TWI626059B - 親脂性藥劑之經改良的非經腸胃調配物與用於製造及使用該調配物的方法 - Google Patents
親脂性藥劑之經改良的非經腸胃調配物與用於製造及使用該調配物的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
可提供具有經改良的溶解度與安定性之親脂性藥劑的組成物。例如,可提供包含一種親脂性藥劑與一種兩親性聚合性溶劑諸如PEG400但實質上不含有機溶劑與非溶性顆粒之一種非水性組成物。可進一步用一種所欲的水性稀釋劑稀釋該組成物,諸如供非經腸胃投藥至一個體諸如人類之輸注液。該組成物可能適用於治療對於親脂性藥劑敏感的疾病或病況,諸如傳染病、惡性或自體免疫性疾病。
Description
本申請案主張於2011年4月28日提出申請之序號第61/480,259號的美國暫准申請案之優先權,其在此完整地併入本案以為參考資料。
本發明整體係有關於一種經改良的組成物與用於製備包含溶解型親脂性藥劑的非經腸胃調配物之方法,及在諸如惡性與自體免疫性疾病、傳染性疾患之疾病的治療中使用該等調配物,或用於造血幹細胞移植前之調理療法中。
水溶性低的親脂性原料藥係一種不斷增多的藥物類型,其在多種病變的多種治療領域中之適用性日益增加。核准供製藥用的多種化合物係親脂性化合物,其等的溶解度與生物可利用性有限。較難溶解的化合物,即水中溶解度低於200微克/毫升,可能顯示前途看好的藥學活性,但將其等研發為藥品,特別是非經腸胃劑型,係製藥業的一項大挑戰。輸送有效藥物的主要障礙係在於溶解度與安定性。為了在人體內被吸收,化合物必須可溶於水與脂肪(脂質)。然而,水溶性通常伴隨著在脂肪中的溶解度不佳,反之亦然。
溶解度與安定性因此是阻礙治療劑研發的主要障礙。水溶性係用於調配藥品中所見的複雜有機結構之必要但經
常難以實現的性質。供非常難溶藥物所用的傳統調配系統,係涉及有機溶劑、表面活性劑及極端pH值條件之組合。該等調配物通常會刺激病患,及可能引起不良反應。有時,該等方法所溶解的藥物量,係不足以供非經腸胃調配物之用。
因此,存在對於涉及包含溶解型與安定型親脂性藥劑的調配物之組成物與方法之需求,親脂性藥劑諸如白消安(busulfan)。
就一特定實例而言,在過去幾十年,雙官能DNA烷化劑白消安(busulfan)(Bu;1,4-丁二醇二甲磺酸酯,亦稱為丁烷-1,4-二基二甲磺酸酯;C6H14O6S2)已在對抗多種惡性疾病的化療功效方面,贏得令人印象深刻的聲譽。尤其以對抗骨髓性贅瘤之活性最獲得讚賞(Haddow與Timmis於1953年乙文;Hoffman等人之1991年乙文),骨髓性贅瘤的實例諸如慢性骨髓性白血病(CML)。
在治療CML的單一藥劑(烷化劑)療法中,用白消安所得的治療效益係經由其一般骨髓毒性達成。最近日趨用酪胺酸激酶抑制劑的標靶治療取代白消安,酪胺酸激酶抑制劑可選擇性地向下調節惡性純株異常增生作用,及回復正常的多株造血作用。
另一方面,由Santos與其同事辨識出及由Tutschka與其同事進一步細部化得知,白消安(Bu)除了明顯的抗白血病功效之外,還有顯著有力(及選擇性)的骨髓抑制活性,使其在因惡性、自體免疫性或遺傳性疾病進行造血幹細胞移植
的病患,成為用於移植前調理療法之近乎理想的藥劑,前題在於其骨髓抑制活性係與第二藥劑的免疫抑制活性搭配,而環磷醯胺(Cy)通常是這種環境設置下的首選“合作夥伴”。該“白消安-環磷醯胺”組合的變體很快地被公認為是更常用的全身放射治療(TBI)與環磷醯胺組合之可接受的替代方案(在當時)(Santos與Tutschka之1974年乙文;Santos等人之1974年乙文;Tutschka等人之1987年乙文;Ciurea等人之2009年乙文)。當使用白消安-環磷醯胺組合物的經驗累積更多時,可以明顯看出口服型白消安之無法預知的腸道吸收作用及不穩定的生物可利用性,係造成移植的圍手術期發病率與死亡率高之原因,最主要是由嚴重的肝臟毒性或藥物引發的中毒性肝炎所造成,臨床上稱為肝臟靜脈阻塞性疾病(VOD)。在HSCT後100天內死於VOD與其他治療相關併發症之風險,據報導高達30至50%(Blaise等人之1992年乙文;Devergie等人之1995年乙文;Hartman等人之1998年乙文;Socie等人之2001年乙文;Ciurea等人之2009年乙文)。幾乎任何清髓性預處理方案之毒性,皆與VOD的發生相關聯(Jones等人之1987年乙文;McDonald等人之1993年乙文;Bearman於1995年乙文),但在口服投予白消安(合併環磷醯胺)之後的VOD及/或肝腎衰竭,一般被認為是與高劑量白消安相關聯的“標記”毒性(原始的BuCy4[4天的環磷醯胺(Cy)]及變體BuCy2[2天的環磷醯胺]方案皆然)(Santos等人之1983年乙文;Tutschka等人之1987年乙文;Grochow之1989年乙文;Grochow之1993年乙文;Slattery等人之1997
年乙文;Dix等人之1996年乙文)。此外,口服型白消安係與肝臟首渡萃取效應相關聯,及其造成門脈肝靜脈系統中的白消安局部濃度高,而這可能導致VOD之風險(Peters等人之1987年乙文)。然而,除了白消安之外,環磷醯胺亦明確具有肝臟毒性。McDonald與其同事的研究結果顯示,在代謝藥物處理方面之個體間差異係攸關VOD之發生,藉此除了白消安之外,可想見環磷醯胺亦導致整體的VOD風險(McDonald等人之2003年乙文)。因此,VOD的風險係與肝臟因藥物引發的代謝壓力有關,尤其當該二藥劑的解毒作用皆仰賴肝臟麩胱甘肽(GSH)的儲存及仰賴肝臟麩胱甘肽-S-轉移酶(GST)的活性時(McDonald等人之2003年乙文;Hassan等人之2000年乙文)。
除了VOD之外,白消安在動物中亦伴隨有神經毒性(Deeg等人之1999年乙文)。Marcus與Goldman最先報導人類在領受口服型白消安後發生痙攣(1984年)。在白消安式調理療法後之神經毒性的發生率,特別是嚴重的泛發性癲癇發作,據估計在成人中高達10%(Santos之1989年乙文),及在孩童中約7%(Vassal等人之1990年乙文)。Vassal等人報導較高劑量(高於600毫克/平方公尺或16毫克/公斤),係伴隨著神經毒性表徵機率之增加(Vassal之1989年乙文)。癲癇在老年病患中較常見,及其等在成人與孩童中均具有劑量依賴性。癲癇係與白消安有限的血漿結合作用及因此其通過血腦障壁的能力相關(Vassal等人之1990年乙文;Vassal之1989年乙文;Hassan之1989年乙文;Meloni等人之1992年乙文)。
在成人中,癲癇係典型地發生在白消安投藥的第三或第四天,可能是組織藥物累積之結果(Marcus與Goldman之1984年乙文;Hassan之1989年乙文;Meloni等人之1992年乙文;Kobayashi等人之1998年乙文;Martell等人之1987年乙文;Sureda之1989年乙文)。即使沒有明顯的癲癇發作,高達60%的病患發生EEG異常(Kobayashi等人之1998年乙文)。該等問題使得必需使用各種抗痙攣劑物來預防癲癇(Meloni等人之1992年乙文;Kobayashi等人之1998年乙文;Grigg之1989年乙文;Meloni等人之1995年乙文;Chan等人之2002年乙文;Hassan等人之1993年乙文)。
在高劑量的移植前調理療法中,對於使用口服型白消安之實際限制,係主要與由於腸道吸收作用變動而無法預知及不穩定的生物可利用性有關。吾等的假說係以現有臨床試驗數據及口服型白消安毒性的相關顧慮為基礎而形成,及認為靜脈注射型白消安調配物可能對肝臟造成較少的壓力,因為非經腸胃投藥作用將可得具有100%生物可利用性之完整劑量保證,以及避開從腸道經由門脈肝靜脈系統吸收的口服藥物之肝臟首渡萃取作用。這項體認促使設計一種靜脈注射型白消安調配物,而達成受控式投藥作用(Bhagwatwar等人之1996年乙文;Andersson之2000年乙文)。美國食品藥物管理局(US FDA)於1999年核准DMA式靜脈注射型白消安調配物。其迅速地取代HSCT前化學療法中的口服型白消安,及大部分採用靜脈注射型BuCy2方案(Andersson等人之2002年乙文)。
截至目前為止,已有6項回溯性研究比較靜脈注射型BuCy2與口服型BuCy2,皆顯示靜脈注射型BuCy2在發生VOD及與移植相關的早期死亡率方面之優越性(Kashyap等人之2002年乙文;Thall等人之2004年乙文;Kim等人之2005年乙文;Lee等人之2005年乙文;Aggarwal等人之2006年乙文;Dean等人之2010年乙文)。引入靜脈注射型白消安與環磷醯胺似乎提高Bu-Cy(2)方案的安全性,然而與方案相關的早期毒性仍受到關注。如上述,經由McDonald與其同事的研究工作已明顯得知,當在移植前的環境設置中使用高劑量的環磷醯胺時,環磷醯胺導致整體的肝臟毒性(McDonald等人之1993年乙文;McDonald等人之2003年乙文;DeLeve等人之2002年乙文)。環磷醯胺的活化型細胞毒性代謝物(特別是鄰羧乙基磷醯胺芥末與丙烯醛),可能在其等的代謝解毒作用中經由對於GSH之需求,而導致Bu-Cy2調理方案中之VOD。從該等觀察延伸,可想見藉由使用來自不具肝臟毒性的不同類型藥物之免疫抑制劑諸如氟達拉濱(Fludarabine)(Flu)代替環磷醯胺,而降低VOD的風險,氟達拉濱在其代謝作用中不使用GSH及實質上對肝臟無毒性。因此,Russell及其同事報導一清髓性調理方案,其在方便的每日一次給藥排程中使用靜脈注射型白消安-氟達拉濱(Bu-Flu)與抗胸腺細胞球蛋白(ATG)(Russell等人之2002年乙文)。之後,在安德森醫學博士癌症中心(MDACC)進行特定疾病研究,亦每日投予氟達拉濱(Flu)與靜脈注射型白消安一次(De Lima等人之2004年乙文;Andersson等人
之2008年乙文)。96名患有AML/MDS的病患在該研究中接受治療,其中只對於配對非親緣關係的捐贈者之移植病患及一名抗原不配對的手足捐贈者之移植病患添加ATG(De Lima等人之2004年乙文)。普遍觀察到口炎,及一部分的病患仍發生VOD與神經方面的副作用。第一次研究的大部分病患及第二次研究的18%病患之ALT短暫升高,而約10%的病患在移植後一至二個星期內經歷膽紅素之顯著增加,其係對於肝臟功能造成壓力之附加跡象(Russell等人之2002年乙文;De Lima等人之2004年乙文)。該二試驗所治療之首批166名病患中的3名(1.8%)產生臨床上顯著的VOD,及其中一名死亡(0.6%)。神經毒性並不常見;4%的病患產生“手足”症候群,及二名病患癲癇發作(Russell等人之2002年乙文;De Lima等人之2004年乙文;Andersson等人之2008年乙文)。有意思地,肝臟毒性的模式似乎與口服型白消安先前所經歷者有所不同;在約三分之一的病患中常見“沈寂性高膽紅素血症”,其發病係在輸送靜脈注射型白消安之約一個星期內;若發生臨床VOD,則其發生的時間通常比先前所經歷者來得晚。因此,一部分病患所發生之臨床診斷出的VOD,現在係晚至HSCT進行二個月後發生(Andersson之未發表的數據)。
非經腸胃型白消安調配物之研發,係用於達成100%生物可利用性及完整劑量保證,及同時消除肝臟首渡效應,肝臟首渡效應可能導致在口服高劑量白消安後發生致死性肝臟衰竭之風險高(Bhagwatwar等人之1996年乙文;第
5,430,057號美國專利;第5,559,148號美國專利)。
目前可用的靜脈注射型白消安調配物具有以N,N-二甲基乙醯胺(DMA)與聚乙二醇400(PEG/PEG400)為基礎的複合溶劑載劑(“DMA-Bu”)(Bhagwatwar等人之1996年乙文;第5,430,057號美國專利;第5,559,148號美國專利)。雖然數項臨床研究證實,因不同類型的白血病與淋巴瘤進行移植之病患對於該DMA-Bu調配物的耐受度較佳及臨床結果獲得改善(Kashyap等人之2002年乙文;Thall等人之2004年乙文;Kim等人之2005年乙文;Lee等人之2005年乙文;Aggarwal等人之2006年乙文;Dean等人之2010年乙文;DeLeve等人之2002年乙文;Russell等人之2002年乙文;De Lima等人之2004年乙文;Andersson等人之2008年乙文;Chae等人之2007年乙文;Bredeson等人之2008年乙文;Shimoni等人之2006年乙文;Shimoni等人之2010年乙文;Santarone等人之2011年乙文),從早期人類試驗中已對於在人類投予大量DMA產生顧慮,因DMA被認為是毒性可能相當高的一種溶劑(Dwivedi之2002年乙文;VICH指導委員會之2010年參考文獻;美國食品與藥物管理局之2010年參考文獻;環境健康危害評估處(Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment)之2010年參考文獻)。DMA與白消安之間的可能加成性或甚至協同性(不良)交互作用,增強了該等顧慮的正當性,因該二藥劑均對於肝臟產生顯著的代謝壓力。當比較口服型與靜脈注射型Bu-Cy2方案時,即使嚴重肝臟毒性的整體發生率下降(Kashyap等人之2002年乙文;
Thall等人之2004年乙文;Kim等人之2005年乙文;Lee等人之2005年乙文;Aggarwal等人之2006年乙文;Dean等人之2010年乙文),在領受靜脈注射型Bu-Cy2及靜脈注射型白消安-氟達拉濱(Bu-Flu)變體方案後,仍有一群或一子群病患受害於嚴重、危及生命或甚至致死性肝臟毒性(Kashyap等人之2002年乙文;Thall等人之2004年乙文;Kim等人之2005年乙文;Lee等人之2005年乙文;Aggarwal等人之2006年乙文;Dean等人之2010年乙文;Russell等人之2002年乙文;De Lima等人之2004年乙文;Andersson等人之2008年乙文;Chae等人之2007年乙文;Bredeson等人之2008年乙文;Shimoni等人之2006年乙文;Shimoni等人之2010年乙文;Santarone等人之2011年乙文)。
重要之處可能在於需要記得靜脈注射型DMA-白消安的肝臟毒性廓型,係與口服型白消安所經歷者在定性上有些不同;口服型白消安之毒性係表現在膽紅素、ALT及AST的早期、漸進性增加,典型在口服型白消安投藥後的頭10天內出現。其可能迅速惡化至危及生命或致死性肝腎衰竭;或任擇地病患開始好轉及在移植後約3個星期時在臨床上顯著較佳,這時完全復原的可能性極佳(McDonald等人之1993年乙文;Bearman之1995年乙文;McDonald等人之2003年乙文;DeLeve等人之2002年乙文)。相比之下,當採用靜脈注射型DMA-白消安時,“沈寂性高膽紅素血症”的發生率典型地高(約30至40%),沈寂性高膽紅素血症係在靜脈注射型DMA-白消安投藥後10至14天內出現。其可能在接下來的
數天(至多約一個星期至10天)內解除,但與治療相關的嚴重肝臟毒性、VOD可能反而表現直至HSCT後8至10個星期(Russell等人之2002年乙文;De Lima等人之2004年乙文;Andersson等人之2008年乙文)。本案發明者曾提出假說,認為臨床毒性模式之改變可能來自白消安與DMA之間的不良交互作用。後一種溶劑除了在實驗環境中造成所使用的囓齒動物與兔類動物生長遲緩、體重增加減緩之外,亦已在人類中展現肝臟、腎臟及神經毒性(Malley等人之1995年乙文;Kennedy之1986年乙文;Klimisch與Hellwig之2000年乙文;Okuda等人之2006年乙文;Valentine等人之1997年乙文;Kennedy之2001年乙文)。此外,有至少一項嚴重的中毒性肝炎之報導,其係工廠工人在職業上暴露於商業塑料生產設施中的高濃度汽化DMA,及發生率約為3至5%(Choi等人之2001年乙文)。最後,在使用DMA作為抗癌劑之一臨床研究中,DMA的急性、劑量限制性毒性為精神錯亂/昏迷,及亦已將DMA描述為致幻劑(Weiss等人之1962年乙文a;Weiss等人之1962年乙文b)。關於白消安與DMA之間的嚴重不良交互作用之憂慮,促使一組研究者投入調查當在移植前調理療法中併用靜脈注射型DMA-白消安調配物與環磷醯胺時之可能的臨床不良交互作用(Hempel等人之2007年乙文)。該等研究者的結論顯示,雖然對於白消安與DMA及環磷醯胺之間的不良交互作用之憂慮可能有其正當性,當用於移植前調理療法時,可取得的靜脈注射型DMA-白消安調配物仍比口服型白消安來得安全(Hempel等人之
2007年乙文)。其他研究者證明,在仔細控制的條件下,白消安與DMA具有顯著(協同)的細胞毒性交互作用(Sadeghi等人之1999年乙文)。可想見地,該二藥劑之間之可能的嚴重不良臨床交互作用,係被在臨床情況下自然存在的個體間藥物代謝異質性所遮蔽。此外,當試圖辨識供評估靜脈注射型DMA-白消安的臨床安全性之一適宜參考族群時,唯一可能的比較係與經口服型白消安式高劑量化學療法治療的病患之歷史比較。因為高劑量口服型白消安所具有之與治療相關的嚴重併發症之過高風險,該項比較無疑將有利於DMA-白消安,但其並未論及DMA對於靜脈注射型DMA-白消安的整體毒性廓型之貢獻。目前不可能進行這種評估,因為唯一可取得的靜脈注射型白消安調配物在其溶劑載劑中具有大量的DMA。
當考量所有現有數據時,造成肝臟代謝壓力的溶劑諸如DMA之納入,係明顯地可能增加臨床上顯著的肝臟及/或多器官毒性之風險,藉此增加病患與治療方案相關的發病率與死亡率之整體風險。然而,該風險被所使用的歷史比較組淡化,該比較組經歷顯著更糟的治療替代方案。
國際動物用藥品檢驗登記技術資料一致化(International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical requirements for Registration of Veterinary MedicinalProducts)因DMA記錄完整的毒性廓型,而將其歸為第II類藥劑。該項歸類意味著DMA藥劑在製造藥學調配物的用途應受到嚴格限制,及若可能的話應避免(Dwivedi之2002年
乙文;VICH指導委員會之2010年參考文獻;美國食品與藥物管理局之2010年參考文獻;環境健康危害評估處之2010年參考文獻)。
因此,基於1)大部分職業文獻報導DMA所引發之嚴重的正常器官(肝臟)毒性,及2)當在人類中投藥時之意識水平及/或幻覺的急性變化,3)使用靜脈注射型DMA-白消安調配物所經歷之偶爾稍後發生的嚴重、危及生命以及致死性肝臟毒性病例,及最後4)現行美國食品與藥物管理局準則要求設計一任擇之非經腸胃的白消安調配物,及該調配物不含DMA。該種調配物之可取得性將有助於進一步改善非經腸胃投藥的白消安之臨床安全性廓型,以使得可經歷其完整的治療潛力,而不加增對於由複合溶劑載劑的組分所導致之嚴重的正常器官毒性之憂慮。
本發明的特定方面係提供藥學上安定及非經腸胃上可接受的新穎親脂性藥劑調配物。在不希望受理論約束之情況下,本發明的調配物可部分基於共溶性原則。尤其本發明係基於及至少部分基於下列發現:即藉由一特定的共溶性方法,一種親脂性藥劑可在一種非水性溶劑中安定及以較高濃度溶解。該方法可涉及使用一揮發性有機溶劑,來促進親脂性藥劑在一種非水性溶劑諸如PEG400中的溶解作用,接著去除揮發性有機溶劑而提供親脂性藥劑的非水性組成物,及該組成物具有經改良的溶解度與安定性。選
擇性地,可進一步用一含水溶劑稀釋該非水性組成物,及該親脂性藥劑可維持安定及溶解狀態。該等組成物的實例可為藥學上可接受、非毒性及在室溫安定達多個小時,諸如白消安調配物。
本發明係有關於藥學調配物,及更詳細地係有關於親脂性藥劑諸如白消安(busulfan)(Bu)、唑類藥劑如泊沙康唑(posaconazole)、伊曲康唑(itraconazole)或相關抗感染劑之非經腸胃調配物。在本發明的特定方面,非經腸胃調配物可能適用於治療對親脂性藥劑敏感或有反應的任一病況或疾病,包括但不限於治療及/或抑制惡性或自體免疫性疾病,用於進行造血幹細胞移植(HSCT)病患之調理療法或用於治療及/或抑制對於抗感染劑敏感的酵母菌、黴菌及其他生物體之全身性感染。
該等非經腸胃調配物可避免口服製劑之不良、不穩定的生物可利用性及無法預知的肝臟首渡萃取作用,及鑑於該等藥劑係真正溶解,現今再無輸送懸浮微粒所經歷的缺點,懸浮微粒諸如藥學活性劑之膠體、奈米微粒或毫米微粒懸浮液或微晶懸浮液。在一特定方面,白消安(busulfan)調配物可能消弭對於納入有機溶劑N,N-二甲基乙醯胺(DMA)作為市面上唯一非經腸胃型白消安調配物之主要組分的相關急性以及長期或慢性毒性之憂慮。
因此,本發明之一實施例係有關於一種非水性、均相溶液,其包含一種溶解型親脂性藥劑與一種非水性兩親性溶劑,諸如一種兩親性液態聚合性溶劑。在不希望受理論
約束之情況下,設想該藥劑可能藉由靜電交互作用與兩親性溶劑結合,而達成高水溶性與安定性。本發明的調配物實質上不含非聚合性有機溶劑、水及非溶性顆粒,其中溶解型親脂性藥劑的濃度係至少約0.5毫克/毫升,而且其中該溶液維持安定與實質上不含非溶性顆粒至少達40天及較佳至少達60天。後述研究所示之例示性調配物係以5毫克藥劑/毫升的兩親性液態聚合性溶劑進行試驗,當該調配物在室溫儲存至少40天及甚至高達60天時,仍保有該等性質。
在特定方面,本文中所述任一調配物的溶液可實質上不含DMA或其他聚合性或非聚合性有機溶劑。在特定方面,該調配物可實質上不含水,或在調配物製備作用中省卻使用水的必要性。非溶性顆粒諸如膠體顆粒、奈米顆粒或微米顆粒或微晶顆粒,亦可實質上不存在於本文所述任一調配物的溶液中。該溶液組成物可選擇性地進一步包含一種水性稀釋劑,諸如一種含水輸注液,其可用於促進後續在一哺乳類動物的全身性投藥作用,該哺乳類動物較佳為人類或大型家畜。在另一方面,可藉由一種方法製備一種含水、均質、藥學上可接受的非經腸胃調配物,該方法包括獲得上述之一溶液及用一種所欲的水性稀釋劑稀釋該溶液。
在特定方面,本發明可有關於用於非經腸胃調配物製備作用之組成物與方法。本發明的新穎溶劑載劑可用於促進其他難以溶解及亦稱為“水不溶性”藥物之非經腸胃投藥作用。因此,本發明的另一實施例包括供非經腸胃用途之
一組成物,其包含:一種水不溶性/親脂性藥學活性劑及一種第一溶劑,該第一溶劑包含一種有機溶劑諸如丙酮或氯仿連同一種第二兩親性溶劑諸如PEG。該藥學活性劑可溶於第一溶劑中,及在溶解作用後,可與第二溶劑混合。然後可去除第一有機(揮發性)溶劑(如在真空中蒸發去除),及該藥學活性劑可維持與第二溶劑/PEG之靜電連接及結合,及穩定地溶於其中。供臨床使用的組成物選擇性地進一步包含一種次要稀釋劑諸如一種含水輸注液,諸如生理食鹽水或葡萄糖水本身或預先混合少量(體積/體積為10至25%)的兩親性聚合物諸如PEG之生理食鹽水或葡萄糖水。由於第二兩親性溶劑(PEG)與該藥學活性劑之間的靜電吸引,該藥物-PEG複合體可在水性稀釋劑中稀釋,及該藥學活性劑不會立即沉澱。
在一特定方面,該成物可包含白消安與一種第一揮發性有機溶劑諸如丙酮。白消安可溶於揮發性有機溶劑諸如丙酮中,然後與一種兩親性溶劑諸如PEG400混合。之後,利用揮發性有機溶劑的低沸點,如藉由在室溫及真空中之蒸發作用,可去除揮發性有機溶劑。在該階段結束時,白消安可完全及安定地溶於兩親性溶劑諸如PEG400中。在臨床投藥之前,可選擇性地用一種次要稀釋劑諸如一種含水輸注液作為最終稀釋劑而稀釋該組成物,該含水輸注液如生理食鹽水(NS)或5至10%葡萄糖水(D5W、D10W)。
