CN107970209A - 亲脂性药剂的改进的胃肠外制剂以及制备和使用其的方法 - Google Patents
亲脂性药剂的改进的胃肠外制剂以及制备和使用其的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
可以提供具有改善的溶解性和稳定性的亲脂性药剂的组合物。例如,可以提供一种非水性组合物,其包含亲脂性药剂和两亲性聚合溶剂例如PEG400但基本上不含有机溶剂和不溶解的颗粒。该组合物可以用期望的水性稀释剂例如输注液进一步稀释以对受试者(例如人类)肠胃外施用。该组合物可以用于治疗那些对亲脂性试剂敏感的疾病或病况,例如感染性疾病,恶性肿瘤或自身免疫疾病。
Description
本申请是国际申请日为2012年4月20日,中国国家申请号为201280032690.8,发明名称为“亲脂性药剂的改进的胃肠外制剂以及制备和使用其的方法”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
背景
本申请要求2011年4月28日提交的美国临时申请序列第61/480,259号的优先权,其通过引用全文并入本文。
技术领域
本发明通常涉及改进的组合物和制备包含溶解的亲脂性药剂的胃肠外制剂和在疾病例如恶性的和自身免疫性疾病、感染性病症的治疗中使用这些制剂的方法和造血干细胞移植之前的准备期治疗中的用途。
背景技术
具有低水溶解度的亲脂性药物物质是在多种病理的多种治疗领域中具有逐渐增加的适用性的一类发展中的药物。批准用于制药用途的许多化合物都是具有有限溶解度和生物利用度的亲脂性化合物。相对难溶的化合物,即具有低于200μg/mL的水中溶解度,可显示有前景的药物活性,但是它们作为药品的开发,尤其是以胃肠外剂型,对于制药工业来说是重要挑战。有效药物释放的主要障碍是溶解度和稳定性。为了在人体中被吸收,化合物必须在水和脂肪(脂质)中都是溶解的。然而,在水中的溶解度常常与不良的脂肪溶解度相关联,而反之亦然。
因此,溶解度和稳定性是阻碍治疗剂发展的主要障碍。水性溶解度对于药品中存在的具有复杂有机结构的制剂来说是必需的但常常难以实现的特性。用于非常难溶的药物的传统配方体系已经包括有机溶剂、表面活性剂和极端pH条件的组合。这些配方对患者来说常常是刺激性的并且导致不良反应。同时,这些方法对溶解用于胃肠外制剂的足够质量的药物来说是不够好的。
因此,存在对涉及包含溶解的并且稳定的亲脂性药剂例如白消安的制剂的组合物和方法的需要。
作为具体实例,双官能DNA烷基化剂白消安(Bu;二甲烷磺酸1,4-丁二醇酯,也称作丁烷-1,4-二基二甲磺酸酯;C6H14O6S2)在过去的几十年中已经因其对多种恶性疾病的化疗功效而获得了极高的声望。然而这在其抗髓性肿瘤例如通过慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)所示例的活性上是最容易理解的(Haddow和Timmis,1953;Hoffman等人,1991)
在CML治疗中用Bu以单剂(烷基化剂)治疗获得的治疗收益已经通过其广泛的骨髓中毒性实现。其最近渐增地被采用可选择性地下调恶性克隆的异常增殖并且恢复正常的多克隆血细胞生成的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的靶向治疗取代。
在另一方面,由Santos和其同事提出,并由Tutschka和其同事进一步完善的是除了其明显的抗白血病功效之外,Bu的非常强力的(并且选择性的)骨髓抑制活性使得其几乎是因恶性、自身免疫性或遗传性疾病而进行造血干细胞移植的患者的移植前准备期治疗中使用的几乎理想的试剂,条件是其骨髓抑制活性与第二种剂的免疫抑制活性相配,环磷酰胺(Cy)曾常常是这一设定中优选的“搭档”。此“Bu-Cy”组合的变体迅速被公认为对(当时)更常使用的全身照射(TBI)和Cy的组合的可接受的替代方案(Santos和Tutschka,1974;Santos等人,1974;Tutschka等人,1987;Ciurea等人,2009)。当采用Bu-Cy组合累积了更多经验时,变得明显的是口服Bu不可预知的肠吸收和不稳定的生物利用率是高移植前发病率和死亡率(其最主要由严重的肝毒性或药物诱导的中毒性肝炎导致的,临床上称为肝静脉阻塞性疾病(VOD))的促成原因。据报道VOD和其他治疗相关并发症的死亡风险在HSCT之后的开始100天中已经高达30-50%(Blaise等人,1992;Devergie等人,1995;Hartman等人,1998;Socie等人,2001;Ciurea等人,2009)。来自实际上任意清髓性预处理的毒性已经与VOD的发展相关联(Jones等人,1987;McDonald等人,1993;Bearman,1995),但是施用口服Bu(与Cy组合)之后的VOD和/或肝肾衰竭通常被认为是与高剂量Bu相关联的“标志性”毒性(原始BuCy4[4天Cy]和变体BuCy2[2天Cy]方案两者)(Santos等人,1983;Tutschka等人,1987;Grochow等人,1989;Grochow,1993;Slattery等人,1997;Dix等人,1996)。此外,口服Bu与导致肝门静脉系统中局部高Bu浓度的肝首过摄取效果有关并且这可增加VOD的风险(Peters等人,1987)。然而,除了Bu之外,Cy无疑也是肝毒性的。McDonald和同事的发现表明代谢药物操控中的个体间差异对于发展VOD来说具有重要性,如此,相信除了Bu之外Cy导致了VOD的整体风险(McDonald等人,2003)。因此,VOD风险与药物诱导的对肝的代谢压力有关,尤其是当两种剂都取决于肝的谷胱甘肽(GSH)储备和肝的谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)的去毒活性时(McDonald等人,2003;Hassan等人,2000)。
除了VOD之外,动物中的神经毒性也与Bu有关(Deeg等人,1999)。接受口服Bu的人中的惊厥最初由Marcus和Goldman(1984)报道。在基于Bu的准备期治疗之后,神经毒性(尤其是严重的全身发作的活性)的发病率已经估计在成人中高达10%(Santos,1989)而在儿童中为约7%(Vassal等人,1990)。Vassal等人报道较高的剂量(>600mg/m2或16mg/kg)与增加的神经毒性显现几率相关(Vassal等人,1989)。癫痫发作在较年长的患者中更加普遍,并且它们在成人和儿童中似乎都是剂量依赖性的。癫痫发作与Bu的有限的血浆结合以及因此其穿过血脑屏障的能力有关(Vassal等人,1990;Vassal等人,1989;Hassan等人,1989;Meloni等人,1992)。在成人中,癫痫发作通常在Bu施用的第3天或第4天出现,可能是组织药物积累的结果(Marcus和Goldman,1984;Hassan等人,1989;Meloni等人,1992;Kobayashi等人,1998;Martell等人,1987;Sureda等人,1989)。即使没有明显的癫痫发作活动,EGG异常也在高达60%的患者中发生(Kobayashi等人,1998)。这些问题迫使各种抗惊厥药被用于癫痫发作预防(Meloni等人,1992;Kobayashi等人,1998;Grigg等人,1989;Meloni等人,1995;Chan等人,2002;Hassan等人,1993)。
高剂量移植前准备期治疗中使用口服Bu的实用限制主要与其因可变的肠吸收而不可预知并且不稳定的生物利用率有关。可获得的口服Bu毒性有关的临床试验数据和关注形成了我们的IV Bu制剂可能导致对肝的较少的压力的假设的基础,因为胃肠外施用将产生具有100%生物利用率的完全剂量保证并且防止通过肝门静脉系统从肠道吸收的口服药物的肝首过摄取发生。这一认识促IV Bu制剂的设计以实现受控的施用(Bhagwatwar等人,1996;Andersson等人,2000)。基于DMA的IV Bu制剂已在1999年获得FDA批准。其已经在HSCT前化疗中,主要是在IV Bu Cy2治疗方案中,迅速取代口服Bu(Andersson等人,2002)。
迄今为止,已经在六个追溯性研究中将IV BuCy2与口服BuCy2相比较,全部显示IVBuCy2在VOD发展和早期移植相关死亡率方面的优越性(Kashyap等人,2002;Thall等人,2004;Kim等人,2005;Lee等人,2005;Aggarwal等人,2006;Dean等人,2010)。IV Bu与Cy一起引入似乎改善了Bu-Cy(2)治疗方案的安全性,然而早期治疗方案相关的毒性仍旧有所担忧。如上文所提到的,通过McDonald和同事的工作而显而易见的是当在预移植设置中以高剂量使用时,Cy导致整体肝毒性(McDonald等人,1993;McDonald等人,2003;DeLeve等人,2002)。Cy的活化的细胞毒性代谢产物(尤其是邻羧乙基磷酰胺氮芥和丙烯醛)在Bu-Cy2准备期治疗方案中通过其代谢性解毒中对GSH的需要可能导致VOD。作为这些观察的延伸,可以想象VOD的风险可通过用在其代谢中不使用GSH并且对于肝来说基本上无毒的来自不同种类的没有肝毒性的药物的免疫抑制剂,例如氟达拉滨(Flu),取代Cy而降低。因此,Russell和同仁报道了在方便的每日一次给药计划中使用IV Bu-Flu和抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)的清髓性准备期治疗方案(Russell等人,2002)。随后,在M.D.Anderson CancerCenter(MDACC)进行了疾病特异性研究,Flu和IV Bu均每日一次给予(De Lima等人,2004;Andersson等人,2008)。这一研究中治疗了九十六名患有AML/MDS的患者,其中加入ATG仅仅用于相配的无关供体和一个抗原错配的同胞供体移植患者(De Lima等人,2004)。口腔炎是常见的并且在一部分患者中仍发现VOD和神经学副作用。第一次研究中的大部分患者和第二次研究中的18%具有瞬时提高的ALT,而约10%在移植后一周或两周内经历作为对肝功能压力的另一个信号的胆红素的显著增加(Russell等人,2002;De Lima等人,2004)。在这两次试验中首次166名患者中的三名(1.8%)发展了临床上显著的VOD并且其中一名死亡(0.6%)。神经毒性不是常见的;4%的患者发展了“手足”综合征而两名患者患有癫痫发作(Russell等人,2002;De Lima等人,2004;Andersson等人,2008)。有趣的是,肝毒性的模式似乎在某种程度上与之前使用口服Bu所经历的不同;通常约三分之一的患者中有“无症状高胆红素血症”,其在IV Bu递送的约一周内发作,并且如果临床VOD发生,那么其通常在比之前遇到的更晚的时间发生。因此,现在临床诊断的VOD晚至HSCT之后两个月时在一部分患者中出现(Andersson,未公开数据)。
开发胃肠外Bu制剂以获得具有完全剂量保证的100%的生物利用率并且同时消除口服高剂量Bu后可导致致命肝衰竭的高风险的肝首过效应(Bhagwatwar等人,1996;美国专利第5,430,057号;美国专利5,559,148)
现在可获得的IV Bu制剂具有基于N,N-二甲乙酰胺(DMA)和聚乙二醇400(PEG/PEG400)的复合溶剂媒介物(“DMA-Bu”)(Bhagwatwar等人,1996;美国专利第5,430,057号;美国专利5,559,148)。尽管一些临床研究证实这一DMA-Bu制剂耐受性更好并且产生因不同类型的白血病和淋巴瘤而被移植的患者的改善的临床结果(Kashyap等人,2002;Thall等人,2004;Kim等人,2005;Lee等人,2005;Aggarwal等人,2006;Dean等人,2010;DeLeve等人,2002;Russell等人,2002;De Lima等人,2004;Andersson等人,2008;Chae等人,2007;Bredeson等人,2008;Shimoni等人,2006;Shimoni等人,2010;Santarone等人,2011),但是已经有来自早期人体试验关于在人体中施用大量DMA的的担忧,因为DMA被认为可能是相当有毒性的溶剂(Dwivedi,2002;VICH Steering Committee,2010;The Food and DrugAdministration,2010;The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment,2010)。这些担忧因可能的添加剂或者甚至DMA和Bu之间的协同(有害)相互作用而被合理的增加,因为这两种剂都表现出对肝的显著的代谢压力。尽管严重肝毒性的整体发生率在与口服和IV Bu-Cy2治疗方案比较时降低(Kashyap等人,2002;Thall等人,2004;Kim等人,2005;Lee等人,2005;Aggarwal等人,2006;Dean等人,2010),但是在接受IV Bu-Cy2和IVBu-Flu变体治疗方案之后有一(亚)组患者遭受严重的威胁生命的或者甚至致死的肝毒性(Kashyap等人,2002;Thall等人,2004;Kim等人,2005;Lee等人,2005;Aggarwal等人,2006;Dean等人,2010;Russell等人,2002;De Lima等人,2004;Andersson等人,2008;Chae等人,2007;Bredeson等人,2008;Shimoni等人,2006;Shimoni等人,2010;Santarone等人,2011)。
牢记IV DMA-Bu的肝毒性概况品质上与用口服Bu所经历的在一定程度上不同可能是重要的;口服Bu毒性表现为胆红素、ALT和AST中早期的进行性的增加,通常出现在口服Bu施用后头10天内。其要么迅速进行为威胁生命的或致死的肝肾衰竭,要么二选一地患者开始改善并且移植后约3周时临床上明显更好;完全恢复的可能性现在是非常好的(McDonald等人,1993;Bearman,1995;McDonald等人,2003;DeLeve等人,2002)。相反,当使用IV DMA-Bu时,在IV DMA-Bu施用后10-14天内通常有高(约30-40%)的“无症状高胆红素血症”发生率。这似乎在接下来的几天内(多达约一周至十天)消退,但是严重的治疗相关的肝毒性,VOD,可在晚至HSCT后8-10周代替显露(Russell等人,2002;De Lima等人,2004;Andersson等人,2008)。发明人假设变化的临床毒性模式可由Bu和DMA之间有害的相互作用所引起。除了在使用啮齿类和兔类动物(lagomorph)的实验设定中导致生长障碍和体重增加下降之外,后者溶剂已经证实在人中的肝、肾和神经毒性,(Malley等人,1995;Kennedy,1986;Klimisch和Hellwig,2000;Okuda等人,2006;Valentine等人,1997;Kennedy,2001)。此外,至少有一篇关于在商业塑料生产厂常常暴露于高浓度的气化DMA工厂工人中严重中毒性肝炎具有约3-5%的发病率的报道(Choi等人,2001)。最终,在DMA作为抗癌剂的临床研究中,DMA的急性的剂量限制的毒性是精神混乱/昏迷并且DMA也已经被描述为致幻剂(Weiss等人,1962a;Weiss等人,1962b)。关于Bu和DMA之间严重的有害相互作用的担忧使得一个小组研究了当IV DMA-Bu制剂与Cy组合用于预移植准备期治疗时可能的临床有害相互作用(Hempel等人,2007)。这些研究人员得出结论尽管有关于Bu和DMA与Cy之间的有害互相作用的合理担忧,但是可获得的IV DMA-Bu制剂在用于预移植准备期治疗中时仍比口服Bu更安全(Hempel等人,2007)。其他研究者证实在小心控制的条件下,Bu和DMA具有显著的(协同)细胞毒性相互作用(Sadeghi等人,1999)。可以想象的是两种剂之间可能严重的临床相互反应可因临床条件下药物代谢中天然存在的个体间不均一性而被掩盖。而且,当试图鉴定适合的参照人群用于评估IV DMA-Bu的临床安全性时唯一可能的比较是采用基于口服Bu的高剂量化疗治疗的患者的历史比较。因为在高剂量口服Bu之后的极其高的严重的治疗相关并发症风险,这样的比较毫无疑问地偏好DMA-Bu,但是其没有解决DMA对IV DMA-Bu整体毒性概况的促成。近来,这样的评估不可能进行,因为仅可获得的IV Bu制剂在溶剂媒介物中具有大量的DMA。
当考虑所有可获得的数据时,显而易见的是含有的溶剂对肝施加了代谢压力,例如DMA,很可能增加临床上显著的肝-和/或多器官毒性的风险,由此增加患者治疗方案相关的发病率和死亡率的整体风险。然而,这一风险因使用经受明显更差的治疗替换方案的历史比较组而未受重视。
DMA已经广泛记录的毒性概况使其从International Cooperation onHarmonization of Technical requirements for Registration of VeterinaryMedicinal Products获得作为II级剂的标识。这一标识意味着DMA是在制造药物制剂中的使用应被严格限制的剂并且如果可能其应被避免(Dwivedi,2002;VICH SteeringCommittee,2010;The Food and Drug Administration,2010;The Office ofEnvironmental Health Hazard Assessment,2010)。
因此,基于1)严重的DMA诱导的正常器官(肝)毒性的大部分专业文献报道和2)当在人中施用时意识和/或幻觉水平的急剧变化;3)使用IV DMA-Bu制剂中经历的偶见的较晚发生的严重的威胁生命以及致死的肝毒性实例,和最后4)现行的FDA指南,有设计可替代的不含DMA的胃肠外Bu制剂的需要。这样的制剂的存在将有助于进一步改善胃肠外施用的Bu的临床安全性概况,以使其可发挥全部治疗潜力而没有增加对由复合溶剂媒介物的组分施加的严重的正常器官毒性的担忧。
