CN108138072B - 用于进行最小量润滑的组合物及其用途 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种润滑剂组合物及其用于在金属加工时进行最小量润滑的用途。该组合物具有相对于该组合物的总重量的0.05重量%至5重量%的乳化剂以及份额为补足该组合物的100%的脂肪族C16‑24醇。该乳化剂选自脂肪醇‑聚亚烷基二醇醚或乙醇酸烷氧基化物‑烷基醚或者其混合物。
Description
本发明涉及一种用于在金属加工时进行最小量润滑的润滑剂组合物以及该润滑剂组合物的此种用途。
加工金属的工艺分为常见的湿法加工(其中要用冷却润滑物质淹没切削工具)与没有润滑的干法加工(其中在切削过程中产生的热量主要被释放给切屑、工具和工件)。干法加工省去了润滑剂,而流入工件内的热量可能给构件精度带来不利影响,工具也可能由于提高的热负荷而更早地磨损。在湿法加工中所使用的冷却润滑物质主要负责冷却、润滑和切屑输送,但同时由于冷却润滑物质的收集、处理或处置而影响制造过程中的额外操作时间,并且由此也影响了其购入、处理和处置的成本。此外要注意对于环境和人体健康的保护。
最小量润滑(MMS)或最小量冷却润滑(MMKS)构成了在湿法加工与干法加工之间的中间路线。对于“最小量”并没有精确的定义,根据来源直至20ml/h、50ml/h、150ml/h或者有时甚至直至500ml/h都被称为MMS——但在所有情况下,与湿法加工中30000至60000ml/h或者甚至明显更多的常见量有着明显的区别。
最小量润滑相对于湿法加工而言明显减少了冷却润滑物质的供给和清除技术,能够实现更高的寿命和降低的过程持续时间。此外,用于清洗工件和工具的后续过程也得以缩减。因为最小量润滑意味着损耗性润滑,因而只使用新的、也就是说没有被再循环的或者说再生的润滑剂,从而能够省去使用杀生物剂、杀菌剂和其他添加物。
但对于润滑剂存在更高的要求,润滑剂必须与工件材料、机器参数和工具材料相匹配,以便达到最佳的效果。
通常为了MMS,使用合成酯油或者脂肪醇,将合成酯油和脂肪醇组合以获得在蒸发和闪点方面所期望的加工范围。在此对于这样的切削过程优选合成酯,即在该切削过程中有效的润滑是最重要的。在使用脂肪醇时,润滑的重要性不如冷却。
EP 2 397 535 A1公开了一种基于脂肪醇的组合物用于以最小量润滑进行铝加工。该醇化合物含1至8个羟基和2至27个碳原子,并且以16重量%至100重量%的量被包含在组合物内。余量可以为矿物油或者合成油,也可以是酯油。为了改进这种组合物的润滑能力,列举了可以加入该组合物中的各种添加物。
已经表明,即使在最小量润滑的情况下也会有少量的冷却润滑物质在工件上保留在切削部位四周以及保留在工具处。工件处的润滑剂残留物尽管可以一方面有助于避免在加工部位的腐蚀,但另一方面也可能对于接下来的生产过程如焊接、粘接、涂漆等等有不利影响,并且因此有可能需要清洗步骤。
与水可混溶的、可以用水清除的金属加工液不适合用于最小量润滑,因为它们不具有为此所需的润滑作用或者所需的闪点。
为了清除基于饱和的、脂肪族的、单羟基的C14-18醇的润滑剂(该润滑剂被设计为用于冷加工作为在工件的表面上的薄膜的铝),WO 91/06619描述了加热工件,以便使润滑剂蒸发。
从这种现有技术出发,本发明的目的是,提供一种最小量润滑物质,该最小量润滑物质可以在不加热的情况下就很容易地不仅从工件、而且从工具以及从机床上被清除。
该目的通过具有权利要求1所述的特征的润滑剂组合物得以实现。
润滑剂组合物的改进方案是在从属权利要求中实施的。
利用独立权利要求8所述的特征公开了在使用润滑剂组合物的情况下的简单清除。
根据本发明的用于在金属加工时进行最小量润滑的润滑剂组合物主要由脂肪族C16-24醇组成,向该脂肪族C16-24醇内加入少份额的乳化剂,使得润滑剂可以利用水乳化。以这种方式通过利用水进行的乳化可以容易地使工件和工具以及加工空间(例如机器内部空间)不含根据本发明的润滑剂组合物的残留物。但应注意的是,润滑剂组合物在存放和输送到工具时不能与水发生接触。
优选的乳化剂可以为脂肪醇-聚亚烷基二醇醚,其以相对于组合物的总重量的0.05重量%至5重量%包含在组合物内。替代于此,乳化剂可以为乙醇酸烷氧基化物-烷基醚,其在组合物内的份额处于相对于组合物的总重量的0.05重量%至5重量%的范围内。但也可设想的是,以相对于组合物的总重量的0.05重量%至5重量%的重量份额使用脂肪醇-聚亚烷基二醇醚和乙醇酸烷氧基化物-烷基醚的混合物作为乳化剂。于是,脂肪族C16-24醇就相应地以补足组合物的100%的份额存在。