本文中所述的任一溶液、組成物或調配物中之溶解型親脂性藥劑,其濃度至少或至多約為0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、
0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5、4、4.5、5、5.5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、25、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100毫克/毫升(或莫耳/公升)或任何中間範圍或數值。在特定方面,該溶解型親脂性藥劑的濃度約為1至10毫克/毫升或約為3至9毫克/毫升。
例如,可用於此之親脂性藥劑係包括親脂性化合物,其在含水溶劑中的溶解度低於約0.01、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5、4、4.5、5、5.5、6、7、8、9、10毫克/毫升(或莫耳/公升)或其中所衍生的任何範圍,較佳低於10毫克/毫升,更佳低於約1毫克/毫升及甚至低於約0.1毫克/毫升。
在特定方面,本文中所述的調配物在製備期間或之後可保有該等藥劑之至少50、60、70、80、90、95、99、99.9、100%的活性(或其中所衍生的任何數值或範圍)。例如,在採用持續生長的人類白血病細胞株作為標的之組織培養中,新穎白消安調配物保有完整的試管內細胞毒性活性,這表明當新穎白消安調配物溶解時,不會因化學降解作用或物理沉澱作用而喪失細胞毒性活性。本文中所述的調配物可能以血管內方式使用,及已在鼠類模式中成功地用於靜脈內(IV)投藥作用。在小鼠模式中用本發明的一例示性調配物所獲得的初步藥物動力學,在投藥後數小時產生可檢測到之具細胞毒性的白消安濃度。
適宜的親脂性藥劑可為任何水溶性不佳的生物活性劑
或其一鹽類、異構物、酯、醚或其他衍生物,其包括但不限於抗癌劑、抗真菌劑、精神科用藥諸如鎮痛劑、意識水平改變劑諸如麻醉劑或催眠藥、非類固醇類消炎藥、驅蟲藥、痤瘡用藥劑、抗心絞痛劑、抗心律不整藥物、抗哮喘劑、抗細菌劑,抗良性前列腺肥大藥物、抗凝血劑、抗憂鬱劑、抗糖尿病藥物、止吐劑、抗痙攣劑、抗痛風劑、抗高血壓藥、消炎藥、抗瘧疾藥、抗偏頭痛劑、抗毒蕈鹼劑、抗腫瘤藥物、減肥藥物、抗骨質疏鬆劑、抗帕金森氏症藥劑、抗增生劑、抗原蟲劑、抗甲狀腺劑、鎮咳劑、抗尿失禁劑、抗病毒劑、抗焦慮劑、食慾抑制劑、貝他阻斷劑、心肌收縮劑、化療藥物、認知增強劑、避孕藥、皮質類固醇、Cox-2抑制劑、利尿劑、勃起功能障礙改善劑、袪痰劑、胃腸用藥、組織胺受體拮抗劑、免疫抑制劑、角質溶解劑、脂質調節劑、白三烯抑制劑、巨環內酯類、肌肉鬆弛劑、抗精神病藥物、營養劑、類鴉片鎮痛劑、蛋白酶抑制劑或鎮靜劑。
親脂性藥劑的非限制性實例可包括7-甲氧基喋啶、7-甲基喋啶、阿巴卡韋(abacavir)、阿巴芬淨(abafungin)、阿巴瑞克(abarelix)、醋丁洛爾(acebutolol)、乙烷合萘、乙醯胺酚、乙醯胺苯、乙醯唑胺、乙醯苯磺醯環己脲、阿維A(acetretin)、阿伐斯汀(acrivastine)、腺嘌呤、腺核苷、阿拉沙星(alatrofloxacin)、阿苯達唑(albendazole)、阿布叔醇(albuterol)、阿氯芬酸(alclofenac)、阿地白介素(aldesleukin)、阿侖珠單株抗體(alemtuzumab)、阿夫唑嗪
(alfuzosin)、阿利維生素A酸(alitretinoin)、阿洛巴比妥(allobarbital)、異嘌呤醇(allopurinol)、全反式維生素A酸(ATRA)、阿洛普令(aloxiprin)、阿普唑侖(alprazolam)、阿普洛爾(alprenolol)、六甲蜜胺(altretamine)、氨磷汀(amifostine)、阿米洛利(amiloride)、氨魯米特(aminoglutethimide)、胺基吡啉、鹽酸胺碘酮(amiodarone)、阿米替林(amitriptyline)、氨氯地平(amlodipine)、異戊巴比妥(amobarbital)、阿莫地喹(amodiaquine)、阿莫沙平(amoxapine)、安非他命(amphetamine)、兩性黴素(amphotericin)、兩性黴素B、胺苄青黴素、氨普那韋(amprenavir)、安吖啶(amsacrine)、硝酸戊酯、異戊巴比妥(amylobarbitone)、阿那羅唑(anastrozole)、氨力農(anrinone)、蒽、蒽環類、阿普比妥(aprobarbital)、三氧化二砷、天冬醯胺酸酶、阿司匹靈、阿司咪唑(astemizole)、阿替洛爾(atenolol)、阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)、阿托奎酮(atovaquone)、草脫淨(atrazine)、阿托品(atropine)、阿托品硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine)、金諾芬(auranofin)、阿紮胞苷(azacitidine)、阿紮丙宗(azapropazone)、硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine)、阿嗪米特(azintamide)、阿奇黴素(azithromycin)、氨曲南(aztreonam)、巴氯芬(baclofen)、巴比妥(barbitone)、BCG活體、貝克拉胺(beclamide)、倍氯米松(beclomethasone)、苄氟噻嗪(bendroflumethiazide)、苯那普利(benezepril)、貝尼地平(benidipine)、貝諾酯(benorylate)、苯哌利多(benperidol)、苯他西泮
(bentazepam)、苯甲醯胺、苯并蒽、苄星(benzathine)青黴素、鹽酸苯赫索(benzhexol)、苄硝唑(benznidazole)、苯二氮平類、苯甲酸、羥萘酸苄酚寧(bephenium)、倍他米松(betamethasone)、貝伐珠單株抗體(bevacizumab)(癌思停(avastin))、貝沙羅汀(bexarotene)、苯紮貝特(bezafibrate)、比卡魯胺(bicalutamide)、聯苯苄唑、比培立汀(biperiden)、比沙可啶(bisacodyl)、比生群(bisantrene)、博來黴素(bleomycin)、博來黴素(bleomycin)、硼替佐米(bortezomib)、布林佐胺(brinzolamide)、溴西泮(bromazepam)、甲磺酸溴隱亭(bromocriptine)、溴哌利多(bromperidol)、伯替唑他(brotizolam)、布地奈德(budesonide)、布美他尼(bumetanide)、安非他酮(bupropion)、白消安(busulfan)、布他比妥(butalbital)、布坦本(butamben)、鹽酸布蝶吶(butenafine)、丁巴比妥(butobarbitone)、丁巴比妥(布特薩(butethal))、布康唑(butoconazole)、硝酸布康唑(butoconazole)、羥苯甲酸丁酯、咖啡因、骨化二醇(calcifediol)、卡泊三醇(calciprotriene)、骨化三醇(calcitriol)、卡普睪酮(calusterone)、坎苯達唑(cambendazole)、樟腦、喜樹鹼、喜樹鹼類似物、坎地沙坦(candesartan)、卡培他濱(capecitabine)、辣椒鹼、卡托普利(captopril)、卡馬西平(carbamazepine)、卡比馬唑(carbimazole)、加保扶(carbofuran)、卡鉑(carboplatin)、2-溴-2-乙基丁醯脲、卡利馬唑(carimazole)、卡莫司汀(carmustine)、頭孢孟多(cefamandole)、頭孢唑林(cefazolin)、頭孢克肟(cefixime)、
頭孢他啶(ceftazidime)、頭孢呋辛酯(cefuraxime axetil)、塞來考昔(celecoxib)、西法定(cephradine)、西立伐他汀(cerivastatin)、西替立嗪(cetrizine)、西妥昔單株抗體(cetuximab)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、氯黴素、氯二氮平、氯美噻唑(chlormethiazole)、氯喹(chloroquine)、氯苯噻噠嗪、氯苯那敏(chlorpheniramine)、鹽酸氯丙胍(chlorproguanil)、氯丙嗪(chlorpromazine)、氯磺丙脲(chlorpropamide)、氯丙硫蒽(chlorprothixene)、陶斯松(chlorpyrifos)、氯四環素、氯噻酮(chlorthalidone)、氯唑沙宗(chlorzoxazone)、膽鈣化醇、1、2-苯并菲、西洛他唑(cilostazol)、西咪替丁(cimetidine)、桂利嗪(cinnarizine)、西諾沙星(cinoxacin)、環丙貝特(ciprofibrate)、鹽酸環丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)、西沙必利(cisapride)、順鉑(cisplatin)、景普朗(citalopram)、克拉立濱(cladribine)、克拉黴素(clarithromycin)、反丁烯二酸氯馬斯汀(clemastine)、氯碘羥喹(clioquinol)、氯巴占(clobazam)、氯法拉濱(clofarabine)、氯法齊明(clofazimine)、氯貝酸鹽(clofibrate)、檸檬酸氯米芬(clomiphene)、氯米帕明(clomipramine)、氯硝西泮(clonazepam)、氯吡格雷(clopidogrel)、氯噻西泮(clotiazepam)、克黴唑(clotrimazole)、克黴唑(clotrimazole)、氯唑西林(cloxacillin)、氯氮平(clozapine)、古柯鹼、可待因(codeine)、秋水仙素、柯利黴素(colistin)、結合型雌激素、皮質酮、可體松(cortisone)、乙酸可體松、賽克力嗪(cyclizine)、環己巴比妥(cyclobarbital)、環苄普林
(cyclobenzaprine)、環丁烷-螺巴比妥酸鹽、環乙烷-螺巴比妥酸鹽、環庚烷-螺巴比妥酸鹽、環己烷-螺巴比妥酸鹽、環戊烷-螺巴比妥酸鹽、環磷醯胺、環丙烷-螺巴比妥酸鹽、環絲胺酸、環孢素、賽庚啶(cyproheptadine)、鹽酸賽庚啶(cyproheptadine)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、胞嘧啶、達卡巴仁(dacarbazine)、放線菌素D(dactinomycin)、達潔(danazol)、三羥蔥醌(danthron)、丹特靈(dantrolene)鈉鹽、氨苯碸(dapsone)、達貝泊汀α(darbepoetin alfa)、達羅地平(darodipine)、柔紅黴素(daunorubicin)、地考喹酯(decoquinate)、去氫表雄固酮、地拉韋定(delavirdine)、地美環素(delavirdine)、地尼介白素(denileukin)、去氧皮質酮、去氧米松(desoxymethasone)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、右旋安非他命、右旋氯苯那敏(dexchlorpheniramine)、右旋氟苯丙胺(dexfenfluramine)、右雷佐生(dexrazoxane)、右旋丙氧吩(dextropropoxyphene)、二醋嗎啡(diamorphine)、泛影酸、地西泮(diazepam)、二氮嗪(diazoxide)、二氯酚(dichlorophen)、2、4-滴丙酸(dichlorprop)、雙氯芬酸(diclofenac)、雙香豆素、地丹諾辛(didanosine)、二氟尼柳(diflunisal)、毛地黃苷、長葉毛地黃苷、二氫可待因、二氫雌馬性素、甲磺酸二氫麥角胺、雙碘喹啉、鹽酸地爾硫(diltiazem)、糠酸二氯沙奈(diloxanide)、茶苯海明(dimenhydrinate)、雙嗎啉胺、二硝托胺(dinitolmide)、薯蕷皂素(diosgenin)、鹽酸苯乙哌啶(diphenoxylate)、聯苯、雙吡大莫(dipyridamole)、地紅黴素
(dirithromycin)、丙吡胺(disopyramide)、二硫龍(disulfiram)、達有龍(diuron)、歐洲紫衫醇(docetaxel)、多潘立酮(domperidone)、多奈哌齊(donepezil)、多沙唑嗪(doxazosin)、鹽酸多沙唑嗪(doxazosin)、多柔比星(doxorubicin)(中性)、鹽酸多柔比星(doxorubicin)、多西環素(doxycycline)、丙酸屈他雄酮(dromostanolone)、氟哌利多(droperidol)、二羥丙基茶鹼(dyphylline)、棘白菌素類、益康唑(econazole)、硝酸益康唑(econazole)、依法韋侖(efavirenz)、橢圓玫瑰樹鹼(ellipticine)、依那普利(enalapril)、恩莫單株抗體(enlimomab)、依諾昔酮(enoximone)、腎上腺素、表鬼臼毒素衍生物、表柔比星(epirubicin)、依泊汀α(epoetinalfa)、依普沙坦(eposartan)、雌馬性素酮、雌馬性素、麥角沈鈣醇(ergocalciferol)、酒石酸麥角胺、厄洛替尼(erlotinib)、紅黴素、雌二醇、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、雌三醇、雌酮、依他尼酸(ethacrynicacid)、孟表多(ethambutol)、炔己蟻胺(ethinamate)、乙硫異煙胺(ethionamide)、鹽酸二乙基胺丙酚噻(ethopropazine)、乙基-4-胺苯甲酸酯(苯佐卡因(benzocaine))、對羥苯甲酸乙酯、炔雌醇、依托度酸(etodolac)、甲苄咪酯(etomidate)、依托泊苷(etoposide)、阿維A酯(etretinate)、依西美坦(exemestane)、非爾氨酯(felbamate)、非洛地平(felodipine)、芬苯達唑(fenbendazole)、芬克座(fenbuconazole)、芬布芬(fenbufen)、樂乃松(fenchlorphos)、芬氯酸(fenclofenac)、氟苯丙胺(fenfluramine)、非諾貝特(fenofibrate)、非諾多泮
(fenoldopam)、非諾洛芬(fenoprofen)鈣鹽、芬諾克(fenoxycarb)、拌種咯(fenpiclonil)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、芬替康唑(fenticonazole)、非索非那定(fexofenadine)、非格司亭(filgrastim)、非那雄胺(finasteride)、乙酸氟卡胺(flecamide)、氟尿苷(floxuridine)、氟達拉濱(Fludarabine)、氟康唑(fluconazole)、氟康唑(fluconazole)、氟胞嘧啶、護汰寧(fludioxonil)、氟氫可的松(fludrocortisone)、乙酸氟氫可的松(fludrocortisone)、氟芬那酸(flufenamicacid)、氟阿尼酮(flunanisone)、鹽酸氟桂利嗪(flunarizine)、氟尼縮松(flunisolide)、氟硝西泮(flunitrazepam)、氟可龍(fluocortolone)、可奪草(fluometuron)、茀、氟尿嘧啶、鹽酸氟西汀(fluoxetine)、氟甲睪酮(fluoxymesterone)、癸酸氟哌噻噸(flupenthixol)、癸酸氟苯噻噸(fluphenthixol)、氟西泮(flurazepam)、氟比洛芬(flurbiprofen)、丙酸氟替卡松(fluticasone)、氟伐他汀(fluvastatin)、葉酸、福辛普利(fosenopril)、磷苯妥英(fosphenyloin)鈉鹽、夫羅曲坦(frovatriptan)、呋塞米(frusemide)、氟維司群(fulvestrant)、富來頓(furazolidone)、加巴噴丁(gabapentin)、G-BHC(靈丹(Lindane))、吉非替尼(gefitinib)、吉西他濱(gemcitabine)、吉非貝齊(gemfibrozil)、吉妥珠單株抗體(gemtuzumab)、格拉非寧(glafenine)、格列本脲(glibenclamide)、格列齊特(gliclazide)、格列美脲(glimepiride)、格列吡嗪(glipizide)、格魯米特(glutethimide)、優降糖(glyburide)、甘油三硝酸酯(硝化甘油)、乙酸戈舍瑞林(goserelin)、格帕沙星
(grepafloxacin)、灰黃黴素(griseofulvin)、呱芬那辛(guaifenesin)、乙酸胍那苄(guanabenz)、鳥糞嘌呤、鹽酸鹵泛群(halofantrine)、氟哌啶醇(haloperidol)、氫氯苯噻噠嗪、庚巴比妥(heptabarbital)、海洛因(heroin)、柑果苷素、六氯苯、己基巴比妥(hexethal)、乙酸組氨瑞林(histrelin)、氫化可體松、氫氟噻嗪(hydroflumethiazide)、羥基脲、莨菪鹼、次黃嘌呤、替伊莫單株抗體(ibritumomab)、伊布洛芬(ibuprofen)、伊達比星(idarubicin)、烯丙丁巴比妥(idobutal)、異環磷醯胺(ifosfamide)、二氫雌馬性素酮、甲磺酸依麥替尼布(imatinib)、亞胺培南(imipenem)、吲達帕胺(indapamide)、茚地那韋(indinavir)、美西辛(indomethacin)、吲哚洛芬(indoprofen)、干擾素α-2a、干擾素α-2b、碘達胺(iodamide)、碘番酸(iopanoicacid)、依普同(iprodione)、厄貝沙坦(irbesartan)、伊立替康(irinotecan)、艾沙康唑(isavuconazole)、異卡波肼(isocarboxazid)、異康唑(isoconazole)、異鳥糞嘌呤、異菸酸肼、異丙基巴比妥酯、異丙隆(isoproturon)、二硝酸異山梨醇、單硝酸異山梨醇、依拉地平(isradipine)、伊曲康唑(itraconazole)、伊曲康唑(itraconazole)、伊曲康唑(itraconazole)(Itra)、伊維菌素(ivermectin)、酮康唑(ketoconazole)、酮洛芬(ketoprofen)、酮咯酸(ketorolac)、凱林(khellin)、拉貝洛爾(labetalol)、拉米夫定(lamivudine)、拉莫三嗪(lamotrigine)、毛花甙(lanatoside)C、蘭素拉唑(lanosprazole)、L-DOPA、來氟米特(leflunomide)、來那度胺(lenalidomide)、來羅唑
(letrozole)、甲醯四氫葉酸、乙酸亮丙瑞林(leuprolide)、左旋咪唑(levamisole)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin)、利多卡因(lidocaine)、理有龍(linuron)、賴諾普利(lisinopril)、洛美沙星(lomefloxacin)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、洛哌丁胺(loperamide)、氯雷他定(loratadine)、勞拉西泮(lorazepam)、洛雷沙星(lorefloxacin)、氯甲西泮(lormetazepam)、甲磺酸氯沙坦(losartan)、洛伐他汀(lovastatin)、順丁烯二酸麥角乙脲(lysuride)、鹽酸馬普替林(Maprotiline)、馬吲哚(mazindol)、甲苯達唑(mebendazole)、鹽酸美克利靜(Meclizine)、甲氯芬那酸(meclofenamicacid)、美達西泮(medazepam)、甲地高辛(medigoxin)、乙酸甲羥助孕酮、甲芬那酸(mefenamicacid)、鹽酸甲氟喹(Mefloquine)、乙酸甲地孕酮、黴法蘭(melphalan)、溴化甲哌佐酯(mepenzolate)、甲丙氨酯(meprobamate)、美普他酚(meptazinol)、巰嘌呤、美沙拉嗪(mesalazine)、美司那(mesna)、美索達嗪(mesoridazine)、美雌醇(mestranol)、美沙酮(methadone)、安眠酮(methaqualone)、美索巴莫(methocarbamol)、滅嗽(methoin)、甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate)、甲氧沙林(methoxsalen)、甲琥胺(methsuximide)、甲氯噻嗪(methyclothiazide)、哌醋甲酯(methylphenidate)、甲基苯巴比妥(methylphenobarbitone)、對羥苯甲酸甲酯、甲潑尼龍(methylprednisolone)、甲基睪固酮、甲乙哌啶酮(methyprylon)、順丁烯二酸美西麥角(methysergide)、甲氧氯普胺(metoclopramide)、美托拉宗(metolazone)、美托洛爾
(metoprolol)、甲硝唑(metronidazole)、鹽酸米安色林(Mianserin)、咪康唑(miconazole)、咪達唑侖(midazolam)、米非司酮(mifepristone)、米格列醇(miglitol)、米諾環素(minocycline)、米諾地爾(minoxidil)、絲裂黴素C、米托坦(mitotane)、米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone)、黴酚酸酯(mofetilmycophenolate)、嗎茚酮(molindone)、孟魯司特(montelukast)、嗎啡、鹽酸莫昔沙星(Moxifloxacin)、萘丁美酮(nabumetone)、納多洛爾(nadolol)、納布啡(nalbuphine)、萘啶酸(nalidixic acid)、諾龍(nandrolone)、稠四苯、萘、萘普生(naproxen)、鹽酸那拉曲坦(naratriptan)、那他黴素(natamycin)、奈拉濱(nelarabine)、奈非那韋(nelfinavir)、奈韋拉平(nevirapine)、鹽酸尼卡地平(nicardipine)、菸鹼醯胺、菸鹼酸、醋硝香豆素(nicoumalone)、硝苯地平(nifedipine)、尼魯米特(nilutamide)、尼莫地平(nimodipine)、尼莫拉唑(nimorazole)、尼索地平(nisoldipine)、硝西泮(nitrazepam)、呋喃妥因(nitrofurantoin)、5-硝糠醛半卡腙(nitrofurazone)、尼扎替丁(nizatidine)、諾莫單株抗體(nofetumomab)、炔諾酮(norethisterone)、諾氟沙星(norfloxacin)、炔諾孕酮(norgestrel)、鹽酸去甲替林(nortriptyline)、制黴菌素(nystatin)、雌二醇、氧氟沙星(ofloxacin)、奥氮平(olanzapine)、奥美拉唑(omeprazole)、奥莫康唑(omoconazole)、鹽酸奧丹亞龍(ondansetron)、奥普瑞白介素(oprelvekin)、奥硝唑(ornidazole)、奧馬鉑(oxaliplatin)、奥