发明内容
本发明的某些方面提供了药学上稳定的并且胃肠外可接受的亲脂性药剂的新剂型。不希望被理论所束缚,本发明的制剂可部分基于潜溶性原理。具体地,本发明至少部分地基于,亲脂性药剂通过特别的潜溶方法在非水性溶剂中在较高浓度可以是稳定并且溶解的。所述方法包括使用易挥发的有机溶剂促进亲脂性剂在非水性溶剂例如PEG400中的溶解,随后除去易挥发的有机溶剂以提供亲脂性剂的具有改进的溶解度和稳定性的非水性组合物。任选地,这样的非水性组合物可进一步用水性溶剂稀释而同时亲脂性剂保持稳定并且是溶解的。所述组合物的实例可以是药学上可接受的、无毒的并且在室温稳定多个小时,例如白消安制剂。
本发明涉及药物制剂并且更具体地涉及亲脂性剂例如白消安(Bu)、唑类剂类似泊沙康唑、伊曲康唑或相关的抗感染剂的胃肠外制剂。在本发明的某些方面中,胃肠外制剂可以用于治疗对亲脂性剂敏感或响应的任何病况或疾病,包括但不限于恶性或自身免疫性疾病的治疗和/或抑制,用于经历造血干细胞移植(HSCT)患者的准备期治疗或用于酵母、霉菌或对抗感染剂敏感的其他生物的系统感染的治疗和/或抑制。
这些胃肠外制剂可避免口服制剂的不期望的、不确定的生物利用率和不可预知的肝首过摄取并且就真正溶解而言,所述剂现在没有了采用特定物质例如药物活性剂的胶体、纳米颗粒或微米颗粒悬浮液或者微晶悬浮液的递送所具有的缺陷。在特定的方面中,白消安制剂可消除对于与包含有机溶剂N,N-二甲乙酰胺(DMA),作为在商业上仅可获得的Bu胃肠外制剂的主要组分,有关的急性的以及长期的或慢性的毒性的担忧。
因此,本发明的一个实施方案针对包含溶解的亲脂性药剂和非水性两亲性溶剂例如两亲性液体聚合溶剂的非水性的均质溶液。不希望被理论束缚,预期所述剂可通过静电相互作用与两亲性溶剂结合以获得高水性溶解度和稳定性。本发明的制剂基本上不含非聚合的有机溶剂、水和未溶解的颗粒,其中所述溶解的亲脂性药剂具有至少约0.5mg/mL的浓度并且另外地其中所述溶液保持稳定并且基本上不含未溶解的颗粒至少40天并且优选地至少60天。下文描述的研究表明在于室温储存至少40天并且甚至多达60天时在以5mg药剂/ml的两亲性的液体聚合溶剂测试时示例性制剂维持这些特性。
在某些方面,本文描述的任何制剂的溶液可以基本上不含DMA或其他聚合的或非聚合的有机溶剂。在特定的方面中,制剂可以基本上不含水或避免对在制剂制备中使用水的需要。未溶解的颗粒,例如胶体颗粒、纳米颗粒或微米颗粒或微晶颗粒,可基本上不存在于本文描述的任何制剂的溶液中。溶液组合物可任选地进一步包含水性稀释剂例如水性输注液,其可被用于促进随后的对哺乳动物,优选地人或(大型)家畜,的全身性施用。在其他的方面中,水性的、均质的、药学上可接受的胃肠外制剂可通过包含获得上文描述的溶液和将溶液用期望的水性稀释剂稀释的工艺来制备。
在一些方面中,本发明可针对用于胃肠外制剂制备的组合物和方法。本发明的新的溶剂媒介物可被用于促进其他难以溶解,也就是说“难溶于水的”药物的胃肠外施用。因此,本发明的另一个实施方案包括用于胃肠外使用的组合物,其包含:难溶于水的/亲脂性的药学活性剂和第一溶剂,所述第一溶剂包含与第二两亲性溶剂例如PEG一起的有机溶剂例如丙酮或氯仿。药学活性剂可溶解于第一溶剂并且在溶解之后其可与第二溶剂混合。之后所述第一有机(挥发性)溶剂可以被移除(例如在真空下蒸发)并且药学活性剂可保持静电吸引并结合于并且稳定地溶解于第二溶剂/PEG。临床使用的组合物任选地进一步包含次级稀释剂例如水性输注液诸如生理盐水或葡萄糖水溶液,通过其自身或与小量(10-25%,v/v)的两亲性聚合物例如PEG预混。由于第二两亲性溶剂(PEG)与药学活性剂之间的静电吸引,这一药物-PEG复合物可在水性稀释液中稀释而药学活性剂没有立即沉淀。
在特定的方面,所述组合物可包含Bu和第一挥发性有机溶剂例如丙酮。Bu可溶解于挥发性有机溶剂例如丙酮并且之后与两亲性溶剂例如PEG400混合。随后并且利用挥发性有机溶剂的低沸点,可除去挥发性有机溶剂例如通过于RT在真空下蒸发。在这一阶段结束时,Bu可完全并且稳定地溶解于两亲性溶剂例如PEG400。在临床施用之前,组合物可任选地用二级稀释剂例如水性输注液,诸如生理盐水(NS)或5-10%葡萄糖水溶液(D5W,D10W),作为最终的稀释液。
本文描述的任意溶液、组合物或制剂中溶解的亲脂性药剂可具有至少或高达约0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5、4、4.5、5、5.5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、25、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100mg/mL(或mol/L)或任意中间范围或数值的浓度。在特定的方面中,溶解的两亲性药剂可具有约1至10mg/mL或约3至9mg/mL的浓度。
例如,可用于本文的亲脂性药剂包括在水性溶剂中具有少于约0.01、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5、4、4.5、5、5.5、6、7、8、9、10mg/mL(或mol/L)或其中可推导的任一范围,优选地少于10mg/mL、更优选地少于约1mg/mL以及甚至少于约0.1mg/mL的溶解度的亲脂性化合物。
在一些方面中,本文描述的制剂在制备期间或之后可保留药剂的至少50、60、70、80、90、95、99、99.9、100%(或其中可推导的任一值或范围)的活性。例如,新的Bu制剂在使用持续生长的人白血病细胞系作为靶的组织培养中完全保留体外细胞毒性活性,证实了新的Bu制剂并没有因为溶解时的化学降解或物理沉淀而损失细胞毒性活性。本文描述的制剂可被用血管内使用并且已经被成功用于小鼠模型中的静脉内(IV)施用。用本发明的示例性制剂在小鼠模型中获得的初级药代动力学已经在施用后几小时产生了可检测的细胞毒性Bu浓度。
适合的亲脂性剂可以是任何难溶于水的生物学活性剂或其盐、异构体、酯、醚或其他的衍生物,其包括但不限于抗癌剂、抗真菌剂、精神治疗剂例如镇痛剂、知觉水平改变剂例如麻醉剂或催眠剂、非甾体类抗炎剂、驱虫药、抗痤疮药、抗心绞痛药、抗心律失常药、抗哮喘剂、抗菌剂、抗良性前列腺增生剂、抗凝血药、抗抑郁药、抗糖尿病药、止吐药、抗癫痫药、抗痛风剂、抗高血压剂、抗炎剂、抗疟药、抗偏头痛药、抗毒蕈碱药、抗肿瘤药、抗肥胖剂、抗骨质疏松剂、抗帕金森剂、抗增殖剂、抗原生动物剂、抗甲状腺剂、镇咳剂、抗小便失禁剂、抗病毒剂、抗焦虑剂、食欲抑制剂、β-阻断剂、心脏收缩剂、化学治疗药、认知增强剂、避孕药、皮质类固醇、Cox-2抑制剂、利尿剂、勃起功能障碍改善剂、祛痰药、胃肠剂、组胺受体拮抗剂、免疫抑制剂、角质软化剂、血脂调节剂、白三烯抑制剂、大环内酯、肌肉松弛剂、抗精神病药、营养剂、类鸦片止痛剂、蛋白酶抑制剂或镇静剂。
亲脂性剂的非限制性实例可包括7-甲氧基蝶啶、7-甲基蝶啶、阿巴卡韦、阿巴芬净、阿巴瑞克、醋丁洛尔、萘嵌戊烷、对乙酰氨基酚、乙酰苯胺、乙酰唑胺、醋酸己脲、阿维A脂、阿伐斯汀、腺嘌呤、阿糖腺苷、阿拉曲沙星、阿苯达唑、沙丁胺醇、阿氯芬酸、阿地白介素、阿仑单抗、阿夫唑嗪、阿利维A酸、阿洛巴比妥、别嘌呤醇、全反式维甲酸(ATRA)、阿洛普令、阿普唑仑、阿普洛尔、六甲蜜胺、氨磷汀、阿米洛利、氨鲁米特、氨基比林、盐酸胺碘酮、阿米替林、氨氯地平、异戊巴比妥、阿莫地喹、阿莫沙平、安非他明、两性霉素、两性霉素B、氨苄西林、安普那韦、安吖啶、亚硝酸异戊酯、异戊巴比妥、阿那曲唑、氨力农、蒽、蒽环类抗生素、阿普比妥、三氧化二砷、天冬酰胺酶、阿司匹林、阿司咪唑、阿替洛尔、阿托伐他汀、阿托伐醌、阿特拉津、阿托品、阿托品硫唑嘌呤、金诺芬、阿扎胞苷、阿扎丙宗、硫唑嘌呤、阿嗪米特、阿奇霉素、氨曲南、巴氯芬、巴比妥、活BCG、贝克拉胺、倍氯米松、苄氟噻嗪、苯那普利、贝尼地平、贝诺酯、苯哌利多、苯他西泮、苯甲酰胺、苯并蒽、苄星青霉素、盐酸苯海索、苄硝唑、苯并二氮卓类、苯甲酸、羟萘苄芬宁、倍他米松、贝伐单抗(阿瓦斯丁)、贝沙罗汀、苯扎贝特、比卡鲁胺、联苯苄唑、比哌立登、比沙可啶、比生群、博来霉素、博来霉素、硼替佐米、布林唑胺、溴西泮、甲磺酸溴隐亭、溴哌利多、溴替唑仑、布地奈德、布美他尼、安非他酮、白消安、布他比妥、氨苯丁酯、布替萘芬盐酸、正丁巴比妥、正丁巴比妥(布特萨)、布康唑、硝酸布康唑、对羟基苯甲酸丁酯、咖啡因、骨化二醇、卡泊三烯、骨化三醇、卡普睾酮、坎苯达唑、樟脑、喜树碱、喜树碱类似物、坎地沙坦、卡培他滨、辣椒素、卡托普利、卡马西平、甲亢平、呋喃丹、卡铂、卡溴脲、卡林糖、卡莫司汀、头孢孟多、头孢唑啉、头孢克肟、头孢他啶、头孢呋辛酯、塞来昔布、头孢拉定、西立伐他汀、塞替利嗪、西妥昔单抗、苯丁酸氮芥、氯霉素、氯氮卓、氯美噻唑、氯喹、氯噻嗪、氯苯那敏、盐酸氯丙胍、氯丙嗪、氯磺丙脲、氯普噻吨、毒死蜱、金霉素、氯噻酮、氯唑沙宗、维他命D3、屈艹(chrysene)、西洛他唑、西咪替丁、桂利嗪、西诺沙星、环丙贝特、盐酸环丙沙星、西沙必利、顺铂、西酞普兰、克拉屈滨、克拉霉素、富马酸氯马斯汀、氯碘羟喹、氯巴占、氯法拉滨、氯苯吩嗪、氯贝丁酯、枸橼酸氯米芬、氯米帕明、氯硝西泮、氯吡格雷、氯噻西泮、克霉唑、克霉唑、氯唑西林、氯氮平、可卡因、可待因、秋水仙素、粘菌素、结合雌激素、皮质酮、可的松、醋酸可的松、赛克力嗪、环己巴比妥、环苯扎林、环丁烷-螺环巴比妥酸盐、环乙烷-螺环巴比妥酸盐、环庚烷-螺环巴比妥酸盐、环己烷螺环巴比妥酸盐、环戊烷螺环巴比妥酸盐、环磷酰胺、环丙烷螺环巴比妥酸盐、环丝氨酸、环孢霉素、赛庚啶、盐酸赛庚啶、阿糖胞苷、胞嘧啶、达卡巴嗪、更生霉素、达那唑、丹蒽醌、丹曲洛林钠盐、氨苯砜、阿法达贝泊汀、达罗地平、柔红霉素、地考喹酯、脱氢表雄酮、地拉韦啶、地美环素、地尼白介素、去氧皮质酮、去氧米松、地塞米松、右旋苯丙胺、右氯苯那敏、右芬氟拉明、右雷佐生、右丙氧芬、海洛因、泛影酸、地西泮、二氮嗪、双氯酚、滴丙酸、双氯芬酸、双香豆素、去羟肌苷、二氟尼柳、洋地黄毒苷、地高辛、双氢可待因、二氢马烯雌酮、甲磺酸双氢麦角胺、双碘喹啉、盐酸地尔硫卓、糠酸二氯尼特、茶苯海明、地莫拉明、二硝托胺、薯蓣皂苷元、盐酸地芬诺酯、联苯、双嘧达莫、地红霉素、丙吡胺、双硫仑、敌草隆、多西他赛、多潘立酮、多奈哌齐、多沙唑嗪、盐酸多沙唑嗪、多柔比星(中性)、盐酸多柔比星、多西环素、丙酸屈他雄酯、氟哌利多、二羟丙茶碱、棘球白素、益康唑、硝酸益康唑、依法韦仑、玫瑰树碱、依那普利、恩莫单抗、依诺昔酮、肾上腺素、表鬼臼脂素衍生物、表柔比星、阿法依伯汀、头孢他啶、去氢马烯雌酮、马烯雌酮、麦角钙化甾醇、麦角胺酒石酸盐、厄洛替尼、红霉素、雌二醇、雌莫司汀、雌三醇、雌酮、依他尼酸、乙胺丁醇、炔己蚁胺、乙硫异烟胺、盐酸普罗吩胺、4-氨基苯甲酸乙酯(苯佐卡因)、羟苯乙酯、炔雌醇、依托度酸、依托咪酯、依托泊甙、阿维A酯、依西美坦、非尔氨酯、非洛地平、芬苯达唑、腈苯唑、芬布芬、芬氯磷、芬氯酸、芬氟拉明、非诺贝特、非诺多泮、非诺洛芬、苯氧威、拌种咯、芬太尼、芬替康唑、非索非那定、非格司亭、非那雄胺、醋酸氟卡胺、氟尿苷、氟达拉滨、氟康唑、氟康唑、氟胞嘧啶、咯菌腈、氟氢可的松、氟氢可的松醋酸酯、氟芬那酸、氟桂利嗪、盐酸氟桂利嗪、氟尼缩松、氟硝西泮、氟可龙、伏草隆、芴、氟尿嘧啶、盐酸氟西汀、氟甲睾酮、三氟噻吨癸酸酯、fluphenthixol decanoate、氟西泮、氟比洛芬、丙酸氟替卡松、氟伐他汀、叶酸、福辛普利、磷苯妥英钠、夫罗曲普坦、呋塞米、氟维司群、呋喃唑酮、加巴喷丁、G-BHC(林丹)、吉非替尼、吉西他滨、吉非贝齐、吉妥珠单抗、格拉非宁、格列本脲、格列齐特、格列美脲、格列吡嗪、格鲁米特、格列本脲、三硝酸甘油酯(硝酸甘油)、醋酸戈舍瑞林、格帕沙星、灰黄霉素、愈创甘油醚、醋酸胍那苄、鸟嘌呤、盐酸氯氟菲醇、氟哌啶醇、氢氯噻嗪、庚巴比妥、海洛因、橙皮素、六氯苯、己巴比妥、醋酸组氨瑞林、氢化可的松、氢氟噻嗪、羟基脲、莨菪碱、次黄嘌呤、替伊莫单抗、布洛芬、伊达比星、烯丙丁巴比妥、异环磷酰胺、ihydroequilenin、甲磺酸伊马替尼、亚胺培南、吲达帕胺、茚地那韦、吲哚美辛、吲哚洛芬、干扰素α-2a、干扰素α-2b、碘达胺、碘番酸、异菌脲、厄贝沙坦、依立替康、艾沙康唑、异卡波肼、异康唑、异鸟嘌呤、异烟肼、异丙基巴比妥酸盐、异丙隆、异山梨醇二硝酸酯、单硝酸异山梨酯、伊拉地平、伊曲康唑、伊曲康唑、伊曲康(Itra)、伊维菌素、酮康唑、酮洛芬、酮咯酸、凯林、拉贝洛尔、拉米夫定、拉莫三嗪、毛花甙丙、兰索拉唑(lanosprazole)、L-DOPA、来氟米特、来那度胺、来曲唑、亚叶酸钙、醋酸亮丙瑞林、左旋咪唑、左氧氟沙星、利多卡因、利谷隆、赖诺普利、洛美沙星、洛莫司汀、洛哌丁胺、氯雷他定、劳拉西泮、lorefloxacin、氯甲西泮、甲磺酸氯沙坦、洛伐他汀、马来酸麦角乙脲、盐酸马普替林、氯苯咪吲哚、甲苯达唑、盐酸美克洛嗪、甲氯芬那酸、美达西泮、甲地高辛、醋酸甲羟孕酮、甲芬那酸、盐酸甲氟喹、醋酸甲地孕酮、美法仑、溴美喷酯、甲丙氨酯、美普他酚、巯嘌呤、美沙拉秦、美司钠、美索达嗪、美雌醇、美沙酮、甲喹酮、美索巴莫、美芬妥英、甲氨蝶呤、甲氧沙林、甲琥胺、甲氯噻嗪、哌甲酯、甲苯比妥、甲基-对羟基苯甲酸酯、甲泼尼龙、甲睾酮、甲乙哌酮、美西麦角、甲氧氯普胺、美托拉宗、美托洛尔、甲硝唑、盐酸米安色林、咪康唑、咪达唑仑、米非司酮、米格列醇、米诺环素、米诺地尔、丝裂霉素C、米托坦、米托蒽醌、霉酚酸酯、吗茚酮、孟鲁司特、吗啡、盐酸莫西沙星、萘丁美酮、纳多洛尔、纳布啡、萘啶酸、诺龙、萘并萘、萘、萘普生、盐酸那拉曲坦、那他霉素、奈拉滨、奈非那韦、奈韦拉平、盐酸尼卡地平、烟碱酰胺、烟酸、醋硝香豆素、硝苯地平、尼鲁米特、尼莫地平、尼莫唑、尼索地平、硝西泮、呋喃妥因、呋喃西林、尼扎替丁、若莫单抗、炔诺酮、诺氟沙星、炔诺孕酮、盐酸去甲替林、制霉菌素、雌二醇、氧氟沙星、奥氮平、奥美拉唑、奥莫康唑、盐酸昂丹司琼、奥普瑞白介素、奥硝唑、奥沙利铂、奥沙尼喹、奥克生太、奥沙普秦、奥沙米特、奥沙西泮、奥卡西平、奥芬达唑、奥昔康唑、氧烯洛尔、羟布宗、盐酸羟苄利明、紫杉醇、帕利夫明、帕米膦酸盐、对氨水杨酸、泮托拉唑、甲乙双酮、盐酸帕罗西汀、培加酶、培门冬酶、聚乙二醇非格司亭、培美曲塞二钠、青霉胺、硝酸戊四醇酯、戊唑辛、喷他佐辛、戊巴比妥、戊巴比妥、喷司他丁、己酮可可碱、奋乃静、奋乃静匹莫齐特、苝、苯乙酰脲、非那西丁、菲、苯茚二酮、苯巴比妥、巴比妥酚盐、酚酞、酚苄明、盐酸酚苄明、苯氧甲基青霉素、苯琥胺、保泰松、苯妥英、吲哚洛尔、吡格列酮、哌泊溴烷、吡罗昔康、马来酸苯噻啶、铂化合物、普卡霉素、多烯类、多粘菌素B、卟吩姆钠、泊沙康唑(Posa)、普拉克索、普拉睾酮、普伐他汀、吡喹酮、哌唑嗪、盐酸哌唑嗪、泼尼松龙、泼尼松、扑米酮、丙巴比妥、丙磺舒、普罗布考、甲基苄肼、丙氯拉嗪、黄体酮、盐酸氯胍、异丙嗪、丙泊酚、残杀威、普萘洛尔、尼泊金丙酯、丙硫氧嘧啶、前列腺素、伪麻黄碱、蝶啶-2-甲基巯基、蝶啶-2-硫醇、蝶啶-4-甲基巯基、蝶啶-4-巯基、蝶啶-7-甲基巯基、蝶啶-7-巯基、双羟萘酸噻嘧啶、吡嗪酰胺、芘、吡啶斯的明、乙胺嘧啶、喹硫平、米帕林、喹那普利、奎尼丁、硫酸奎尼丁、奎宁、硫酸奎宁、雷贝拉唑钠、盐酸雷尼替丁、拉布立酶、雷夫康唑、瑞格列奈、双环辛巴比妥、利舍平、类视黄醇、利福布丁、利福平、利福喷汀、利美索龙、利培酮、利托那韦、利妥昔单抗、利扎曲普坦、苯甲酸酯、罗非考昔、盐酸罗匹尼罗、罗格列酮、糖精、沙丁胺醇、水杨酰胺、水杨酸、沙奎那韦、沙格司亭、仲丁巴比妥、司可巴比妥、舍他康唑、舍吲哚、盐酸舍曲林、辛伐他汀、西罗莫司、索拉非尼、司帕沙星、螺旋霉素、螺内酯、二氢睾丸酮、司坦唑醇、司他夫定、己烯雌酚、链佐星、士的宁、硫康唑、硝酸硫康唑、磺胺醋酰、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噁唑、磺胺、磺胺噻唑、舒林酸、苯甲酰磺胺、磺胺醋酰、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺多辛、磺胺异噁唑、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺吡啶、柳氮磺胺吡啶、磺吡酮、舒必利、舒噻美、琥珀酸舒马曲坦、马来酸舒尼替尼、他克林、他克莫司、他布比妥、柠檬酸他莫昔芬、坦索罗辛、蓓萨罗丁、紫杉烷类、他扎罗汀、替米沙坦、替马西泮、替莫唑胺、替尼泊苷、替诺昔康、特拉唑嗪、盐酸特拉唑嗪、盐酸特比萘芬、硫酸特布他林、特康唑、特非那定、睾内酯、睾酮、四环素、四氢大麻酚、四氧普林、沙利度胺、蒂巴因、可可碱、茶碱、噻苯达唑、甲砜霉素、硫鸟嘌呤、硫利达嗪、噻替哌、thotoin、胸腺嘧啶、盐酸噻加宾、替勃龙、噻氯匹定、替硝唑、噻康唑、替罗非班、盐酸替扎尼定、妥拉磺脲、甲苯磺丁脲、托卡朋、托吡酯、托泊替康、托瑞米芬、托西莫单抗、曲马多、曲妥珠单抗、盐酸曲唑酮、维甲酸、曲安西龙、氨苯蝶啶、三唑仑、三唑类、三氟丙嗪、甲氧苄啶、马来酸曲米帕明、三亚苯、曲格列酮、氨丁三醇、托吡卡胺、曲伐沙星、泰巴氨酯、泛癸利酮(辅酶Q10)、十一碳烯酸、尿嘧啶、尿嘧啶氮芥、尿酸、丙戊酸、戊柔比星、缬沙坦、万古霉素、盐酸文拉法辛、氨己烯酸、戊烯巴比妥、长春碱、长春新碱、长春瑞滨、伏立康唑、黄嘌呤、扎鲁司特、齐多夫定、齐留通、唑来膦酸盐、唑来膦酸、佐米曲坦、唑吡坦和佐匹克隆。
