CN108117403A - 一种SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN108117403A
CN108117403A CN201711330587.2A CN201711330587A CN108117403A CN 108117403 A CN108117403 A CN 108117403A CN 201711330587 A CN201711330587 A CN 201711330587A CN 108117403 A CN108117403 A CN 108117403A
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李斌斌
袁小森
廖家豪
陈照峰
饶志远
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Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法,属于陶瓷基复合材料领域,制备的SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料具有强度高,韧性好,密度小,耐高温等优点。该复合材料包括超长SiC纳米线和SiC陶瓷基体,所述超长SiC纳米线通过原位自交联生长组成SiC陶瓷基复合材料预制件,所述的SiC纳米线预制件中的超长SiC纳米线相互缠绕,交联成空间网状结构,所述的SiC陶瓷基体填充于超长SiC纳米线的孔隙中;制备方法包括SiC纳米线预制件的制备、化学气相浸渗、先驱体浸渍裂解,该制备方法可以制备复杂构件,制备方法工艺简单,设备要求低,成本低,环保。

Description

一种SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于陶瓷基复合材料领域,尤其涉及一种SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
连续SiC纤维增强SiC基(SiCf/SiC)复合材料具有低密度,高比强度,高比模量、低化学活性、高电阻率和低中子辐射诱导活性等特性,在航空航天、核聚变反应堆以及高温结构吸波材料等领域具有广阔的应用前景。目前的SiC纤维增强SiC基复合材料采用的纤维为直径在1μm以上的连续SiC纤维编织件或是直径为1-2μmSiC短纤组成的SiC棉毡,因此SiC纤维增强复合材料的性能受到了限制,特别在断裂韧性等方面还满足不了航空航天、国防等领域的迫切需求,需要开发更耐高温和具有更高损伤容限的SiC陶瓷基复合材料。
SiC纳米线最大弯曲强度为53.4GPa,是微米晶须的两倍,而且SiC纳米线在常温下还具有超塑性,因此以超长SiC纳米线代替传统的SiC纤维材料作为SiC陶瓷基复合材料的增强体有望提高SiC陶瓷基复合材料的强度,断裂韧性等。
目前将SiC纳米线引入SiC陶瓷基复合材料主要是添加入SiC纤维预制体中,但直接添加SiC纳米线的加入量很少,而且SiC纳米线具有巨大的比表面积和很高的长径比,因此很容易发生缠绕或团聚,在纤维内部分布不均匀,起不到相应效果。专利号为CN103993475 B的专利以Si粉和石墨粉为原料在碳纤维表面原位生长SiC纳米线,但是工序复杂,加入量少。专利号为CN 107311682 A的发明专利,采用CVD法在碳纤维表面沉积一层热解碳涂层之后沉积SiC纳米线再制备SiC陶瓷基复合材料,此种方法依旧为在碳纤维预制件中原位生长添加SiC纳米线,依旧没有解决SiC纳米线量少,分布不均匀的问题。专利号为CN106866148 A的发明专利同样是采用CVD原位生长在SiC纤维表面生长SiC纳米线,之后再进行复合,制备SiC复合材料,此种工艺方法与上两篇专利相同都是采用SiC纳米线添加入SiC纤维预制件的方法,SiC纳米线不是主要增强相,只作为辅助增强相存在,量少,分布不均匀。因此现有技术的制备方法大大限制了SiC纳米线在增强SiC陶瓷复合材料方面的作用。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法,所制备的SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料强韧性好,致密度高,复合材料中SiC纳米线量大,分布均匀。