沙尼喹(oxamniquine)、雙羥奈酸酚嘧啶(oxantelembonate)、4,5-二苯-2-唑丙酸(oxaprozin)、奥沙米特(oxatomide)、奥沙西泮(oxazepam)、奥卡西平(oxcarbazepine)、奥吩達唑(oxfendazole)、奥昔康唑(oxiconazole)、氧烯洛爾(oxprenolol)、羥布宗(oxyphenbutazone)、鹽酸奥西克利平(oxyphencyclimine)、太平洋紫杉醇、帕利夫明(palifermin)、帕米膦酸鹽(pamidronate)、對胺基水楊酸、泮托拉唑(pantoprazole)、對甲雙酮、鹽酸帕羅西汀(paroxetine)、培加酶(pegademase)、培門冬酶(pegaspargase)、培非司亭(pegfilgrastim)、培美曲塞(pemetrexed)二鈉、青黴胺、四硝酸新戊四醇酯、潘他唑新(pentazocin)、潘他唑新(pentazocine)、戊巴比妥(pentobarbital)、戊巴比妥(pentobarbitone)、噴司他汀(pentostatin)、己酮可可鹼(pentoxifylline)、羥哌氯丙嗪(perphenazine)、羥哌氯丙嗪(perphenazine)匹莫齊特(pimozide)、苝、苯乙醯脲、非那西汀(phenacetin)、菲、苯茚二酮(phenindione)、苯巴比妥(phenobarbital)、苯巴比妥(phenolbarbitone)、酚酞、苯氧苄胺、鹽酸苯氧苄胺、苯氧甲基青黴素、苯琥胺(phensuximide)、丁二苯吡唑二酮、苯妥英(phenytoin)、吲哚洛爾(pindolol)、吡格列酮(pioglitazone)、哌泊溴烷(pipobroman)、吡羅昔康(piroxicam)、順丁烯二酸苯噻啶(pizotifen)、鉑化合物、普卡黴素(plicamycin)、多烯類、多黏菌素(polymyxin)B、卟吩姆(porfimer)鈉鹽、泊沙康唑(posaconazole)(Posa)、普拉克索(pramipexole)、去氫異雄甾
酮、普伐他汀(pravastatin)、普奎特(praziquantel)、哌唑嗪(prazosin)、鹽酸哌唑嗪(prazosin)、潑尼松龍(prednisolone)、潑尼松(prednisone)、普里米酮(primidone)、普羅比妥(probarbital)、丙磺舒(probenecid)、普羅布考(probucol)、丙卡巴肼(procarbazine)、丙氯拉嗪(prochlorperazine)、黃體酮、鹽酸氯胍(proguanil)、普洛敏太定(promethazine)、普洛福(propofol)、安丹(propoxur)、普萘洛爾(propranolol)、對羥苄酸丙酯、丙基硫尿嘧啶、前列腺素、假麻黃鹼、喋啶-2-甲基-硫醇、喋啶-2-硫醇、喋啶-4-甲基-硫醇、喋啶-4-硫醇、喋啶-7-甲基-硫醇、喋啶-7-硫醇、雙羥萘酸噻嘧啶(pyrantelembonate)、吡甲醯胺(pyrazinamide)、芘、吡斯的明(pyridostigmine)、必利美達民(pyrimethamine)、喹硫平(quetiapine)、奎納克林(quinacrine)、喹那普利(quinapril)、奎尼丁(quinidine)、硫酸奎尼丁、奎寧、硫酸奎寧、雷貝拉唑(rabeprazole)鈉鹽、鹽酸雷尼替丁(ranitidine)、拉布立酶(rasburicase)、雷夫康唑(ravuconazole)、瑞格列奈(repaglinide)、雙環辛巴比妥(reposal)、利血平(reserpine)、類視色素、利福布汀(rifabutine)、利福平(rifampicin)、利福噴汀(rifapentine)、利美索龍(rimexolone)、利司哌酮(risperidone)、利托那韋(ritonavir)、利妥昔單株抗體(rituximab)、苯甲酸利扎曲坦(rizatriptan)、羅非考昔(rofecoxib)、鹽酸羅匹尼羅(ropinirole)、羅格列酮(rosiglitazone)、糖精、沙丁胺醇(salbutamol)、柳醯胺、柳酸、沙奎那韋(saquinavir)、沙格司亭(sargramostim)、仲丁
比妥(secbutabarbital)、司可巴比妥(secobarbital)、舍他康唑(sertaconazole)、舍吲哚(sertindole)、鹽酸舍曲林(sertraline)、辛伐他汀(simvastatin)、西羅莫司(sirolimus)、索拉非尼(sorafenib)、司帕沙星(sparfloxacin)、螺旋黴素、螺內酯、雄諾龍(stanolone)、司坦唑醇(stanozolol)、司他夫定(stavudine)、己烯雌酚、鏈佐星(streptozocin)、番木虌鹼、硫康唑(sulconazole)、硝酸硫康唑(sulconazole)、乙醯磺胺、磺胺二、磺胺甲基嘧啶(sulfamerazine)、磺胺雙甲嘧啶、磺胺甲異唑(sulfamethoxazole)、對胺苯磺醯胺、磺胺噻唑、舒林酸(sulindac)、苯甲醯磺胺、乙醯磺胺、磺胺二、磺胺鄰二甲氧嘧啶(sulphadoxine)、磺胺異唑(sulphafurazole)、磺胺甲基嘧啶(sulphamerazine)、磺胺甲異唑(sulpha-methoxazole)、磺胺吡啶、柳氮磺吡啶(sulphasalazine)、苯磺唑酮(sulphinpyrazone)、舒必利(sulpiride)、舒噻嗪(sulthiame)、琥珀酸舒馬曲坦(sumatriptan)、順丁烯二酸舒尼替尼(sunitinib)、他克林(tacrine)、他克莫司(tacrolimus)、他布比妥(talbutal)、檸檬酸泰莫西芬(tamoxifen)、坦索羅辛(tamulosin)、泰格雷丁(targretin)、紫杉烷類、他扎羅汀(tazarotene)、替米沙坦(telmisartan)、替馬西泮(temazepam)、替莫唑胺(temozolomide)、替尼泊苷(teniposide)、替諾昔康(tenoxicam)、特拉唑嗪(terazosin)、鹽酸特拉唑嗪(terazosin)、鹽酸特比萘芬(terbinafine)、硫酸特布他林(terbutaline)、特康唑(terconazole)、特非那定(terfenadine)、
睪內酯(testolactone)、睪固酮、四環素、四氫大麻酚、四氧普林(tetroxoprim)、沙利度胺(thalidomide)、蒂巴因(thebaine)、可可豆鹼、茶鹼、腐絕(thiabendazole)、硫黴素(thiamphenicol)、硫鳥嘌呤、硫利達嗪(thioridazine)、塞替派(thiotepa)、沙多因(thotoin)、胸腺嘧啶、鹽酸噻加賓(tiagabine)、替勃龍(tibolone)、噻氯匹定(ticlopidine)、替硝唑(tinidazole)、噻康唑(tioconazole)、替羅非班(tirofiban)、鹽酸替扎尼定(tizanidine)、妥拉磺脲(tolazamide)、甲苯磺丁脲(tolbutamide)、托卡朋(tolcapone)、妥比那梅(topiramate)、托泊替康(topotecan)、托瑞米芬(toremifene)、托西莫單株抗體(tositumomab)、曲馬多(tramadol)、曲司珠單株抗體(trastuzumab)、鹽酸曲唑酮(trazodone)、維生素A酸(tretinoin)、曲安(triamcinolone)、三胺喋素(triamterene)、三唑侖(triazolam)、三唑類、三氟丙嗪(triflupromazine)、甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim)、順丁烯二酸曲米帕明(trimipramine)、聯三伸苯、曲格列酮(troglitazone)、胺基丁三醇(tromethamine)、托吡卡胺(tropicamide)、曲伐沙星(trovafloxacin)、泰巴氨酯(tybamate)、泛癸利酮(ubidecarenone)(輔酶Q10)、十一烯酸、尿嘧啶、尿嘧啶芥、尿酸、丙基戊酸、戊柔比星(valrubicin)、纈沙坦(valsartan)、萬古黴素、鹽酸文拉法新(venlafaxine)、氨己烯酸(vigabatrin)、戊烯比妥(vinbarbital)、長春鹼、長春新鹼、長春瑞濱(vinorelbine)、伏立康唑(voriconazole)、黃嘌呤、扎魯司特(zafirlukast)、齊多夫定(zidovudine)、齊留通
(zileuton)、唑來膦酸鹽(zoledronate)、唑來膦酸(zoledronicacid)、佐米曲坦(zolmitriptan)、唑吡坦(zolpidem)及佐匹克隆(zopiclone)。
在特定方面,該等藥劑可為白消安(busulfan)、紫杉烷或其他抗癌劑;或任擇為伊曲康唑(itraconazole)(Itra)與泊沙康唑(posaconazole)(Posa)或一般唑類化合物的其他成員。例示性抗真菌唑類包括a)咪唑類諸如咪康唑(miconazole)、酮康唑(ketoconazole)、克黴唑(clotrimazole)、益康唑(econazole)、奥莫康唑(omoconazole)、聯苯苄唑、布康唑(butoconazole)、芬替康唑(fenticonazole)、異康唑(isoconazole)、奥昔康唑(oxiconazole)、舍他康唑(sertaconazole)、硫康唑(sulconazole)及噻康唑(tioconazole);b)三唑類諸如氟康唑(fluconazole)、伊曲康唑(itraconazole)、艾沙康唑(isavuconazole)、雷夫康唑(ravuconazole)、泊沙康唑(posaconazole)、伏立康唑(voriconazole)、特康唑(terconazole);及c)噻唑類諸如阿巴芬淨(abafungin)。可用該方法溶解的其他藥物包括但不限於甲狀腺機能亢進藥物諸如卡利馬唑(carimazole);如具有細胞毒性的抗癌劑諸如表鬼臼毒素衍生物、紫杉烷類、博來黴素(bleomycin)、蒽環類;以及鉑化合物與喜樹鹼類似物。其等亦可包括其他抗真菌抗生素,諸如水溶性不佳的棘白菌素類、多烯類(如兩性黴素B與那他黴素(natamycin));以及抗細菌劑(如多黏菌素(polymyxin)B與柯利黴素(colistin));及抗病毒藥物。該等藥劑亦可包括精神科用藥,
諸如抗精神病藥物、抗憂鬱劑或鎮痛劑及/或鎮靜劑諸如苯二氮平類。該等藥劑亦可包括意識水平改變劑或麻醉劑,諸如普洛福(propofol)。在更廣泛方面,本發明可提供用於安全地溶解與投予眾多水溶性不佳的藥理學活性劑之方法。
就另一優點而言,本文中所述的任一組成物可消除對於表面活性劑之需要,因而在特定方面可不使用聚乙二醇(PEG)脂肪酸酯表面活性劑(但非PEG本身)或其他表面活性劑。在其他方面,可使用技藝中所知的表面活性劑。
可使用兩親性液態聚合性溶劑來提供/模擬一種非極性/親脂性環境。兩親性液態聚合性溶劑可為單一聚合物類型,或在一些方面具有至少二種聚合物類型。例如,兩親性液態聚合性溶劑可為一種PEG溶劑,諸如PEG-100、-200、-300、-400、-800、-1000之類。一特定實例可為PEG-400。在此所用的PEG可排除在選定的一溫度為固態之任一PEG,選定的溫度諸如室溫、體溫或至少、大約或至多5、10、15、20、21、22、23、24、25、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75、80℃或其中所衍生的任何範圍或數值之一溫度,諸如具高分子量的PEG(平均分子量係至少或高於1600、2000、3000、4000、5000、6000、10,000道爾頓或任何中間的範圍)。例如,液態溶劑可為PEG-800或PEG-1000,因其等在體溫為液態。
為促進親脂性藥劑的溶解作用,涉及親脂性藥劑之該
組成物可進一步包含一質子化劑,以促進親脂性藥劑中的反應基之質子化作用。例如,該質子化劑係一種酸、醇類或酸化醇類(諸如苄醇,及/或酸化乙醇)。酸之非限制性實例包括鹽酸、檸檬酸、乙酸或麩胺酸或技藝中所知的其他無機酸或有機酸。該組成物可具有一種酸性pH值,諸如自約0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6、6.5及6.9的pH值所衍生之pH數值或範圍,較佳位於約1至約6之範圍。
本發明亦包括製備上述非水性、均相溶液之一種方法,其步驟包括:獲得第一非水性均相溶液,其包含一種親脂性藥劑、一種兩親性液態聚合性溶劑及一種揮發性有機溶劑,及從第一溶液去除揮發性有機溶劑,而形成如本文中所述之第二非水性均相溶液(“儲備溶液”或可用於最終臨床應用)。揮發性有機溶劑可用於促進親脂性藥劑與聚合性溶劑經由靜電交互作用之結合作用。非限制性實例可包括丙酮、氯仿、脂族烴類、乙酸乙酯、乙二醇醚類、二乙醚或乙醇。一特定實例可為丙酮。可將該方法界定為用於製備一種含水、均質、藥學上可接受的非經腸胃調配物之方法,因其可進一步包括用一種所欲的水性稀釋劑稀釋上述第二溶液,而產生供最終臨床應用之調配物。
更進一步,揮發性有機溶劑相對於兩親性液態聚合性溶劑之體積或重量比可自約100:1至1:100,或尤其是1:1、1:2、1:3、1:5、1:10、1:20、1:30、1:40、1:50、1:60、1:70、1:80、1:90或位於其中所衍生的任何範圍內。為促進親脂性藥劑中的反應基與兩親性溶劑之
間的交互作用,可將揮發性有機溶劑或所欲的水性稀釋劑酸化。該方法可進一步包括將任一組成物儲存至少1、2、3、4、5、6、7天;1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、12個星期;4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12個月;2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10年或其中所衍生的任何數值或範圍。
任一方法步驟,諸如去除揮發性有機溶劑或儲存任一組成物,可在至少、大約或至多5、10、15、20、25、30、40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75、80℃或其中所衍生的任何範圍或數值之一溫度進行。在一特定方面,該溫度可為室溫。該去除方法可包括去除一揮發性有機溶劑之任何已知方法,諸如蒸發作用,及尤其是真空輔助式蒸發作用。可將去除作用延伸至萃取該質子化劑。
在去除揮發性有機溶劑之後,該組成物可在至少1、2、3、4、5、6、7天;2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10,12個星期;4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12個月;2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10年或其中所衍生的任何數值或範圍期間安定。可進一步用一種所欲的水性稀釋劑稀釋該組成物,而促進其臨床投藥作用。例如,該水性稀釋劑可為一輸注液,其係選自由生理食鹽水、葡萄糖水及脂質式輸注乳化液所組成之群組。尤其,該含水輸注液可為0.9%氯化鈉生理食鹽水,或為5%或10%葡萄糖水(分別為D5W與D10W),或為一種含水脂質乳化液諸如IntralipidTM或LiposynTM。在另一方面,可藉由添加一質子化劑或用少量的上述PEG,而將該水性稀釋劑改質。若從儲備溶液去除該質子化劑,則稀釋
劑的改質作用可能較佳。所產生之安定、供最終用途使用的調配物可含有在室溫(RT)溶解的溶解型藥劑,其維持較長時間的安定性,而方便操作處理及投藥至病患。
更進一步,本發明包括製備供非經腸胃用途的一種水不溶性/親脂性藥學活性劑之一種方法,其步驟包括:將藥學活性劑溶於一(揮發性)有機溶劑中,將其與非揮發性的第二疏水劑混合。該第二溶劑較佳可具有兩親性性質,諸如PEG。該方法可進一步包括在真空中蒸發除去揮發性較高的有機溶劑組分,使得產生局部靜電吸引而將藥學活性劑與次要的兩親性溶劑結合。可藉此避免藥學活性劑的物理沉澱作用,因而產生一儲備調配物。在另一方面,該方法可包括將溶解型藥學活性劑/兩親性溶劑(如PEG)複合體與一最終水性稀釋劑混合,而提供一種供臨床應用的調配物,該調配物可用非經腸胃方式投藥。例如,該有機溶劑係丙酮或氯仿或二乙醚,及添加或不添加少量的酸,以促進藥學活性劑的質子化作用,而增加對於次要溶劑的靜電吸引。該次要的兩親性溶劑較佳為聚合物,諸如PEG。藥學活性劑可為一種雙官能DNA-烷化劑諸如白消安(Bu);或任擇地,其可為一種抗微生物劑,諸如用於治療真菌或寄生蟲感染的唑類化合物;或為用於精神科或麻醉設置中之一種催眠藥或鎮靜劑;或任擇地其可為一種用於控制症狀的藥劑,諸如一種麻醉劑或意識水平改變劑,諸如一種全身麻醉劑。此外,為增加藥學活性劑與兩親性溶劑諸如PEG之間之穩定的靜電吸引,可將真空萃取作用顯著延伸至去
除藥物/PEG複合體的過量(游離)酸。最後,該方法可包括將儲備調配物與一種次要稀釋劑諸如一種含水輸注液混合之步驟,以容許在家畜或更佳在人類中進行該藥學活性劑的投藥作用。
本發明亦可包括用於治療一個體之一種方法,該個體患有對一親脂性藥劑敏感或有反應的任一疾病或病況,該方法包括:以非經腸胃方式對於該個體投予一組成物之一治療有效的溶解量,該組成物包含上述的一溶液或一調配物,其中該溶液或調配物具有該疾病或病況對其敏感或有反應之親脂性藥劑。
在一特定方面,本發明亦包括用於治療對於白消安敏感或有反應之一疾病之一種方法,其包括:以非經腸胃方式對於該病患投予一治療有效量的白消安組成物。白消安組成物之製備,係藉由將白消安溶於第一溶劑中,第一溶劑包含一揮發性有機溶劑及較佳為丙酮,然後將該溶液與較佳為PEG之第二兩親性溶劑混合,隨後在真空中蒸發第一有機溶劑,而產生白消安於PEG中之一儲備調配物,及選擇性地用一種次要水性稀釋劑諸如一種含水輸注液稀釋。
本發明的又一實施例係有關於以非經腸胃方式對於一病患投予白消安之一種方法,其包括:提供位於一有機揮發性疏水性溶劑中之白消安,隨後與兩親性、非揮發性的第二溶劑混合;將第一疏水性溶劑蒸發而產生白消安儲備調配物,該儲備調配物可直接投藥至病患,或將該儲備調
配物與一種次要水性稀釋劑混合而形成一輸注液;及將該輸注液投藥至一病患。例如,第一揮發性有機溶劑為丙酮,而兩親性的次要溶劑為PEG400。
投藥途徑可包括但不限於血管內、體腔內、脊椎內、皮下、肌內或局部投藥作用。該個體可為一哺乳類動物,特別是家畜或人類。
在特定方面,該個體罹患癌症或該個體需進行調理來進行骨髓移植或造血源祖細胞移植,而該親脂性藥劑係白消安。在其他方面,該個體患有一真菌、酵母菌或黴菌疾病,及該親脂性藥劑係一唑類藥劑。更進一步,該個體患有一精神科病症或需要對症防治,及該親脂性藥劑係一精神科用藥,諸如抗精神病藥物、抗憂鬱劑或鎮痛劑。該個體需要改變意識水平或引發全身性麻醉或清醒式鎮靜,及該親脂性藥劑係一意識水平改變劑或一麻醉劑諸如普洛福(propofol)。
本發明的其他目標與優點係部分闡述於下列說明中,及部分將從本說明書中明瞭,及可從本發明的實施中習得。
下列圖式係構成本說明書的一部份,及將其等納入來進一步顯示本發明的特定方面。藉由參照該等圖式中之一或多者,連同在本文中所示特定實施例的詳細說明,可更加瞭解本發明。
第1A-B圖。(A)顯示在供最終用途使用的白消安/VE丙酮/PEG(即原型儲備溶劑載劑)調配物中之白消安在室溫中
的安定性之一圖,該調配物在丙酮的真空萃取作用後所含有的白消安濃度約為5毫克/毫升。(B)用D5W將儲備調配物稀釋至1毫克/毫升(至高)及0.5毫克/毫升(較低)。X軸代表以小時為單位的時間,及Y軸代表以毫克/毫升為單位之所測得濃度。
第2圖。用於試管內安定性與活體內藥理學研究之高壓液相層析法(HPLC)分析之白消安濃度相對於曲線下面積(AUC;曲線下面積,該詞係指層析圖中之一峰的實際測得面積,及亦指在一藥物投藥至動物或人類數小時後之血漿濃度相對於時間曲線下的面積)的標準曲線。X軸係顯示以微克/毫升為單位之濃度,及Y軸係顯示AUC。針對藥理學研究製備一類似的標準曲線。
第3圖。由安定性研究中之HPLC分析所獲得的層析圖。本案發明者使用沃特世(Waters)Nova-Pak C18管柱(珠粒尺寸為4微米;150毫米x3.9毫米)。所注射的試樣體積為30微升。HPLC條件係如第1例所述。
第4圖係顯示白消安/VE丙酮/PEG/D5W之供使用的調配物及不具有白消安的相同調配物(“溶劑”)的溶血潛力之一圖。x軸係顯示以體積百分比(體積/體積)為單位之溶劑含量。y軸係顯示未溶血的紅血球細胞之計算分率。
第5A-C圖係描述PEG/D5W供臨床應用的調配物中的白消安對抗人類細胞株KBM-3(A)(Andersson等人之1992年乙文)與KBM-7(B)(Andersson等人之1987年乙文;Andersson等人之1995年乙文)的細胞毒性活性之圖,其等係用MTT分
析法在試管內進行評估。X軸係顯示以微克/毫升為單位之白消安濃度;Y軸係顯示所計算的細胞存活分率。以平行暴露於DMSO中的白消安之細胞作為正對照組。(C)係顯示DMA本身在MTT分析法中之細胞毒性活性,其係以DMA-白消安在細胞株KBM3、KBM7、B5/Bu250-6中及在OCI-AML3中作為正對照組時所達到的最高濃度(Wang等人之1991年乙文)進行分析。後者的研究結果係對應於當DMA-白消安用於HSCT前的療法及在3至4天期間重複給藥時所能達到的一濃度。
第6圖。三種細胞株對於DMSO中的白消安及新調配物中的白消安之敏感性,其係相對於DMA-白消安調配物所達到的細胞毒性效應而言。值得注意之處在於隨著DMA-白消安調配物中的白消安濃度增加,毒性顯著較高/存活分率顯著較低;尤其在KBM-3細胞株中,DMA對於整體細胞毒性之貢獻係顯著的。從數據看來,DMA與白消安的效應係協同性而非加成性(Chou與Talalay之1984年乙文)。相比之下,在所試驗的所有細胞株中,目前的新穎調配物與DMSO-白消安參考調配物展現實質上相同的細胞毒性效應,及並無從溶劑載劑而來的附加毒性效應。