在特定的方面中,所述剂可以是白消安、紫杉烷或其他抗癌剂;或者可替换地,伊曲康唑(Itra)和泊沙康唑(Posa)或唑类化合物大类的其他成员。示例性的抗真菌唑类包括a)咪唑类例如咪康唑、酮康唑、克霉唑、益康唑、双醚康唑、联苯苄唑、布康唑、芬替康唑、异康唑、奥昔康唑、舍他康唑、硫康唑和噻康唑,b)三唑类例如氟康唑、伊曲康唑、艾沙康唑、雷夫康唑、泊沙康唑、伏立康唑、特康唑和C)噻唑类例如阿巴芬净。可用这一方法溶解的其他药物包括但不限于甲状腺机能亢进药物,例如卡林糖,抗癌剂类似细胞毒性剂例如表鬼臼脂素衍生物、紫杉烷类、博来霉素、蒽环类抗生素以及铂化合物和喜树碱类似物。它们还可以包括其他的抗真菌抗生素例如水难溶的棘球白素、多烯类(例如两性霉素B和那他霉素)以及抗菌剂(例如多粘菌素B和粘菌素)和抗病毒药物。这些剂也可以包括精神疾病治疗剂例如抗精神病剂、抗抑郁剂或止痛剂和/或镇静剂例如地西泮。所述剂还包括意识水平改变剂或麻醉剂,例如异丙酚。在较广的方面中,本发明可提供安全地溶解并施用多种水难溶的药学活性剂。
作为另外的好处,本文描述的任何组合物可避免对表面活性剂的需要,因此某些方面中可不使用聚乙二醇(PEG)脂肪酸酯表面活性剂(但不是PEG自身)或其他表面活性剂。在其他的方面中,可使用本领域中已知的表面活性剂。
两亲性液体聚合溶剂可被用于提供/模拟非极性的/亲脂性的环境。两亲性液体聚合溶剂可具有单种聚合物类型或在某些方面中具有至少两种聚合物类型。例如,两亲性液体聚合溶剂可以是PEG溶剂,例如PEG-100、-200、-300、-400、-800、-1000以及类似物。特定的实例是PEG-400。本文所用的PEG不包括在所选择的温度例如室温、体温或至少、约或最多5、10、15、20、21、22、23、24、25、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75、80℃或其中可推导出的任意范围或值的温度处于固体状态的任何PEG,例如具有高分子量(具有至少或多于1600、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、10,000道尔顿或任意中间范围的平均分子量)的PEG。例如,液体溶剂可以是PEG-800或PEG-1000,因为它们在体温时是液体。
为了促进亲脂性剂的溶解,包含亲脂性剂的组合物可以另外包含质子化剂以促进亲脂性剂中活性基团的质子化。例如,质子化剂是酸、醇或酸化醇(例如苯甲基醇和/或酸化乙醇)。酸的非限制性实例包括HCl、柠檬酸、乙酸或谷氨酸或本领域已知的其他无机酸或有机酸。组合物可具有酸性pH例如来自约0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6、6.5和6.9的pH的pH值或范围,优选地在约1至约6的范围内。
本发明同样包括制备上文描述的非水性、均质的溶液的方法,其包括下列步骤:获得包含亲脂性药剂、两亲性液体聚合溶剂和挥发性有机溶剂的第一非水性均质溶液,并且从第一溶液除去挥发性有机溶剂以形成本文所描述的第二非水性均质溶液(“储存液”或可被用于最终的临床使用)。挥发性有机溶剂可被用于促进亲脂性剂与聚合溶剂经由静电反应的结合。非限制性实例可包括丙酮、氯仿、脂肪族碳氢化合物、乙酸乙酯、乙二醇醚、乙醚或乙醇。特定实例可以是丙酮。所述方法被定义为制备水性的均质的药学上可接受的胃肠外制剂的方法,因为其可进一步包括用所期望的水性稀释剂稀释上文描述的第二溶液以生产最终临床使用的制剂。
在另外的方面中,挥发性有机溶剂与两亲性液体聚合溶剂的体积或重量比可以是从约100:1至1:100,或者特别地1:1、1:2、1:3、1:5、1:10、1:20、1:30、1:40、1:50、1:60、1:70、1:80、1:90或其中可推导的任意范围。为了促进亲脂性剂中的活性基团和两亲性溶剂之间的相互作用,挥发性有机溶剂或所期望的水性稀释剂可以被酸化。所述方法还包括将任一种组合物储存至少1、2、3、4、5、6、7天,1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、12周,4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12月,2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10年或其中可推导出的任意值或范围。
所述方法步骤中的任一个,例如除去挥发性有机溶剂或储存任一种组合物可在至少、约或最多5、10、15、20、25、30、40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75、80℃或其中可推导出的任意范围或值进行。在特定方面中,温度可以是室温。去除方法可包括已知除去挥发性有机溶剂的任何方法,例如蒸发,更具体地真空辅助蒸发。去除可延伸为抽取质子化剂。
除去挥发性有机溶剂之后,组合物可以稳定至少1、2、3、4、5、6、7天,2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、12周,4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12月,2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10年或其中可推导出的任意值或范围。组合物可进一步用所期望的水性稀释剂稀释以促进其临床施用。例如,水性稀释剂可以是选自由生理盐水、葡萄糖水溶液和基于脂质的输注乳液。特别地,水性输注液可以是0.9%氯化钠(NS),或者5%或10%的葡萄糖水溶液(分别为D5W和D10W)或者水性脂肪乳剂例如IntralipidTM或LiposynTM。在另外的方面,这样的水性稀释剂可以通过添加质子化剂或具有少量如上文描述的PEG来修改。如果将质子化剂从储存液除去,稀释剂的这些修改可以是优选的。所获得的稳定的最终使用的制剂可以包含在室温(RT)溶解时在一段延长的时间保持稳定以允许对患者的方便操作和施用的溶解的药剂。
在另外的方面中,本发明包括制备用于胃肠外使用的难溶于水/亲脂性药物活性剂的方法,其包括下列步骤:将药物活性剂溶解于(挥发性)有机溶剂、将其与第二非挥发性疏水性剂混合。所述第二试剂可优选地具有两亲性特征,例如PEG。所述方法还可包括在真空下将较多的挥发性有机溶剂组分蒸发掉以使得出现将药学活性剂与二级两亲性溶剂结合的局部静电吸引。药学活性剂的物理沉淀可因此被避免,由此产生储存制剂。在另外的方面中,所述方法可包括将溶解的药学活性剂/两亲性溶剂(例如PEG)复合物与最终的水性稀释液混合以提供可胃肠外施用的临床使用的制剂。例如,有机溶剂是丙酮或氯仿或者乙醚,添加或不添加少量的酸以促进药学活性剂的质子化以增加对二级溶剂的静电吸引。优选地,二级两亲性溶剂是聚合物例如PEG。药学活性剂可以是双官能DNA烷基化剂例如白消安(Bu),或者可选择地其可以是抗微生物剂例如用于治疗真菌或寄生虫感染的唑类化合物,或者用于精神病或麻醉背景下的安眠或镇静剂,或者可选择地其可以是用于症状控制的剂例如麻醉剂和意识水平改变剂例如全身麻醉剂。此外,为了增加药学活性剂和两亲性溶剂例如PEG之间稳定的静电吸引,真空抽取可显著延长以从药物/PEG复合物除去过量(游离的)酸。最后,所述方法可包括将储存液与二级稀释剂例如水性输注液混合的步骤以允许在家畜动物或更优选地人中施用药学活性剂。
本发明还可以包括治疗患有对亲脂性药剂敏感或响应的疾病或病况的受试者的方法,其包括:向受试者胃肠外施用治疗上有效的溶解的量的组合物,所述组合物包含上文描述的溶液或制剂,其中所述溶液或制剂具有所述疾病或病况对其敏感或响应的亲脂性药剂。
在特定的方面中,本发明还包括治疗对Bu敏感的或响应的疾病的方法,其包括:向所述患者胃肠外施用治疗上有效的量的Bu组合物。所述Bu组合物可通过将Bu溶解于包含挥发性有机溶剂优选地丙酮的第一溶剂,之后将所述溶液与第二两亲性溶剂优选地PEG混合,随后在真空下蒸发第一有机溶剂以产生Bu溶于PEG的储存制剂以及任选地用二级水性稀释剂例如水性输注液稀释来制备。
本发明的还有另一个实施方案针对用于向患者胃肠外施用Bu的方法,其包括:提供溶于有机挥发性疏水溶剂的Bu,随后与第二两亲性非挥发性溶剂混合;蒸发第一种疏水性溶剂以产生Bu储存制剂,其可直接施用于患者或将储存液与二级水性稀释剂混合以形成输注液;并且将输注液施用于患者。例如,第一挥发性有机溶剂是丙酮而二级两亲性溶剂是PEG400。
施用途径可包括但不限于血管内,腔内,鞘内,皮下,肌肉内或局部施用。受试者可以是哺乳动物,特别地家畜动物或人。
在某些方面中,受试者患有癌症或具有对调整受试者以进行骨髓移植或造血祖细胞移植的需要,而亲脂性药剂是白消安。在其他方面中,受试者患有真菌、酵母或霉菌疾病而亲脂性药剂是唑类剂。在另外的方面中,受试者患有精神疾病或具有对症状控制的需要而亲脂性药剂是精神病学剂,例如抗精神病剂、抗抑郁剂或止痛剂。所述患者具有改变意识水平或诱导全身麻醉或有知觉的镇静的需要而亲脂性药剂是改变意识水平或麻醉的剂例如异丙酚。
本发明的其他目的和益处部分在下文说明中展示而部分将因这一说明而显而易见或者可从本发明的实行中得知。
附图简述
下列附图构成本说明书一部分并且被包括以进一步证明本发明的一些方面。可以通过与本文给出的特定实施方案的详细描述相结合参照这些附图中的一个或更多更好地理解本发明。
图1A-B.(A)显示白消安于室温在真空抽取丙酮后以约5mg/mL的浓度包含Bu的最终使用的Bu/VE-丙酮/PEG制剂(即原型储存溶剂媒介物)中的稳定性的图表。(B)将储存制剂用D5W稀释至1mg/mL(顶部)和0.5mg/mL(较低的)。X轴代表以小时计的时间而Y轴表示以mg/mL计的所测量的浓度。
图2.在体外稳定性和体内药理学研究中使用的高压液相色谱(HPLC)测定中白消安浓度—曲线下面积(AUC;曲线下面积,用于指示色谱图中峰的实际测量的面积的术语,并且也用于向动物或人类施用药物后几小时的血浆浓度—时间曲线下的面积)的标准曲线。X轴显示以μg/mL计的浓度而Y轴显示AUC。为药理学研究制备类似的标准曲线
图3.在稳定性研究中从HPLC测定获得的色谱图。发明人使用Waters Nova-PakC18柱(4-μm珠尺寸;150mm×3.9mm)。所注射的样品体积为30μL。HPLC条件描述于实施例1中。
图4.显示Bu/VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W的使用制剂和没有白消安的相同制剂(“溶剂”)的溶血潜能的图表。X轴显示体积百分比(vv/)计的溶剂含量。Y轴显示所计算的未溶血的红血细胞的分数。
图5A-C.描述用MTT测定体外测定的PEG/D5W临床使用制剂中抗人细胞系KBM-3(A)(Andersson等人,1992)和KBM-7(B)(Andersson等人,1987;Andersson等人,1995)的白消安的细胞毒性活性的图表。X轴显示μg/mL计的Bu浓度;Y轴显示所计算的细胞存活分数。作为阳性对照起作用的细胞平行暴露于溶于DMSO的白消安。(C)显示当DMA-Bu被用作细胞系KBM3,KBM7,B5/Bu250-6中和OCI-AML3中(Wang等人,1991)的阳性对照时在MTT测定中以最高浓度获得的仅DMA的细胞毒性活性。后者发现相当于可在DMA-Bu被用于3-4天反复给药的HSCT前治疗时所获得的浓度。
图6.相对于用DMA-Bu制剂达到的细胞毒性作用,细胞系中的三个对溶于DMSO和新的制剂中的Bu的敏感度。值得注意的是在使用DMA-Bu制剂时逐渐增加的Bu浓度时的明显更高的毒性/更低的存活分数,并且具体地在KBM-3细胞系中,DMA对整体细胞毒性的贡献是显著的。从数据中明显看出DMA和Bu的作用是协同的而不是叠加的(Chou和Talalay,1984)。相反,现有的新型制剂和DMSO-Bu参照制剂在所有测试的细胞系中施加了几乎相同的细胞毒性作用并且没有来自溶剂媒介物的另外的毒性作用。
图7A-C.如在实施例3中所描述的以及之后用HPLC分析的所抽取的血浆样品的色谱图。(A)上方图板显示空白血浆样品,(B)中间的图板显示用新制剂(Bu/VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W的原型使用的溶剂媒介物)中的白消安掺入的人血浆样品至10mg/kg,具有约2.8分钟的滞留时间。(C)下方图板显示来自药理学研究的色谱图,其中用白消安以10mg/kg注射小鼠。色谱图来自在药物注射后20分钟抽取的样品。
图8.显示在小鼠中注射10mg/kg的白消安之后经4小时血浆浓度上的变化的图表。X轴显示给药后以小时计的时间。Y轴显示以μg/mL血浆计的白消安浓度。在使用这一新制剂的条件下表观白消安半衰期在大约2.5-3.5小时的范围内,与之前对大鼠中和人类中DMA-Bu所报道的相似(Bhagwatwar等人,1996;Russell等人,2002;De Lima等人,2004Madden等人,2007)。
图9A-B.不同制剂中的(A)Itra和(B)Posa于RT经三周时间的稳定性
图10A-B.稀释在D5W中的最终使用的制剂中(A)Itra和(B)Posa的稳定性。
图11.曲霉物种对新制剂中的伊曲康唑的体外敏感性测试的图片,细节参见下文。
图12A-D.来自稳定性研究中仅血浆和掺有Itra和Posa的血浆的HPLC的Itra和Posa的色谱图。
图13A-C.如在下文实验程序中描述的空白血浆(上部图板)、掺入人类血浆的Posa(中部图板)以及小鼠中IV注射5mg/kg的Posa2小时后获得的样品中的Posa(下部图板)的色谱图
图14A-B.如下文中的方法所描述的注以5mg/kg的剂量缓慢IV(经3-4分钟)注射Itra(图14A;经过2小时)和Posa(图14B;经30小时)的注射后的血浆浓度。血浆浓度是与之前在临床环境中相应的口服药物治疗的人中所描述的相似的范围内。该图显示2种不同实验的平均结果,单个时间点和浓度详细示于所附表中。
参考实施方案的详细描述
本发明的一些方面针对可胃肠外施用的包含亲脂性剂,例如白消安,或抗感染剂,优选地属于描述为唑类的一大类化合物,的新制剂。本发明的一个方面提供溶于复合的药学上可接受的媒介物的溶解的亲脂性剂以使得所溶解的剂在延长时间保持物理和化学上稳定。本发明使得可以在受试者例如人和家畜动物中获得显著的药学作用例如细胞毒性和免疫抑制作用所必须的剂量的药物的胃肠外施用而没有来自所使用的溶剂媒介物的任何组分的过度毒性。本发明的示例性实施方案允许胃肠外例如血管内或膜内或腔内施用溶解的剂以增加临床药物施用的安全性。作为结果,可获得对该剂敏感的疾病例如恶性和自身免疫性疾病的改善的控制。
在一些方面中,提供了制备难以溶解、“难溶于水”或亲脂性药学活性剂用于胃肠外使用的方法。适合的亲脂性药学活性剂可包括白消安、唑类剂例如Itra和Posa或本领域已知的任何亲脂性剂,如本文所示例的。本发明的一些方面,其可基于潜溶性原理但是不希望被理论所束缚,使用一系列新的复合稀释剂媒介物以将亲脂性剂例如白消安、伊曲康唑(Itra)和泊沙康唑(Posa)溶解而不影响它们的药学活性并且同时改进水溶解度和稳定性。此外,优选的溶剂在所建议的浓度和所使用的总剂量是对人和哺乳动物,最优选地在人和家畜动物中,无毒并且安全的。
所述方法首先包括将药学活性剂溶解于初级挥发性疏水溶剂中,之后与第二非挥发性两亲性溶剂混合。所述方法还可以包括将初级挥发性溶剂除去(例如通过真空抽取)以提供临床上可接受的储存制剂,其包含所述剂和两亲性溶剂。所述方法任选地可包括将这一储存制剂用水性溶剂例如输注液类似D5W或D10W或NS稀释。优选地,初级挥发性溶剂是丙酮而第二两亲性溶剂是PEG-400。
除了丙酮和PEG之外,其他的有机溶剂可被用于形成溶剂媒介物而不背离本发明的精神和范围。挥发性溶剂可以是单种溶剂或溶剂的混合物,包括水和比水挥发性更好的溶剂。可用于本发明的挥发性溶剂的非限制性实例包括丙酮、氯仿、脂肪族碳氢化合物、乙酸乙酯、乙二醇醚、乙醚、乙酸异戊酯、变性酒精、甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、丙醇、C4-C6碳氢化合物、丁烷、异丁烷、戊烷、己烷、丙酮、氯丁醇、乙酸乙酯、氟氯碳氢化合物、松节油、甲基乙基酮、甲基醚、氢氟烃、乙醚、1,1,1,2四氟乙烯、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷、1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷及其组合。挥发性溶剂可以基本上通过蒸发除去以形成包含该剂和两亲性液体溶剂而基本上不含挥发性溶剂的均质溶液。术语“基本上的”的使用在用于挥发性溶剂的去除时意指包括在初始制剂中的大部分挥发性溶剂已经被去除。
非挥发性两亲性溶剂可以是比水挥发性差的一种或多种溶剂。相似地,非挥发性溶剂被定义为比水挥发性差的溶剂。优选地,非挥发性溶剂可包含在室温时为液体的物质。在蒸发挥发性溶剂之后,非挥发性溶剂系统中的大部分应保留在包含所述亲脂性剂的均质溶液中。
对于某些疏水性剂,尤其是包含不带电的活性官能(氨基)基团的特定药物中,两亲性溶剂例如PEG和药学活性剂之间的静电吸引可以通过在将溶解的药物与PEG混合之前向第一有机溶剂加入质子化剂例如有机酸或HCl或者醇例如苯甲醇来增强。除去第一有机溶剂之后,最终使用的制剂通过将临床上可获得的水性输注液混合来获得。如果是使用质子化剂(酸)增加药学活性剂和PEG之间的静电吸引的后者优选步骤,那么可使用延长的真空抽取确保不仅具有第一有机溶剂还有残留的游离酸的抽取。所述除去过量的游离酸将允许延长与两亲性剂例如PEG结合的药物活性剂的保质期。如果使用后者方法,那么优选的是在体内施用之前使用酸化的D5W或D10W作为最终的稀释剂进行重构以维持药学活性剂和PEG之间的最佳的静电吸引以防止该剂在胃肠外施用之前沉淀。