为实现以上目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料,包括超长SiC纳米线,SiC陶瓷基体;所述SiC纳米线的平均直径为20nm-80nm,平均长度为1mm-10mm,所述的超长SiC纳米线通过原位生长自交联组成均匀的空间网格结构的预制体,所述SiC陶瓷基体填充于超长SiC纳米线预制体的孔隙之中,所述SiC陶瓷基体质量占复合材料的60%-70%。
一种SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将一定形状三聚氰胺泡棉放置于管式炉中,在50sccm-100sccm的氩气保护下,以5℃/min升温至400℃,再以10℃/min升温至500℃,保温2h热解得到碳泡棉基体,之后将碳泡棉浸渍于浓度为0.01mol/L-0.05mol/L的硝酸镍酒精溶液中,随即取出烘干备用;
(2)将聚碳硅烷研磨成粉末溶解于正庚烷中,所述聚碳硅烷与所述正庚烷的溶解比例为1g:(10-15ml),之后加入活性炭,所述聚碳硅烷的正庚烷溶液与所述活性炭比例为10ml:(5-8g),超声震荡均匀,80℃-120℃烘2h-3h,研磨成粉末;
(3)将步骤(2)中所得粉末放置于氧化铝坩埚中,将步骤(1)中所得碳泡棉基体放置于氧化铝坩埚中上方;之后将氧化铝坩埚放置于管式炉中,在10sccm-20sccm氩气气流中,以10℃/min-15℃/min升温至1200℃-1350℃,保温5h-6h,之后以5℃/min降温至450℃-500℃,通入10sccm-30sccm氧气,保温1h-2h,去除碳泡棉基体得到SiC纳米线预制体;
(4)将步骤(3)所得到的SiC纳米线预制体放入管式炉中,采用三氯甲基硅烷为源气,氢气为还原性气体,氩气为稀释气体,在压强为100Pa-150Pa,温度为1100℃环境下进行化学气相浸渗30h-50h,得到SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料胚体;
(5)将步骤(4)中所得SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料胚体进行循环先驱体浸渍裂解,采用真空压力浸渍,浸渍液为聚碳硅烷的二甲苯的溶液,真空度压强为1Pa-2Pa,加压至1.5MPa-2Mp,固化交联温度为80℃-120℃,时间为10h-12h;裂解时先以5℃/min的速率升温至800℃,再以3℃/min的速率升温至1200℃,保温2h-3h,再以3℃/min的速率降温至800℃,之后随炉冷却至室温,浸渍裂解循环次数为12次-13次。
以上步骤中步骤(4)中所述三氯甲基硅烷流量为30sccm,所述氢气流量为30sccm,所述氩气流量为120sccm,步骤(5)中所述的聚碳硅烷与二甲苯的比例为1g:1ml。
本发明的有益效果是:本发明提供了一种SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法,本发明采用常压CVD的方法制备SiC纳米线,制备工艺简单,所得预制件致密性,成型性好,如图1所示碳化硅纳米线组成的方形预制体致密,稳定,具有一定的力学性能,SiC纳米线平均长度为1-10mm,长度较长,直径为20-80nm,图2中显示出超长碳化硅纳米线致密的相互缠绕,交联,且碳化硅纳米线长径比大,形态好;采用化学气相浸渗与循环先驱体浸渍裂解工艺相结合制备复合材料,首先用化学气相浸渗法对SiC纳米线棉毡定型,初期增密,之后再采用循环先驱体浸渍裂解法封填孔洞,如图3所示碳化硅纳米线之间的孔隙被碳化硅基体填充,形成了微观接触良好的复合材料,最终制得的SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料密度可达3.1g/cm3,接近SiC陶瓷的实体密度;本发明制备的超长SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料具有强韧性好,致密度高,密度大,抗氧化能力强等优点,此制备方法可以制备复杂构件,而且制备方法工艺简单,设备要求低,成本低,环保。
附图说明
图1为本发明制备的SiC纳米线棉毡的光学照片,其中,a为表面,b为截面。
图2为本发明制备的组成SiC纳米线预制件的SiC纳米线SEM图。
图3为本发明制备的SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷复合材料的SEM形貌图。
图4为本发明制备的SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷复合材料的XRD图谱。
具体实施方式
实施例1
(1)超长SiC纳米线预制体的制备:
1)将一定形状三聚氰胺泡棉放置于管式炉中,在50sccm流量的氩气保护下,热解得到碳泡棉基体。之后将碳泡棉浸渍于浓度为0.01mol/L的硝酸镍的酒精溶液中,随即取出,放入90℃烘箱中烘干2h备用。
2)将聚碳硅烷研磨成粉末以比例1g:10ml溶解于正庚烷中,以比例10ml:5g加入活性炭,超声震荡均匀,在100℃烘箱中干燥2h,之后取出研磨成粉末备用。
3)将2)中所得粉末放置于氧化铝坩埚中,将1)中所得碳泡棉基体放置于氧化铝坩埚中上方;之后将氧化铝坩埚放置于管式炉中,以10℃/min的升温速率升温至1250℃保持,进行CVD沉积,之后随炉冷却至450℃通入20sccm流量氧气氧化1.5h,去除碳泡棉基体得到SiC纳米线棉毡。
(2)SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料的制备:
将步骤(1)所制备的SiC纳米线预制体放入管式炉中,以6℃/min的速率升温至1100℃,通入三甲基氯硅烷30sccm,氢气30sccm,氩气120sccm,保温30h。之后取出在1g:1ml的聚碳硅烷,二甲苯溶液中真空浸渍,真空压力为2Pa,之后加压至2MPa,保持2h,取出,在120℃烘箱中干燥2h;之后放入管式炉中在60sccm的氩气保护下以5℃/min的速率升温至800℃,再以3℃/min的速率升温至1200℃,保温2h,再以3℃/min的速率降温至800℃,之后随炉冷却至室温;重复浸渍裂解工序12次,密度达到3.1g/min,得到成品。
实施例2
(1)超长SiC纳米线预制体的制备:
1)将一定形状三聚氰胺泡棉放置于管式炉中,在70sccm流量的氩气保护下,热解得到碳泡棉基体。之后将碳泡棉浸渍于浓度为0.05mol/L的硝酸镍的酒精溶液中,随即取出,放入100℃烘箱中烘干3h备用。
2)将聚碳硅烷研磨成粉末以比例1g:12ml溶解于正庚烷中,以比例10ml:6g加入活性炭,超声震荡均匀,在100℃烘箱中干燥3h,之后取出研磨成粉末备用。
3)将2)中所得粉末放置于氧化铝坩埚中,将1)中所得碳泡棉基体放置于氧化铝坩埚中上方;之后将氧化铝坩埚放置于管式炉中,以10℃/min的升温速率升温至1300℃保持,进行CVD沉积,之后随炉冷却至450℃通入20sccm流量氧气氧化1.5h,去除碳泡棉基体得到SiC纳米线棉毡。
(2)SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料的制备:
将步骤(1)所制备的SiC纳米线预制体放入管式炉中,以6℃/min的速率升温至1100℃,通入三甲基氯硅烷30sccm,氢气30sccm,氩气120sccm,保温30h。之后取出在1g:1ml的聚碳硅烷,二甲苯溶液中真空浸渍,真空压力为2Pa,之后加压至2MPa,保持5h,取出,在120℃烘箱中干燥2h;之后放入管式炉中在60sccm的氩气保护下以5℃/min的速率升温至800℃,再以3℃/min的速率升温至1200℃,保温3h,再以3℃/min的速率降温至800℃,之后随炉冷却至室温;重复浸渍裂解工序13次,密度达到3.1g/min,得到成品。
实施例3
(1)超长SiC纳米线预制体的制备:
1)将一定形状三聚氰胺泡棉放置于管式炉中,在100sccm流量的氩气保护下,热解得到碳泡棉基体。之后将碳泡棉浸渍于浓度为0.03mol/L的硝酸镍的酒精溶液中,随即取出,放入90℃烘箱中烘干2h备用。
2)将聚碳硅烷研磨成粉末以比例1g:10ml溶解于正庚烷中,以比例10ml:8g加入活性炭,超声震荡均匀,在100℃烘箱中干燥2h,之后取出研磨成粉末备用。
3)将2)中所得粉末放置于氧化铝坩埚中,将1)中所得碳泡棉基体放置于氧化铝坩埚中上方;之后将氧化铝坩埚放置于管式炉中,以15℃/min的升温速率升温至1200℃保持,进行CVD沉积,之后随炉冷却至500℃通入10sccm流量氧气氧化2h,去除碳泡棉基体得到SiC纳米线棉毡。
(2)SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料的制备:
将步骤(1)所制备的SiC纳米线预制体放入管式炉中,以6℃/min的速率升温至1100℃,通入三甲基氯硅烷30sccm,氢气30sccm,氩气120sccm,保温50h。之后取出在1g:1ml的聚碳硅烷,二甲苯溶液中真空浸渍,真空压力为5Pa,之后加压至1.5MPa,保持4h,取出,在120℃烘箱中干燥2h;之后放入管式炉中在60sccm的氩气保护下以5℃/min的速率升温至800℃,再以3℃/min的速率升温至1200℃,保温3h,再以3℃/min的速率降温至800℃,之后随炉冷却至室温;重复浸渍裂解工序12次,密度达到3.1g/min,得到成品。