第7A-C圖。如第3例萃取的血漿試樣及經HPLC分析後之層析圖。(A)最上圖係顯示一空白血漿試樣,(B)中間圖係顯示加有新調配物(白消安/VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W的原型用途溶劑載劑)的白消安至10微克/毫升之一人類血漿試樣,滯留時間約為2.8分鐘。(C)最下圖係顯示來自藥理學研究之層析
圖,其中小鼠係注射10毫克/公斤的白消安。該層析圖係來自注射藥物20分鐘後所採的一試樣。
第8圖。該圖顯示在小鼠注射10毫克/公斤的白消安後之4小時期間之血漿濃度變化。X軸係顯示以小時為單位之給藥後時間。Y軸係顯示以微克/毫升血漿為單位之白消安濃度。在該新調配物所用的條件下,白消安的表觀半衰期係大約位於2.5至3.5小時之範圍,係與先前就DMA-白消安在大鼠中與在人類中所報導者相近(Bhagwatwar等人之1996年乙文;Russell等人之2002年乙文;De Lima等人之2004年乙文Madden等人之2007年乙文)。
第9A-B圖。(A)在一變體調配物中的伊曲康唑(Itra)與(B)泊沙康唑(Posa)在室溫中三個星期之安定性。
第10A-B圖。用D5W稀釋之供最終用途使用的調配物中之(A)伊曲康唑(Itra)與(B)泊沙康唑(Posa)的安定性。
第11圖。麴菌屬(Aspergillus)物種對於新調配物中的伊曲康唑(itraconazole)之試管內敏感性試驗的照片,細節請參見內文。
第12A-D圖。在安定性研究中,單獨血漿及血漿加上伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa)之伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa)的HPLC層析圖。
第13A-C圖。如內文中所述的實驗操作程序,空白血漿(最上圖)、在人類血漿添加泊沙康唑(Posa)後(中間圖),以及在小鼠中靜脈注射5毫克/公斤的泊沙康唑2小時後所獲得之一試樣中的泊沙康唑(最下圖)之層析圖。
第14A-B圖。如內文中之方法所述,在緩慢靜脈注射(在3至4分鐘期間)注射劑量為5毫克/公斤的伊曲康唑(Itra)(第14圖A;在2小時期間)與泊沙康唑(Posa)(第14圖B;在30小時期間)後之血漿濃度。該等血漿濃度之範圍,係與先前在臨床環境用對應的口服藥物治療之人類中所述之範圍類似。該圖顯示二個不同實驗的平均結果,個別時間點與濃度係詳述於所附表格中。
本發明的特定方面係有關於新穎調配物,其含有親脂性藥劑諸如白消安,或較佳屬於一般稱為唑類的化合物類型之抗感染劑,及該調配物可按非經腸胃方式投藥。本發明的一方面提供位於複合、藥學上可接受的載劑中之一溶解型親脂性藥劑,以使得該溶解型藥劑在一段較長的時間維持物理與化學安定性。本發明容許該藥物的非經腸胃投藥作用,其劑量係在個體如人類與家畜中獲得顯著藥學效應諸如細胞毒性與免疫抑制效應所需者,而無來自所用溶劑載劑的任何組分之不當毒性。本發明的例示性實施例容許溶解型藥劑之非經腸胃投藥作用,如血管內或脊椎內或體腔內投藥作用,來增加臨床藥物投藥之安全性。因此,可改善對於對該藥劑敏感的疾病諸如惡性與自體免疫疾病之控制。
在特定方面,可提供製備供非經腸胃用途之難以溶解的“水不溶性”或親脂性藥學活性劑之一種方法。適宜的親
脂性藥學活性劑可包括白消安、唑類藥劑諸如伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa)或技藝中所知的任何親脂性藥劑,如本文中所例示者。本發明的特定方面可能以共溶性原則為基礎,但在不希望受理論約束之情況下,使用一新穎系列的複合稀釋劑載劑來溶解親脂性藥劑諸如白消安、伊曲康唑(Itra)及泊沙康唑(Posa),而不影響其等的藥學活性及同時提高水溶性與安定性。此外,較佳的溶劑在所建議的濃度及所用的總劑量,對於人類與哺乳類動物係非毒性與安全的,最佳對於人類與家畜亦然。
該等方法可首先包括將藥學活性劑溶於一種主要的揮發性疏水性溶劑中,接著摻合一種非揮發性的兩親性第二溶劑。該等方法可進一步包括去除(如藉由真空萃取作用)主要的揮發性溶劑,而得一臨床上可接受的儲備調配物,該儲備調配物包含該藥劑與兩親性溶劑。該等方法可選擇性地包括用一含水溶劑諸如輸注液稀釋該儲備調配物,該輸注液如D5W或D10W或生理食鹽水。主要的揮發性溶劑較佳為丙酮,而第二兩親性溶劑為PEG-400。
除了丙酮與PEG之外,可使用其他有機溶劑來形成溶劑載劑,而不偏離本發明的精神與範疇。揮發性溶劑可為單一溶劑或揮發性溶劑之混合物,包括水與揮發性高於水之溶劑。可用於本發明中之揮發性溶劑的非限制性實例包括丙酮、氯仿、脂族烴類、乙酸乙酯、乙二醇醚類、二乙醚、乙酸異戊酯、變性酒精、甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、丙醇、C4-C6烴類、丁烷、異丁烯、戊烷、已烷、丙酮、氯丁醇、
乙酸乙酯、氟氯烴類、松節油、甲基乙基酮、甲基醚、氫氟碳化物、乙基醚、1,1,1,2四氟乙烷、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷、1,1,1,3,3,3六氟丙烷及其組合物。藉由蒸發作用可實質上去除揮發性溶劑而形成一均質溶液,該溶液包含該藥劑及實質上不含揮發性溶劑之兩親性液態溶劑。在去除揮發性溶劑方面所用之“實質上”一詞,係指已去除初始調配物所包括的揮發性溶劑中之大部分。
非揮發性兩親性溶劑可為揮發性低於水之一或多種溶劑。同樣地,非揮發性溶劑係界定為揮發性低於水之一溶劑。非揮發性溶劑較佳可含有在室溫為液態之物質。在蒸發除去揮發性溶劑後,非揮發性溶劑系統中的大部分應存留在包含該親脂性藥劑的均質溶液中。
就一些疏水劑而言,尤其是含有未荷電反應性官能(胺基)基團之藥物,在將溶解型藥物與PEG混合之前,可藉由在第一有機溶劑中添加一質子化劑諸如一有機酸或鹽酸或一醇類諸如苄醇,而增強兩親性溶劑諸如PEG與藥學活性劑之間的靜電吸引。在去除第一有機溶劑後,藉由摻合一種臨床上可接受的含水輸注液,而得供最終用途使用的調配物。若後一較佳步驟使用一質子化劑(酸)來增加藥學活性劑與PEG之間的靜電吸引,則可採用延伸的真空萃取作用,來確保不只萃取第一有機溶劑亦萃取剩餘的游離酸。去除過量的游離酸,將使得與兩親性劑諸如PEG結合的藥學活性劑的貨架壽命延長。若採用後一種方法,則較佳使用酸化D5W或D10W作為最終稀釋劑而進行活體內投藥之
前的配製作用,以維持藥學活性劑與PEG之間的最佳靜電吸引,及避免該藥劑在非經腸胃投藥作用之前沉澱。
如實例中所示,採用一種新穎溶劑系統方法,成功地將白消安(Bu)與二種原型抗真菌唑類藥劑配製供非經腸胃投藥作用之用。例如,可將親脂性藥物溶於一揮發性主要溶劑載劑中,而該主要溶劑載劑係與次要的非揮發性、非毒性兩親性聚合物溶劑混合。在一特定實施例中,主要溶劑可為一揮發性有機溶劑,諸如丙酮或氯仿。之後,可將第一揮發性溶劑去除,例如藉由真空萃取作用,但該等藥物可繼續溶於該聚合物溶劑的溶液中。選擇性的稀釋劑,如臨床上可接受的輸注液諸如D5W,可容許將經真空萃取的溶液稀釋成供臨床應用的調配物,該調配物可在室溫中安定數小時(超過12小時)。亦應提及新調配物之一附加效益,亦即當在供最終用途使用的調配物中稀釋時,本組成物容許待投藥的親脂性藥物在供最終用途使用的調配物中具有經改良的溶解度與安定性。例如,白消安能以至少1毫克/毫升的較高濃度投藥,相較於目前所用僅為0.5毫克/毫升的DMA-白消安,及其在室溫中的安定性延長(至少約15小時及相對於DMA-白消安的6小時),二者均有助於提高病患安全性及方便例行的藥劑室藥物處理。
在本發明的一特定實施例中,可使用一揮發性溶劑諸如丙酮,然後再加上一種兩親性溶劑諸如PEG作為複合載劑或溶劑系統,而將白消安溶解。若該溶解型白消安/丙酮/PEG混合物係與水混合,白消安將留在溶液中而不沉澱達
數小時。然而,由於丙酮對於哺乳類動物組織之毒性(Dwivedi之2002年乙文;VICH指導委員會之2010年參考文獻;美國食品與藥物管理局之2010年參考文獻;環境健康危害評估處之2010年參考文獻),可能較佳在真空中除去丙酮,使得該藥學活性劑可在非水溶液與PEG靜電連接/結合,其係先前尚未被記載之一程序。新穎的例示性白消安儲備調配物(即在添加次要/最終稀釋劑之前)可在室溫中安定達多個星期,其處理簡便,及提供可靠及容易控制的一致性劑量投藥作用。在投藥作用諸如非經腸胃投藥作用之前,可在一種次要稀釋劑諸如現成的輸注液中,如5至10%葡萄糖水(分別為D5W與D10W)中,(選擇性地)稀釋該非水性儲備溶液。該非水性儲備溶液(白消安-PEG變體組成物)可混溶於次要/最終水性稀釋劑或例行可取得的含水輸注液中,如0.9%氯化鈉(生理食鹽水(NS))及D5W,以及具有10至25%(體積/體積)的一種兩親性聚合物(如PEG)之儲備溶液(諸如D5W)。該等末端稀釋劑/輸注液係用於溶解供人類投藥的藥理學活性劑之載劑的典型實例,該藥理學活性劑係單獨或與其他藥物併用。當製備供用於非經腸胃的輸注液時,在含水輸注液中摻合少量的兩親性聚合物,將進一步使親脂性化合物安定。
先前已廣泛研究在人類中作為口服投藥型抗癌劑之白消安,及過去的十年又在該等數據中增添用DMA式非經腸胃調配物所獲得的結果;對於白消安在臨床與實驗環境中之細胞毒性、骨髓抑制性質以及免疫抑制性質,均有完整
的記錄。不幸地,白消安係一種水溶性不佳的DNA烷化劑,其在與人類非經腸胃投藥作用相容之生理上可接受的含水溶劑中之溶解度非常低。在本發明之前,唯一可用的投藥形式為口服製劑與DMA式非經腸胃調配物。不具有與高DMA含量相關的不良事件風險之非經腸胃型白消安調配物,目前尚未推出。當作為全身性惡性與自體免疫疾患的個人化療法之一部分,以及當需要顯著的長期免疫抑制作用時,例如用於如最常見之惡性與非惡性的先天/遺傳性疾患之(同種異體性)造血幹細胞移植(HSCT)的預備中所需者,該非經腸胃的白消安調配物將適用於評估單獨白消安及與其他藥物併用的白消安。非經腸胃調配物可能需要完整劑量保證,及確保100%生物可利用性。
如下列實例中所論及,已發現可達到安定、藥學上可接受的白消安溶解作用之新穎載劑,藉此使其安全地以血管內方式投予該藥物,而無不當的DMA毒性,這是之前無法達到的。實例中的數據顯示新穎的白消安調配物可用於惡性與晚期自體免疫疾患之非經腸胃式治療,以及用於HSCT的調理療法中。
白消安的疏水性/親脂性高,及就實用目的而言不溶於水與PEG中。使用一揮發性疏水性溶劑諸如丙酮來溶解白消安,及經由添加一種兩親性液態溶劑諸如PEG以及後續去除揮發性溶劑,可設想白消安係靜電上安定化/與兩親性液態溶劑諸如PEG結合,使白消安對於在一種水性稀釋劑或血漿中的進一步稀釋作用具有耐受性,而無迫切的物理
沉澱作用或化學降解作用。新調配物的安定性可允許合併處理及超過12小時的輸注時間,而未顯著喪失藥物活性。
如實例中所示,成功地使用所述丙酮-PEG式載劑來溶解濃度範圍自0.1至至少10毫克/毫升的白消安。當治療對該藥物敏感的惡性病時,該寬廣的範圍係足以涵蓋在活體內產生具細胞毒性的濃度所需投予之劑量。同樣地,該範圍容許在罹患自體免疫疾患的病患中及該等進行HSCT前調理療法的病患中,投予達到有效的免疫抑制作用所需之劑量。
在實例中所獲得的數據進一步顯示,安定的白消安調配物可容許全身性惡性與自體免疫疾病之非經腸胃式治療。該製劑可始終提供100%的藥物生物可利用性,及其可容許避開肝臟首渡萃取作用。在短暫的靜脈注射之後,血漿白消安濃度顯然達到藉由試管內研究其對抗人類惡性細胞株的細胞毒性活性所確定的細胞毒性範圍,及在一段長時間維持在該範圍內,及該等濃度亦優於採用口服型白消安或DMA-白消安調配物的數項調查(Slattery等人之1997年乙文;Dix等人之1996年乙文;Hassan之2000年乙文;Hassan之1989年乙文;Russell等人之2002年乙文;De Lima等人之2004年乙文;Madden等人之2007年乙文;Andersson等人之2008年乙文)。
在進一步的實施例中,可在新穎的調配物與方法中使用唑類化合物,諸如伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa),來提高水溶性與安定性。抗真菌唑類藥劑伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙
康唑(Posa)係屬於通常稱為三唑化合物的藥劑類型,及係以其等對抗酵母菌與各種黴菌之功效著稱。在臨床醫學中採用該等唑類,已大幅改善對於感染HIV與未感染HIV的免疫受損個體中的全身性真菌感染之控制。該等化合物具有對抗多種真菌感染之活性,諸如麴菌病、芽生菌病、組織漿菌病及念珠菌病,以及侷限於的腳趾甲與手指甲(灰指甲)之真菌感染,及皮膚與生殖道感染(主要係指“陰道酵母菌感染”)。其等亦用於發燒及白血球數目低的免疫受損病患之經驗性與先發性治療,該等病患很可能在惡性疾病的放射線治療或化學治療之後發生真菌感染。通常的建議劑量因唑類家族的不同成員之單一劑量或每日二或三個分開劑量而異。膠囊應與正餐一起服用,因含脂質的食物可促進吸收。
在人類與家畜中作為口服投藥型抗真菌劑/(三)唑類的代表性實例之伊曲康唑(Itra),先前已被廣泛研究(Baddley等人之2009年乙文;Campo等人之2010年乙文;Chen等人之2010年乙文;Dutkiewicz與Hage之2010年乙文;Evans之2010年乙文;Glockner與Karthaus之2010年乙文;Hicheri等人之2010年乙文;Hsu等人之2010年乙文;Ito等人之2010年乙文;Jang等人之2010年乙文;Kim等人之2010年乙文;Lehrnbecher等人之2010年乙文;Lewis與Kontoyiannis之2009年乙文;Lortholary等人之2010年乙文;Pappas等人之2010年乙文;Person等人之2010年乙文;Singh等人之2006年乙文;Torres等人之2005年乙文;Ullmann等人之2007年
乙文;Vehreschild等人之2010年乙文;Walsh等人之2010年乙文;Wingard等人之2010年乙文;Winston等人之2010年乙文;Greer之2007年乙文;Carrillo-Munoz等人之2005年乙文;Dodds-Ashley與Alexander之2005年乙文;Groll與Walsh之2006年乙文;Notheis等人之2006年乙文;Courtney等人之2003年乙文;Zhou等人之1998年乙文;Boothe等人之1997年乙文;Davis等人之2005年乙文;Willems等人之2001年乙文);對於該等藥物在臨床與實驗環境中之抗傳染性質,皆有完整的記錄。然而,在本發明之前,溶解型伊曲康唑(Itra)、泊沙康唑(Posa)及該多樣化的化學品家族之三唑類或只是唑類化合物的其他成員之可接受的非經腸胃調配物,並非一直可以取得,但藉由允許使用該等唑類的微晶懸浮液,已達成非經腸胃投藥作用。該等調配物之變動及有點不可靠的安定性,已產生變化、無法預知的結果。因此,伏立康唑(voriconazole)係市售的該種調配物,伊曲康唑(Itra)的製造商自行從美國市場將其撤回,而泊沙康唑(Posa)仍然無法供使用,儘管一再試圖提供臨床上適用的非經腸胃調配物。
伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa)之真正溶解型非經腸胃調配物將適用於治療免疫受損病患的全身性傳染疾患,該等病患因多種原因而無法持續服用口服製劑,諸如在用於急性白血病與其他惡性疾病之(密集)習用的化學療法後及在(同種異體)的造血幹細胞移植後所通常經歷者,其中在移植後的早期階段之藥物相關性噁心、嘔吐及腹瀉以及合
併用藥的投藥作用,可能損及口服藥物的生物可利用性,而後來發生之小腸移植物對抗宿主疾病及其療法可能導致類似的情況。在該等病患中,非經腸胃的藥物投藥作用使得以完全控制所輸送藥劑的全身性藥物輸送/藥物動力學,及其準確性係口服調配物所無法達到者(Benet與Sheiner之1985年乙文)。不幸地,伊曲康唑(Itra)係一種水溶性不佳的藥劑,及其在與人類投藥作用相容之生理上可接受的含水溶劑/輸注液中的溶解度非常低。在本發明之前,目前可用的投藥形式係口服製劑(膠囊劑與口服懸液劑),而先前可取得供靜脈注射所用之微晶懸浮液在FDA核准不久後,由於其無法預知的藥學行為而被供應商撤回。就本案發明者所知,從未提供真正溶解形式的伊曲康唑(Itra),只是提供膠體或位於羥丙基-β-環糊精中的微晶懸浮液(Willems等人之2001年乙文)。
如實例中所示,在依一類似方式溶解與稀釋伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa)之後,當在小鼠中注射劑量為5毫克/公斤體重的伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa)時(儲備調配物與供最終用途使用的調配物之安定性數據係示於第9與10圖,在藥物注射後之10分鐘至至少2小時期間,血漿泊沙康唑(Posa)濃度係維持在3至5微克/毫升之範圍;及在相同的一段時間所檢測到的伊曲康唑(Itra)亦高於0.5微克/毫升。該等濃度範圍係與在臨床情況投予各藥物的口服劑量當量時所預期者相近(Woestenborghs等人之1987年乙文;Notheis等人之2006年乙文;Courtney等人之2003年乙文;Jang等人
之2010年乙文),及該等濃度明顯超過對於免疫受損人類具有致病性的原型黴菌菌株之最低抑制性濃度。
使用多種生物與化學方法來證實約5毫克/毫升的較佳白消安與唑類調配物在室溫中安定達數星期之久。如實例中所示,該調配物中之一者(白消安/VE-丙酮/PEG)維持安定超過40天或甚至60天,及當其在試管內針對人類白血病細胞株進行分析時,仍保有完整的細胞毒性活性。將市售的白消安溶於DMSO中及使用作為試管內細胞毒性分析之參考溶劑系統(“D”或“DMSO”)。在一些實驗中包括DMA-白消安調配物作為平行的正對照組;由於所增加之DMA協同性細胞毒性效應,後一種調配物在所試驗的人類細胞株中之毒性顯然更高。由溶血分析檢測得知,新穎的白消安/VE-丙酮/PEG/葡萄糖載劑本身係實質上無毒性。最後,使用新穎調配物中之一者,在分別靜脈注射10毫克/公斤體重與5毫克/公斤體重的鼠類模式中,證實殺細胞性白消安濃度/抗真菌性唑類濃度係維持長達數小時。
雖然本發明的一個較佳實施例使用酮與PEG,及使用D5W作為次要稀釋劑,可使用對人類投藥作用而言非毒性與安全的其他溶劑載劑/稀釋劑。並未由於使用該等稀釋劑而經歷嚴重的臨床不良效應。就單獨使用丙酮之任擇方案而言,亦可使用酸化丙酮而容許具藥理學活性的疏水劑中之反應基的質子化作用,而進一步增進其溶解度及與PEG形成複合體之作用,其可能歸因於溶質與PEG之間的靜電吸引提高之故。任擇地,可能使用其他揮發性有機溶劑,
諸如氯仿本身或酸化氯仿。例如,丙酮構成第一溶劑之1與100%之間,及PEG係較佳的第二儲備溶劑;任擇地,丙酮構成第一溶劑之95與100%之間,及一質子化劑諸如酸或醇類構成第一溶劑之0與5%之間。
適用的輸注液包括但不限於生理食鹽水與葡萄糖水,或與一質子化劑諸如一種酸混合之葡萄糖水(Martin與Matzke之1982年乙文),或摻合少量的兩親性溶劑諸如PEG之葡萄糖水,而進一步降低當在藥物儲備調配物中添加末端水性稀釋劑時之沉澱風險。任擇地,輸注液可為一脂質式乳化液輸注液,諸如該等供非經腸胃的營養所用者(Fortner等人之1975年乙文)。在用輸注液稀釋之前,該組成物可包含介於1與20毫克/毫升之間的一種親脂性藥劑諸如白消安,及更佳包含介於1與5毫克/毫升之間的一種親脂性藥劑諸如白消安。較佳,未稀釋的儲備組成物係在室溫中維持安定超過30天。在臨床上使用生理食鹽水(NS)、葡萄糖水(5至10%)及水性脂質乳化液,係經確立的例行方式,用於矯正水電解質平衡並提供非經腸胃的營養。生理食鹽水與葡萄糖水,亦廣泛用於稀釋供靜脈注射的各種用藥。尚未發現水性脂質乳化液廣泛作為藥學稀釋劑,但該用途已被提出(Fortner等人之1975年乙文)。同樣地,已採用(鹽)酸的靜脈內投藥作用來(快速)矯正嚴重的代謝性酸中毒,但未被述為在投藥至哺乳類動物之前用於提高質子化作用之一種方式,該質子化作用係用以維持一藥學活性劑與不同的疏水性/兩親性溶劑之間的靜電吸引力(Martin與Matzke
之1982年乙文)。在一特定的較佳實施例中,次要稀釋劑係5至10%葡萄糖水;及在次要稀釋劑中的稀釋作用之後,該組成物包含介於0.5與2.0毫克/毫升之間的白消安。經稀釋的組成物係在室溫維持安定至少12至15小時。
本發明的新穎溶液並不限於白消安,亦可用於促進其他疏水性、難以溶解及亦稱為水不溶性藥物之非經腸胃投藥作用。如上述,該等藥劑包括但不限於細胞毒性劑,諸如表鬼臼毒素、紫杉烷類、博來黴素(bleomycin)、蒽環類以及鉑化合物與喜樹鹼之衍生物。其等亦包括抗生素,諸如水溶性不佳的多烯類與唑類(如兩性黴素B與那他黴素(natamycin),以及包括但不限於伊曲康唑(itraconazole)與泊沙康唑(posaconazole)之抗真菌性唑類);以及抗細菌劑(如多黏菌素(polymyxin)B)、抗病毒劑及鎮靜/麻醉藥物諸如苯二氮平類、普洛福(propofol)及抗精神病藥物。
可依據本發明使用之親脂性藥劑的附加實例,係包括但不限於選自下列之親脂性活性化合物或其一鹽類、異構物、酯、醚或其他衍生物:(i)乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑,其係選自多奈哌齊(donepezil)、他克林(tacrine)、吡斯的明(pyridostigmine);(ii)鎮痛劑與非類固醇類消炎藥(NSAIA),其係選自阿洛普令(aloxiprin)、金諾芬(auranofin)、阿紮丙宗(azapropazone)、貝諾酯(benorylate)、辣椒鹼、塞來考昔(celecoxib)、雙氯芬酸(diclofenac)、二氟尼柳(diflunisal)、依托度酸(etodolac)、芬布芬(fenbufen)、非諾洛芬(fenoprofen)