如实施例中所示的,使用新的溶剂系统方法成功配制白消安(Bu)和两种原型抗真菌唑类剂用于胃肠外施用。例如,亲脂性药物可以溶解在与二级非挥发性非毒性两亲性聚合物溶剂混合的挥发性初级溶剂媒介物中。在特定的实施方案中,初级溶剂可以是挥发性有机溶剂例如丙酮或氯仿。随后,将所述第一挥发性溶剂除去,例如通过真空抽取,但是药物可保持在聚合物溶剂的溶液中溶解。任选地稀释剂,例如临床上可接受的输注液诸如D5W可允许将真空抽取后的溶剂稀释为临床使用的制剂,其于RT稳定多个(不止12)小时。作为新制剂的另外的益处应当被提及的是当稀释在最终使用的制剂中时,现有组合物允许有待施用的亲脂性药物在最终使用的制剂中具有改进的溶解度和稳定性。例如,与现在使用的仅0.5mg/mL的DMA-Bu相比,Bu可以至少1mg/mL的较高浓度施用,并且其在RT具有更长的稳定性(至少约15小时,相比于DMA-Bu的6小时),其均有助于改善患者安全性和常规药房药品处理的方便性。
在本发明的特定的实施方案中,Bu可使用挥发性溶剂例如丙酮溶解并且之后与两亲性溶剂例如PEG混合为复合媒介物或溶剂系统。如果这一溶解的Bu/丙酮/PEG混合物与水混合,那么Bu保留在溶液中而几个小时不沉淀。然而,由于丙酮对哺乳动物组织的毒性(Dwivedi,2002;VICH Steering Committee,2010;The Food and Drug Administration,2010;The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment,2010),丙酮可优选地在真空下除去,以使得药学活性剂在非水性溶液中开始与PEG静电吸引/结合,这是之前已经被记录的程序。新的示例性的Bu储存制剂(即在加入二级/最终稀释剂之前)可于室温稳定多周,容易操作并且提供可靠并且容易控制的始终如一的剂量的施用。在施用例如胃肠外施用的施用之前,非水性储存液可之后(任选地)在二级稀释剂例如已经可以获得的输注液诸如5-10%的葡萄糖水溶液(分别为D5W和D10W)中稀释。非水性储存液(Bu-PEG变体组合物)在二级/最终的水性稀释剂或者通常可获得的水性输注液例如0.9%氯化钠(生理盐水,NS)和D5W以及具有10-25%(v/v)的两亲性聚合物(例如PEG)的储存液(例如D5W)中是容易混合的。这些最终的稀释剂/输注液是用于溶解单独或与其他药物组合对人类施用的药学活性剂的媒介物的典型实例。当制备用于胃肠外输注时,小量两亲性聚合物与水性输注液的混合物将进一步稳定亲脂性化合物。
白消安作为口服施用抗癌剂之前已经在人类中广泛研究并且在最近十年中这些数据已经由从基于DMA的胃肠外制剂获得的结果补充。白消安在临床和实验背景下均具有广泛记载的细胞毒性、骨髓抑制以及免疫抑制特性。不幸的是,Bu是难溶于水的DNA烷基化剂,在可与人胃肠外施用相容的生理学可接受的水性溶剂中具有极其低的溶解度。在本发明之前,仅可获得的施用形式是口服制剂和基于DMA的胃肠外制剂。没有与高DMA含量相关的不良事件的风险的Bu的胃肠外制剂还不可得。这样的胃肠外Bu制剂对独自或与其他药物组合作为对系统性恶性和自身免疫性病症的个体化治疗的一部分评价Bu以及当期望深远的长期免疫抑制时,比如说在用于恶性和非恶性的例如最常见的先天/遗传病症的(同种)造血干细胞移植(HSCT)的准备工作中所需要的,都是有用的。胃肠外制剂可需要完全剂量保证以及有保证的100%生物利用率。
如下文实施例中所讨论的,已经发现了获得Bu的稳定的药学上可接受溶解的新的媒介物,由此使得血管内施用这种药物是安全的而没有DMA的过度毒性,这是之前难以达到的事情。实施例中的数据证实新的Bu制剂可被用于恶性和高级自身免疫性疾病的胃肠外施用以及用于HSCT的准备期治疗中。
白消安是非常疏水性/亲脂性的,并且对于实行目的,难溶于水和PEG。挥发性疏水溶剂例如丙酮的使用将其溶解并且通过加入两亲性液体溶剂例如PEG并且排出挥发性溶剂,Bu预期可以静电稳定/结合两亲性液体溶剂例如PEG以使得其耐受进一步在水性稀释剂或血浆中的稀释而没有立即的物理沉淀或化学降解。新制剂的稳定性可允许组合操作以及超过12小时的输注时间而没有药物活性的显著损失。
如实施例中所示的,所描述的基于丙酮-PEG的媒介物被成功用于以从0.1至至少10mg/mL范围内的浓度溶解Bu。这一范围对于覆盖对在治疗对该药物敏感的恶性肿瘤时产生体内细胞毒性浓度来说必须的施用剂量来说足够宽。相似地,这一范围允许对在患有自身免疫性疾病的患者和经历HSCT前的准备期治疗的那些中获得有效的免疫抑制来说必须的施用剂量。
在实施例中获得的数据进一步证实稳定的Bu制剂可允许胃肠外治疗系统性的恶性和自身免疫性疾病。这一制剂可持续提供100%的药物生物利用率并且其可允许避开肝首过摄取。在简短的IV注射后,血浆Bu浓度明显地达到并且在延长的时间内保持在通过对其抗人恶性细胞系的细胞毒性活性体外研究所建立的细胞毒性范围内并且这些浓度与使用口服Bu或DMA-Bu制剂的几个研究相比较也是有利的(Slattery等人,1997;Dix等人,1996;Hassan等人,2000;Hassan等人,1989;Russell等人,2002;De Lima等人,2004;Madden等人,2007;Andersson等人,2008)。
在另外的实施方案中,唑类化合物可在用于改善的溶解度和稳定性的新的制剂和方法中使用,例如伊曲康唑(Itra)和泊沙康唑(Posa)。抗真菌唑类剂伊曲康唑(Itra)和泊沙康唑(Posa),其属于通常称为三唑化合物的一大类剂,已经因其抗酵母和不同霉菌的功效而获得了极高的声誉。将这些唑类引入临床药物已经极大地改善了在HIV感染和非HIV感染的免疫功能不全的个体中对系统真菌感染的控制。这些化合物具有抗多种真菌感染例如曲霉病、芽生菌病、组织胞浆菌病和念珠菌病以及位于趾甲和指甲的真菌感染(甲癣)和皮肤和生殖道的感染(最初称作“阴道酵母感染”)的活性。它们同样被用于经验性并且先发地治疗在用于恶性疾病的放疗和化疗之后可能发展真菌感染的患有发烧和低白细胞计数的免疫功能不全的患者。以单一的剂量或两个或三个分开的每日剂量,通常推荐的剂量在唑类家族的不同成员之间有变化。可与正餐一起服用胶囊,因为含有脂质的食物促进吸收。
Itra,口服施用的抗真菌剂/(三)唑类的代表性实例,之前在人类和家畜动物中已经被广泛研究(Baddley等人,2009;Campo等人,2010;Chen等人,2010;Dutkiewicz和Hage,2010;Evans,2010;Glockner和Karthaus,2010;Hicheri等人,2010;Hsu等人,2010;Ito等人,2010;Jang等人,2010;Kim等人,2010;Lehrnbecher等人,2010;Lewis和Kontoyiannis,2009;Lortholary等人,2010;Pappas等人,2010;Person等人,2010;Singh等人,2006;Torres等人,2005;Ullmann等人,2007;Vehreschild等人,2010;Walsh等人,2010;Wingard等人,2010;Winston等人,2010;Greer,2007;Carrillo-Munoz等人,2005;Dodds-Ashley和Alexander,2005;Groll和Walsh,2006;Notheis等人,2006;Courtney等人,2003;Zhou等人,1998;Boothe等人,1997;Davis等人,2005;Willems等人,2001);这(些)药物具有临床和实验背景下广泛记录的抗感染特性。然而,在本发明之前,尚不能始终获得溶解的Itra、Posa和称为三唑类或简单地唑类化合物的化学品的这一分支家族的其他成员的可接受的胃肠外制剂,但是胃肠外施用已经通过允许使用这些唑类的微晶悬浮液而实现。这些制剂的可变的并且某种程度上不可靠的稳定性已经产生了变化的不可预测的结果。因此,作为这样的制剂,伏立康唑是商业上可获得的,但是Itra被其制造商从美国市场自动撤回,而尽管已经反复尝试提供临床上有用的胃肠外制剂但Posa仍然是不可获得的。
真正溶解的Itra和Posa的胃肠外制剂作为对因多种原因不能持续服用口服制剂的免疫功能不全的患者中的系统性感染病症,例如诸如在对急性白血病和其他恶性疾病的(加强的)常规化疗之后以及在(同种异体的)造血干细胞移植之后所经历的,的治疗是有用的,其中在早期移植后阶段,药物相关的恶心、呕吐和腹泻以及伴随药物的施用可损害口服药物生物利用率,而之后肠的移植物抗宿主病的出现及其治疗可导致相似的状况。在这样的患者中,胃肠外药物施用给出对所递送的剂的系统药物递送/药代动力学的精确的完全控制,而用口服制剂不能简单获得(Benet和Sheiner,1985)。不幸的是,Itra是难溶于水的剂,具有在与人类施用相容的生理学可接受的水性溶剂/输注液中极其低的溶解度。在本发明之前,目前仅能获得的施用形式是口服制剂(胶囊和口服悬浮液),同时之前可获得的用于IV使用的微晶悬浮液在FDA批准后很快因其不可预测的药学行为而被其供应商撤回。就发明人所知,从未获得真正溶解形式的Itr,而是仅获得胶体或在羟丙基-β-环糊精中的微晶悬浮液(Willems等人,2001)
如实施例中所示的,当伊曲康唑(Itra)和泊沙康唑(Posa)在以类似的方式溶解并稀释后以5mg/kg BW的剂量在小鼠中注射时(图9和10中所示的来自储存和最终使用制剂的稳定性数据),在药物注射之后从十分钟至至少2小时,Posa浓度保持在3-5μg/mL范围内而在相同的时间间隔同样以高于0.5μg/mL检测到Itra。这些浓度范围与在临床条件下施用每种药物的等量口服剂量时所期望的相似(Woestenborghs等人,1987;Notheis等人,2006;Courtney等人,2003;Jang等人,2010),并且这些浓度明显超过对免疫功能不全的人为致病性的原型霉菌菌株的最小抑制浓度。
多种生物和化学方法被用于证实优选的Bu和唑类制剂在约5mg/mL时于RT稳定几周。如实施例中所示的,一个这样的制剂(Bu/VE-丙酮/PEG)稳定多于40天或者甚至60天并且其在抗人白血病细胞系的体外测定中保留完全的细胞毒性活性。商业上可获得的Bu溶解于DMSO并且被用作用于体外细胞毒性测定的参照溶剂系统(“D”或“DMSO”)。DMA-Bu制剂可被包括在某些实验中作为平行的阳性对照;因为DMA的所增加的协同细胞毒性,后者制剂明显在所测试的人细胞系中更具有毒性。如溶血测定中所测定的新的Bu/VE-丙酮/PEG/葡萄糖媒介物自身实际上是无毒的。最终,新制剂之一被用于显示在小鼠模型中杀细胞的Bu浓度/抗真菌唑类浓度分别在10mg/kg BW和5mg/kg BW的IV注射之后被维持几小时,。
尽管本发明的优选的实施方案使用丙酮和PEG,以及作为二级稀释剂的D5W,但是可使用对人类施用来说无毒且安全的其他的溶剂媒介物/稀释剂。使用这些稀释剂没有经历严重的临床不良反应。作为仅丙酮的可替换方案,同样可以使用酸化的丙酮以允许将药理学上活性的疏水性剂中的活性基团质子化以进一步强化其溶解度和与PEG的复合物形成,可能归因于溶质和PEG之间提高的静电吸引。可选择地,使用其他挥发性有机溶剂例如氯仿本身或酸化的氯仿也是可能的。例如,丙酮构成1和100%之间的第一溶剂而PEG是优选的第二储存溶剂;作为替换方案,丙酮构成95和100%之间的第一溶剂,而质子化剂,例如酸或醇,构成0和5%之间的第一溶剂。
有用的输注液包括但不限于生理盐水和葡萄糖水溶液,或与质子化剂例如酸混合的葡萄糖水溶液(Martin和Matzke,1982),或与少量两亲性溶剂例如PEG混合以进一步降低在最终的水性稀释剂被加入药物储存制剂中时沉淀的风险的葡萄糖水溶液。可选择地,输注液可以是基于脂质的乳化输注液例如用于胃肠外营养品的那些(Fortner等人,1975)。在用输注液稀释之前,组合物可包含1和20mg/mL之间的亲脂性剂例如Bu,而更优选地,包含1和5mg/mL之间的亲脂性剂例如Bu。优选地,未稀释的储存组合物在RT稳定超过30天。生理盐水(NS)、葡萄糖水溶液(5-10%)和水性脂肪乳剂的临床使用已经建立,是调整流体和电解质平衡以及提供胃肠外营养品的常规方式。生理盐水和葡萄糖水溶液,同样广泛用于稀释各种药物用于IV使用。水性脂肪乳剂作为药学稀释剂尚未获得广泛应用,但是这一用途已经被建议(Fortner等人,1975)。相似地,(氯化氢)酸的静脉施用已经被用于(迅速)校正严重的代谢性酸中毒,但是其未被描述为在施用于哺乳动物之前增强质子化以维持药物活性剂和完全不同的疏水性/亲脂性溶剂之间的静电吸引力(Martin和Matzke,1982)。在特别优化的实施方案,二级稀释剂是5-10%的葡萄糖水溶液并且组合物在稀释至二级稀释剂中之后包含0.5和2.0mg/mL之间的Bu。这一稀释的组合物于RT稳定至少12-15小时。
本发明的新溶液不限于Bu,但是同样可被用于促进其他的疏水性且难以溶解的也称为难溶于水的药物的胃肠外施用。如所注意到的,这样的剂包括但不限于细胞毒性剂例如表鬼臼毒素衍生物、紫杉烷类、博来霉素、蒽环类抗生素以及铂化合物和喜树碱。它们还包括抗生素,例如难溶于水的多烯类化合物和唑类(例如两性霉素B和那他霉素,以及抗真菌的唑类,包括但不限于伊曲康唑和泊沙康唑)以及抗菌剂(例如多粘菌素B)、抗病毒剂和镇静/麻醉药物例如苯并二氮卓、异丙酚和抗精神病剂。
可根据本发明使用的亲脂性剂的另外的实例包括但不限于选自下列的亲脂性活性化合物或其盐、异构体、酯、醚或其他衍生物:
(i)乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂,选自他克林、多奈哌齐、吡啶斯的明的;
(ii)镇痛药和非类固醇性抗炎剂(NSAIA),选自阿洛普令、金诺芬、阿扎丙宗、贝诺酯、辣椒素、塞来昔布、双氯芬酸、二氟尼柳、依托度酸、芬布芬、非诺洛芬、氟比洛芬、布洛芬、吲哚美辛、酮洛芬、酮咯酸、来氟米特、甲氯芬那酸、甲灭酸、萘丁美酮、萘普生、奥沙普秦、羟基保泰松、保泰松、吡罗昔康、罗非考昔、舒林酸、四氢大麻酚、曲马多和氨丁三醇;
(iii)驱虫药,选自阿苯达唑、羟萘苄芬宁、坎苯达唑、双氯酚、芬苯达唑、伊维菌素、甲苯达唑、奥沙尼喹、奥芬达唑、奥克生太、吡喹酮、双羟萘酸噻嘧啶和噻苯达唑;
(iv)抗痤疮剂,例如异维甲酸和维甲酸;
(v)抗心绞痛剂,选自亚硝酸异戊酯,三硝酸甘油酯(硝酸甘油),硝酸异山梨酯,单硝酸异山梨酯,季戊四醇四硝酸酯和泛癸利酮(辅酶Q10);
(vi)抗心律不齐剂,选自盐酸胺碘酮,地高辛,丙吡胺,醋酸氟卡胺和硫酸奎尼丁;
(vii)抗哮喘剂,选自齐留通,扎鲁司特,硫酸特布他林,孟鲁司特和沙丁胺醇;
(viii)抗菌剂,包括抗生素,选自阿拉曲沙星、阿奇霉素、氨曲南、巴氯芬、苄星青霉素、头孢克肟、头孢呋辛酯、西诺沙星、盐酸环丙沙星、克拉霉素、氯法齐明、氯唑西林、地美环素、地红霉素、多西环素、红霉素、乙硫异烟胺、呋喃唑酮、格帕沙星、亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星、lorefloxacin、盐酸莫西沙星、萘啶酸、呋喃妥因、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、苯氧甲基青霉素、利福补丁、利福平、利福喷汀、司帕沙星、螺旋霉素、苯甲酰磺胺、磺胺多辛、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺醋酰、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺异噁唑、磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺吡啶、四环素、甲氧苄啶、曲伐沙星和万古霉素;
(ix)抗良性前列腺肥大(BPH)剂,选自阿夫唑嗪、多沙唑嗪、酚苄明、哌唑嗪、特拉唑嗪和坦索罗辛;
(x)抗癌剂和免疫抑制剂,选自阿巴瑞克、阿地白介素、阿仑单抗、阿利维A酸、全反式维甲酸(ATRA)、六甲蜜胺、氨磷汀、氨鲁米特、安吖啶、阿那曲唑、三氧化二砷、天门冬酰胺酶、阿扎胞苷、硫唑嘌呤、活BCG、贝伐单抗(Avastin)、贝沙罗汀、比卡鲁胺、比生群、博来霉素、硼替佐米、白消安、卡普睾酮、喜树碱、卡培他滨、卡铂、卡莫司汀、塞来昔布、西妥昔单抗、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂、克拉屈滨、氯法拉滨、环磷酰胺、环孢霉素、阿糖胞苷、达卡巴嗪、更生霉素、阿法达贝泊汀、柔红霉素、地尼白介素、右雷佐生、多西他赛、多柔比星(中性)、盐酸多柔比星、屈他雄酮丙酸酯、玫瑰树碱、恩莫单抗、雌莫司汀、表柔比星、阿法依伯汀、埃罗替尼、雌莫司汀、依托泊苷、依西美坦、非格司亭、氟尿苷氟达拉滨、氟维司群、吉非替尼、吉西他滨、吉妥珠单抗、醋酸戈舍瑞林、醋酸组氨瑞林、羟基脲、替伊莫单抗、伊达比星、异环磷酰胺、甲磺酸伊马替尼、干扰素α-2a、干扰素α-2b、伊立替康、来那度胺、来曲唑、亚叶酸钙、醋酸亮丙瑞林、左旋咪唑、洛莫司汀、醋酸甲地孕酮、美法仑、巯嘌呤、美司钠、甲氨蝶呤、甲氧沙林、丝裂霉素C、米托坦、米托蒽醌、霉酚酸酯、诺龙、奈拉滨、尼鲁米特、若莫单抗、奥普瑞白介素、奥沙利铂、紫杉醇、帕利夫明、帕米膦酸盐、培加酶、聚乙二醇门冬酰胺酶、聚乙二醇非格司亭、培美曲塞二钠、喷司他丁、哌泊溴烷、普卡霉素、卟吩姆钠、甲基苄肼、米帕林、拉布立酶、利妥昔单抗、沙格司亭、西罗莫司、索拉非尼、链佐星、马来酸舒尼替尼、他克莫司、枸橼酸他莫昔芬、替莫唑胺、替尼泊苷、睾内酯、硫鸟嘌呤、塞替派、托泊替康、托瑞米芬、托西莫单抗、曲妥珠单抗、维甲酸、尿嘧啶氮芥、戊柔比星、长春碱、长春新碱、长春瑞滨、唑来膦酸盐和唑来膦酸;
(xi)抗凝剂,选自西洛他唑、氯吡格雷、双香豆素、双嘧达莫、醋硝香豆素、奥普瑞白介素、苯茚二酮、噻氯匹啶和替罗非班;
(xii)抗抑郁药,选自阿莫沙平、安非他酮、西酞普兰、氯丙咪嗪、盐酸氟西汀、盐酸马普替林、盐酸米安色林、盐酸去甲替林、盐酸帕罗西汀、盐酸舍曲林、盐酸曲唑酮、马来酸曲米帕明和盐酸文拉法辛;
(xiii)抗糖尿病剂,选自醋酸己脲、氯磺丙脲、格列本脲、格列齐特、格列吡嗪、格列美脲、格列本脲、米格列醇、吡格列酮、瑞格列奈、罗格列酮、妥拉磺脲、甲苯磺丁脲和曲格列酮;