实施例4
(1)超长SiC纳米线预制体的制备:
1)将一定形状三聚氰胺泡棉放置于管式炉中,在80sccm流量的氩气保护下,热解得到碳泡棉基体。之后将碳泡棉浸渍于浓度为0.04mol/L的硝酸镍的酒精溶液中,随即取出,放入90℃烘箱中烘干2h备用。
2)将聚碳硅烷研磨成粉末以比例1g:12ml溶解于正庚烷中,以比例10ml:6g加入活性炭,超声震荡均匀,在120℃烘箱中干燥3h,之后取出研磨成粉末备用。
3)将2)中所得粉末放置于氧化铝坩埚中,将1)中所得碳泡棉基体放置于氧化铝坩埚中上方;之后将氧化铝坩埚放置于管式炉中,以10℃/min的升温速率升温至1300℃保持,进行CVD沉积,之后随炉冷却至500℃通入20sccm流量氧气氧化2h,去除碳泡棉基体得到SiC纳米线棉毡。
(2)SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料的制备:
将步骤(1)所制备的SiC纳米线预制体放入管式炉中,以6℃/min的速率升温至1100℃,通入三甲基氯硅烷30sccm,氢气30sccm,氩气120sccm,保温40h。之后取出在1g:1ml的聚碳硅烷,二甲苯溶液中真空浸渍,真空压力为10Pa,之后加压至1.5MPa,保持3h,取出,在120℃烘箱中干燥2h;之后放入管式炉中在60sccm的氩气保护下以5℃/min的速率升温至800℃,再以3℃/min的速率升温至1200℃,保温3h,再以3℃/min的速率降温至800℃,之后随炉冷却至室温;重复浸渍裂解工序12次,密度达到3.1g/min,得到成品。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (6)

1.一种SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料,其特征在于,包括SiC纳米线,SiC陶瓷基体;所述的SiC纳米线通过原位生长自交联组成均匀的空间网格结构的预制体,所述SiC陶瓷基体填充于SiC纳米线的孔隙之中,所述SiC陶瓷基体质量占复合材料的60%-70%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料,其特征在于,所述复合材料的密度为2.8-3.1g/cm3
3.根据权利要求1所述的SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料,其特征在于,所述SiC纳米线的平均直径为20nm-80nm,平均长度为1mm-10mm。
4.一种SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)采用常压CVD法在碳泡棉基体上制备SiC纳米线,之后高温氧化去除碳泡棉基体得到SiC纳米线预制体;
(2)将步骤(1)所制备的SiC纳米线预制体放入管式炉中,采用三氯甲基硅烷为源气,氢气为还原性气体,氩气为稀释气体,在压强为100Pa-150Pa,温度为1100℃环境下进行化学气相浸渗30h-50h,得到SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料胚体;
(3)将步骤(2)中所得SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料胚体进行循环先驱体浸渍裂解,采用真空压力浸渍,浸渍液为聚碳硅烷的二甲苯的溶液,真空度压强为5Pa-20Pa,加压至1.5MPa-2Mp,并保持高压2h-5h,固化交联温度为80℃-120℃,时间为10h-12h;裂解时先以5℃/min的速率升温至800℃,再以3℃/min的速率升温至1200℃,保温2h-3h,再以3℃/min的速率降温至800℃,之后随炉冷却至室温,浸渍裂解循环次数为12次-13次。
5.根据权利要求4所述的SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中所述三氯甲基硅烷流量为30sccm,所述氢气流量为30sccm,所述氩气流量为120sccm。
6.根据权利要求4所述的SiC纳米线增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中所述的聚碳硅烷与二甲苯的比例为1g:1ml。
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