鈣鹽、氟比洛芬(flurbiprofen)、伊布洛芬(ibuprofen)、美西辛(indomethacin)、酮洛芬(ketoprofen)、酮咯酸(ketorolac)、來氟米特(leflunomide)、甲氯芬那酸(meclofenamicacid)、甲芬那酸(mefenamicacid)、萘丁美酮(nabumetone)、萘普生(naproxen)、4,5-二苯-2-唑丙酸(oxaprozin)、羥布宗(oxyphenbutazone)、丁二苯吡唑二酮、吡羅昔康(piroxicam)、羅非考昔(rofecoxib)、舒林酸(sulindac)、四氫大麻酚、曲馬多(tramadol)及胺基丁三醇(tromethamine),(iii)驅蟲藥,其係選自阿苯達唑(albendazole)、羥萘酸苄酚寧(bephenium)、坎苯達唑(cambendazole)、二氯酚(dichlorophen)、芬苯達唑(fenbendazole)、伊維菌素(ivermectin)、甲苯達唑(mebendazole)、奥沙尼喹(oxamniquine)、奥吩達唑(oxfendazole)、雙羥奈酸酚嘧啶(oxantelembonate)、普奎特(praziquantel)、雙羥萘酸噻嘧啶(pyrantelembonate)及腐絕(thiabendazole);(iv)痤瘡用藥劑諸如異維生素A酸與維生素A酸;(v)抗心絞痛劑,其係選自硝酸戊酯、三硝酸甘油酯(硝化甘油)、二硝酸異山梨醇、單硝酸異山梨醇、四硝酸新戊四醇酯及泛癸利酮(ubidecarenone)(輔酶Q10);(vi)抗心律不整藥物,其係選自鹽酸胺碘酮(amiodarone)、長葉毛地黃苷、丙吡胺(disopyramide)、乙酸氟卡胺(flecamide)及硫酸奎尼丁(quinidine);(vii)抗哮喘劑,其係選自齊留通(zileuton)、扎魯司特(zafirlukast)、硫酸特布他林(terbutaline)、孟魯司特
(montelukast)及阿布叔醇(albuterol);(viii)包括抗生素在內之抗細菌劑,其係選自阿拉沙星(alatrofloxacin)、阿奇黴素(azithromycin)、氨曲南(aztreonam)、巴氯芬(baclofen)、苄星(benzathine)青黴素、頭孢克肟(cefixime)、頭孢呋辛酯(cefuraxime axetil)、西諾沙星(cinoxacin)、鹽酸環丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)、克拉黴素(clarithromycin)、氯法齊明(clofazimine)、氯唑西林(cloxacillin)、地美環素(delavirdine)、地紅黴素(dirithromycin)、多西環素(doxycycline)、紅黴素、乙硫異煙胺(ethionamide)、富來頓(furazolidone)、格帕沙星(grepafloxacin)、亞胺培南(imipenem)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin)、洛雷沙星(lorefloxacin)、鹽酸莫昔沙星(Moxifloxacin)、萘啶酸(nalidixic acid)、呋喃妥因(nitrofurantoin)、諾氟沙星(norfloxacin)、氧氟沙星(ofloxacin)、苯氧甲基青黴素、利福布汀(rifabutine)、利福平(rifampicin)、利福噴汀(rifapentine)、司帕沙星(sparfloxacin)、螺旋黴素、苯甲醯磺胺、磺胺鄰二甲氧嘧啶(sulphadoxine)、磺胺甲基嘧啶(sulphamerazine)、乙醯磺胺、磺胺二、磺胺異唑(sulphafurazole)、磺胺甲異唑(sulpha-methoxazole)、磺胺吡啶、四環素、甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim)、曲伐沙星(trovafloxacin)及萬古黴素;(ix)抗良性前列腺肥大(BPH)藥物,其係選自阿夫唑嗪(alfuzosin)、多沙唑嗪(doxazosin)、苯氧苄胺、哌唑嗪(prazosin)、特拉唑嗪(terazosin)及坦索羅辛(tamulosin);
(x)抗癌劑與免疫抑制劑,其係選自阿巴瑞克(abarelix),阿地白介素(aldesleukin)、阿侖珠單株抗體(alemtuzumab)、阿利維生素A酸(alitretinoin)、全反式維生素A酸(ATRA)、六甲蜜胺(altretamine)、氨磷汀(amifostine)、氨魯米特(aminoglutethimide)、安吖啶(amsacrine)、阿那羅唑(anastrozole)、三氧化二砷、天冬醯胺酸酶、阿紮胞苷(azacitidine)、硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine)、BCG活體、貝伐珠單株抗體(bevacizumab)(癌思停(avastin))、貝沙羅汀(bexarotene)、比卡魯胺(bicalutamide)、比生群(bisantrene)、博來黴素(bleomycin)、硼替佐米(bortezomib)、白消安(busulfan)、卡普睪酮(calusterone)、喜樹鹼、卡培他濱(capecitabine)、卡鉑(carboplatin)、卡莫司汀(carmustine)、塞來考昔(celecoxib)、西妥昔單株抗體(cetuximab)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、順鉑(cisplatin)、克拉立濱(cladribine)、氯法拉濱(clofarabine)、環磷醯胺、環孢素、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、達卡巴仁(dacarbazine)、放線菌素D(dactinomycin)、達貝泊汀α(darbepoetin alfa)、柔紅黴素(daunorubicin)、地尼介白素(denileukin)、右雷佐生(dexrazoxane)、歐洲紫衫醇(docetaxel)、多柔比星(doxorubicin)(中性)、鹽酸多柔比星(doxorubicin)、丙酸屈他雄酮(dromostanolone)、橢圓玫瑰樹鹼(ellipticine)、恩莫單株抗體(enlimomab)、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、表柔比星(epirubicin)、依泊汀α(epoetinalfa)、厄洛替尼(erlotinib)、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、依托泊苷(etoposide)、依西美坦
(exemestane)、非格司亭(filgrastim)、氟尿苷(floxuridine)氟達拉濱(Fludarabine)、氟維司群(fulvestrant)、吉非替尼(gefitinib)、吉西他濱(gemcitabine)、吉妥珠單株抗體(gemtuzumab)、乙酸戈舍瑞林(goserelin)、乙酸組氨瑞林(histrelin)、羥基脲、替伊莫單株抗體(ibritumomab)、伊達比星(idarubicin)、異環磷醯胺(ifosfamide)、甲磺酸依麥替尼布(imatinib)、干擾素α-2a、干擾素α-2b、伊立替康(irinotecan)、來那度胺(lenalidomide)、來羅唑(letrozole)、甲醯四氫葉酸、乙酸亮丙瑞林(leuprolide)、左旋咪唑(levamisole)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、乙酸甲地孕酮、黴法蘭(melphalan)、巰嘌呤、美司那(mesna)、甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate)、甲氧沙林(methoxsalen)、絲裂黴素C、米托坦(mitotane)、米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone)、黴酚酸酯(mofetil mycophenolate)、諾龍(nandrolone)、奈拉濱(nelarabine)、尼魯米特(nilutamide)、諾莫單株抗體(nofetumomab)、奥普瑞白介素(oprelvekin)、奧馬鉑(oxaliplatin)、太平洋紫杉醇、帕利夫明(palifermin)、帕米膦酸鹽(pamidronate)、培加酶(pegademase)、peg-天冬醯胺酸酶、培非司亭(peg-filgrastim)、培美曲塞(pemetrexed)二鈉、噴司他汀(pentostatin)、哌泊溴烷(pipobroman)、普卡黴素(plicamycin)、卟吩姆(porfimer)鈉鹽、丙卡巴肼(procarbazine)、奎納克林(quinacrine)、拉布立酶(rasburicase)、利妥昔單株抗體(rituximab)、沙格司亭(sargramostim)、西羅莫司(sirolimus)、索拉非尼(sorafenib)、
鏈佐星(streptozocin)、順丁烯二酸舒尼替尼(sunitinib)、他克莫司(tacrolimus)、檸檬酸泰莫西芬(tamoxifen)、替莫唑胺(temozolomide)、替尼泊苷(teniposide)、睪內酯(testolactone)、硫鳥嘌呤、塞替派(thiotepa)、托泊替康(topotecan)、托瑞米芬(toremifene)、托西莫單株抗體(tositumomab)、曲司珠單株抗體(trastuzumab)、維生素A酸(tretinoin)、尿嘧啶芥、戊柔比星(valrubicin)、長春鹼、長春新鹼、長春瑞濱(vinorelbine)、唑來膦酸鹽(zoledronate)及唑來膦酸(zoledronicacid);(xi)抗凝血劑,其係選自西洛他唑(cilostazol)、氯吡格雷(clopidogrel)、雙香豆素、雙吡大莫(dipyridamole)、醋硝香豆素(nicoumalone)、奥普瑞白介素(oprelvekin)、苯茚二酮(phenindione)、噻氯匹定(ticlopidine)及替羅非班(tirofiban);(xii)抗憂鬱劑,其係選自阿莫沙平(amoxapine)、安非他酮(bupropion)、景普朗(citalopram)、氯米帕明(clomipramine)、鹽酸氟西汀(fluoxetine)、鹽酸馬普替林(Maprotiline)、鹽酸米安色林(Mianserin)、鹽酸去甲替林(nortriptyline)、鹽酸帕羅西汀(paroxetine)、鹽酸舍曲林(sertraline)、鹽酸曲唑酮(trazodone)、順丁烯二酸曲米帕明(trimipramine)及鹽酸文拉法新(venlafaxine);(xiii)抗糖尿病藥物,其係選自乙醯苯磺醯環己脲、氯磺丙脲(chlorpropamide)、格列本脲(glibenclamide)、格列齊特(gliclazide)、格列吡嗪(glipizide)、格列美脲
(glimepiride)、優降糖(glyburide)、米格列醇(miglitol)、吡格列酮(pioglitazone)、瑞格列奈(repaglinide)、羅格列酮(rosiglitazone)、妥拉磺脲(tolazamide)、甲苯磺丁脲(tolbutamide)及曲格列酮(troglitazone);(xiv)抗痙攣劑,其係選自貝克拉胺(beclamide)、卡馬西平(carbamazepine)、氯硝西泮(clonazepam)、沙多因(thotoin)、非爾氨酯(felbamate)、磷苯妥英(fosphenyloin)鈉鹽、拉莫三嗪(lamotrigine)、滅嗽(methoin)、甲琥胺(methsuximide)、甲基苯巴比妥(methylphenobarbitone)、奥卡西平(oxcarbazepine)、對甲雙酮、苯乙醯脲、苯巴比妥(phenol barbitone)、苯妥英(phenytoin)、苯琥胺(phensuximide)、普里米酮(primidone)、舒噻嗪(sulthiame)、鹽酸噻加賓(tiagabine)、妥比那梅(topiramate)、丙基戊酸及氨己烯酸(vigabatrin);(xv)抗真菌劑,其係選自兩性黴素(amphotericin)、鹽酸布蝶吶(butenafine)、硝酸布康唑(butoconazole)、克黴唑(clotrimazole)、硝酸益康唑(econazole)、氟康唑(fluconazole)、氟胞嘧啶、灰黃黴素(griseofulvin)、伊曲康唑(itraconazole)、酮康唑(ketoconazole)、咪康唑(miconazole)、那他黴素(natamycin)、制黴菌素(nystatin)、硝酸硫康唑(sulconazole)、奥昔康唑(oxiconazole)、泊沙康唑(posaconazole)、鹽酸特比萘芬(terbinafine)、特康唑(terconazole)、噻康唑(tioconazole)及十一烯酸;(xvi)抗痛風劑,其係選自異嘌呤醇(allopurinol)、丙磺
舒(probenecid)及苯磺唑酮(sulphinpyrazone);(xvii)抗高血壓藥,其係選自氨氯地平(amlodipine)、貝尼地平(benidipine)、苯那普利(benezepril)、坎地沙坦(candesartan)、卡托普利(captopril)、達羅地平(darodipine)、鹽酸地爾硫(diltiazem)、二氮嗪(diazoxide)、鹽酸多沙唑嗪(doxazosin)、依那普利(enalapril)、依普沙坦(eposartan)、甲磺酸氯沙坦(losartan)、非洛地平(felodipine)、非諾多泮(fenoldopam)、福辛普利(fosenopril)、乙酸胍那苄(guanabenz),厄貝沙坦(irbesartan)、依拉地平(isradipine)、賴諾普利(lisinopril)、米諾地爾(minoxidil)、鹽酸尼卡地平(nicardipine)、硝苯地平(nifedipine)、尼莫地平(nimodipine)、尼索地平(nisoldipine)、鹽酸苯氧苄胺,鹽酸哌唑嗪(prazosin)、喹那普利(quinapril),利血平(reserpine)、鹽酸特拉唑嗪(terazosin)、替米沙坦(telmisartan)及纈沙坦(valsartan);(xviii)抗瘧疾藥,其係選自阿莫地喹(amodiaquine)、氯喹(chloroquine)、鹽酸氯丙胍(chlorproguanil)、鹽酸鹵泛群(halofantrine)、鹽酸甲氟喹(Mefloquine)、鹽酸氯胍(proguanil)、必利美達民(pyrimethamine)及硫酸奎寧;(xix)抗偏頭痛劑,其係選自甲磺酸二氫麥角胺、酒石酸麥角胺、夫羅曲坦(frovatriptan)、順丁烯二酸美西麥角(methysergide)、鹽酸那拉曲坦(naratriptan)、順丁烯二酸苯噻啶(pizotifen)、苯甲酸利扎曲坦(rizatriptan)、琥珀酸舒馬曲坦(sumatriptan)及佐米曲坦(zolmitriptan);
(xx)抗毒蕈鹼劑,其係選自阿托品(atropine)、鹽酸苯赫索(benzhexol)、比培立汀(biperiden)、鹽酸二乙基胺丙酚噻(ethopropazine)、莨菪鹼、溴化甲哌佐酯(mepenzolate)、鹽酸奥西克利平(oxyphencyclimine)及托吡卡胺(tropicamide)(xxi)抗帕金森氏症製劑,其係選自甲磺酸溴隱亭(bromocriptine)、順丁烯二酸麥角乙脲(lysuride)、普拉克索(pramipexole)、鹽酸羅匹尼羅(ropinirole)及托卡朋(tolcapone);(xxii)抗原蟲劑,其係選自阿托奎酮(atovaquone)、苄硝唑(benznidazole)、氯碘羥喹(clioquinol)、地考喹酯(decoquinate)、雙碘喹啉、糠酸二氯沙奈(diloxanide)、二硝托胺(dinitolmide)、富來頓(furazolidone)、甲硝唑(metronidazole)、尼莫拉唑(nimorazole)、5-硝糠醛半卡腙(nitrofurazone)、奥硝唑(ornidazole)及替硝唑(tinidazole);(xxiii)抗甲狀腺劑,其係選自卡比馬唑(carbimazole)及丙基硫尿嘧啶;(xxiv)鎮咳劑諸如苯佐那酯(benzonatate);(xxv)抗病毒劑,其係選自阿巴卡韋(abacavir)、氨普那韋(amprenavir)、地拉韋定(delavirdine)、依法韋侖(efavirenz)、茚地那韋(indinavir)、拉米夫定(lamivudine)、奈非那韋(nelfinavir)、奈韋拉平(nevirapine)、利托那韋(ritonavir)、沙奎那韋(saquinavir)及司他夫定(stavudine);(xxvi)抗焦慮劑、鎮靜劑、催眠藥及抗精神病藥物,其
係選自阿普唑侖(alprazolam)、異戊巴比妥(amylobarbitone)、巴比妥(barbitone)、苯他西泮(bentazepam)、溴西泮(bromazepam)、溴哌利多(bromperidol)、伯替唑他(brotizolam)、丁巴比妥(butobarbitone)、2-溴-2-乙基丁醯脲、氯二氮平、氯美噻唑(chlormethiazole)、氯丙嗪(chlorpromazine)、氯丙硫蒽(chlorprothixene)、氯硝西泮(clonazepam)、氯巴占(clobazam)、氯噻西泮(clotiazepam)、氯氮平(clozapine)、地西泮(diazepam)、氟哌利多(droperidol)、炔己蟻胺(ethinamate)、氟阿尼酮(flunanisone)、氟硝西泮(flunitrazepam)、三氟丙嗪(triflupromazine)、癸酸氟哌噻噸(flupenthixol)、癸酸氟苯噻噸(fluphenthixol)、氟西泮(flurazepam)、加巴噴丁(gabapentin)、氟哌啶醇(haloperidol)、勞拉西泮(lorazepam)、氯甲西泮(lormetazepam)、美達西泮(medazepam)、甲丙氨酯(meprobamate)、美索達嗪(mesoridazine)、安眠酮(methaqualone)、哌醋甲酯(methylphenidate)、咪達唑侖(midazolam),嗎茚酮(molindone)、硝西泮(nitrazepam)、奥氮平(olanzapine)、奥沙西泮(oxazepam)、戊巴比妥(pentobarbitone)、羥哌氯丙嗪(perphenazine)匹莫齊特(pimozide)、丙氯拉嗪(prochlorperazine)、普洛福(propofol)、假麻黃鹼、喹硫平(quetiapine)、利司哌酮(risperidone)、舍吲哚(sertindole)、舒必利(sulpiride)、替馬西泮(temazepam)、硫利達嗪(thioridazine)、三唑侖(triazolam)、
唑吡坦(zolpidem)及佐匹克隆(zopiclone);(xxvii)貝他阻斷劑,其係選自醋丁洛爾(acebutolol)、阿普洛爾(alprenolol)、阿替洛爾(atenolol)、拉貝洛爾(labetalol)、美托洛爾(metoprolol)、納多洛爾(nadolol)、氧烯洛爾(oxprenolol)、吲哚洛爾(pindolol)及普萘洛爾(propranolol);(xxviii)心肌收縮劑,其係選自氨力農(anrinone)、毛地黃苷、長葉毛地黃苷、依諾昔酮(enoximone)、毛花甙(lanatoside)C及甲地高辛(medigoxin);(xxix)皮質類固醇,其係選自倍氯米松(beclomethasone)、倍他米松(betamethasone)、布地奈德(budesonide)、乙酸可體松,去氧米松(desoxymethasone)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、乙酸氟氫可的松(fludrocortisone)、氟尼縮松(flunisolide)、氟可龍(fluocortolone)、丙酸氟替卡松(fluticasone)、氫化可體松、甲潑尼龍(methylprednisolone)、潑尼松龍(prednisolone)、潑尼松(prednisone)及曲安(triamcinolone);(xxx)利尿劑,其係選自乙醯唑胺、阿米洛利(amiloride)、苄氟噻嗪(bendroflumethiazide)、布美他尼(bumetanide)、氯苯噻噠嗪、氯噻酮(chlorthalidone)、依他尼酸(ethacrynic acid)、呋塞米(frusemide)、美托拉宗(metolazone)、螺內酯及三胺喋素(triamterene);(xxxi)胃腸用藥,其係選自比沙可啶(bisacodyl)、西咪替丁(cimetidine)、西沙必利(cisapride)、鹽酸苯乙哌啶
(diphenoxylate)、多潘立酮(domperidone)、法莫替丁(famotidine)、蘭素拉唑(lanosprazole)、洛哌丁胺(loperamide)、美沙拉嗪(mesalazine)、尼扎替丁(nizatidine)、奥美拉唑(omeprazole)、鹽酸奧丹亞龍(ondansetron)、泮托拉唑(pantoprazole)、雷貝拉唑(rabeprazole)鈉鹽、鹽酸雷尼替丁(ranitidine)及柳氮磺吡啶(sulphasalazine);(xxxii)組織胺H1與H2受體拮抗劑,其係選自阿伐斯汀(acrivastine)、阿司咪唑(astemizole)、氯苯那敏(chlorpheniramine)、桂利嗪(cinnarizine)、西替立嗪(cetrizine)、反丁烯二酸氯馬斯汀(clemastine)、賽克力嗪(cyclizine)、鹽酸賽庚啶(cyproheptadine)、右旋氯苯那敏(dexchlorpheniramine)、茶苯海明(dimenhydrinate)、非索非那定(fexofenadine)、鹽酸氟桂利嗪(flunarizine)、氯雷他定(loratadine)、鹽酸美克利靜(Meclizine)、奥沙米特(oxatomide)及特非那定(terfenadine);(xxxiii)角質溶解劑,其係選自阿維A(acetretin)、卡泊三醇(calciprotriene)、骨化二醇(calcifediol)、骨化三醇(calcitriol)、膽鈣化醇、麥角沈鈣醇(ergocalciferol)、阿維A酯(etretinate)、類視色素、泰格雷丁(targretin)及他扎羅汀(tazarotene);(xxxiv)脂質調節劑/降血脂劑,其係選自阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)、苯紮貝特(bezafibrate)、西立伐他汀(cerivastatin)、環丙貝特(ciprofibrate)、氯貝酸鹽(clofibrate)、非諾貝特(fenofibrate)、氟伐他汀(fluvastatin)、