(xiv)抗癫痫剂,选自贝克拉胺、卡马西平、氯硝西泮、thotoin、非尔氨酯、磷苯妥英钠、拉莫三嗪、美芬妥英、甲琥胺、,甲基苯巴比妥、奥卡西平、甲乙双酮、苯乙酰脲、苯酚巴比妥、苯妥英、苯琥胺、扑米酮、舒噻美、盐酸噻加宾、托吡酯、丙戊酸和氨己烯酸;
(xv)抗真菌剂,选自两性霉素、盐酸布替萘芬、硝酸布康唑、克霉唑、硝酸益康唑、氟康唑、氟胞嘧啶、灰黄霉素、伊曲康唑、酮康唑、咪康唑、那他霉素、制霉菌素、硝酸硫康唑、奥昔康唑、泊沙康唑、盐酸特比萘芬、特康唑、噻康唑和十一烯酸;
(xvi)抗痛风剂,选自别嘌呤醇、丙磺舒和磺吡酮。
(xvii)抗高血压剂,选自氨氯地平、贝尼地平、苯那普利、坎地沙坦、卡托普利、达罗地平、盐酸地尔硫卓、二氮嗪、盐酸多沙唑嗪、依那普利、头孢他啶、甲磺酸氯沙坦、非洛地平、非诺多泮、福辛普利、醋酸胍那苄、厄贝沙坦、伊拉地平、赖诺普利、米诺地尔、盐酸尼卡地平、硝苯地平、尼莫地平、尼索地平、盐酸酚苄明、盐酸哌唑嗪、喹那普利、利舍平、盐酸特拉唑嗪、替米沙坦和缬沙坦;
(xviii)抗疟剂,选自阿莫地喹、氯喹、盐酸氯丙胍、盐酸氯氟菲醇、盐酸甲氟喹、盐酸氯胍、乙胺嘧啶和硫酸奎宁;
(xix)抗偏头痛剂,选自甲磺酸双氢麦角胺、麦角胺酒石酸盐、夫罗曲普坦、美西麦角、盐酸那拉曲坦、苯噻啶马来酸、苯甲酸利扎曲普坦、琥珀酸舒马普坦和佐米曲坦;
(xx)抗毒蕈碱剂,选自阿托品、盐酸苯海索、比哌立登、盐酸普罗吩胺、莨菪碱、溴美喷酯、盐酸羟苄利明和托吡卡胺;
(xxi)抗帕金森综合征剂,选自甲磺酸溴隐亭、马来酸麦角乙脲、普拉克索、盐酸罗匹尼罗和托卡朋;
(xxii)抗原虫剂,选自阿托伐醌、苄硝唑、氯碘羟喹、地考喹酯、双碘喹啉、糠酸二氯尼特、二硝托胺、呋喃唑酮、甲硝唑、尼莫唑、呋喃西林、奥硝唑和替硝唑;
(xxiii)抗甲状腺剂,选自卡比马唑和丙硫氧嘧啶;
(xxiv)镇咳剂,例如苯佐那酯;
(xxv)抗病毒剂,选自阿巴卡韦、安普那韦、地拉韦啶、依法韦仑、茚地那韦、拉米夫定、奈非那韦、奈韦拉平、利托那韦、沙奎那韦和司他夫定;
(xxvi)抗焦虑剂、镇静药、安眠药和安定药,选自阿普唑仑、异戊巴比妥、巴比妥、苯他西泮、溴西泮、溴哌利多、溴替唑仑、正丁巴比妥、卡溴脲、氯氮卓、氯美噻唑、氯丙嗪、氯普噻吨、氯硝西泮、氯巴占、氯噻西泮、氯氮平、地西泮、氟哌利多、炔己蚁胺、氟桂利嗪、氟硝西泮、三氟丙嗪、三氟噻吨癸酸酯、fluphenthixol decanoate、氟西泮、加巴喷丁、氟哌啶醇、劳拉西泮、氯甲西泮、美达西泮、甲丙氨酯、美索达嗪、甲喹酮、哌甲酯、咪达唑仑、吗茚酮、硝西泮、奥氮平、奥沙西泮、戊巴比妥、奋乃静匹莫齐特、丙氯拉嗪、异丙酚、伪麻黄碱、喹硫平、利培酮、舍吲哚、舒必利、替马西泮、硫利达嗪、三唑仑、唑吡坦和佐匹克隆;
(xxvii)β阻滞剂,选自醋丁洛尔、阿普洛尔、阿替洛尔、拉贝洛尔、美托洛尔、纳多洛尔、氧烯洛尔、吲哚洛尔和普萘洛尔
(xxviii)心脏正性肌力剂,选自氨力农、洋地黄毒苷、地高辛、依诺昔酮,毛花甙丙和甲地高辛;
(xxix)皮质激素,选自倍氯米松、倍他米松、布地奈德、醋酸可的松、去氧米松、地塞米松、醋酸氟氢可的松、氟尼缩松、氟可龙、丙酸氟替卡松、氢化可的松、甲泼尼龙、泼尼松龙、泼尼松和曲安西龙;
(xxx)利尿剂,选自乙酰唑胺、阿米洛利、苄氟噻嗪、布美他尼、氯噻嗪、氯噻酮、依他尼酸、呋塞米、美托拉宗、螺内酯和氨苯蝶啶;
胃肠病剂,选自比沙可啶,西咪替丁、西沙必利、盐酸地芬诺酯、多潘立酮、法莫替丁、兰索拉唑、洛哌丁胺、美沙拉嗪、尼扎替丁、奥美拉唑、盐酸昂丹司琼、泮托拉唑、雷贝拉唑钠、盐酸雷尼替丁和柳氮磺胺吡啶;
(xxxii)组胺H1-和H2-受体拮抗剂,选自阿伐斯汀、阿司咪唑、氯苯那敏、桂利嗪、塞替利嗪、富马酸氯苯苄咯、赛克力嗪、盐酸赛庚啶、右氯苯那敏、茶苯海明、非索非那定、盐酸氟桂利嗪、氯雷他定、盐酸氯苯甲嗪、奥沙米特和特非那定
(xxxiii)角质层分离剂,选自乙酰色胺,卡泊三烯、骨化二醇、骨化三醇、胆钙化醇、维生素D3、维生素D2、阿维A酯、类视黄醇、蓓萨罗丁和他扎罗汀;
(xxxiv)脂质调节/降血脂剂,选自阿托伐他汀、苯扎贝特、西伐他汀、环丙贝特、氯贝丁酯、非诺贝特、氟伐他汀、吉非贝齐、橙皮素、洛伐他汀、普伐他汀、普罗布考和辛伐他汀;
(xxxv)肌肉松弛剂,选自环苯扎林、丹曲林钠和盐酸替扎尼定;
(xxxvi)麻醉性镇痛剂,选自可待因、右旋丙氧吩、二乙酰吗啡、二氢可待因、芬太尼、美普他酚、美沙酮、吗啡、纳布啡和喷他佐辛;
(xxxvii)性激素类,选自枸橼酸氯米芬、醋酸可的松、达那唑、脱氢表雄酮、炔雌醇、非那雄胺、氟氢可的松、氟甲睾酮、醋酸甲羟孕酮、醋酸甲地孕酮、美雌醇、甲睾酮、米非司酮、炔诺酮、炔诺孕酮、雌二醇、结合雌激素、黄体酮、利美索龙、司坦唑醇、己烯雌酚、睾酮和替勃龙;
(xxxviii)兴奋剂,选自安非他明、右旋苯丙胺、右芬氟拉明、芬氟拉明和吗吲哚;
(xxxix)营养剂,选自骨化三醇,胡萝卜素,白杨素,双氢速甾醇,类黄酮,橙皮素,茉莉酸,硫辛酸,叶黄素,番茄红素,必需脂肪酸,非必需脂肪酸,柚皮素,二氢维生素K1,槲皮素,维生素类(包括维生素A、维生素B2、维生素D和衍生物、维生素E和维生素K,辅酶Q10(泛醌),植物提取物和矿物质。
在本发明的一些方面中可使用镇痛药。镇痛药(也已知为止痛药)是用于缓解疼痛(实现镇痛)的药物组中的任何成员。单词镇痛药来源于希腊语an-(“没有”)和algos(“疼痛”)。
镇痛药物以多种方式对外周和中枢神经系统起作用;它们包括对乙酰氨基酚(对乙酰胺基苯酚,在美国也称为扑热息痛),非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)例如水杨酸酯和阿片样药物例如吗啡和鸦片。它们不同于可以可逆地消除感觉的麻醉剂。
非甾体类抗炎药,通常缩写为NSAID或NAID。但是也称作非甾体类抗炎剂/镇痛药(NSAIA)或非甾体类抗炎药物((NSAIM),是具有止痛和解热(减轻发烧)的作用并且其具有,在较高剂量时,抗炎性作用。NSAID通常表明下列病况的症状缓解:类风湿性关节炎,骨关节炎,炎性关节病(例如强直性脊柱炎、银屑病关节炎、莱特尔综合征),急性痛风,痛经(月经疼痛),骨转移疼痛,头痛和偏头痛,术后疼痛,归因于炎症和组织损伤的轻中度疼痛,热病(发热),肠梗阻,肾绞痛,或动脉导管在出生后24小时内没有闭合的新生儿。
COX-2选择性抑制剂是直接靶向COX-2(一种响应于炎症和疼痛的酶)的一类非甾体类抗炎药。对COX-2的选择性减少消化性溃疡的风险并且是塞来昔布、罗非考昔和这一类药物的其他成员的主要特征。COX-2选择性似乎并未减少NSAID的其他副作用(最明显地肾衰竭的增加的风险)并且某些结果已经显示因血栓素的相对增加而增加的心脏病发作、血栓形成和中风的风险。罗非考昔是一个实例。
氟吡丁是中枢作用的K+通道开放剂,具有弱的NMDA拮抗剂特性。在欧洲其被用于缓解强烈的疼痛和偏头痛以及其肌肉松弛特性。其不具有抗胆碱能特性并且据信对多巴胺、血清素、或组胺受体没有任何作用。其不会成瘾并且没有发展耐受性。
在患有慢性或神经性疼痛的患者中,不同的其他物质可具有止痛特性。三环抗抑郁药,尤其是阿米普林,已经显示似乎以中枢方式改善疼痛。奈福泮在欧洲被用于与共存的阿片样物质一起缓解疼痛。卡马西平、加巴喷丁和普加巴林的确切机制同样并不清楚但是这些抗惊厥剂被以不同程度地成功用于治疗神经性疼痛。抗惊厥剂最常用于神经性疼痛因为它们的作用机制倾向于抑制痛觉。
抗抑郁药可被用于本发明的一些方面。三环抗抑郁药(TCA)是最初用作抗抑郁药的杂环的化学化合物。TCA最初在1950年代早期发现并且随后在该年代末期引入;它们以它们的化学结构命名,其含有三个环的原子。四环的抗抑郁剂(TeCA),其含有四个环的原子,是抗抑郁化合物的密切相关基团。
TCA包括下列剂,其大部分是血清素和/或去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂:阿米替林(Elavil、Amitriptyline、Laroxyl),氧阿米替林(amioxid、ambivalon、equilibrin),布替林(Evadyne),氯米帕明(Anafranil),地美替林((Deparon、tinoran),地昔帕明(Norpramin、Pertofrane),二苯西平(Noveril、Victoril),二甲他林(Istonil、Istonyl、Miroistonil),二苯噻庚英/度硫平(Prothiaden),多塞平(Adapin、Sinequan),丙咪嗪(Tofranil、Janimine、Praminil),氧米帕明(Imiprex、Elepsin),洛非帕明(Lomont、Gamanil),美利曲辛(Deanxit、Dixeran、Melixeran、Trausabun),美他帕明(Timaxel)、Nitroxazepine(Sintamil),去甲替林(Pamelor、Aventyl),诺昔替林(Agedal、Elronon、Nogedal),哌泊非嗪(Azafen/Azaphen),丙吡西平(Depressin、Vagran)、普罗替林(Vivactil),奎纽帕明(Kevopril、Kinupril、Adeprim、Quinuprine)。
以及下列非典型的化合物:安咪萘丁(Survector、Maneon、Directim)-去甲肾上腺素-多巴胺再摄取抑制剂;伊普吲哚(Prondol、Galatur、Tetran)-5-HT2受体拮抗剂;奥匹哌醇(Insidon、Pramolan、Ensidon、Oprimol)-σ受体激动剂;噻奈普汀(Stablon、Coaxil、Tatinol)-选择性血清素再摄取强化剂;曲米帕明(Surmontil)-5-HT2受体拮抗剂。
近来,尽管它们有时仍被用于某些适应症的处方,但TCA在世界上大部分地区的临床使用中已经被更新的抗抑郁药例如选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)和血清素-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRI)广泛取代,其通常具有更好的副作用概况。
选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂或血清素特异性再摄取抑制剂。(SSRI)是通常在抑郁、焦虑病症和某些人格障碍的治疗中用作抗抑郁药的一类化合物。它们通常在治疗某些失眠的情况中也是有用的并且被使用。SSRI的主要指征是临床抑郁。SSRI常常用于焦虑病症例如社交焦虑、恐慌性焦虑、强迫症(OCD)、进食障碍、慢性疼痛和偶尔地创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的处方中。尽管制造商没有特别说明,但是它们有时候被用于治疗肠易激综合征(IBS)、单纯慢性苔藓和早泄的处方中。所有的SSRI在美国都被批准用于Diagnostic andStatistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM IV)中所列出的精神病病症。
SSRI据信通过通过抑制神经递质血清素被再摄取至突触前细胞增加神经递质血清素的细胞外水平,增加突触间隙中可以与突触后受体结合的血清素的水平。它们对其他单胺转运蛋白具有不同程度的选择性,而纯的SSRI对去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺转运蛋白仅具有弱的亲和性。
SSRI药物包括(括弧中为商品名):西酞普兰(Celexa、Cipramil、Cipram、Dalsan、Recital、Emocal、Sepram、Seropram、Citox、Cital);达泊西汀(Priligy);依他普仑(Lexapro、Cipralex、Seroplex、Esertia);氟西汀(Prozac、Fontex、Seromex、Seronil、Sarafem、Ladose、Motivest、Flutop、Fluctin(EUR)、Fluox(NZ)、Depress(UZB)、Lovan(AUS);氟伏沙明(Luvox、Fevarin、Faverin、Dumyrox、Favoxil、Movox);吲达品(Upstene)(已停止);帕罗西汀(Paxil、Seroxat、Sereupin、Aropax、Deroxat、Divarius、Rexetin、Xetanor、Paroxat、Loxamine、Deparoc);舍曲林(Zoloft、Lustral、Serlain、Asentra);维拉佐酮(Viibyrd);苯吡烯胺(Zelmid、Normud)(已停止)。
血清素-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRI)是在大多数抑郁和其他情绪病症的治疗中所用的一类抗抑郁药。它们有时也被用于治疗焦虑症、强制性障碍(OCD)、注意缺陷障碍(ADHD)、慢性神经痛、纤维肌肉综合症(FMS)并且用于缓解绝经期症状。
SNRI起作用并且增加脑中已知在情绪中起到重要作用的两种神经递质的水平,它们是血清素和去甲肾上腺素。这可与更广泛使用的仅对血清素起作用的选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)形成对比。
SNRI的实例包括:
文拉法辛(郁复伸)-最初并且最普遍使用的SNRI。其在1944年由Wyeth引入。文拉法辛的再摄取作用是剂量依赖性的。在低剂量时(<150mg/天),其仅对血清素能传递起作用。中等剂量(>150mg/天)时,其血清素能和去甲肾上腺素能系统起作用,然而在高剂量(>300mg/天)时,其同样对多巴胺能神经传递起作用。
去甲文拉法辛(Pristiq)-文拉法辛的活性代谢物。据信其以相似的方式起作用,尽管某些证据表明与文拉法辛和度洛西汀相比较低的响应速度。其在2008年5月由Wyeth引入。
度洛西汀(Cymbalta,Yentreve)-由Eli Lilly and Company提供,已经于2004年8月被批准用于治疗抑郁和神经痛。度洛西汀在酗酒或慢性肝疾病患者中禁止使用,因为度洛西汀可增加某些肝酶的水平,这在某些高风险患者中导致急性肝炎或其他疾病。目前,肝损伤的风险似乎仅针对已经有风险的患者,与尽管罕见但是可同时导致健康患者中的肝衰竭的奈法唑酮不同。度洛西汀同样被批准用于严重的抑郁性障碍(MDD)、泛化性焦虑症(GAD)、慢性肌肉骨骼痛,包括慢性骨关节炎和慢性腰背痛(到2010年10月为止)并且是FDA批准用于纤维肌痛的仅三种药物中的一种。
米那普仑(Dalcipran、Ixel、Savella)-显示在抑郁和纤维肌痛的治疗中是显著有效的。食物和药品管理局(FDA)在2009年1月批准米那普仑在美国用于纤维肌痛的治疗,然而其在该国尚未被批准用于抑郁。在欧洲和亚洲已经商业上可获得米那普仑若干年。
左旋米那普仑(F2695)-米那普仑的左旋异构体。在美国和加拿大处于治疗抑郁的开发中。
西布曲明(Meridia、Reductil)-一种不是被开发用于抑郁治疗而是作为以减重为目的的食欲抑制剂而推向市场的SNRI。
比西发定(DOV-220、075)-由DOV Pharmaceutical提供,强有力地抑制血清素和去甲肾上腺素(以及较少程度的多巴胺)的再摄取,但是与其被开发用于已经拥挤的抗抑郁药市场,其作为非阿片样、非NSAID止痛剂而被研究。
SEP-227162-处于由Sepracor对治疗抑郁的开发中的一种SNRI。
LY 2216684-处于由Eli Lilly对治疗抑郁的开发中的一种SNRI。
抗精神病剂可以用于本发明的某些方面。抗精神病剂(或安定药)是主要用于控制精神病(包括妄想或幻觉,以及思维混乱)的使人安定的精神病学药物,尤其用于精神分裂症和两极型障碍。第一代抗精神病剂,已知为典型抗精神病剂,是1950年代发现的。第二代中的大多数药物,已知为非典型的抗精神病剂,是最近已经被开发的。尽管最初的非典型抗精神病剂,氯氮平,已经在1950年代发现并且在1970年代临床引入。两代药品都倾向于封闭脑多巴胺通路的受体,但是抗紧张药物涵盖大范围的受体靶。
可使用抗精神病剂的一般病况包括精神分裂症、两极型障碍和妄想性障碍。抗精神病剂同样可用于针对与大范围的其他诊断例如精神病性抑郁有关的精神病。然而,不是所有的症状都需要大量药物,而幻觉和妄想仅在它们使患者痛苦或导致危险性行为时才被治疗。
此外,“抗精神病剂”逐渐增加地用于治疗非精神病症。例如,它们有时被标签外用于控制图雷特多综合征或自闭谱群疾病的一些方面。它们作为增强剂(即除了另一种药物外)具有多种标签外用途,例如在“耐治疗”抑郁症或OCD中。不管如何命名,“抗精神病剂”的标签外用途据称包括将它们用作抗抑郁剂、抗焦虑药物、情绪稳定剂、认知增强剂、抗攻击性药物、抗冲动性药物、抗自杀药物以及催眠(睡眠)药物。
抗精神病剂已经被逐渐增加地标签外用于年长的人中的痴呆和儿童和青少年中的多种障碍以及问题。测量患有全身性发育迟缓的儿童的存活率发现16.5%服用抗紧张药物,最常见地缓解由易怒、攻击和兴奋表征的情绪和行为紊乱。近来利培酮被FDA批准用于治疗患有自闭的儿童和青年中的易怒。
抗精神病剂可包括一代抗精神病剂(典型抗精神病剂)、丁酰苯、吩噻嗪、噻吨,二代抗精神病剂(非典型抗精神病剂)、三代抗精神病剂大麻二酚(CBD)等。
抗精神病剂有时用作强迫治疗的一部分,经由住院(医院)病人委托或门诊病人委托。这可包括使人服药的各种方法或者实际的物理力。施用依赖于可注射形式的药物而不是片剂。注射可具有已知为长效剂注射的长效类型,通常在臀部上方使用。可以可注射形式获得的那些是氟哌啶醇、奥氮平和齐拉西酮,而可作为长效剂获得的是氟哌啶醇、三氟噻醇、氯哌噻吨和利培酮。
