsperre und verfahren zur herstellung derselben |
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| US4719723A (en) * | 1985-10-03 | 1988-01-19 | Wagoner John D Van | Thermally efficient, protected membrane roofing system |
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1995
- 1995-04-19 DE DE19514420A patent/DE19514420C1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1996
- 1996-04-18 WO PCT/DE1996/000705 patent/WO1996033321A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1996-04-18 JP JP53140396A patent/JP4471403B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 1996-04-18 EP EP96909977A patent/EP0821755B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1996-04-18 CN CN96194268A patent/CN1082122C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 1996-04-18 SK SK1420-97A patent/SK284896B6/sk not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 1996-04-18 DK DK96909977T patent/DK0821755T3/da active
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- 1996-04-18 UA UA97104890A patent/UA28098C2/uk unknown
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