吉非貝齊(gemfibrozil)、柑果苷素、洛伐他汀(lovastatin)、普伐他汀(pravastatin)、普羅布考(probucol)及辛伐他汀(simvastatin);(xxxv)肌肉鬆弛劑,其係選自環苄普林(cyclobenzaprine)、丹特靈(dantrolene)鈉鹽及鹽酸替扎尼定(tizanidine);(xxxvi)類鴉片鎮痛劑,其係選自可待因(codeine)、右旋丙氧吩(dextropropoxyphene)、二醋嗎啡(diamorphine)、二氫可待因、芬太尼(fentanyl)、美普他酚(meptazinol)、美沙酮(methadone)、嗎啡、納布啡(nalbuphine)及潘他唑新(pentazocine);(xxxvii)性激素,其係選自檸檬酸氯米芬(clomiphene)、乙酸可體松、達潔(danazol)、去氫表雄固酮、乙炔雌二醇、非那雄胺(finasteride)、氟氫可的松(fludrocortisone)、氟甲睪酮(fluoxymesterone)、乙酸甲羥助孕酮、乙酸甲地孕酮、美雌醇(mestranol)、甲基睪固酮、米非司酮(mifepristone)、炔諾酮(norethisterone)、炔諾孕酮(norgestrel)、雌二醇、結合型雌激素、黃體酮、利美索龍(rimexolone)、司坦唑醇(stanozolol)、己烯雌酚、睪固酮及替勃龍(tibolone);(xxxviii)興奮劑,其係選自安非他命(amphetamine)、右旋安非他命、右旋氟苯丙胺(dexfenfluramine)、氟苯丙胺(fenfluramine)及馬吲哚(mazindol);(xxxix)保健食品,其係選自骨化三醇(calcitriol);胡蘿蔔素;金黃酮;二氫速變固醇;類黃酮;橙皮素;茉莉酸
酯;硫辛酸;葉黃素;茄紅素;必需脂肪酸;非必需脂肪酸;柚苷配基;二氫維生素K1;槲皮素;維生素包括維生素A,維生素B2,維生素D與衍生物,維生素E及維生素K;輔酶Q10(泛醌);植物萃取物;及礦物質。
可在本發明的特定方面使用鎮痛劑。鎮痛劑(亦稱為止痛藥)係用於緩解疼痛(達到鎮痛效果)的藥物群組中之任何成員。鎮痛劑一字係源於希臘文an-(“無”)及algos(“痛”)。
鎮痛劑藥物可依多種方式作用在周邊與中樞神經系統上;其等包括乙醯胺苯酚(paracetamol)(對乙醯基胺基苯酚,在美國亦稱為乙醯胺酚);非類固醇類消炎藥(NSAID)諸如水楊酸鹽類;及類鴉片藥物諸如嗎啡與鴉片。其等係有別於麻醉劑,麻醉劑係以可逆方式消除知覺。
非類固醇類消炎藥通常縮寫為NSAID或NAID,但亦稱為非類固醇類消炎劑/鎮痛劑(NSAIA)或非類固醇類消炎藥物(NSAIM),係具有鎮痛與解熱(退熱)作用的藥物,及其等在較高劑量具有消炎作用。NSAID通常適用於紓解下列病況的症狀:類風濕性關節炎、骨關節炎、發炎性關節病變(如關節黏連性脊椎炎、乾癬性關節炎、萊特氏(Reiter)症候群)、急性痛風、經痛(經期疼痛)、轉移性骨痛、頭痛與偏頭痛、術後疼痛及由於發炎與組織損傷之輕度至中度疼痛、發熱(發燒)、腸阻塞、腎絞痛或新生嬰兒的動脈導管未在出生24小時內閉鎖。
COX-2選擇性抑制劑係直接標定COX-2之一種非類固醇類消炎藥(NSAID)形式,COX-2係造成發炎與疼痛之酵
素。對於COX-2之選擇性而降低消化性潰瘍風險,係塞來考昔(celecoxib)、羅非考昔(rofecoxib)及該藥物類型的其他成員之主要特徵。對於COX-2之選擇性似乎不減少NSAID的其他不良效應(最顯著者係腎衰竭風險之增加),及一些研究結果顯示增加心臟病發作、血栓形成及因凝血脂素相對增加而發生中風之風險。羅非考昔(rofecoxib)即為一例。
氟吡汀(flupirtine)係主要作用為鉀離子通道開啟劑,及具有弱的NMDA拮抗劑性質。在歐洲,其係供中度至強烈的疼痛及偏頭痛使用,及使用其肌肉鬆弛劑性質。氟吡汀並無抗膽鹼能性質,及據信在多巴胺、血清素或組織胺受體上毫無活性。氟吡汀不具有上癮性,及不會產生耐受性。
其他各種物質可能在患有慢性或神經性病變疼痛的病患中具有鎮痛性質。三環抗憂鬱劑及尤其是阿米替林(amitriptyline),已顯示似乎以中樞方式改善疼痛。在歐洲,奈福泮(nefopam)係與類鴉片併用於緩解疼痛。同樣地不清楚卡馬西平(carbamazepine)、加巴噴丁(gabapentin)及普瑞巴林(pregabalin)的確切機制,但該等抗痙攣劑用於治療神經性病變疼痛之成功程度不同。抗痙攣劑最常供神經性病變疼痛之用,因其等的作用機制傾向於抑制痛覺。
在本發明的特定方面可使用抗憂鬱劑。三環抗憂鬱劑(TCA)係主要作為抗憂鬱劑之雜環化合物。最早在1950年代早期發現TCA,及隨後在該十年間的稍晚期間推出;其等係按其等的化學結構命名,其含有三環的原子。四環抗憂鬱劑(TeCA)含有四環的原子,及係密切相關的抗憂鬱化合
物群組。
TCA包括下列藥劑,其等主要是血清素及/或去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑:阿米替林(amitriptyline)(依拉维(Elavil)、曲替座(Tryptizol)、拉勞克思(Laroxyl))、氧阿米替林(Amitriptylinoxide)(阿米歐昔(Amioxid)、安比伐隆(Ambivalon)、安奎利比(Equilibrin))、布替林(Butriptyline)(安伐汀(Evadyne))、氯米帕明(clomipramine)(安拿芬尼(Anafranil))、地美替林(Demexiptiline)(地帕隆(Deparon)、堤諾蘭(Tinoran))、地昔帕明(Desipramine)(諾帕明(Norpramin)、派崔弗蘭(Pertofrane))、二苯西平(Dibenzepin)(諾弗若(Noveril)、維克特若(Victoril))、二甲他林(Dimetacrine)(伊斯托尼(Istonil)、伊斯托尼爾(Istonyl)、麥洛伊斯托尼(Miroistonil))、度硫平(Dosulepin)/二苯噻庚英(Dothiepin)(普羅塞登(Prothiaden))、多塞平(Doxepin)(阿達平(Adapin)、神寧健(Sinequan))、丙米嗪(Imipramine)(妥富腦(Tofranil)、健你明(Janimine)、普拉米尼(Praminil))、氧米帕明(Imipraminoxide)(伊米普列斯(Imiprex)、伊列辛(Elepsin))、洛非帕明(Lofepramine)(洛曼特(Lomont)、吉曼尼(Gamanil))、美利曲辛(Melitracen)(得安緒(Deanxit)、迪瑟蘭(Dixeran)、麥利瑟蘭(Melixeran)、曲薩邦(Trausabun))、美他帕明(Metapramine)(泰麥塞爾(Timaxel))、硝沙西平(Nitroxazepine)(辛他米爾(Sintamil))、去甲替林(Nortriptyline)(帕米洛(Pamelor)、阿凡堤爾(Aventyl))、諾昔替林(Noxiptiline)(阿吉達(Agedal)、艾洛農(Elronon)、諾吉
達(Nogedal))、哌泊非嗪(Pipofezine)(愛札芬(Azafen/Azaphen))、丙吡西平(Propizepine)(迪普辛(Depressin)、威葛蘭(Vagran))、普羅替林(Protriptyline)(威維克提(Vivactil))、奎紐帕明(Quinupramine)(齊夫普立(Kevopril)、齊紐普立(Kinupril)、阿迪普林(Adeprim)、奎紐普林(Quinuprine))。
以及下列非典型化合物:安咪奈丁(Amineptine)(蘇維克特(Survector)、曼尼昂(Maneon),德瑞克堤(Directim)),其係去甲腎上腺素-多巴胺再吸收抑制劑;伊普吲哚(Iprindole)(普洛朵(Prondol)、加拉圖(Galatur)、堤川(Tetran)),其係5-HT2受體拮抗劑;奥匹哌醇(Opipramol)(因昔唐(Insidon)、普拉牧蘭(Pramolan)、安昔唐(Ensidon)、奥普木(Oprimol)),其係σ受體促效劑;噻奈普汀(Tianeptine)(達體朗(Stablon)、柯夕爾(Coaxil)、塔堤諾(Tatinol)),其係選擇性血清素再吸收增進劑;聯三伸苯(Trimipramine)(蘇莫堤爾(Surmontil)),其係5-HT2受體拮抗劑。
近來,在全球大部分地區的臨床使用上,已用較新的抗憂鬱劑大幅取代TCA,諸如典型地具有更為有利的副作用廓型之選擇性血清素再吸收抑制劑(SSRI)及血清素-去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑(SNRI),雖然有時仍在某些適應症上開立TCA處方。
選擇性血清素再吸收抑制劑或血清素專一性再吸收抑制劑。(SSRI)係典型在憂鬱症、焦慮疾患及部分人格違常
之治療中作為抗憂鬱劑之一化合物類型。其等亦典型有效用於治療部分失眠病例。SSRI的主要適應症是臨床憂鬱症。經常開立SSRI處方供焦慮疾患諸如社交焦慮症、恐慌症、強迫症(OCD)、飲食失調疾患、慢性疼痛之用,及有時供創傷後壓力症候群(PTSD)之用。雖然製造商未明確表明,其等有時處方用於治療腸躁症(IBS)、慢性單純苔癬及早洩。如精神疾病診斷與統計手冊(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)(DSM IV)中所概述,所有SSRI在美國皆獲核准用於精神科疾患。
據信SSRI藉由抑制血清素再吸收進入突觸前細胞中之作用及增加在突觸間隙中可供與突觸後受體結合的血清素水平,而增加神經傳導物質血清素的細胞外水平。其等對於其他單胺轉運子的選擇性程度不一,純SSRI對於去甲腎上腺素與多巴胺轉運子僅具有弱親和力。
SSRI藥物包括(括弧中為商品名稱):景普朗(citalopram)(昔列莎(Celexa)、喜普妙(Cipramil)、喜普蘭(Cipram)、達山(Dalsan)、瑞賽妥(Recital)、安莫可(Emocal)、昔普蘭(Sepram)、昔洛普蘭(Seropram)、昔塔斯(Citox)、昔妥(Cital);達泊西汀(dapoxetine)(普立吉(Priligy));依地普侖(escitalopramy)(立普能(Lexapro)、昔普立(Cipralex)、賽洛普立(Seroplex)、伊賽堤亞(Esertia));氟西汀(fluoxetine)(百憂解(Prozac)、方泰思(Fontex)、賽洛麥思(Seromex)、解鬱(Seronil)、莎拉凡(Sarafem)、樂得思(Ladose)、莫堤衛斯(Motivest)、富塔普(Flutop)、富克亭
(Fluctin)(EUR)、富魯斯(Fluox)(NZ)、迪普列(Depress)(UZB)、樂凡(Lovan)(AUS);氟伏沙明(fluvoxamine)(樂福斯(Luvox)、菲偉林(Fevarin)、惠福林(Faverin)、杜麥羅思(Dumyrox)、法弗夕爾(Favoxil)、莫弗斯(Movox));吲達品(indalpine)(優普斯汀(Upstene))(停產);帕羅西汀(paroxetine)(帕昔爾(Paxil)、思樂賽特(Seroxat)、使立平(Sereupin)、安洛派思(Aropax)、得洛賽特(Deroxat)、迪維理思(Divarius)、瑞昔亭(Rexetin)、昔塔諾(Xetanor)、百樂賽特(Paroxat)、鬱可樂(Loxamine)、狄帕洛克(Deparoc));舍曲林(sertraline)(樂復得(Zoloft)、樂斯曲(Lustral)、瑟蘭(Serlain)、安神崔(Asentra));維拉佐酮(vilazodone)(維柏得(Viibyrd));齊美利定(zimelidine)(齊米得(Zelmid)、諾穆得(Normud))(停產)。
血清素-去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑(SNRI)係用於治療重度憂鬱症及其他情緒失調疾患之一種抗憂鬱藥物類型。其等有時亦用於治療焦慮疾患、強迫症(OCD)、注意力不足過動症(ADHD)、慢性神經性病變疼痛、纖維肌痛症候群(FMS)及用於緩解停經症狀。
SNRI係作用於在情緒方面扮演重要一環之二種腦中神經傳導物質及增加其等的水平,該等神經傳導物質為血清素與去甲腎上腺素。其可與更廣泛被使用的選擇性血清素再吸收抑制劑(SSRI)對比,選擇性血清素再吸收抑制劑僅作用在血清素上。
SNRI的實例包括:
文拉法新(venlafaxine)(怡諾思(Effexor))-係最早及最常用的SNRI。其係由惠氏(Wyeth)公司於1994年推出。文拉法新(venlafaxine)的再吸收效應係具有劑量依賴性。在低劑量(低於150毫克/日)時,其僅作用在血清素能傳導作用上。在中劑量(高於150毫克/日)時,其作用在血清素能與去甲腎上腺素能系統上,而在高劑量(高於300毫克/日)時,其亦影響多巴胺能神經傳導作用。
去甲文拉法辛(Desvenlafaxine)(必斯堤克(Pristiq))-其係文拉法新(venlafaxine)的活性代謝物。據信其係以一類似方式作用,雖然一些證據顯示其反應率低於文拉法新(venlafaxine)及度洛西汀(duloxetine)。其係由惠氏(Wyeth)公司於2008年5月推出。
度洛西汀(duloxetine)(千憂解(Cymbalta)、炎屈伏(Yentreve))-係由艾里莉麗(Eli Lilly)公司推出,及已於2004年8月獲核准用於治療憂鬱症與神經性病變疼痛。在飲酒過量或患有慢性肝臟疾病的病患中禁用度洛西汀,因度洛西汀可增加特定肝臟酵素的水平,其可在高風險病患中導致急性肝炎或其他疾病。目前,肝臟損傷之風險似乎僅出現在原本的高風險病患,不同於抗憂鬱劑奈法唑酮(nefazodone)可在健康病患中自發地造成肝臟衰竭,雖然該情況罕見。度洛西汀亦獲核准用於重度憂鬱疾患(MDD)、廣泛性焦慮症(GAD)、包括慢性骨關節炎疼痛與慢性下背痛在內之慢性肌肉骨骼疼痛(截至2010年10月為止),及係食品藥物管理局(FDA)核准用於纖維肌痛的三種藥物之一。
米那普侖(Milnacipran)(達昔普蘭(Dalcipran)、鬱思樂(Ixel)、沙維樂(Savella))-顯示在治療憂鬱症與纖維肌痛方面具有顯著的效用。美國食品與藥物管理局(FDA)於2009年1月核准米那普侖在美國用於治療纖維肌痛,然而目前尚未核准在美國用於治療憂鬱症。數年來,米那普侖已在歐洲及亞洲市售。
左旋米那普侖(Levomilnacipran)(F2695)-米那普侖(milnacipran)的左旋異構物。正在美國與加拿大研發用於治療憂鬱症。
西布曲明(Sibutramine)(美利地(Meridia)、瑞達克堤(Reductil))係一種SNRI,其並非研發用於治療憂鬱症,而是廣泛行銷作為減重用的食慾抑制劑。
比西發定(Bicifadine)(DOV-220,075)係由DOV製藥公司推出,強力抑制血清素與去甲腎上腺素之再吸收(及在較小程度上抑制多巴胺之再吸收),但其研發並非意圖進入業已擁擠的抗憂鬱劑市場,而是研發作為一種非類鴉片、非類固醇類鎮痛劑。
SEP-227162係由賽普拉克(Sepracor)公司正研發用於治療憂鬱症之一種SNRI。
LY 2216684係由艾里莉麗(Eli Lilly)公司正研發用於治療憂鬱症之一種SNRI。
在本發明的特定方面可使用抗精神病藥物。抗精神病藥物(或精神抑制劑)係一種鎮靜性精神科用藥,主要用於管理精神病(包括妄想或幻覺以及思想紊亂),特別是精神分裂
症與躁鬱症。在1950年代發現第一代抗精神病藥物,其等被稱為典型的抗精神病藥物。被稱為非典型抗精神病藥物之第二代藥物中的大部分,係近期才研發出來,雖然最早的非典型抗精神病藥物即氯氮平(clozapine)係在1950年代研發出來,及在1970年使用在臨床上。該二代的用藥傾向於阻斷腦部多巴胺路徑中的受體,但抗精神病藥物涵蓋廣泛範圍的受體標的。
可能使用抗精神病藥物之常見病況包括精神分裂症、躁鬱症及妄想症。抗精神病藥物亦可能用於對抗與範圍廣泛的其他診斷相關之精神病,諸如精神病性憂鬱症。然而,並非所有的症狀皆需用重藥,僅當幻覺與妄想使病患窘迫或產生危險行為時才應加以治療。
此外,“抗精神病藥物”正日益用於治療非精神病性疾患。例如,其等有時用於標示以外之妥瑞氏(Tourette)症候群或自閉症系列疾患的管理方面。其等具有作為增強劑(即除了另一用藥之外)之多種標示以外的用途,例如用於“難治型”憂鬱症或OCD。儘管名稱如此,“抗精神病藥物”的標示以外用途,據稱涉及其等作為抗憂鬱劑、抗焦慮藥物、情緒穩定劑、認知增強劑、抗侵略性、抗衝動性、抗自殺性及催眠性(睡眠)用藥之用途。
抗精神病藥物已日益用於標示以外的老年人失智症病例中,及用於孩童與青少年的各種疾患與障礙。對於具有廣泛性發展障礙的兒童之調查發現,其中16.5%服用一抗精神病藥物,最常用於紓緩特徵在於煩躁不安、侵略性及躁
動之情緒與行為失調。近來,美國食品藥物管理局核准利司哌酮(risperidone)用於治療自閉症孩童與青少年之煩躁不安。
抗精神病藥物可包括第一代抗精神病藥物(典型抗精神病藥物),即丁醯苯類、啡噻類、硫雜蒽類;第二代抗精神病藥物(非典型抗精神病藥物);第三代抗精神病藥物,即大麻二酚(CBD)等。
抗精神病藥物有時係經由強制住院(醫院)或強制門診治療而作為強制治療的一部分。其可能涉及各種方法或實際的肢體力量,來說服一個體服用藥物。投藥作用可能仰賴可注射形式的藥物,而非錠劑。注射作用可為稱為儲存式注射之長效類型,通常施用在臀部上方。該等能以可注射形式取得者為氟哌啶醇(haloperidol)、奥氮平(olanzapine)及齊拉西酮(ziprasidone),而該等能以儲存形式取得者為氟哌啶醇(haloperidol)、氟哌噻噸(flupenthixol)、氯哌噻噸(clopenthixol)及利司哌酮(risperidone)。
非典型抗精神病藥物(AAP)(亦稱為第二代抗精神病藥物)係用於治療精神病況之抗精神病性鎮靜藥物群組。一些非典型抗精神病藥物係獲得美國食品藥物管理局核准用於治療精神分裂症。一些獲得美國食品藥物管理局核准用於急性躁狂、雙極性憂鬱症、精神病性躁動、雙極性維持之適應症及其他適應症。非典型抗精神病藥物可包括:氨磺必利(Amisulpride)(首利安(Solian))、阿立哌唑(Aripiprazole)(阿必立凡(Abilify))、阿塞那平(Asenapine)(莎弗利斯
(Saphris))、布南色林(Blonanserin)(榮納森(Lonasen))、氯噻平(Clotiapine)(安圖明(Entumine))、氯氮平(clozapine)(可致律(Clozaril))、伊洛哌酮(Iloperidone)(泛納普(Fanapt))、魯拉西酮(Lurasidone)(樂圖達(Latuda))、莫沙帕明(Mosapramine)(克列明(Cremin))、奥氮平(olanzapine)(再普樂(Zyprexa))、帕利哌酮(Paliperidone)(思維佳(Invega))、哌羅匹隆(Perospirone)(樂蘭(Lullan))、喹硫平(Quepin)(施倍法(Specifar))、喹硫平(quetiapine)(思樂康(Seroquel))、瑞莫必利(Remoxipride)(勒昔安(Roxiam))、利司哌酮(risperidone)(理思必妥(Risperdal))、舍吲哚(sertindole)(舒多樂特(Serdolect))、舒必利(sulpiride)(斯比樂(Sulpirid)、益隆尼(Eglonyl))、齊拉西酮(ziprasidone)(哲思(Geodon)、潔多思(Zeldox))、佐替平(Zotepine)(尼波里(Nipolept))、聯苯蘆諾(Bifeprunox)(DU-127,090)、匹莫范色林(Pimavanserin)(ACP-103)、戊卡色林(Vabicaserin)(SCA-136)。第三代抗精神病藥物可包括阿立哌唑(Aripiprazole)(阿必立凡(Abilify))或多巴胺的部分促效劑。
可在本發明的特定方面使用麻醉劑。麻醉劑(anesthetic)(或麻醉劑(anaesthetic),參見拼法差異)係引發麻醉即可逆性知覺喪失之一藥物。其等不同於鎮痛劑(止痛藥),鎮痛劑(止痛藥)係紓解疼痛而未喪失知覺。該等藥物之投藥一般為了方便手術之進行。在現代的麻醉操作中使用廣泛種類的藥物。其中多者很少用於麻醉以外的用途,雖然其他者係常用於所有科別。麻醉劑分為兩個類別:全
身麻醉劑,其引發可逆性意識喪失;及局部麻醉劑,其引發身體有限區域的可逆性知覺喪失及同時維持意識。有時因其等的協同與加成性治療效應而使用麻醉劑組合,然而亦可能增加不良效應。
局部麻醉劑係阻止神經脈衝傳導而不致於造成無意識狀態之藥劑。其等藉由從內部(在開啟狀態)與快速鈉離子通道結合而發揮作用。局部麻醉劑可為酯式或醯胺式。酯式局部麻醉劑(如普魯卡因(procaine)、阿美索卡因(amethocaine)、古柯鹼)一般在溶液中不安定及作用迅速,而過敏反應是常見的。局部麻醉劑的非限制性實例可包括普魯卡因(procaine)、阿美索卡因(amethocaine)、古柯鹼、利多卡因(lidocaine)(亦稱為利諾卡因(Lignocaine))、丙胺卡因(prilocaine)、布比卡因(bupivacaine)、左布比卡因(levobupivacaine)、羅哌卡因(ropivacaine)、甲哌卡因(mepivacaine)及二丁卡因(dibucaine)。醯胺式局部麻醉劑(如利多卡因(lidocaine)、丙胺卡因(prilocaine)、布比卡因(bupivacaine)、左布比卡因(levobupivacaine)、羅哌卡因(ropivacaine)、甲哌卡因(mepivacaine)及二丁卡因(dibucaine))一般具有熱安定性及貨架壽命長(2年左右)。相較於酯式麻醉劑,醯胺式麻醉劑的起效較慢及半衰期較長,及通常為外消旋混合物,除了左布比卡因(levobupivacaine)以外(左布比卡因係S(-)-布比卡因(bupivacaine))及羅哌卡因(ropivacaine)(S(-)-羅哌卡因)。該等藥劑通常用於區域性及硬膜外或脊椎技術,由於其等的
作用期間較長,而提供手術、生產及紓解症狀所需之充分的止痛作用。在脊椎內僅可注射無防腐劑的局部麻醉劑。
全身麻醉劑(anaesthetic)(或麻醉劑(anesthetic),參見拼法差異)係造成可逆性意識喪失之一藥物。該等藥物一般藉由麻醉供應者投藥,來引發或維持全身麻醉,而方便手術之進行。尚未充分瞭解全身麻醉劑作用的生物機制。藉由注射麻醉劑引發或維持無意識狀態。麻醉師傾向於使用靜脈內注射,因其等比肌內或皮下注射更加迅速,通常較不痛及更加可靠。其中使用最廣泛的藥物為:普洛福(propofol)、甲苄咪酯(etomidate)、巴比妥酸鹽類諸如美索比妥(methohexital)與戊硫代巴比妥(thiopentone)/硫噴妥(thiopental)、苯二氮平(Benzodiazepine)衍生物諸如咪達唑侖(midazolam)與K他命。
本發明的組成物具有數項用途。本發明可包括用於治療對於一種親脂性藥物治療敏感或有反應的一疾病之一種方法,其包括:以非經腸胃方式對於一病患投予一治療有效量之如上述的一種非經腸胃藥物組成物。