非典型的抗紧张药(AAP)(也已知为第二代抗精神病剂)是用于治疗精神病学病况的一组抗紧张安定药物。某些非典型的抗精神病剂被FDA批准用于治疗精神分裂症。某些具有FDA证实的急性躁狂、两极型抑郁症、精神性焦虑、两极型维持和其他适应症的指征。非典型的抗精神病剂可以包括:氨磺必利(Solian)、阿立哌唑(Abilify)、阿赛那平(Saphris)、布南色林(Lonasen)、氯噻平(Entumine)、氯氮平(Clozaril)、伊潘立酮(Fanapt)、鲁拉西酮(l(Latuda)、莫沙帕明(Cremin)、奥氮平(Zyprexa)、帕潘立酮(Invega)、哌罗匹隆(Lullan)、喹硫平Quepin(Specifar)、喹硫平(Seroquel)、瑞莫必利(Roxiam)、利培酮(Risperdal)、舍吲哚(Serdolect)、舒必利(Sulpirid、Eglonyl)、齐拉西酮(Geodon、Zeldox)、佐替平(Nipolept)、Bifeprunox(DU-127、090)、哌马色林(ACP-103)、戊卡色林(SCA-136)。第三代抗精神病剂可包括阿立哌唑(Abilify)或多巴胺的部分激动剂。
麻醉剂可用于本发明的一些方面中。麻醉剂(或麻药,仅拼写不同)是导致麻醉-可逆的知觉丧失-的药物。它们与缓解疼痛但不消除知觉的镇痛剂(止疼药)相反。通常施用这些药物以促进手术。各种药物被用于现代麻醉实施。许多是除了麻醉之外很少使用的,而其他的通常被所有学科使用。麻醉剂被归为两类:全身麻醉剂,其导致意识丧失,和局部麻醉剂,其导致身体的有限区域可逆的知觉丧失但同时保持知觉。麻醉剂的组合有时因它们的协同和叠加的治疗效果而被使用,然而副作用可能也在增加。
局部麻醉剂是阻止神经脉冲的传递而不导致意识丧失的剂。它们通过从内部与快速钠通道(处于开放状态)结合起作用。局部麻醉剂可以是基于酯或者酰胺的。酯局部麻醉剂(例如普鲁卡因、丁卡因、可卡因)通常在溶液中是不稳定并且快速反应的,而变应性反应是普遍的。局部麻醉剂的非限制性实例可以包括普鲁卡因、丁卡因、可卡因、利多卡因(也称为利诺卡因)、丙胺卡因、布比卡因、左布比卡因、罗哌卡因、甲哌卡因和二丁卡因。酰胺局部麻醉剂(例如利多卡因、丙胺卡因、布比卡因、左布比卡因、罗哌卡因、甲哌卡因和二丁卡因)一般是热稳定的,具有长保质期(2年左右)。它们有比酯麻醉剂发作更慢而和半衰期更长,且除了左旋布比卡因(其是S(-)布比卡因)和罗哌卡因(S(-)罗哌卡因)之外,通常是外消旋混合物。这些试剂通常在区域内和硬膜外或脊椎技术中使用,由于其较长的作用持续时间,其为外科手术、分娩和症状缓解提供了足够的镇痛。仅不含防腐剂的局部麻醉剂可鞘内注射。
全身麻醉剂(或者麻药,仅拼写不同)是产生可逆的意识丧失的药物。这些药物一般由麻醉提供者施用以诱导或维持全身麻醉以有助于手术。全身麻醉作用的生物机制尚不清楚。注射麻醉剂可被用于诱导并维持意识丧失的状态。麻醉剂。麻醉师偏好使用静脉注射,因为它们比肌肉内或皮下注射更快,通常痛苦更少并且更可靠。最广泛使用的药物有:丙泊酚、依托咪酯、巴比妥类例如美索比妥和戊硫代巴比妥/硫喷妥、苯二氮平类衍生物例如咪达唑仑、和氯胺酮。
本发明的组合物具有许多用途。本发明可包括治疗对亲脂性药物治疗敏感或响应的疾病的方法,其包括:向患者胃肠外施用治疗上有效的量的如上文所述的胃肠外药物组合物。
可以被治疗的疾病或病况包括但不限于癌症,急性和慢性白血病,何杰金氏和非何杰金氏淋巴瘤,骨髓增生病,自身免疫性疾病和形成使患者为造血先祖细胞移植做好准备的组合化疗的基础、感染性疾病、精神病况或疾病或对症状控制的需要。优选地,组合物可以血管内施用,但是如特定临床环境所确定的,其也可以除了其他途径以外鞘内、腔内(例如诸如腹膜内或胸膜内)给予以治疗局部严重疾病。在与适合的软膏基质混合或悬浮于软膏基质后,组合物同样可局部施用,例如在周围T细胞淋巴瘤的治疗中或者在使用组合物作为用于适合局部施用以完成对局部感染或炎性病的补救的抗感染组合物的基本溶剂系统的情况下。患者是任何动物。更优选地,动物是哺乳动物并且最优选地人。
术语“治疗上有效的量”如在本申请中所用的是指加入以获得所期望的治疗效果或另一种效果例如瞬间获得症状控制或改变患者的意识水平的组合物的足够的量。所使用的实际的量将基于下列因素而变化:例如医疗条件的类型,患者的年龄、性别、健康、物种和体重以及使用的类型和使用的长度以及本领域技术人员已知的其他因素。
本发明的还有另一个实施方案涉及用于向患者胃肠外施用亲脂性剂的方法,其包括:1)提供有机溶剂形式的初级溶剂媒介物;2)将所溶解的药物活性剂例如Bu与二级疏水性/两亲性剂例如PEG混合;3)抽取初级溶剂,优选地在真空下,以产生有助于药物活性剂与聚合物,PEG,的静电结合的微环境,由此保持药物活性剂在完成真空抽取之后与PEG结合或“溶解于”PEG。这可防止沉淀并且由此产生储存制剂;4)将储存制剂与二级稀释剂混合以形成输注液;和5)向患者施用含有药学活性剂的输注液。优选地,初级有机溶剂是丙酮。然而,除了丙酮之外,许多其他有机溶剂例如氯仿和乙醚可被用于形成初级稀释液而不背离本发明的精神和范围。
作为一个实例,基于Bu的制剂可用于人和动物中恶性和自身免疫性疾病的治疗。某些血液恶性疾病,最著名的是骨髓赘生物,例如CML、AML、MDS以及何杰金氏和非何杰金氏淋巴瘤,可用基于Bu的治疗控制延长的时间段,尤其是在移植前准备期治疗中使用时。非毒性的药学上可接受的水可混合的胃肠外的基于Bu的制剂消除了来自不可预测并且不稳定的在不同程度上表征口服标准制剂的施用的肠吸收和首过肝消除/代谢的治疗失败的风险并且其避免目前仅可获得的IV Bu制剂中所用的DMA的不可预测并且不稳定的毒性。新的胃肠外制剂可能的益处不仅包括因血管内施用产生对药物的生物利用率和药代动力学的完全控制而比采用口服药物所经历的更少的副作用,其还避免了Bu和DMA的不可预测的有害协同作用。其同样在组合化学治疗的情况下防止其他伴随施用的化学治疗剂和DMA之间的可能的不可预测的有害相互作用。应当注意的是DMA,在所获得的最终浓度,在至少四个所测试的人细胞系中产生显著的协同毒性,但是可以想象这同样是上文所讨论的人和动物背景中正常器官毒性的情况。
本发明的另外的示例性制剂可在哺乳动物中的真菌、酵母和霉菌感染,尤其是念珠菌、曲霉菌或毛霉菌感染,的治疗中有用。某些感染,最明显的是组织浆菌属(Histoplasma Spp.)和曲霉菌属(Aspergillus Spp.)所导致的那些,可用Itra来成功控制而Posa已经在免疫功能受损的患者中的毛霉病的治疗中另外具有特殊价值。新的制剂,例如非毒性的、药学上可接受的、可与水混合的、血管内的Itra或Posa制剂,消除了来自不可预测并且不稳定的在不同程度上表征口服标准制剂的施用的肠吸收和首过肝消除/代谢的治疗失败的风险。使用血管内施用途径/制剂的可能的益处在具有受损的吞咽能力并且因此不能从口服营养品获益的重病患者例如诸如在对肿瘤性疾病的放疗和/或化疗之后因口腔和胃肠道黏膜炎受苦的患者和存在相似的临床难题的同种异体干细胞移植之后因胃肠道移植物抗宿主病而受苦的那些中是最明显的。同样期望的益处包括比用相应的口服药物制剂所经历的那些更少的临床副作用,因为血管内施用产生对药物的具有最佳药代动力学的生物可利用率的完全控制并且因此将具有不期望的高肠道吸收以及低的代谢药物清除的患者中归因于不期望的药物-药物相互作用的副作用和不完全的肠道吸收以及偶尔的药物过量继发的治疗-失败的风险最小化。
新的制剂同样可用于研究不同的施用方案(例如延长的IV输注和重复的IV给药)以将基于亲脂性药物的治疗,例如基于Bu的治疗,的治疗结果最佳化,因为现在获得更高的稳定Bu浓度(12mg/mL)和延长的稳定性(在最终使用的制剂中于RT至少15小时的Bu,在1mg/mL)。而且,本发明使得可以研究亲脂性剂例如抗不同系统疾病的白消安或唑类药物,的不同给药方案的益处,而没有以任意方式影响口服施用药物的代谢的来自不可预测的肠道药物吸收和肝首过作用的混杂的副作用。
新的胃肠外制剂,尤其是不含DMA的,的可利用率在考虑强力剂量的方案尤其是在当副作用例如由身体和精神发育的受损的生长和延迟所示例的那些可能是更显著的儿科患者群中时,是特别令人感兴趣的。在这一特殊情况下,缺少与绝对Bu生物利用率和精确药代动力学联系在一起的溶剂系统相关的毒性对通过控制药物的临床副作用概况然后将长期疾病控制的机会最大化来确保最佳的患者安全性来说是尤其重要的。
对于感染性疾病来说,新的制剂和方法可以消除与已经在患有不同隐疾以及不同年龄段的患者之间报道的高度可变的肠道吸收(Willems等人,2001)以及患者是否仅是或禁食(Dodds-Ashley,2010;Willems等人,2001;Van de Velde等人,1996)作斗争的需要,并且新的制剂和方法同样消除了对已经在Posa施用后被描述的“可饱和的”肠道药物吸收(Courtney等人,2003)担忧的需要。新的胃肠外制剂的可利用率在预期用更强力剂量方案在严重免疫功能受损患者中控制压倒性疾病或感染例如造血干细胞移植后早期的窦肺曲霉病和毛霉菌病时同样是重要的。特别地,绝对药物生物可利用率和可预测的药代动力学对在迅速建立对感染的控制来说是决定性的非常复杂的医学环境下通过控制药物的临床副作用同时将快速控制明显威胁生命的、快速进行性感染并发症的机会最大化来确保患者安全性来说是极其重要的。
包括下列实施例以表明本发明的优选的实施方案。本领域技术人员应当理解的是遵循发明人发现的代表性技术的本实施例中公开的技术在本发明的实行中运行良好并且因此可被认为是构成了其实行的优选的方案。然而,本领域技术人员根据本公开内容应当理解的是可在公开的实施方案中进行许多变化并且仍然获得类似或相似的结果而不背离本发明的精神和范围。
实施例
实施例1—白消安和唑类胃肠外制剂
这一实施例表明使用无毒并且适于胃肠外施用的溶剂媒介物成功设计白消安(Bu)的稳定制剂。计算必需的溶解度/稳定性,并且用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术评估制剂。定义了在人类和家畜动物中胃肠外(如血管内或膜内或腔内所代表的)施用相关的不同溶剂中所期望的Bu溶解度和稳定性,并且确定了在生理可接受的媒介物中Bu的溶解度。
原型溶剂媒介物和初级储存溶液的制备
如这些实施例中所用的优选的Bu真空抽取的或真空蒸发的丙酮(VE-丙酮)/PEG/Bu(“初级储存溶液”)制备如下:10mg/mL的Bu溶解于丙酮,与PEG400(1:2,v/v)混合,之后于室温在真空下抽取5小时。将溶于VE-丙酮/PEG的Bu于RT的稳定性在图1a中作图。溶于VE-丙酮/PEG并在D5W中以0.5mg/mL和1mg/mL稀释的Bu的稳定性显示于图1b中。
所期望的溶解度的计算
Bu的相对溶解度范围通过从已知在人中具有显著的抗肿瘤效用的剂量外推来计算。已经使用口服Bu以及IV DMA Bu,FDA唯一批准的胃肠外制剂,进行这样的临床研究。所使用的Bu治疗方案通常开具每日一次口服的2-10mg范围内的剂量的处方直到获得临床抗肿瘤作用,或CML的姑息性治疗中或当在HSCT前准备期治疗中使用时通过每6-24小时重复施用2-4天通过白血球计数确定的约20-40mg/m2体表面积(BSA)的间歇剂量。临床上最有效/最佳的Bu剂量和方案尚不可知,但是已经报道了不同方式都是成功的。低每日剂量方案和间歇更强力剂量方案的剂量限制性毒性都是骨髓抑制的。经延长时间的低每日剂量施用已经与在姑息性治疗中通常被认为是更安全和优选的方式的骨髓抑制的缓慢并且不知不觉的发作相关联。
广泛应用于移植前准备期治疗的口服和IV Bu的间歇剂量方案通常被认为依赖于造血先祖细胞支持,因为这样的方案是清髓性的。在移植前准备期治疗中,最常用的口服Bu方案是每6小时给予1mg/kg,经2-4天共8-16次给药。因此,胃肠外DMA-Bu制剂被建议以经2小时0.8mg/kg的剂量每6小时16剂量用于移植前准备期治疗。高剂量移植前给药方案的剂量限制性毒性通常是黏膜炎、肝衰竭和约7-10%的全身发作的风险(Santos等人,1983;Tutschka等人,1987;Ciurea等人,2009;Blaise等人,1992;Devergie等人,1995;Hartman等人,1998;Socie等人,2001;Grochow等人,1989;Grochow,1993;Slattery等人,1997;Dix等人,1997;Marcus和Goldman,1984;Santos,1989;Vassal等人,1990;Vassal等人,1989;Martell等人,1987;Sureda等人,1989;Kashyap等人,2002;Thall等人,2004;Kim等人,2005;Lee等人,2005;Aggarwal等人,2006;Dean等人,2010;DeLeve等人,2002;Russell等人,2002;De Lima等人,2004;Andersson等人,2008)。作为高剂量Bu施用的副作用的与全身发作活动相关联的风险主要在于癫痫发作期间的(头部)外伤和支气管对胃内容物的抽吸。与白消安施用相关的癫痫可通过预防性使用地西泮或苯妥英来避免(Grigg等人,1989;Meloni等人,1995;Chan等人,2002;Hassan等人,1993)。癫痫的风险同样受到Bu施用方案的影响。因此,延长的输注方案提供延长的肿瘤细胞药物暴露,而在同一时间,避免可与触发更严重的神经学副作用有关的突然高的血浆峰值浓度。从这些观察可知,发明人推断出具有将允许延长输注的Bu浓度的稳定的最终使用制剂应当理想地包含1和2mg/mL之间以在每日一次施用方案中在短时间限制所施用的总体积。
白消安在血液中具有短的终末半衰期,约2-4小时,并且延长的输注将延长对恶性组织的延长的药物暴露,但是降低了可与严重的神经学副作用更加紧密相关的血浆峰值药物浓度。
所发现的溶剂系统提供室温(RT)时稳定(>95%)长时间段的使用制剂。图1a是显示在室温(RT)时包含约5mg/mL的Bu的VE-丙酮/PEG的储存制剂(即原型溶剂媒介物)中的Bu稳定性。溶解在VE丙酮/PEG的溶剂媒介物中并且用具有10-20%PEG的D5W或D10W进一步稀释至适当浓度或用生理盐水(NS)稀释至1mg/mL的白消安于RT稳定至少15小时。图1a中所示的结果显示储存制剂是稳定的,在于室温保持至少高达60天(在这一的60天长的具体研究期间,剩余的制剂是完全稳定并且无沉淀的)时无不溶解材料或所形成的沉淀。在图1b中所示的研究证实当储存制剂用D5W稀释时其在所研究的时间框架期间(1mg/ml时多达15小时而0.5mg/ml时多达25小时)保持基本上100%的稳定性。溶解在我们的新溶剂媒介物中的疏水性剂适于延长的(±12小时)输注时间,然而,稳定性仍然为在对患者施用之前药学中和医学层面上方便操作留下了空白时间。例如,如果计划的临床(Bu)治疗剂量处方为1-5mg/kg体重,可以期望的是达到1-2mg/mL的浓度。溶于VE-丙酮/PEG的药物(Bu)的5至10mg/mL的储存制剂可容易并且方便地稀释于D5W或其他水性输注液中以获得适当施用体积中适合的最终使用浓度。临床医师之后可以选择以将药物经短的或延长的时间段输注但不必更换如果制剂物理上不稳定或经历快速化学降解时可能需要的输注包。最终,临床医师可更少依赖于常规药房服务时间是否允许某些药物施用方案。
生理学可接受的溶剂中增强的溶解度
确定Bu在几种单独媒介物中的溶解度。简单地说,将已知量的Bu,配制为粉末(Sigma,St Louis,MO),于RT在各个溶剂中平衡1-4小时。移出一等份、过滤并且在HPLC之前进一步在HPLC流动相(或乙腈)中稀释以确定预定时间的溶解度。因为Bu基本上不溶于水并且在水中(存在时)迅速水解,发明人将已经检测的非水性有机溶剂替换并且最终将丙酮选作优选的第一溶剂。将Bu以10mg/mL(约16mg/mL的最大溶解度,参见表1)溶解并且这一最初的Bu-丙酮组合物随后与PEG混合(1:2,v/v)。就评估如何获得将在临床环境下有用的(稳定的)储存溶剂进一步检测这一二级组合物。进行了假设,即间歇“高剂量”施用或延长的输注将是优选的施用方式,即选择需要溶剂媒介物以稳定溶解约5-10mg/mL浓度的输注方案。因为容易认识到有机溶剂例如丙酮或氯仿对于在人或家畜动物中的常规系统施用来说是不安全的,因此发明人研究了通过真空抽取将有机溶剂(丙酮)去除。
表1室温时溶于不同溶剂的白消安的溶解度
发明人假设,初级有机溶剂在RT时的真空辅助抽取产生有助于疏水性药物,Bu和两性聚合物PEG之间的紧密的静电吸引的微环境以致在逐步除去初级有机溶剂期间药学活性剂的沉淀不会发生。发明人进一步假设,这一静电结合将是足够强的以允许加入二级水性稀释剂而没有药学活性剂的即时物理沉淀或化学降解。因此,初级复合制剂(溶于丙酮和PEG的Bu)经历室温时的丙酮真空抽取以产生临床储存制剂(即Bu/VE-丙酮/PEG),其将可与二级水性稀释剂例如NS、5%或10%的葡萄糖水溶液(分别为D5W和D10W)或大豆脂质乳液(LiposynTM或IntralipidTM,Pharmacia,Peapack,NJ)混合。这一临床储存制剂之后用二级水性稀释剂稀释以产生稳定的临床使用制剂。这一最终使用制剂中所期望的Bu浓度范围为0.5-2mg/mL或更优选地1-2mg/mL,,因为Bu之后可被胃肠外输注而无须担心与所输注的总体积有关的流体过剩或其他副作用。
最终,溶剂媒介物将仅由有机溶剂(用于Bu和泊沙康唑)或与少量酸或醇例如苄醇混合的有机溶剂构成,以促进药学活性剂(例如伊曲康唑或泊沙康唑)中官能基团的质子化以改变药物的极性和并且临时增加其在挥发性有机溶剂中的溶解度并且由此增加药学活性剂和二级两性聚合性剂,PEG,之间的静电吸引(当加入后者时)。随后的可于室温完成的真空辅助的初级有机溶剂例如丙酮的抽取将空间上优化静电吸引的条件并且避免药学活性剂的沉淀。
初级有机溶剂媒介物,丙酮,允许至少15mg/mL浓度的完全Bu溶解,而与PEG混合以及丙酮抽取之后,Bu以约5-10mg/mL的浓度在仅PEG中稳定结合。随后,发明人记录在Bu/VE-丙酮/PEG储存制剂中溶于溶液中的Bu于RT保持稳定至少60天(图1)。一旦用D5W重构,最终的临床使用制剂于RT在0.5至2mg/mL的浓度稳定至少15小时。