脂肪醇-聚亚烷基二醇醚具有式(I)
R*-[(CH2CH2O)x-(CH2CH(CH3)O)y]-R1(I),
其中,R1为脂肪族的、支链的或者直链的C16-18烷基或者烯基。
R*可以为羟基。在总和x+y为1至10的前提下,变量x和y可以为0至10。脂肪醇-聚亚烷基二醇醚(平常也称为脂肪醇烷氧基化物或者烷氧基化脂肪醇)可以仅由氧化乙烯单元(y=0)或者仅由氧化丙烯单元(x=0)构成。但聚亚烷基二醇醚还可以不仅包含氧化乙烯单元而且包含氧化丙烯单元。在此单元的相应的份额和顺序可以(例如交替地或者嵌段地)变化。一种非限定性的示例性的纯乙氧基化的脂肪醇可以基于油醇或鲸蜡醇:HO-(CH2CH2O)n-R,其中,R=C18或C16,其中,例如n=5。此外,可以设想在烷氧基单元的基础醇、种类和数量方面的不同。
脂肪醇-聚亚烷基二醇醚的重量份额优选可以为1重量%至5重量%,其中特别优选更小的份额、例如1重量%。含有1重量%脂肪醇-聚亚烷基二醇醚的润滑剂组合物有利地具有合适的、具有足够良好的乳化特性的乳化剂平衡,而在此未给清洗装置内的分离行为(去乳化行为)带来负面影响。过低的乳化剂浓度导致在工具、工件和机器空间处的较低的清除能力,而过高的浓度阻碍在清洗装置内的油分离。
替代脂肪醇-聚亚烷基二醇醚的乙醇酸烷氧基化物-烷基醚(也称作醚羧酸)具有式(II)
R2-O-[(CH2CH2O)x-(CH2CH(CH3)O)y]-CH2-COOH(II),
其中,R2为脂肪族的、支链或直链的C6-20烷基或者烯基。在此也可以考虑纯乙氧基化的、纯丙氧基化的或者混合式乙氧基化和丙氧基化的化合物,使得x和y选自0至10,前提是总和x+y=1至10。乙醇酸烷氧基化物-烷基醚优选地为乙醇酸乙氧基化物-烷基醚。
示例性的乙醇酸乙氧基化物-烷基醚是:聚(氧-1,2-乙二基)、α-(羧甲基)-ω-羟基-、C10-16和C12-20-不饱和烷基醚(例如CAS编号68954-89-2),聚(氧-1,2-乙二基)、α-(羧甲基)-ω-羟基-、C16-18和C18-不饱和烷基醚(CAS编号227310-69-2),聚(氧-1,2-乙二基)、α-(羧甲基)-ω-辛氧基-(CAS编号53563-70-5),或聚(氧-1,2-乙二基)、α-(羧甲基)-ω-己氧基-(CAS编号105391-15-9)。
在根据本发明的润滑剂组合物中所使用的脂肪族C16-24-醇可以为支链的醇,优选为格尔伯特(Guerbet)醇(长链的、在伯OH基的α位上烷基取代的醇),例如2-己基-1-癸醇或者2-辛基-1-十二烷醇。后者可以优选使用C20-醇。这类醇可以基于由于完全饱和引起的更低的流点和更低的粘结倾向而被应用在比天然直链醇可能的应用温度更低的应用温度下。
因此根据本发明所实施的润滑剂组合物可以由仅仅两种组分构成,即C16-24基础醇和乳化剂。
但在本发明的另一种实施方式中也可以提出的是,润滑剂组合物附加地具有相对于组合物的总重量的0.05重量%至5重量%的式(III)的脂肪酸烷醇酰胺或烷氧基化脂肪酸烷醇酰胺
R3-(CO)-NR'-(CH2)2-O-[(CH2CH2O)x-(CH2CH(CH3)O)y]-R”(III),
其中R3为脂肪族的、直链或支链的C5-23烷基或者烯基,R’、R”相互独立地为氢或者脂肪族的、直链或支链的、取代或未取代的烷基或者烯基,x和y可以分别选自0至10,使得如上所述包括纯乙氧基化的、纯丙氧基化和混合式乙氧基化和丙氧基化的化合物,其中在此总和x+y可以为0(未烷氧基化)至10。添加脂肪酸烷醇酰胺或烷氧基化的脂肪酸烷醇酰胺有利于改进润滑剂组合物的防腐蚀效果,并且可以由于起乳化作用的特性而给工件或机器的可清除性带来积极作用。
此外,根据本发明的润滑剂组合物可以附加地具有至少一种性能添加剂,该性能添加剂选自下组,该组包括:
a)经硫化的化合物,如经硫化的烯烃类、经硫化的酯类、经硫化的甘油三酸酯类和经硫化的天然酯油类;
b)C12-24脂肪酸;
c)乙氧基化的天然油;
e)乙氧基化的酸性磷酸酯。
下面描述一些示例,但这些示例明确地不应被理解为限制性的:
非限制性的实例:
a)经硫化的化合物包括:
-经硫化的烯烃类,诸如二叔十二烷基多硫化物(EG-No.:270-335-7),例如二叔十二烷基三硫化物或二叔十二烷基五硫化物;
-经硫化的酯类,如硫化的脂肪酸、植物油酯、甲酯(EG-No.276-337-4);
-经硫化的甘油三酸酯类/经硫化的天然酯油类,例如经硫化的菜油、经硫化的猪油、经硫化的蓖麻油等等;
b)纯脂肪酸,例如油酸或链长在C12-24范围内的相似物;
c)乙氧基化的天然油类,例如含1至10个氧化乙烯单元的蓖麻乙氧基化物;
d)KOH皂化的菜油;
e)乙氧基化的酸性的磷酸酯,例如油醇乙氧基化物磷酸酯(CAS编号39464-69-2)。
在此,每种性能添加剂相对于组合物的总重量的份额为最多15重量%,其中性能添加剂的总量相对于组合物的总重量的份额不超过30重量%。
因此,根据本发明的润滑剂组合物可以被用于在金属加工时进行最小量润滑,其中保留在工件和工具的表面处的润滑剂组合物的残留物可用水洗去。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于在金属加工时进行最小量润滑的润滑剂组合物,其特征在于,该组合物具有相对于该组合物总重量的0.05重量%至5重量%的乳化剂以及份额为补足该组合物的100%的脂肪族C16-24醇;
其中,该乳化剂是乙醇酸烷氧基化物-烷基醚或者其与脂肪醇-聚亚烷基二醇醚的混合物,
其中,该乙醇酸烷氧基化物-烷基醚具有式(II):
R2-O-[(CH2CH2O)x-(CH2CH(CH3)O)y]-CH2-COOH (II),
其中,R2为脂肪族的支链或直链的C6-20烷基或烯基,其中,x = 0至10,y = 0至10,并且x+ y = 1至10,
其中,该组合物附加地含有相对于该组合物总重量的0.05重量%至5重量%的式(III)的脂肪酸烷醇酰胺或烷氧基化脂肪酸烷醇酰胺:
R3-(CO)-NR’-(CH2)2-O-[(CH2CH2O)x-(CH2CH(CH3)O)y]-R” (III),
其中,R3为脂肪族的、直链或支链的C5-23烷基或者烯基,R’、R”相互独立地为氢或者是脂肪族的、直链或支链的、取代或未取代的烷基或者烯基,其中,x = 0至10,y = 0至10,并且x+ y= 0至10。
2.根据权利要求1所述的润滑剂组合物,其特征在于,该脂肪醇-聚亚烷基二醇醚具有式(I):
R*-[(CH2CH2O)x-(CH2CH(CH3)O)y]-R1 (I),
其中,R1为脂肪族的支链或直链的C16-18烷基或烯基,并且R*为羟基,其中,x = 0至10,y= 0至10,并且x + y = 1至10。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的润滑剂组合物,其特征在于,该脂肪族C16-24醇为支链的醇。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的润滑剂组合物,其特征在于,该脂肪族C16-24醇为格尔伯特醇。
5.根据权利要求4所述的润滑剂组合物,其特征在于,该格尔伯特醇为C20醇。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的润滑剂组合物,其特征在于,该组合物附加地具有来自下组的至少一种性能添加剂,该组包括:
a)经硫化的化合物,包括经硫化的烯烃类、经硫化的酯类;
b)C12-24脂肪酸;
c)乙氧基化的天然油;
d)KOH皂化的菜油;
e)乙氧基化的酸性磷酸酯。
7.根据权利要求6所述的润滑剂组合物,其特征在于,所述经硫化的化合物包括经硫化的甘油三酸酯类。
8.根据权利要求6所述的润滑剂组合物,其特征在于,所述经硫化的化合物包括经硫化的天然酯油类。
9.根据权利要求6所述的润滑剂组合物,其特征在于,每种性能添加剂相对于该组合物总重量的份额为相对于该组合物总重量的15重量%,并且这些性能添加剂的总量相对于该组合物总重量的份额为30重量%。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的润滑剂组合物用于在金属加工时进行最小量润滑的用途,其中,保留在工件和工具的表面处的该润滑剂组合物的残留物能够用水洗去。
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