可治療的疾病或病況包括但不限於癌症、急性與慢性白血病、霍奇金氏(Hodgkin)與非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、骨髓增生性疾患、自體免疫疾病及建立意欲預備一病患進行造血源祖細胞移植的合併化學療法之基礎、傳染病、精神病性病況或疾病或控制症狀之需求。該組成物較佳藉由血管內方式投藥,但如特定臨床情況所決定,亦可經由脊椎內、體腔內(諸如腹膜內或胸腔內)及其他途徑投藥來治療局部
晚期疾病。在與一適宜的軟膏基混合或懸浮於其中後,亦可局部施用該組成物,諸如在周邊T細胞淋巴瘤之治療中,或在使用該組成物作為供抗傳染性組成物用的基礎溶劑系統之情況下,該抗傳染性組成物係適合局部投藥而達成對於局部傳染性或發炎病症之治療。該病患可為任一動物。該動物更佳為哺乳類動物,及最佳為人類。
如用於本申請案中之“治療有效量”一詞,係指添加而達成所欲的治療效應或另一效應如暫時達成症狀控制或者改變病患的意識水平之一足量的組成物。實際用量可能基於多種因素而有所不同,該等因素諸如醫學病況的類型、年齡、性別、健康狀態、病患的物種與重量及使用類型與使用期限,以及嫻淑技藝者所知的其他因素。
本發明的又一實施例係有關於以非經腸胃方式對於一病患投予一種親脂性藥劑之一種方法,其包括:1)提供一種有機溶劑形式之主要溶劑載劑;2)將溶解型藥學活性劑如白消安與一種次要疏水性/兩親性藥劑諸如PEG混合;3)較佳在真空中萃取該主要溶劑,而產生有利於該藥學活性劑與該聚合物PEG靜電結合之微環境,因而在真空萃取作用完成之後,使得該藥學活性劑仍與PEG結合或“溶解”於PEG中。其可阻止沉澱作用,及藉此產生一儲備調配物;4)將儲備調配物與一種次要稀釋劑混合而形成一輸注液;及5)對於病患投予含有該藥學活性劑的輸注液。主要有機溶劑較佳為丙酮。然而,除了丙酮之外,可使用許多其他有機溶劑諸如氯仿與二乙醚來形成主要稀釋劑,而不偏離
本發明的精神與範疇。
舉例而言,白消安式調配物可用於治療人類與動物中的惡性病與自體免疫疾病。可用白消安式療法控制某些惡性血液病一段較長的時間,特別當用於移植前調理療法中時,惡性血液病中最顯著的是骨髓性贅瘤,諸如CML、AML、MDS以及霍奇金氏(Hodgkin)與非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤。非毒性、藥學上可接受之水混溶性非經腸胃的白消安式調配物,消弭治療失敗的風險,該治療失敗係由於在不同程度上表徵口服標準製劑投藥作用之無法預知與不穩定的腸道吸收作用及首渡肝臟清除/代謝作用;及其避免目前目前唯一可取得的靜脈注射型白消安調配物中所用的DMA之無法預知與不穩定的毒性。新穎非經腸胃調配物的潛在效益不僅包括其副作用少於口服藥物所經歷者,因血管內投藥作用得以完全控制該藥物的生物可利用性與藥物動力學;亦避免白消安與DMA之無法預知的不良協同交互作用。在合併化學療法之情況下,其亦保障免於其他合併投藥的化療劑與DMA之間之可能及無法預知的不良交互作用。應注意到在所試驗的至少四種人類細胞株中,所產生的最終DMA濃度貢獻顯著的協同毒性,但可想見其亦為上述人類與動物環境設置中的正常器官毒性之情況。
本發明的其他例示性調配物可用於治療哺乳類動物中的真菌、酵母菌及黴菌感染,特別是念珠菌屬(Candida)、麴菌屬(Aspergillus)或毛黴目(Mucorales)感染。可由伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa)成功地控制特定的感染,其中最顯
著者係由組織漿菌屬(Histoplasma)物種與麴菌屬(Aspergillus)物種所引起,及在免疫受損病患中的白黴菌病治療方面另具有特別價值。新穎調配物,諸如非毒性、藥學上可接受之水混溶性的血管內伊曲康唑(Itra)或泊沙康唑(Posa)調配物,消弭治療失敗的風險,該治療失敗係由於在不同程度上表徵口服標準製劑投藥作用之無法預知與不穩定的腸道吸收作用及首渡肝臟清除/代謝作用。使用血管內投藥途徑/調配物之潛在效益,係在吞嚥能力受損及因此無法受益於口服營養的病重病患中最明顯,諸如例如在贅生性疾病的放射線及/或化學療法後罹患口腔與胃腸黏膜炎之病患,及在其中存在類似臨床難題之同種異體幹細胞移植後罹患胃腸移植物對抗宿主疾病之該等病患。所預期的效益亦包括臨床副作用係少於對應口服藥物調配物所經歷者,因血管內投藥作用得以完全控制生物可利用性及具有藥物的最佳化藥物動力學,及因此降低由於無用的藥物-藥物交互作用而起之副作用風險及因不完全的腸道吸收作用所導致之治療失敗,以及減少在腸道吸收作用異常高加上代謝藥物清除作用低的病患中之意外用藥過量。
新穎調配物亦可用於研究不同的投藥排程(如延長型靜脈內輸注作用及重複性靜脈內給藥),來最佳化親脂性藥物式療法諸如白消安式療法之治療效果,因現今已獲得白消安較高的安定性濃度(1至2毫克/毫升)及延長的安定性(在1毫克/毫升之供最終用途使用的調配物中之白消安在室溫的安定性係至少15小時)。此外,本發明使得有可能調查
親脂性藥劑諸如白消安或唑類藥物對抗各種全身性疾病之不同劑量排程的效益,而無來自無法預知的腸道藥物吸收作用及肝臟首渡效應之混淆性不良效應,該等不良效應係依任意方式影響口服投藥型藥物的代謝作用。
當擬進行劑量密集性排程時,新的非經腸胃製劑及尤其是不含DMA者之可取得性係特別受到關注,及尤其在嬰幼兒病患族群中,其中如生長受損及身體與智力發育遲緩所例證之副作用可能會更明顯。在該特定情況下,最重要之處係在於並無與溶劑系統相關的毒性及連同完全的白消安生物可利用性及精確的藥物動力學,以經由控制藥物的臨床不良效應廓型而確保最佳的病患安全性,同時最大化長期控制疾病之機會。
就傳染病而言,新穎調配物與方法可消除抗衡高度變化的腸道吸收作用之需要,經報導在罹患不同疾病及不同年齡層(Willems等人之2001年乙文)及該病患是否進食或禁食(Dodds-Ashley之2010年乙文;Willems等人之2001年乙文;Van de Velde等人之1996年乙文)的病患之間之腸道吸收作用有高度的變化,及該新穎調配物與方法亦紓解擔心所述及之在泊沙康唑(Posa)投藥作用後“可飽和的”腸道藥物吸收作用(Courtney等人之2003年乙文)之必要。當擬在免疫嚴重受損病患中進行劑量更密集性排程,來控制無法抵抗的疾病或感染時,諸如在造血幹細胞移植後之早期的竇肺麴菌病與白黴菌病,新穎的非經腸胃製劑之可取得性亦非常重要。尤其,最重要之處在於完全的藥物生物可利用性
與可預期的藥物動力學,以經由控制藥物的臨床副作用確保病患的安全性,同時在非常複雜的醫療狀況下,最大化迅速控制顯然危及生命、迅速惡化的傳染性併發症之機會,在該情況下迅速控制感染係非常關鍵。
納入下列實例係為了顯示本發明的較佳實施例。嫻淑技藝者應明瞭在下列實例中所揭露之技術,係代表本案發明者所發現及在實施本發明時運作良好之技術,及因而可視為構成其實施的較佳模式。然而,鑑於本揭露內容,嫻淑技藝者應瞭解在所揭露的特定實施例中可進行眾多變化及仍獲得一相近或類似的結果,而不偏離本發明的精神與範疇。
本實例顯示白消安(Bu)的安定性調配物之成功設計,其係使用非毒性及適用於非經腸胃投藥作用的溶劑載劑。計算所需的溶解度/安定性,及用高壓液相層析(HPLC)技術評估該等製劑。界定攸關人類與家畜中的非經腸胃(如由血管內或脊椎內或體腔內所代表)投藥作用之白消安在各種溶劑中的所欲溶解度與安定性,及測定白消安在生理上可接受的載劑中之溶解度。
如該等實例中所參照,製備較佳的白消安真空萃取型或真空蒸發型丙酮(VE-丙酮)/PEG/白消安(“初級儲備溶液”)如下:將10毫克/毫升的白消安溶於丙酮中,與PEG400混合
(體積/體積為1:2),然後在室溫及真空中萃取至少5小時。在室溫中,白消安在VE-丙酮/PEG中的安定性係繪製於第1a圖。在VE-丙酮/PEG中及在D5W中稀釋為0.5毫克/毫升及1毫克/毫升之白消安的安定性,係示於第1b圖中。
藉由從已知在人類中具有顯著抗腫瘤功效之劑量外推,而計算白消安的相關溶解度範圍。使用口服型白消安以及靜脈注射型DMA-白消安即唯一獲美國食品藥物管理局核准之非經腸胃的白消安調配物,進行該等臨床研究。所採用的白消安療法典型地每日開立2至10毫克範圍的口服劑量一次,直至獲得臨床抗腫瘤效應;或在CML的緩解性療法中,藉由白血球計數所判定之約20至40毫克/平方公尺體表面積(BSA)的間斷性劑量;或當用於HSCT前的調理療法時,在2至4天期間中,每6至24小時重複投藥。尚不清楚臨床上最有效/最佳的白消安劑量及排程,但據報導已有不同方式獲得成功。每日低劑量排程與間斷性的更密集劑量排程之劑量限制性毒性均為骨髓抑制作用。每日投予低劑量之長期投藥作用係與骨髓抑制作用的緩慢與隱伏性起始相關,其通常被認為是緩解性療法中之較安全與較佳的方式。
廣泛應用於移植前調理療法中之口服與靜脈注射型白消安的間斷性高劑量排程,係通常被認為取決於造血源祖細胞之支援,因該排程係清髓性。在移植前調理療法中,最常用的口服型白消安排程係在2至4天期間每6小時投予1
毫克/公斤的劑量,及總共投予8至16個劑量。因此,用於移植前調理療法之非經腸胃的DMA-白消安調配物的建議劑量,係每6小時以2小時期間投予0.8毫克/公斤,及總共投予16個劑量(Busulfex之2009年乙文)。移植前高劑量療法之劑量限制性毒性,係典型為黏膜炎、肝臟衰竭及泛發性癲癇的風險約為7至10%(Santos等人之1983年乙文;Tutschka等人之1987年乙文;Ciurea等人之2009年乙文;Blaise等人之1992年乙文;Devergie等人之1995年乙文;Hartman等人之1998年乙文;Socie等人之2001年乙文;Grochow之1989年乙文;Grochow之1993年乙文;Slattery等人之1997年乙文;Dix等人之1997年乙文;Marcus與Goldman之1984年乙文;Santos之1989年乙文;Vassal等人之1990年乙文;Vassal之1989年乙文;Martell等人之1987年乙文;Sureda之1989年乙文;Kashyap等人之2002年乙文;Thall等人之2004年乙文;Kim等人之2005年乙文;Lee等人之2005年乙文;Aggarwal等人之2006年乙文;Dean等人之2010年乙文;DeLeve等人之2002年乙文;Russell等人之2002年乙文;De Lima等人之2004年乙文;Andersson等人之2008年乙文)。與高劑量白消安投藥作用的副作用即泛發性癲癇發作相關之風險,係主要在於癲癇發作期間之(頭部)外傷及支氣管吸入胃的內容物。經由預防性使用苯二氮平類或二苯基乙內醯脲,可避免與白消安投藥作用相關之癲癇發作(Grigg之1989年乙文;Meloni等人之1995年乙文;Chan等人之2002年乙文;Hassan等人之1993年乙文)。白消安投藥排程亦可影響
癲癇風險。因此,延長的輸注排程提供較長的腫瘤細胞藥物暴露,同時避免突然升高的血漿峰值濃度,該血漿峰值濃度可能涉及引發更嚴重的神經副作用。本案發明者從該等觀察推導出,容許延長輸注作用之一種供最終用途使用之安定性調配物所具有的白消安濃度,最好應介於1與2毫克/毫升之間,而在每日一次的投藥排程中,限制短期間內所投予的總體積。
白消安在血液中的終端半衰期短,約為2至4小時,及延長的輸注作用將延長惡性組織暴露於藥物,同時降低血漿峰值藥物濃度,血漿峰值藥物濃度可能與嚴重的神經副作用更密切相關。
發現一溶劑系統,其可提供在室溫(RT)中長時間安定(>95%)之一種供使用的調配物。第1a圖係顯示在含有約5毫克/毫升的白消安之VE-丙酮/PEG(即原型溶劑載劑)的儲備調配物中,白消安在室溫(RT)中的安定性之一圖。將白消安溶於VE-丙酮/PEG的一溶劑載劑中,而且用具有10-20% PEG的D5W或D10W稀釋至適當濃度,或用生理食鹽水(NS)稀釋至1毫克/毫升,及其在室溫中安定至少15小時。示於第1a圖的結果顯示,在室溫維持至少60天時,該儲備調配物係安定的,並無不溶物或沉澱形成(在該特定研究的60天期間,該調配物維持完全地安定及並無沉澱)。在第1b圖中所示的研究表明,當用D5W稀釋該儲備調配物時,其在研究期間維持實質上100%安定性(在1毫克/毫升高達15小時,及在0.5毫克/毫升高達25小時)。溶於吾等的新
穎溶劑載劑中之疏水劑,係適用於延長(12小時左右)的輸注時間,然而該安定性還餘留時間,以方便在病患投藥前之藥劑室與醫療樓層的處理。例如,若所規劃的臨床(白消安)治療劑量係開立1至5毫克/公斤體重,理想者係達到1至2毫克/毫升之濃度。藥物(白消安)在VE-丙酮/PEG中之5至10毫克/毫升的儲備調配物,可容易與方便地在D5W或另一種含水輸注液中稀釋,而達到位於適宜的投藥體積中之適當的最終使用濃度。臨床醫師然後可選擇在短期或長期的時段內輸注該藥物,而不需要更換輸注袋;若該調配物在物理上不安或經歷迅速的化學降解作用則可能需要更換輸注袋。最後,臨床醫師將較不需顧慮藥劑室的例行服務時間是否容許一特定藥物投藥排程。
測定在數種個別載劑中的溶解度。簡言之,配製成粉末之一已知量的白消安(美國密蘇里州聖路易市的西克瑪(Sigma)公司)在室溫中,在1至4小時期間在個別溶劑中達到平衡。取出一等分試樣,加以過濾,而且在HPLC移動相(或乙腈)中稀釋,然後在一預定時間進行HPLC來測定溶解度。因白消安實質上不溶,同時在水中(在水存在下)迅速水解,本案發明者藉由檢視非水性有機溶劑來代替,及最終選擇丙酮作為較佳的第一溶劑。溶解10毫克/毫升的白消安(最大溶解度約為16毫克/毫升,參見第1表),及該初期的白消安-丙酮組成物隨後與PEG(體積/體積為1:2)混合。進一步檢視該次期組成物,來估算如何獲得適用於臨床情況下
之(安定性)儲備調配物。建立間斷性“高劑量”投藥作用或延長型輸注作用係較佳投藥模式之假設,即選擇一輸注排程,該排程將需要該溶劑載劑安定地溶解約5至10毫克/毫升的濃度。因已認知到在人類或家畜中例行地全身投予有機溶劑諸如丙酮或氯仿係可能不安全的,本案發明者研究藉由真空萃取作用去除有機溶劑(丙酮)。
本案發明者假設在室溫進行之真空輔助式萃取作用可產生一微環境,該微環境將促進疏水性藥物白消安與兩親性聚合物PEG之間的緊密靜電吸引,以使得在逐漸去除主要有機溶劑期間,不會發生藥學活性劑的沉澱作用。本案發明者進一步假設,該靜電結合作用將強至足以容許添加
一種次要水性稀釋劑,而不至於造成該藥學活性劑立即的物理沉澱作用或化學降解作用。因而,初期複合調配物(位於丙酮與PEG中的白消安)係在室溫中進行丙酮的真空萃取作用,而產生臨床儲備調配物(即白消安/VE-丙酮/PEG),其將與次要水性稀釋劑混溶,次要水性稀釋劑諸如生理食鹽水、5%或10%葡萄糖水(分別為D5W與D10W)或大豆脂質乳劑(美國紐澤西州皮派克(Peapack)的法瑪西亞(Pharmacia)公司之LiposynTM或IntralipidTM)。然後用次要水性稀釋劑稀釋該臨床儲備調配物,而得供臨床應用的安定性調配物。在供最終用途使用的該組成物中之所欲的白消安濃度範圍係0.5至2毫克/毫升,或更佳為1至2毫克/毫升,然後可依非經腸胃方式輸注白消安,而不需擔憂輸液過量或與總輸注體積有關的其他副作用。
最終,使用由單獨一種有機溶劑所組成之溶劑載劑(用於白消安與泊沙康唑(posaconazole))或由一種有機溶劑與少量的一種酸或一醇類諸如苄醇混合之溶劑載劑,來促進藥學活性劑(如伊曲康唑(itraconazole)或泊沙康唑(posaconazole))中的官能基之質子化作用,來改變該藥物的極性及暫時增加其在該揮發性有機溶劑中的溶解度,及藉此增加該藥學活性劑與次要的兩親性聚合性作用劑即PEG之間的靜電吸引,當添加PEG之情況下。可在環境溫度進行之主要有機溶劑如丙酮的後續真空輔助式萃取作用,將在立體上最佳化靜電吸引之條件,及阻止藥學活性劑的沉澱作用。
主要的有機溶劑載劑即丙酮容許濃度至少15毫克/毫升的白消安之完全溶解作用,及在與PEG混合及萃取丙酮之後,濃度約5至10毫克/毫升的白消安係安定地結合於PEG本身中。之後,本案發明者之記錄表明,在室溫中,白消安在白消安/VE-丙酮/PEG儲備調配物的溶液中維持安定至少60天(第1圖)。一旦用D5W重組之後,濃度為0.5至2毫克/毫升的最終臨床應用調配物係在室溫中維持安定至少15小時。
採用紫外線光譜中的螢光檢測之HPLC分析,係提供用於溶液中的低濃度白消安之一種正確與靈敏的檢測系統,該溶液同時包括不含蛋白質的混合物及含蛋白質的流體(即血漿)。不幸地,白消安係一種不含有發色團的小型分子。因此用二乙基二硫代胺基甲酸鹽(DDTC)將其衍生化,隨後容許進行紫外線光譜中之液相層析分離與檢測作用(Bhagwatwar等人之1996年乙文;Andersson之2000年乙文;Madden等人之2007年乙文;Chow等人之1997年乙文)。如下進行HPLC程序:將含白消安的溶液(500微升)與等量(500微升)的DDTC儲備溶液(於水中濃度為1.17 M)混合。將該混合物渦旋30秒,及在試管旋轉器(美國愛荷華州迪比克(Dubuque)的邦史黛國際(Barnstead International)公司)上旋轉5分鐘。用2毫升的乙酸乙酯從反應混合物中萃取衍生化白消安,接著在1000 x g離心10分鐘(美國麻州沃特翰
(Waltham)的熱電(Thermo Electron)公司)。從乙酸乙酯層取出500微升的等分試樣,及在真空蒸發器中蒸發至乾(美國德州休士頓的席曼崔克(Scimetrics)有限公司)。殘餘物係藉由與250微升的移動相在渦旋機上混合1分鐘而重組,及進行HPLC。
自西克瑪(Sigma)公司(美國密蘇里州聖路易市)取得白消安(Bu)、二乙基二硫代胺基甲酸鈉(DDTC)及伊曲康唑(itraconazole)。自飛世爾科技(Fisher Scientific)公司(美國賓州匹茲堡市)購得聚乙二醇400(PEG400)、乙酸乙酯、乙腈及四氫呋喃。所有化學品皆為HPLC級,除非另有說明。在德州大學安德森醫師(MD Anderson)癌症中心之實驗治療學系的藥物化學核心實驗室,從市售的臨床用途調配物(供口服用的NoxafilTM懸浮液)萃取與純化泊沙康唑(posaconazole)。
HPLC系統包括:一分析管柱(美國麻州米爾福德(Milford)的沃特世(Waters)公司之具有4微米珠的150毫米x3.9毫米諾華-派克(Nova-pak)C18);一自動採樣器(沃特世(Waters)模式717 plus自動採樣器;設定輸送1.2毫升/分鐘之一泵(沃特世(Waters)模式600E系統控制器);及設定在254奈米之一紫外線檢測器(模式沃特世(Waters)TM 486可調式吸光度檢測器)。等位移動相係比例為11:4:5的乙腈、四
氫呋喃及水之混合物。在HPLC注入30微升的體積,以進行白消安的定量分析。在0.1至20微克/毫升的白消安濃度範圍內,HPLC分析法呈現線性關係。就白消安而言,移動相的流速為1.2毫升/分鐘;而就伊曲康唑(Itra)及泊沙康唑(Posa)而言,移動相的流速為1.0毫升/分鐘。該分析系統係根據先前針對白消安所建立的萃取作用及HPLC經驗(Bhagwatwar等人之1996年乙文;Andersson等人之2002年乙文;Madden等人之2007年乙文;Martin與Matzke之1982年乙文;Chow等人之1997年乙文)。
真實的白消安層析圖之實例係示於第3圖,其顯示來自安定性研究之層析圖。
HPLC條件係如第1例所述。在該等圖中,所分析的藥物係來自安定性研究,其中將白消安溶於原型VE-丙酮/PEG調配物中,及使用D5W作為最終溶劑而分別稀釋至0.5毫克/毫升與1毫克/毫升。在採用諾華-派克(Nova-pak)C18管柱之上述條件下,HPLC滯留時間約為2.5至3分鐘。在不含蛋白質的溶液中,亦即就調配物可行性與安定性研究中所採用的溶劑系統而言,該分析係自至少0.1微克/毫升至超過20微克/毫升呈現線性關係(第2圖、第2表)。第2圖係白消安濃度相對於安定性研究中所用HPLC分析中所獲得的曲線下面積(AUC)之標準曲線。X軸係顯示以微克/毫升為單位之濃度,及Y軸係顯示AUC。在小鼠的藥理學研究中,酌情製作類似的標準曲線。
該HPLC分析法持續產生高回收率與準確性,及初始的靈敏度下限約1微克/毫升,但藉由微調該技術以及增加HPLC中的注射體積至超過起初所用的30微升,能將靈敏度下限以可再現性方式提高至約25奈克/毫升之一致性定量下限,及絕對檢測之最低下限約為5至10奈克/毫升(Bhagwatwar等人之1966年乙文;Chow等人之1997年乙文;Andersson之2000年乙文;Madden等人之2007年乙文)。將該HPLC技術標準化及用於所有的安定性研究,而不再進一步修改。就血漿藥理學研究而言,在層析圖中出現內源性
血漿蛋白質所衍生的尖峰,使得有必要增加萃取/純化步驟;其係藉由添加二體積的乙腈而使蛋白質沉澱,接著如所述進行離心與分析而完成。
HPLC系統係從Woestenborghs等人(1987年)乙文改良,而且修改供泊沙康唑(Posa)之用(Notheis等人之2006年乙文;Courtney等人之2003年乙文;Jang等人之2010年乙文)。其使用上述用於分析白消安之相同的基本設備設置;因此,泵的流速係設為1.0毫升/分鐘。就個別唑類之檢測而言,伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa)係設於261奈米。等位移動相係水中的60%乙腈加上0.05%二乙胺之混合物。在HPLC管柱中注入10微升的標準化體積,以進行個別唑類的定量作用。這簡要地概述了HPLC所使用的參數分析。
伊曲康唑(Itra)的滯留時間為4.7至5.5分鐘,而泊沙康唑(Posa)的滯留時間為2.5至3.0分鐘。如所預期,其依所分析的特定唑類化合物而有所不同。採用紫外線光譜中的螢光檢測之HPLC分析,係提供用於溶液中的低濃度伊曲康唑(Itra)(唑類化合物)之一種正確與靈敏的檢測系統,該溶液同時包括不含蛋白質的混合物及含蛋白質的流體(諸如臨床上所獲得的試樣如血漿)。基於唑類分子固有的吸光與發射極值,檢測作用係選擇波長261。其係依所檢視的特定唑類類似物而有所不同,在此所用的二種原型藥劑即伊曲康唑(Itra)及泊沙康唑(Posa),能可靠地在261奈米檢測。
所有化學品皆為HPLC級,除非另有說明。吾等的分析系統係以先前所建立用於伊曲康唑(Itra)的HPLC方法論為基礎(Woestenborghs等人之1987年乙文)。
當分析血漿試樣中的伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa)時,為了避免層析圖中來自內源性血漿蛋白質之分析干擾,使用乙腈沉澱蛋白質物質而進行一萃取/純化步驟。簡言之,藉由添加乙腈,使得血漿:乙腈的至最終體積比為1:2,而將血漿蛋白質沉澱。將混合物渦旋30秒,及在艾本德(Eppendorff)微量離心機中在14,000 rpm離心5分鐘。將含有伊曲康唑(Itra)之去除蛋白質的上清液注入HPLC中,來測定藥物濃度。
來自HPLC分析之真實的伊曲康唑(Itra)層析圖實例,係示於第12與13圖。第12圖描繪由(不含蛋白質)安定性研究中之HPLC分析所獲得的層析圖。所注射的試樣體積為10微升。HPLC條件係如上述。在該等圖中,所分析的藥物係來自安定性研究,其中將伊曲康唑(Itra)溶於原型溶劑載劑(a)中,而且使用D5W作為最終稀釋劑(b)進行稀釋。在採用諾華-派克(Nova-pak)C18管柱之上述條件下,HPLC滯留時間為4.7至5.5分鐘。在不含蛋白質的溶液中,亦即就調配物可行性與安定性研究中所採用的各種溶劑系統,該分析係自0.1微克/毫升至100微克/毫升呈現線性關係。