HPLC分析
白消安衍生化
使用在UV光谱中的荧光检测,HPLC测定提供用于溶液中,无蛋白混合物和含有蛋白的液体(即血液血浆),低Bu浓度的精确并且敏感的检测系统。不幸的是,Bu是并不含有生色团的小分子。因此,其用二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸酯(DDTC)衍生,其随后允许液相色谱分离和UV-光谱中的检测(Bhagwatwar等人,1996;Andersson等人,2000;Madden等人,2007;Chow等人,1997)。HPLC如下进行:将含有Bu的溶液(500μL)与等量(500μL)DDTC储备溶液(溶于水中1.17M)混合。将混合物在Tube Rotator(Barnstead International,Dubuque,Iowa)上涡旋30秒并旋转5分钟。用2mL乙酸乙酯从反应混合物提取所衍生的Bu,然后以1000×g离心10分钟(Thermo Electron Corporation,Waltham,MA)。取出500μL等份的乙酸乙酯层并且在真空蒸发器(Scimetrics公司,休斯顿,德克萨斯州)下蒸发至干燥。将残留物通过在涡旋机上与250μL的HPLC流动相混合1分钟进行重构并且经历HPLC。
化学品
白消安(Bu),二乙胺基二硫代甲酸钠(DDTC)和伊曲康唑获得自Sigma(St.Louis,MO)。聚乙二醇400(PEG400)、乙酸乙酯、乙腈和四氢呋喃购自Fisher Scientific(Pittsburgh,PA)。除非另有说明,所有化学品均为HPLC级。泊沙康唑在德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心的实验治疗学系的药物化学核心实验室中提取并纯化自商业上可获得的临床使用制剂(口服使用的NoxafilTM悬浮液)。
HPLC测定
白消安
HPLC系统包括:分析柱(NOVA-PAK C18,具有4μm小珠,150mm x3.9mm;WatersCorporation,Milford,MA)、自动进样器(Waters model 717plus自动进样器)、设置为递送1.2mL/分钟的泵(Waters model 600E系统控制器)和设置在254nm的UV检测器(型号WatersTM486的可调吸光度检测器)。等度流动相为乙腈、四氢呋喃和水以11:4:5的比例的混合物。将30μL体积注入HPLC以便定量Bu。HPLC测定在0.1-20μg/mL的Bu浓度范围内是线性的。流动相流速为Bu的1.2mL/分钟和Itra和Posa的1.0mL//分钟。分析系统基于先前用白消安建立的提取和HPLC经验(Bhagwatwar等人,1996;Andersson等人,2002;Madden等人,2007;Martin和Matzke,1982;Chow等人,1997)。
实际Bu色谱图的实例示于图3中,显示来自稳定性研究的色谱图
HPLC条件描述于实施例1。在这些图板中,所分析的药物来自稳定性研究,其中Bu溶解于原型VE-丙酮/PEG制剂并且使用D5W作为最终溶剂进一步分别稀释至0.5mg/mL和1mg/mL。在上述条件下使用Nova-Pak C18柱的HPLC保留时间为约2.5-3分钟。无蛋白质的溶液中,即,对于在制剂可行性和稳定性研究中所用的溶剂系统,该测定在从至少0.1μg/mL到超过20μg/mL是线性的(图2,表2)。图2是在稳定性研究中使用的HPLC分析得到的Bu浓度与曲线下面积(AUC)的标准曲线。x轴表示以μg/mL计的浓度而y轴显示AUC。为小鼠的药理学研究(如适用)制备类似的标准曲线。
表2白消安标准曲线–HPLC
这一HPLC测定始终如一产生高回收率和精确度以及大约1μg/mL的初始较低的灵敏度限度,但通过微调该技术以及增加HPLC中注射的体积超过最初使用的30μL,则较低灵敏度限度可再现地改进至约25ng/mL的始终如一更低的定量限度和约5-10ng/mL的绝对检测的最低限度(Bhagwatwar等人,1966;Chow等人,1997;Andersson等人,2000;Madden等人,2007)。这一HPLC技术被标准化并且用于所有稳定性研究而没有任何进一步的修改。对于血浆药理学研究,色谱图中内源性血浆蛋白衍生的峰的出现使得必须增加提取/纯化步骤;这通过加入二倍体积的乙腈随后如所描述的离心和分析沉淀蛋白来完成。
HPLC测定
唑类化合物
HPLC系统由Woestenborghs等人(1987)修改并且进一步修改用于Posa(Notheis等人,2006;Courtney等人,2003;Jang等人,2010)。它使用与上文分析白消安所描述的相同的基本设备设置,因此,泵设定为1.0mL/分钟的流速。各种唑类的检测对Itra和Posa都设定在261nm。等度流动相为溶于H2O的60%乙腈加上0.05%二乙胺的混合物。将10μL的标准化体积注入HPLC柱以定量各种唑类。简单地说,这概括用于HPLC分析的参数。
Itra的保留时间为4.7-5.5分而Posa为2.5~3.0分钟。如所预期的,其某种程度上对于检测的特定唑类化合物而变化。利用UV光谱中的荧光检测,HPLC测定为溶液中,无蛋白质的混合物和含蛋白质的液体(例如临床上获得的样品,诸如血浆),低浓度Itra(唑类化合物)提供了准确并且灵敏的检测系统。对于检测,基于唑类分子的固有的吸收和发射最大值,选择261的波长。这是因检查的特定唑类类似物而变化的,本文使用的两种原型剂、Itra和Posa能够可靠地在261nm处检测。
除非另有说明,所有化学品均为HPLC级。我们的分析系统基于先前对ITRA建立的HPLC方法(Woestenborghs等人,1987)。
为了避免测定血浆样品中的Itra和Posa时色谱图中来自内源性的血浆蛋白的分析干扰,进行利用用乙腈沉淀蛋白材料的提取/纯化步骤。简单地说,血浆蛋白通过加入乙腈至1:2的血浆:乙腈的终体积比来沉淀。将混合物涡旋30秒并以14,000rpm在Eppendorff微型离心机上离心5分钟。将脱蛋白的上清液,含有Itra,注入HPLC,以确定药物浓度。
来自HPLC分析的实际Itra色谱图的实例示于图12和13。图12描述从(无蛋白)稳定性研究的HPLC分析得到的色谱图。注入的样品体积为10μL。HPLC条件如上所述。在这些图板中,所分析的药物来自稳定性研究,其中Itra溶解在原型溶剂媒介物(a)中并且使用D5W作为最终稀释液(b)进一步稀释。在上文条件下使用C18Nova Pak柱的HPLC保留时间为4.7-5.5分钟。在无蛋白溶液中,即在制剂可行性和稳定性研究中使用的各种溶剂体系,该测定从0.1μg/mL至100μg/mL是线性。
图14描述药理学研究中来自Itra和Posa的血浆测定的色谱图。数据示于下表3中。
表3 Swiss Webster小鼠中5mg/kg IV注射后a)伊曲康唑和b)泊沙康唑的清除
这一HPLC测定始终如一地产生较高的回收率和精确度和大约10-20ng/mL的较低的灵敏度限度,对所计划的实验来说足够。将这一HPLC技术标准化并用于所有的稳定性研究而无需额外的修改,除非因测定不同唑类似物而所必需的之外。
唑类胃肠外制剂-唑类抗生素Itra和Posa也被配制用于与VE丙酮/PEG/D5W一起胃肠外输注,并且在VE-丙酮/PEG中4mg/mL的稳定性显示于图9。当随后在D5W中稀释至2mg/mL的终浓度时,它们于RT保持稳定至少15小时(图10)。这些新型唑类制剂保留对所选择的曲霉和毛霉菌属的菌株的完全抗真菌活性(图11和表4)。
表4在标准条件下在48hr读取的两种常见霉菌病原体
1MIC=最小μm抑制浓度,2Itra/S=溶剂系统S中的伊曲康唑,3Itra/D=DMSO对照中的伊曲康唑,4Posa/S=溶剂系统S中的泊沙康唑,5Posa/D=作为阳性对照溶剂的DMSO中的泊沙康唑。所测试的药物浓度范围32μg/ml至0.03μg/ml。
请注意:以同样的初始浓度制备每种溶剂系统中的药物并且之后用培养基1:50稀释以产生第一孔中的浓度。所有药物之后进一步在培养基中以2倍系列稀释直到孔11,孔十二留作没有药物的阴性生长对照。
与表4中相似地测试另外的霉菌物种。所测试的曲霉菌株是新烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)[来自患者AF 040 511的LAB-A]。所测试的接合菌是新的根毛霉属(Rhizomucor sp.)[衍生自患者RM 041511的Lab-Z]。所测试的药物浓度的范围为150、25、12、6、3、1.5、0.75、0.38、0.19、0.09、0.04和0(对照)μg/mL。使用用于丝状真菌(CLSI,M38A标准)的标准方法设置敏感试验。使用炼酵母培养基,Trek诊断和Lot 152274SA-exp2011-08。烟曲霉LAB-A接种物在盐水中进行82%的传递。接合菌(Lab Z)的接种物在盐水中进行80%的传递。Itra以1.5mg/ml溶于媒介物提供。Posa以2.0mg/ml溶于媒介物提供。该接合菌液在前24小时于33℃孵育以便获得已经建立的生长。48小时的MIC结果是:对于溶于新溶剂的Itra,曲霉LAB-A在48小时显示0.09μg/ml的MIC;对于溶于新溶剂的Posa,曲霉LAB-A在48小时显示0.04μg/ml的MIC;对于溶于新溶剂的Posa,接合菌LAB-Z在48小时显示0.2μg/ml的MIC;接合菌LAB-Z在48小时显示0.04μg/ml的MIC。结果表明,在48小时的所有增长控制都是阳性并且等于预期的。每个药物浓度4个重复中无矛盾的孔。
实施例2-新制剂中的一个的体外溶解度、稳定性和其他特性的证明
在这个实施例中,评估了适于人类施用的稳定的Bu和唑类(泊沙康唑;Posa)制剂。建立Bu和Posa在复合溶剂媒介物中的化学和物理稳定性。此外,用NS或D5W±20%的PEG作为最终稀释剂,建立Bu和Posa在这些复合溶剂媒介物中的溶解度。本实施例还研究了各制剂的体外细胞毒性/抗真菌特性,包括它们对人恶性细胞系和霉菌分离株的溶血潜力和抗真菌活性,以确立该溶剂系统适合于作为人体和其他哺乳动物中恶性或自身免疫性疾病以及对真菌/霉菌感染的治疗肠胃外施用而没有损失各类试剂的治疗特性。
溶解度研究
Bu和Posa在室温(RT)溶解于各种溶剂中60分钟并>14,000rpm离心1分钟。然后将上清液用HPLC分析来确定最大Bu/泊沙康唑溶解度。在不同初级溶剂之间Bu溶解度明显不同(表1)。使用DMA、DMSO和丙酮达到高平衡溶解度(超过15mg/mL)。在DMSO中,Bu迅速开始降解,证实了我们对DMSO的硫基团在长时间暴露时将与Bu反应的担忧。有机溶剂(例如,丙酮或氯仿或DMA)被替代确定为优选的初级溶剂媒介物。因为有关使用氯仿和/或DMA作为初级溶剂的毒性问题(Dwivedi,2002;VICH Steering Committee,2010;The Food and DrugAdministration,2010;The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment,2010),发明者继续将丙酮作为优选初级溶剂进行研究。白消安能稳定地溶解(于RT至少7天)于丙酮和DMA中,但一旦溶解,Bu丙酮混合物不能用水性输注液稀释以使得能够胃肠外施用而不立即沉淀。因此在第二步骤中本发明人使用改进的共溶性方法(Spiegel和Noseworthy,1963;Yalkowsky等人,1981)。
本发明人假定,由于Bu是非常亲脂性/疏水性的,因此丙酮作为初级有机溶剂与二级疏水性/两亲性载体组合的组合会令Bu经受来自二级聚合物载体化合物(例如PEG)的静电吸引。本发明人进一步认为,通过轻柔除去初级(挥发性的)有机溶剂,本发明人将创建空间上允许复合物中溶解的Bu与载体分子(如PEG)的逐渐增加的静电吸引/结合的微环境,并且进一步,这一复合物将是足够稳定的,以允许药物复合物在水性输注液中稀释而没有药物活性剂(在这一实施例中:Bu或Posa)的立即的化学降解或物理沉淀。丙酮的除去将通过添加由高挥发性/低沸点丙酮促进的真空提取步骤来促进。本发明人进一步假定,因为PEG是易溶于水的,其两亲性特性使它成为适合的“载体物质”。所得药物/VE-丙酮/PEG复合物之后可以稀释在水或水性输注液例如D5W或D10W或生理盐水(NS)中而不沉淀,允许其可以在通过胃肠外施用的医疗用途中应用。VE-丙酮方法的另外的好处是发明人可减少接收者对初级有机溶剂媒介物的最终暴露。
稳定性研究
最初重要的是描述Bu/丙酮/PEG混合物的短期稳定性。这对确定是否可以在没有Bu过度化学降解时使用真空提取步骤来说是必要的。将溶于丙酮/PEG400(1:2,v/v)的Bu(5mg/mL)于室温孵育并且0、1、2、4、8和24小时后通过HPLC定量。第二,本发明人证实,Bu在VE-丙酮/PEG/Bu复合物中是稳定的。因此,为了确定长期稳定性,将Bu溶解在丙酮(10mg/mL)中,然后与聚乙二醇400混合(比例为1:2,v/v)。在真空条件下于室温(RT)将丙酮从混合物抽取。将VE-丙酮/PEG400/Bu在密封的试管中在室温或37℃下贮存2个月。最后,溶于VE丙酮/PEG 400/D5W(0:40:60,v/v/v)的最终使用制剂中的Bu(1mg/mL)于室温孵育和在0,1、2、4、8和15小时用HPLC分析以确定短期稳定性。稳定性研究中适当稀释样品后三份样品在所有时间点用HPLC定量分析。
PEG-400,PG,生理盐水,D5W和20%的大豆脂肪乳剂(IntralipidTM)没有产生任何显著浓度的溶解药物(在RT下60分钟后≤0.2mg/mL)。因此不考虑将后者作为初级溶剂进一步研究。
各种Bu制剂的稳定性
如下所示,采用Bu/VE-丙酮/PEG制剂作为实例,并使用D5W为原型的最终稀释液,对各种预期胃肠外制剂的物理和化学的稳定性进行了研究。
Bu以约10mg/mL的浓度溶解在仅丙酮或VE丙酮/PEG(原型储存溶剂媒介物)中并在室温(22℃)和37℃孵育。所获得的Bu浓度在溶解后立即、然后每隔几个小时经8小时并且之后在逐渐增加的时间间隔长达60天取样的样品中用HPLC测量。
总之,Bu在偏爱的原型溶剂系统(BU/VE丙酮/PEG载体)中的稳定性是极好的:60天≥95%的Bu在RT仍然完好无损,用HPLC测定。从可获得数据可以推论出溶于所描述的最终溶剂媒介物中的Bu和Posa对于常规临床应用来说足够稳定。
体外溶血研究
最终使用的制剂的溶血潜力也应该是最小的,因为终末使用制剂/输注物含有Bu和PEG为有待输注的唯一显著溶质,即这基本上是D5W以及作为它的主要添加剂的适量的PEG(40%,v/v)。Parthasarathy等人的程序被用来研究的几个所选的制剂的溶血潜力和并且如前所述进行最优化制剂的LD50值(Parthasarathy等人,1994)。简单地说,将肝素化的血液与等体积的Alsever溶液(Alsever和Ainslie,1941)混合。将该混合物在PBS中洗涤两次并且之后制备10%(体积每体积,v/v)的红细胞/PBS溶液并与逐渐增加的量的PEG(基本上是VE-丙酮/PEG原型媒介物)混合,加入或不加D5W并且含或不含Bu。将所得混合物在37℃下孵育4小时。在孵育结束时,将细胞以10000×g在Eppendorf微型离心机上成团,并且在NS中洗涤两次后,将细胞团用蒸馏水重悬并裂解。在550nm波长分光光度测定上清液中血红蛋白的释放(即溶血)。对已经通过低渗休克裂解的参考红细胞溶液测量最大裂解。如所描述的评价媒介物的溶血潜力和完整的最终使用的制剂(Bu/VE丙酮/PEG/D5W)(Parthasarathy等人,1984)。结果被绘制成完整的红细胞与溶剂媒介物的浓度(总体积百分数)的分数。总体积百分数被定义为加入红细胞悬浮液后混合物中溶剂体系的体积百分数。这样进行以模拟在胃肠外施用后该药物制剂在血流中的稀释。完好,健康的红细胞被定义为在与具有或不具有Bu的溶剂媒介物混合后能够保留它们的细胞内血红蛋白的那些。
最终使用的制剂在使用具有或不具有Bu的完全使用媒介物时表现出可忽略不计的诱导溶血能力。Bu依赖性裂解几乎不超过背景水平,也为100μg/mL或更多,这比采用三小时输注的每日一次Bu施用的临床情况下的最高预期浓度高很多倍(预期峰值浓度小于5μg/mL)(Russell等人,2002;De Lima等人,2004;Madden等人,2007)。Bu特异性溶血在不同检测方法间是高度重复的。用完整的最终使用溶剂媒介物±Bu从重复的实验得到的数据概括于图4,其图解说明了含有Bu的VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W的使用制剂的(缺乏)溶血潜力,并且不含Bu的相同的制剂(仅“溶剂”),如下图所示。溶剂单独曲线也显示出当该溶剂与替代的剂混合时非常低的溶血潜力,替代的剂包括但不限于唑类化合物。x轴表示μg/ml计的浓度。y-轴表示百分比溶血。最后,当在小鼠实验中与获得用于血浆浓度测定的血样平行评价尿液样品长达4小时时,体内注射10mg/kg后没有溶血迹象。
总之,Bu/VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W完整输注液有非常低的溶血潜力并且对人体胃肠外(血管内以及鞘内或腔内)施用来说应当是绝对安全的。
白消安的体外细胞毒性
测定含有或不含有Bu的所选择的优选的溶剂系统针对人髓细胞性白血病细胞系KBM-3和KBM7/B5,以及OCI-AML3的细胞毒性潜力(Andersson等人,1993;Andersson等人,1987;Andersson et al.,1995;Wang等人,1991)。简单地说,连续地生长细胞暴露于药物,并且之后成团,之后将它们以2×105/ml重悬于完全细胞培养基并96孔板等分(20,000/孔),在37℃下孵育4天并且通过MTT测定进行分析(Mosmann,1983)。使用Prism4进行包括IC50的计算和存活率制图的图形分析,(GraphPad Software,Inc.,San Diego,CA)。细胞平行暴露于溶剂系统和作为阴性对照的仅培养基,并且暴露于DMA的细胞(终浓度0.08%V/V)起到用于比较DMABu制剂的细胞毒性的阳性对照作用。
所检查的溶剂系统VE-丙酮/PEG在最高测试Bu浓度获得的浓度并没有表现出对这些实验中所用的任意细胞系的任何可检测的毒性(阴性对照,数据未显示)。当将最终的Bu使用制剂以增加的浓度加入细胞时,浓度依赖性细胞毒性是明显的(图5)。当与平行暴露于溶解在DMSO中的Bu的细胞相比(阳性对照),白消安在使用制剂中保留完整的细胞毒性活性。有趣的是,在这些实验中,DMA-Bu制剂施加显著更高的细胞毒性活性(图6);这一活性高于可通过添加的细胞毒性解释的并且表明了在所有被检测的细胞系中Bu和DMA之间显著的协同作用(Chou和Talalay,1984)。这一观察结果引发我们随后对DMA本身是否产生显著且可测量的细胞毒性活性的检测。DMA溶剂对AML细胞系KBM-3和OCI-AML3两者都是高度毒性的并且它对CML系KBM-7和其耐Bu的亚系B5/Bu250-6也有显著细胞毒性活性图5(c)。可以想象的是这样的(不可预知)DMA相关的毒性可以以显著方式增加接收DMA-Bu制剂的临床风险,因为DMA的正常器官的影响可能与在细胞系中看到的平行。这个假设进一步被职业危害文献和将DMA作为抗癌化合物进行评价的可得到的毒性数据(Choi等人,2001;Weiss等人,1962a;Weiss等人,1962b)以及啮齿类动物和兔类动物中DMA相关的胎儿毒性研究所支持(Malley等人,1995;Kennedy,1986;Klimisch和Hellwig,2000;Okuda等人,2006;Valentine等人,1997;Kennedy,2001)。最后,之前的DMA-Bu体外研究表明在人类白血病细胞中的DMA和Bu之间的协同细胞毒性(Sadeghi等人,1999)。
伊曲康唑和泊沙康唑的体外抗真菌活性
对酵母和不同的霉菌物种的几个分离株测定选择的含有和不含有Itra的溶剂系统的抗微生物/抗真菌潜力。结果证实,Itra和Posa保留抗真菌活性(表4)。变体溶剂系统自身对霉菌和酵母增殖没有任何影响(图11)。
酵母
测试的药物稀释范围38μg/mL至0.03μg/mL
Itra*是溶解于作为阳性对照的DMSO的Itra的对照批
Itra-s是溶解于新的制剂系统的Itra
生长对照(阴性对照,在仅培养基中生长的真菌)显示良好的生长。在有溶剂媒介物但无药物的培养基中生长的念珠菌也显示良好的生长。
B.霉菌
用48小时的标准读取对两种透明霉菌进行了测试:
所测试的药物范围:75μg/mL至0.07μg/mL
对Itra-s和Itra*的说明参见上文。
延长的霉菌测试
为了进一步确定在新制剂系统中化合物的抗真菌活性,发明人研究了各种剂对毛霉和曲霉属的其他菌株的效果(根毛霉是来自患者分离株的临床分离株)并如先前所述使用烟曲霉(ATCC菌株90906)。同样,敏感试验采用标准化的测试方法(CLSI M38A)的设置。所用药物在所描述的最终使用制剂VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W中提供。所有的药物均稀释于RPMI Mops培养基:YeastOne,Sensititer(批次151416SA,2011年到期)。
如上文用48小时的标准读取对两种不同霉菌进行了测试:
药物稀释范围75μg/mL至0.07μg/mL。
所有的霉菌生长对照,包括具有溶剂媒介物但没有加入唑类药物的对照,如前所述无生长抑制作用。
对Itra*的说明参见上文。
简单地说,敏感试验采用的标准方法(CLSI M38A)进行设置。药物稀释至RPMI-Mops培养基(Yeast One Broth(Sensititer,产品Y3462,Trek诊断系统,Cleveland,OH)Sensititer批号151416SA,到期日2011年)。对两种不同的酵母菌株进行了测试,在各培养开始后24小时进行标准化评价/读取。重复测试两次并且所有MIC值(最低抑菌浓度)确定为两个实验的平均值。
实施例3-IV Bu的血浆和药理学中的定量白消安分析
这一实施例证实使用定量提取技术和HPLC测定可能发现溶于(a)优选的溶剂媒介物并与血浆混合的Bu和唑类抗真菌抗生素为天然/完好的药物,并且药物在施用后几个小时保持稳定在细胞毒性/抑制真菌浓度范围内。进一步显示的是在小鼠中肠道外施用优选的Bu制剂后的初步血浆药代动力学符合基于对口服和IV Bu的所公开的药理学来说可期望的(Slattery等人,1997;Dix等人,1996;Hassan等人,2000;Hassan等人,1989;Bhagwatwar等人,1996;Andersson等人,2000;Andersson等人,2002;Russell等人,2002;De Lima等人,2004;Madden等人,2007;Busulfex,2009)。
血浆中白消安的定量提取
将一毫升的人血浆与不同量的重新配制的Bu(<3%的终体积)以产生从1to10μg/mL的药物浓度范围(使用制剂Bu/VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W由原型溶剂媒介物和D5W组成,具有Bu浓度1.0mg/mL)。之后如实施例1中所述的从血浆样品提取药物并且通过HPLC分析。简单地说,将1体积的血浆与1体积的乙腈混合并且在涡旋混合之后将样品离心以沉淀血浆蛋白,否则其将在色谱图中产生干扰峰。之后用DDTC衍生上清液并且用乙酸乙酯提取。在蒸发-重构之后,如上文所述的使用254nm的荧光检测通过HPLC分析Bu。当使用Nova-Pak柱时(参见实施例1)这一系统中Bu的停留时间是2.5-3.0min。从以10μg/mL掺入的血浆回收的Bu经计算为约90-100%(储存数据)。当将100μL注射至层析中时,测定在从约25ng/mL至至少20μg/mL的区间中是线性的,具有约5-10ng/mL的检测极限。标准曲线通常在0.10μg/mL至10μg/mL的范围内常规制备用于药理学实验(未显示)并且在实际Bu浓度和测量的AUC值之间获得良好的线性相关(r=.99)
胃肠外的白消安:小鼠中的试验程序
将体重为25-30g的Swiss Webster小鼠用于体内药理学实验(Harlan-Sprague-Dawley,Houston,TX)。这些动物被在到达后允许至少3-4天适应新的环境并在试验期间和之前允许自由获取商业饲料和高氯化的,反渗透纯净水。在动物饲养设施符合USDA、NIH和DHHS的要求。
白消安以10mg/kg BW的剂量被用作可以作为经3-4分钟的缓慢IV推注注射施用的适合的和代表性的单剂量。
Bu在原型VE-丙酮/PEG媒介物中被配制至约10mg/mL的浓度并且之后用D5W稀释至1mg/mL和2mg/mL(反复实验),所以10mg/kg的总剂量可以分别以约250μL和125μL的体积在尾静脉注射。最终使用制剂的Bu浓度在施用前通过HPLC确认。
这些实验中无抗惊厥剂被用于所述动物,以避免可能的对可以改变Bu代谢的微粒体肝酶的诱导。出于同样的原因,在药物注射过程中动物是麻醉的,只是身体上受限。
血样(0.5-1.0毫升)在异氟醚诱导的全身麻醉下通过心脏穿刺获得。这些样品在药物输注之前(“空白”)和药物注射之后从5分钟至4小时在选定的时间点抽取在预先肝素化的管中以便测定Bu浓度。将血液以1000×g离心分离10分钟并且除去血浆并贮存于-80℃直至萃取并通过HPLC测定。
血浆中的白消安和IV药物药理学结果
来自(a),掺入Bu的血浆和(b)从目前的药代动力学研究获得的一个血浆样品的实际色谱图示于图7。图7显示掺入溶于新的原型制剂的Bu至10μg/mL的血浆样品并且该图中还显示了来自药理学研究的色谱图,其中用10mg/kg的Bu注射小鼠。后者色谱图来自药物注射后20分钟抽取的样品。
所得到的数据表明,注射10mg/kg BW后所述新型的Bu溶剂媒介物产生可检测的,细胞毒性的Bu血浆浓度。图8是表示经过约3-4分钟IV注射的10mg/kg Bu注射后血浆中浓度随时间的变化的曲线图。x轴显示在注射后以分钟计的时间。y轴显示以μg/mL血浆计的Bu浓度,具有在2.5-3.5小时范围内的表观终末Bu半衰期。所有注射耐受良好,在急性4小时的观察期并未遇到明显的有害作用。
综上所述,数据表明本发明中Bu的新的药学上可接受的、稳定的制剂可以安全地用于胃肠外施用。优选的溶剂媒介物与血管内施用生理学相容并被用来证明注射溶于这一溶剂媒介物的Bu在小鼠模型中被广泛接受并具有微不足道的急性溶剂系统毒性。基于与我们的体外细胞毒性实验的比较和与来自使用口服Bu(Slattery等人,1997;Dix等人,1996;Hassan等人,2000;Hassan等人,1989;Vassal,1994;Hassan等人,1994)或DMA Bu(Andersson等人,2000;Andersson等人,2002;Russell等人,2002;De Lima等人,2004;Madden等人,2007)的几个早期的研究中获得的数据比较,小鼠中这一制剂的10mg/kg BW的静脉注射产生得到数小时仍留在细胞毒性的范围内的Bu血浆浓度。
用最终使用的制剂VE丙酮/PEG/D5W获得的数据VE丙酮/PEG/D5W决定性地证实引入Bu用于恶性和自身免疫性疾病的临床治疗中的胃肠外施用而没有用作溶剂媒介物的赋形剂成分的DMA的附加毒性现在是可行的。这可以被预期会产生基于Bu的细胞毒性治疗方案的大大改进的安全性。这些结果现在终于也给予来自溶剂媒介物的微不足道的正常器官毒性的合理预期。特别是,用这种新的溶剂媒介物可避免用当前可获得的DMA Bu制剂仍偶尔遇到的严重肝肾和中枢神经系统的毒性是可能的。
新的溶剂系统将显著改善以Bu为基础的治疗的临床安全性并且使得可以优化癌症和自身免疫性疾病的治疗这一重要药物的使用。特别是,本发明的实施例可被用于经历HSCT前组合化疗的患者的调理。
已经进行和执行本文公开并且要求的所有组合物和/或方法而没有过度的根据本公开内容的实验。当本发明的组合物和方法已经以优选的实施方案的方式描述时,对本领域技术人员来说显而易见的是可将这些变化应用于所述组合物和/或方法以及本文所描述的方法的步骤或一系列步骤中而不背离本发明的概念、精神和范围。更具体地,显而易见的是化学和生理学相关的某些剂可取代本文描述的剂而获得相同或相似的结果。对本领域技术人员来说显而易见的所有这些取代和修改被认为在本发明的精神、范围和概念内。
本申请中所用的缩写
AAALAC–国际实验动物评估和认可委员会
ALT–丙氨酸氨基转移酶
Alsever’s溶液–氯化钠中柠檬酸的标准化溶液(Alsever和Ainslie,1941)
AML–急性髓细胞性白血病
AST–天冬氨酸氨基转移酶
ATCC-美国组织细胞收藏中心,Rockville,MD.
ATG–抗胸腺细胞球蛋白
AUC–曲线下面积,用于表示色谱图中峰的实际测量面积以及同样用于表示在将药物施用于动物或人类后经几小时血浆浓度—时间曲线下面积的术语
BSA–体表面积
Bu–二甲烷磺酸1,4-丁二醇酯,丁烷-1,4-二基二甲烷磺酸酯;C6H14O6S2,白消安
BW–体重
Clo–氯法拉滨
CLSI M38A标准–临床实验室标准协会M38A(丝状霉菌的标准化敏感试验)
CML–慢性髓细胞性白血病
Cy–环磷酰胺
D5W–葡萄糖,5%溶于水
D10W–葡萄糖,10%溶于水
DMA–N,N-二甲乙酰胺
DMF–二甲基酰胺
DMSO–二甲亚砜
DNA–脱氧核糖核苷酸
DHHS–美国卫生与人类服务部
EtOH–乙醇.
FBS–胎牛血清.
FDA–美国食品药物管理局
Flu–氟达拉滨
GSH–谷胱甘肽.
GST–谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶
HPLC–高效液相色谱
HSCT–造血干细胞移植
IMDM–Iscove改良杜氏培养基(GIBCO,Grand Island,New York,NY)
IntralipidTM–可从Healthcare,Inc.USA获得的主要从豆油制得并销售用于胃肠外营养的水性脂肪乳剂的商标名称
IV–静脉内
KBM-3–标记为KBM-3的人髓细胞性白血病细胞系
KBM-3/Bu2506–耐受白消安的KBM-3系的亚系
KBM-7和KBM-7/B5–标记为KBM-7的人髓细胞性白血病细胞系和其标记为KBM 7/B5的克隆的亚系
LD50–导致人数50%的致死率或毁灭的浓度或剂量。
LiposynTM–可从Abbott(Abbott Park,IL)获得的主要从豆油制得并销售用于胃肠外营养的水性脂质乳液的商标名称
MDACC–德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心,Houston,Texas.
MDS–骨髓增生异常综合征.
MeOH–甲醇
MIC–表示在用于评估对抗生素的敏感性的标准化体外系统中试验时所述抗生素的细菌和真菌生长的最小抑制浓度的术语。
MTT–3,[4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基]2,5--二苯基溴化四唑
NCI–国家癌症研究所
NH4-乙酸盐–乙酸铵
NIH-国立卫生研究院
NS–生理盐水(150mM NaCl)
OCI-AML3–人髓细胞性白血病细胞系
PBS–磷酸盐缓冲的盐水(杜氏制剂,pH 7.4)
PEG,和PEG400–聚乙二醇(-400)。
PG-丙二醇.
PTFE-聚四氟乙烯(过滤器),Teflon.TM
RT–室温(约22℃)
SDS-十二烷基硫酸钠
TBI–全身照射.
TRM–治疗相关死亡率.
USDA–美国农业部
UV–紫外的.
VE-丙酮–参见下文
VE-丙酮/PEG–PEG与丙酮混合后,随后使得(挥发性)丙酮在真空下抽取/蒸发。即“真空抽取或真空蒸发”
VOD–静脉闭塞性疾病.
已经进行和执行本文公开并且要求的所有组合物和/或方法而没有过度的根据本公开内容的实验。当本发明的组合物和方法已经以优选的实施方案的方式描述时,对本领域技术人员来说显而易见的是可将这些变化应用于所述组合物和/或方法以及本文所描述的方法的步骤或一系列步骤中而不背离本发明的概念、精神和范围。更具体地,显而易见的是化学和生理学相关的某些剂可取代本文描述的剂而获得相同或相似的结果。对本领域技术人员来说显而易见的所有这些取代和修改被认为在本发明的精神、范围和概念内。
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Claims (10)
1.包含溶解的亲脂性药剂和两亲性液体聚合溶剂的非水性的均质溶液在制备用于治疗患有对所选择的亲脂性药剂敏感的疾病或病况的受试者的药物中的用途,其中,所述两亲性液体聚合溶剂为聚乙二醇,所述非水性的均质溶液不含非聚合的有机溶剂、水和未溶解的颗粒,其中所述亲脂性药剂为抗真菌的唑类或抗癌剂白消安(二甲磺酸1,4-丁二醇酯),且其中所述溶解的亲脂性药剂具有至少2mg/mL的浓度并且其中所述溶液在室温储存时保持稳定并且不含未溶解的颗粒至少40天,并且其中所述溶液不包含表面活性剂。
2.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述溶液在室温储存时保持稳定并且不含未溶解的颗粒至少60天。
3.如权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述溶解的亲脂性药剂具有2至10mg/mL的浓度,优选具有3至9mg/mL的浓度,更优选具有至少4mg/mL的浓度,甚至更优选具有至少5mg/mL的浓度。
4.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述亲脂性药剂为唑类剂伊曲康唑(Itra)或泊沙康唑(Posa)。
5.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述两亲性液体聚合溶剂由单一聚合物类型组成,其中所述两亲性液体聚合溶剂选自由PEG-100、PEG-200、PEG-300、PEG-400、PEG-600和PEG-800组成的组。
6.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述溶液进一步包含质子化剂;
优选地,所述质子化剂为酸、醇或酸化的醇;进一步优选地,所述酸为HCl、柠檬酸、乙酸或谷氨酸;
优选地,所述溶液具有从1至6的pH。
7.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述受试者为哺乳动物,优选为人类。
8.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述非水性的均质溶液用于静脉内、腔内、鞘内、皮下、肌肉内或局部施用。
9.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述受试者具有以下疾病或选自以下的需要中的任意一种:所述受试者患有癌症或需要调整受试者以进行骨髓移植或造血祖细胞移植并且所述亲脂性药剂是白消安;或者,所述受试者患有感染性疾病;
优选地,所述受试者患有真菌、酵母或霉菌疾病并且所述亲脂性药剂是唑类剂伊曲康唑(Itra)或泊沙康唑(Posa)。
10.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述药剂为白消安、伊曲康唑或泊沙康唑。
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