第14圖描繪來自藥理學研究中的伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa)血漿分析之層析圖。數據係示於下列第3表。
該HPLC分析法持續產生高回收率與準確性,及靈敏度下限約10至20奈克/毫升,該靈敏度下限對於所規劃的實驗而言係足夠的。將該HPLC技術標準化及用於所有的安定性研究,而不再進一步修改,除非因分析不同的唑類類似物而有需要。
唑類非經腸胃調配物-亦配製用於與VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W進行非經腸胃輸注之唑類抗生素伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa),及在VE-丙酮/PEG中之濃度為4毫克/毫升時的安定性係示於第9圖中。之後,當用D5W稀釋至2毫克/毫升的最終濃度時,其等在室溫中維持安定至少15小時(第10圖)。該等新穎唑類調配物保有對抗麴菌屬(Aspergillus)與毛黴菌屬(Mucor)物種的所選擇菌株之完整的抗真菌活性(第11圖與第4表)。
以第4表中的類似方式,試驗其他黴菌物種。所試驗的麴菌屬(Aspergillus)菌株係新的薰煙麴菌(Aspergillus fumigatus)[來自病患AF 040 511之LAB-A]。所試驗的接合菌係新的假根毛黴屬(Rhizomucor)物種[Lab-Z係自病患RM 041511所衍生]。所試驗的藥物濃度範圍是150、25、12、6、3、1.5、0.75、0.38、0.19、0.09、0.04及0(對照組)微克/毫升。使用供絲狀真菌所用之標準方法(CLSI,M38A標準),設置感受性試驗。使用崔克診斷(Trek Diagnostics)公司之批號152274SA與過期日期為2011年8月的單酵母菌(YeastOne)培養基。在食鹽水中製備82%感染作用之薰煙麴菌(Aspergillus fumigatus)LAB-A接種體。在食鹽水中製備80%感染作用之接合菌(LabZ)接種體。供應位於載劑中之1.5毫克/毫升的伊曲康唑(Itra)。供應位於載劑中之2.0毫克/毫升的泊沙康唑(Posa)。頭24小時係在33℃培養接合菌,以確立其生長。在48小時的MIC結果為:麴菌屬(Aspergillus)LAB-A在48小時所顯示對於新穎溶劑中的伊曲康唑(Itra)之MIC為0.09微克/毫升;麴菌屬(Aspergillus)LAB-A在48小時所顯示對於新穎溶劑中的泊沙康唑(Posa)之MIC為0.04微克/毫升;接合菌LAB-Z在48小時所顯示對於新穎溶劑中的伊曲康唑(Itra)之MIC為0.2微克/毫升;接合菌LAB-Z在48小時所顯示對於新穎溶劑中的泊沙康唑(Posa)之MIC為0.04微克/毫升。結果顯示所有生長對照組在48小時為正向及與所預期者相當。在各藥物濃度,並無四重覆之孔是分歧的。
在該實例中,評估適於人類投藥作用之白消安與唑類(泊沙康唑(Posa))的安定性調配物。確立白消安與泊沙康唑(Posa)在複合溶劑載劑中之化學與物理安定性。此外,使用生理食鹽水或D5W±20% PEG作為最終稀釋劑,確立白消安與泊沙康唑(Posa)在該等複合溶劑載劑中的溶解度。該實例亦研究個別調配物之試管內細胞毒性與抗真菌性質,包括其等的溶血潛力、對抗人類惡性細胞株與黴菌分離株之細胞毒性/抗真菌活性,而確立該溶劑系統係適用於非經腸胃投藥作用,該投藥作用係作為用於惡性或自體免疫性疾病以及對抗人類與其他哺乳類動物的真菌/黴菌感染之療法,而不損及個別藥劑類型的治療性質。
在室溫(RT)中,將白消安與泊沙康唑(Posa)溶於不同溶劑中60分鐘,及在14,000 rpm以上離心1分鐘。然後使用HPLC分析上清液,來測定白消安/泊沙康唑的最大溶解度。白消安在不同的主要溶劑中之溶解度有顯著差異(第1表)。使用DMA、DMSO及丙酮達到高的平衡溶解度(高於15毫克/毫升)。在DMSO中,白消安迅速開始降解,證實吾等有關DMSO的硫基在長時間暴露時將與白消安反應之憂慮。辨識出一有機溶劑(如丙酮或氯仿或DMA)代替作為較佳的主要溶劑載劑。因為對於使用氯仿及/或DMA作為主要溶劑之毒性關切(Dwivedi之2002年乙文;VICH指導委員會之2010年參考文獻;美國食品與藥物管理局之2010年參考
文獻;環境健康危害評估處之2010年參考文獻),本案發明者繼續進行以丙酮作為較佳的主要溶劑之研究。白消安可安定地溶解(在室溫中至少7天)於丙酮與DMA中,但一旦溶解後,白消安-丙酮混合物無法在不產生立即沉澱之情況下,用含水輸注液稀釋而容許進行非經腸胃投藥作用。因此在第二步驟中,本案發明者採用一種改良的共溶方法(Spiegel與Noseworthy之1963年乙文;Yalkowsky等人之1981年乙文)。
本案發明者假設,因為白消安具有高親脂性/疏水性,作為主要有機溶劑的丙酮合併一種次要疏水性/兩親性載體之組合,將使得白消安受到來自該次要聚合性載體化合物(如PEG)之靜電吸引。本案發明者進一步指出,藉由輕緩地去除主要(揮發性)有機溶劑,本案發明者將產生一微環境,該微環境在立體上容許逐漸增加複合體中的溶解型白消安與載體分子(如PEG)的靜電吸引/結合作用;此外,該複合體具有充分的安定性而容許用一種含水輸注液稀釋該藥物複合體,而不引起該藥學活性劑(在該實例中為白消安或泊沙康唑(Posa))立即的化學降解作用或物理沉澱作用。藉由增加一個真空萃取步驟,將促進丙酮之去除,而丙酮的高揮發性/低沸點將有助於該真空萃取步驟。本案發明者進一步假設,因PEG係即可溶於水,其兩親性性質將使其成為適宜的“載體物質”。所產生的藥物/VE-丙酮/PEG複合體然後可在水或一種含水輸注液諸如D5W或D10W或生理食鹽水(NS)中稀釋而不產生沉澱,容許其經由非經腸胃投
藥作用而用於醫學用途。VE-丙酮方法的附加效益,係在於本案發明者可盡量減少領受者對於主要有機溶劑載劑之終極暴露。
最初,重要之處在於說明白消安/丙酮/PEG混合物的短期安定性。有必要確定是否可採用真空萃取步驟,而不造成白消安的不當化學降解作用。在室溫中培養位於丙酮/PEG400(體積/體積為1:2)中的白消安(5毫克/毫升),及在0、1、2、4、8及24小時後藉由HPLC定量。其次,本案發明者證實白消安在VE-丙酮/PEG/白消安複合體中具有安定性。因此,為測定長期安定性,將白消安溶於丙酮(10毫克/毫升)中,然後與PEG400(體積/體積比例為1:2)混合。在室溫(RT)中,在真空中萃取混合物中的丙酮。將密封管中的VE-丙酮/PEG400/白消安儲存於室溫或37℃達2個月。最後,將VE-丙酮/PEG400/D5W(體積/體積/體積為0:40:60)之供最終用途使用的調配物中的白消安(1毫克/毫升)置於室溫中培養,及在0、1、2、4、8及15小時藉由HPLC分析測定短期安定性。在安定性研究中,在適當稀釋試樣之後,在所有時間點用HPLC進行三重複試樣之定量分析。
PEG-400、PG、生理食鹽水、D5W及20%大豆脂質乳化液(IntralipidTM)並沒有產生任何顯著濃度的溶解型藥物(在室溫中60分鐘後係0.2毫克/毫升)。因此不考慮使用後者作為主要溶劑之進一步研究。
如下例如使用白消安/VE-丙酮/PEG調配物,及使用D5W作為原型最終稀釋劑,研究擬供非經腸胃用的各種調配物之物理與化學安定性。
將濃度約10毫克/毫升的白消安溶於丙酮本身或溶於VE-丙酮/PEG(原型儲備溶劑載劑)中,及在室溫(22℃)及在37℃培養。在溶解作用後立即採樣的試樣中,藉由HPLC測量所產生的白消安濃度;然後在8小時期間內,每隔數小時測量一次;然後在至多60天期間內,逐漸增加測量的時間間隔。
總而言之,在較佳的原型溶劑系統(白消安/VE-丙酮/PEG載劑)中的白消安具有極佳安定性:藉由HPLC分析得知,在室溫中60天時,95%的白消安仍完好無損。從現有的數據推導出,所述最終溶劑載劑中的白消安與泊沙康唑(Posa)所具有的安定性,係足以供例行臨床使用。
供最終用途使用之調配物亦應具有極微的溶血潛力,因該終端用途調配物/輸液僅含有白消安與PEG作為待輸注的重要溶質,亦即其基本上是D5W及具有中等量的PEG(體積/體積為40%)作為其主要添加劑。使用Parthasarathy等人之程序來檢視數種所選擇調配物的溶血潛力,及如先前所述建立最佳調配物的LD50數值(Parthasarathy等人之1994年乙文)。簡言之,將肝素化血液與等體積的奧耳塞佛氏(Alsever)溶液混合(Alsever與Ainslie之1941年乙文)。在PBS中清洗該混合物二次,然後製備10%(每單位體積之體積
(v/v))的紅血球/PBS溶液,及與添加或未添加D5W及具有或不具有白消安之遞增量的PEG(實質上為VE-丙酮/PEG原型載劑)混合。所產生的混合物於37℃培養4小時。在培養結束時,在艾本德(Eppendorf)微量離心機中,以10,000 x g將細胞沉澱,在生理食鹽水中清洗二次之後,使用蒸餾水將細胞沉澱物懸浮與裂解。在波長550奈米以分光光度方式測量上清液中的血紅素釋出作用(即溶血作用)。對照已藉由低滲透休克裂解的參考紅血球溶液,測量最大裂解作用。如所述(Parthasarathy等人之1984年乙文)評估載劑及供最終用途使用的完整調配物(白消安/VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W)之溶血潛力。結果係以完整無損的紅血球分率相對於溶劑載劑的濃度(總體積百分比)之方式繪製。總體積百分比係界定為在添加紅血球懸浮液後之混合物中之溶劑系統的體積百分比。其係模擬在非經腸胃投藥作用後,該藥物調配物在血流中的稀釋作用。完整無損的健康紅血球係界定為在與具有或不具有白消安的溶劑載劑混合之後,可將其等的血紅素留置在細胞內之該等紅血球。
當使用具有或不具有白消安之供應用的完整載劑時,供最終用途使用的調配物所顯示引發溶血之能力係微不足道。具白消安依賴性的裂解作用勉強超過背景水平,同時需達100微克/毫升或更高的藥物濃度,其係比每日以3小時的輸注作用投藥白消安一次之臨床情況所預期的最高濃度(所預期的峰值濃度係低於5微克/毫升)高許多倍(Russell等人之2002年乙文;De Lima等人之2004年乙文;Madden等
人之2007年乙文)。在不同分析之間,白消安特異性溶血作用係具有高度重複性。由使用完整的最終用途溶劑載劑±白消安之重複性實驗所得之數據,係概述於第4圖中,其以圖式方式說明具有白消安之供應用的VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W調配物及不具有白消安之同一調配物(單獨“溶劑”)之(缺乏)溶血潛力,如圖式中所示。當該溶劑係與包括但不限於唑類化合物的任擇藥劑混合時,單獨溶劑的曲線亦顯示非常低的溶血潛力。X軸係顯示以微克/毫升為單位之濃度。Y軸係顯示溶血百分比。最後,在小鼠實驗獲得供血漿濃度分析的血液試樣之同時,當平行進行尿液試樣之評估達至多4小時之際,發現在活體內注射10毫克/公斤後並無溶血跡象。
總之,白消安/VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W完整輸注液具有非常低的溶血潛力,及對於人類非經腸胃(血管內以及脊椎內或體腔內)投藥作用而言應是完全安全的。
針對人類骨髓性白血病細胞株KBM-3與KBM-7/B5以及OCI-AML3,測定具有與不具有白消安之所選擇的較佳溶劑系統之細胞毒性潛力(Andersson等人之1993年乙文;Andersson等人之1987年乙文;Andersson等人之1995年乙文;Wang等人之1991年乙文)。簡言之,讓持續生長中的細胞暴露於藥物,然後讓細胞沉澱,之後將其等以2x105/毫升再懸浮於完整的細胞培養基中,及將試樣等分(20,000/孔)於96孔式平皿中,在37℃培養4天,及藉由MTT分析法分析
(Mosmann之1983年乙文)。圖形分析包括計算IC50及使用Prism4(美國加州聖地牙哥的GraphPad軟體有限公司)繪製生存率圖表。使用平行暴露於溶劑系統與培養基本身之細胞作為負對照組,及使用暴露於DMA(最終濃度0.08%體積/體積)之細胞作為正對照組,而與DMA-白消安調配物進行細胞毒性作用之比較。
在對抗該等實驗中所用任一細胞株之白消安的最高試驗濃度所達到之濃度,所檢視的溶劑系統VE-丙酮/PEG並未展現任何可檢測到的毒性(負對照組,未顯示數據)。當在細胞中添加濃度遞增之供最終用途所用的白消安調配物時,具濃度依賴性的細胞毒性係明顯的(第5圖)。當相較於平行暴露於溶於DMSO中的白消安之細胞(正對照組),白消安在供應用的調配物中保有完整的細胞毒性活性。有意思之處在於在該等實驗中,DMA-白消安調配物展現顯著較高的細胞毒性活性(第6圖);該活性係高於加成性細胞毒性所能解釋者,及表示在所檢視的所有細胞株中之白消安與DMA之間的明顯協同作用(Chou與Talalay之1984年乙文)。該項觀察引發吾等後續檢視單獨DMA是否展現顯著與可測量的細胞毒性活性。對於AML細胞株KBM-3與OCI-AML3而言,DMA溶劑係具有高度毒性,而對於CML系KBM-7及其具白消安抗性的亞系B5/Bu250-6亦具有顯著的細胞毒性活性,第5(c)圖。可想見地,該(無法預知)的DMA相關毒性可能顯著促成領受DMA-白消安調配物之臨床風險,因DMA的一般器官效應可能與細胞株中所觀察到者平行。該
項假設進一步獲得職業危害文獻之支持,及獲得來自DMA作為抗癌化合物的評估研究之現有毒性數據之支持(Choi等人之2001年乙文;Weiss等人之1962年乙文a;Weiss等人之1962年乙文b),以及獲得在囓齒動物與兔類動物中的DMA相關胚胎毒性研究之支持(Malley等人之1995年乙文;Kennedy之1986年乙文;Klimisch與Hellwig之2000年乙文;Okuda等人之2006年乙文;Valentine等人之1997年乙文;Kennedy之2001年乙文)。最後,先前DMA-白消安的試管內研究顯示,在人類白血病細胞中之DMA與白消安之間的協同性細胞毒性(Sadeghi等人之1999年乙文)。
測定具有與不具有伊曲康唑(Itra)之所選擇的溶劑系統對抗酵母菌與不同黴菌物種的數種分離株之抗微生物/抗真菌潛力。研究結果證實伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa)保有抗真菌活性(第4表)。變體溶劑系統本身對於黴菌與酵母菌的增生作並無任何用效應(第11圖)。
試驗藥物的稀釋範圍為38微克/毫升至0.03微克/毫升。
生長對照組(負對照組即僅在培養基中生長之真菌)展現極佳的生長。在具有溶劑載劑及不具有藥物的培養基中生長之念珠菌屬(Candida),亦展現極佳的生長。
用48小時的標準讀出,試驗二種透明黴菌:試驗藥物範圍:75微克/毫升至0.07微克/毫升
為進一步測定新調配物系統中之化合物的抗真菌活性,本案發明者調查不同藥劑對抗毛黴菌屬(Mucor)與麴菌
屬(Aspergillus)(假根毛黴屬(Rhizomucor)係來自一病患分離株之臨床分離株)的附加菌株之功效,及所用的薰煙麴菌(Aspergillus fumigatus)(ATCC菌株90906)係如先前所述。再次,使用標準化試驗方法(CLSI M38A)設置感受性試驗。所用藥物係在所述供最終用途使用的調配物VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W中提供。所有藥物係在RPMI-Mops培養基中稀釋:先德(Sensititer)公司之單酵母菌(YeastOne)培養基(批號151416SA及過期日期為2011年)。
如上述,用48小時之標準讀出,試驗二種不同的黴菌:藥物稀釋範圍為75微克/毫升至0.07微克/毫升。
所有黴菌生長對照組,包括具有溶劑載劑但不添加唑類藥物之對照組,其在並無前述抑制作用的情況下生長。
Itra*之說明如上。
簡言之,使用標準化方法(CLSI M38A)設置感受性試驗。在RPMI-Mops培養基(單酵母菌(Yeast One)培養液(美國俄亥俄州克里夫蘭的崔克診斷系統(Trek Diagnostic Systems)公司之先德(Sensititer)產品Y3462),先德(Sensititer)公司批號為151416SA及過期日為2011年)中,稀釋該等藥
物。試驗酵母菌的二種不同菌株,在各培養作用開始24小時後,進行標準化評估作用/讀出。重複進行該等試驗二次,及所測定的所有MIC數值(最低抑制濃度)係二個實驗之平均。
本實例顯示可使用定量萃取技術及HPLC分析法,將較佳溶劑載劑中及與血漿混合之白消安與唑類抗真菌抗生素,以原本/完整的藥物形式回收,及該等藥物在投藥後,係在細胞毒性/抑制真菌濃度範圍維持安定達數小時。其進一步顯示一較佳的白消安調配物在非經腸胃投藥至小鼠後之初步血漿藥物動力學,係符合依據已發表的口服型與靜脈注射型白消安藥理學可預期者(Slattery等人之1997年乙文;Dix等人之1996年乙文;Hassan之2000年乙文;Hassan之1989年乙文;Bhagwatwar等人之1996年乙文;Andersson之2000年乙文;Andersson等人之2002年乙文;Russell等人之2002年乙文;De Lima等人之2004年乙文;Madden等人之2007年乙文;Busulfex之2009年乙文)。
將1毫升的人類血漿與不同量之改變劑型的白消安(小於最終體積的3%)混合,而得自1至10微克/毫升的藥物濃度範圍(供使用的調配物白消安/VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W係由原型溶劑載劑與D5W製成,所具有的白消安濃度為1.0毫克/毫升)。從血漿試樣萃取該藥物,及如第1例所述藉由HPLC進
行分析。簡言之,將1體積的血漿與1體積的乙腈混合,該等試樣在渦旋混合後進行離心,以將血漿蛋白質沉澱,否則血漿蛋白質將在層析圖中產生干擾峰。然後用DDTC將上清液衍生化,及用乙酸乙酯萃取。在蒸發-重組之後,如上述藉由使用254奈米螢光檢測作用之HPLC,分析白消安。當使用諾華-派克(Nova-pak)管柱(參見第1例)時,白消安在該系統中的滯留時間為2.5至3.0分鐘。從摻入10微克/毫升的血漿中所回收的白消安經計算約為90至100%(數據在文件上)。該分析法在自約25奈克/毫升至至少20微克/毫升之區間係呈線性關係,當在層析法中注入100微升時之檢測極限係約為5至10奈克/毫升。就藥理學實驗(未顯示)例行地製備自0.10微克/毫升至10微克/毫升範圍之標準曲線,及在實際血漿白消安濃度與所測得的AUC數值之間獲得良好的線性相關(r=.99)。
在活體內藥理學實驗中使用體重25至30克的瑞士韋伯斯特(Webster)小鼠(美國德州休士頓的哈倫-史普瑞格-道利(Harlan-Sprague-Dawley)公司)。在抵達之後,讓動物有至少3至4天的時間適應新環境,及在實驗之前及實驗期間讓小鼠自由取食市售飼料與高氯化、逆滲透純化水。動物籠舍設施係符合USDA、NIH及DHHS之規定。
使用劑量為10毫克/公斤體重之白消安作為一適當與代表性單一劑量,其可在3至4分鐘期間以緩慢式靜脈內大量注射作用投藥。
在原型VE-丙酮/PEG載劑中配製白消安而達約10毫克/毫升的儲備濃度,然後用D5W稀釋至1毫克/毫升與2毫克/毫升(在重複實驗中),以使得在尾靜脈中分別以約250微升與125微升的體積注射10毫克/公斤之總劑量。在投藥之前,藉由HPLC確認供最終用途使用的調配物之白消安濃度。
在該等實驗中,並未在動物中使用抗痙攣性預防用藥,以避免可能引發肝臟微粒體酵素,肝臟微粒體酵素可將白消安代謝作用改質。基於同樣的原因,動物在藥物注射期間未麻醉,只以物理方式約束而已。
在愛沙氟倫(Isoflurane)引發的全身性麻醉下,經由心臟採血取得血液試樣(0.5至1.0毫升)。在藥物輸注之前(“空白”)及藥物注射後5分鐘至4小時之選定的時間點,在預肝素化管中抽取該等試樣,以用於測定白消安濃度。血液係於1,000 x g離心10分鐘,將血漿移出及在萃取與藉由HPLC分析之前儲存於-80℃。
(a)摻入白消安的血漿及(b)從目前藥物動力學研究所獲得的一血漿試樣之真實的層析圖係示於第7圖。第7圖顯示在新原型調配物中摻入10微克/毫升的白消安之一血漿試樣,及該圖亦顯示來自藥理學研究之層析圖,其中在小鼠中注射10毫克/公斤的白消安。後者之層析圖係來自在藥物注射後20分鐘所抽取之一試樣。
所得的數據顯示,新穎的白消安溶劑載劑在注射10毫克/公斤體重後產生可檢測到之具細胞毒性的白消安血漿
濃度。第8圖係在約3至4分鐘的時間靜脈注射10毫克/公斤的白消安後,顯示血漿濃度隨時間變化之一圖。X軸係顯示以分鐘為單位之注射後之時間。Y軸係顯示以微克/毫升血漿為單位之白消安濃度,其表觀末端的白消安半衰期係位於2.5至3.5小時之範圍。對於注射作用的耐受度皆良好,及在立即的4小時觀察期間並未遇到可察知的不良效應。
總而言之,數據顯示本發明之新穎的藥學上可接受、安定的白消安調配物,可安全地用於非經腸胃投藥作用。較佳的溶劑載劑係在生理上與血管內投藥作用相容,及其使用顯示對於該溶劑載劑中的白消安之注射作用的接受度良好,及在小鼠模式中之急性溶劑系統毒性不顯著。基於與吾等試管內細胞毒性實驗之比較,及與使用口服型白消安(Slattery等人之1997年乙文;Dix等人之1996年乙文;Hassan之2000年乙文;Hassan之1989年乙文;Vassal之1994年乙文;Hassan等人1994)或使用DMA-白消安(Andersson之2000年乙文;Andersson等人之2002年乙文;Russell等人之2002年乙文;De Lima等人之2004年乙文;Madden等人之2007年乙文)之先前數項研究所獲得的數據之比較,在小鼠靜脈注射10毫克/公斤體重的該調配物所產生之白消安血漿濃度,係維持在細胞毒性範圍達數小時。
使用供最終用途使用的調配物VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W所獲得的數據最終證明,現今在惡性與自體免疫疾病之臨床療法的非經腸胃投藥作用中採用白消安是可行的,及並無作為溶劑載劑的賦形劑組分之DMA的附加毒性。可預期這會
大幅提高白消安式細胞毒性治療方案之安全性。最後亦可由該等結果合理預期來自該溶劑載劑之不顯著的正常器官毒性。尤其,用該新的溶劑載劑可能可避免目前可取得的DMA-白消安調配物仍偶爾經歷的嚴重肝腎與中樞神經系統毒性。
新穎的溶劑系統將顯著提高白消安式療法的臨床安全性,及使其可能最佳化該重要藥物在治療癌症與自體免疫疾患之用途。尤其,本發明的實施例可用於調理在HSCT之前進行合併性化療之病患。
鑑於本揭露內容,可製成與執行本文中所揭露及申請專利之所有組成物及/或方法,而無過度之實驗。雖然已在較佳實施例中說明本發明的組成物與方法,嫻淑技藝者將明瞭在該等組成物及/或方法及在本文中所述方法的步驟中或在步驟順序中可有所變化,而不偏離本發明的觀念、精神與範圍。更詳細地,將明瞭可用在化學上與生理上同時相關的特定藥劑來取代本文中所述之該等藥劑,及達成相同或相近的結果。對於嫻淑技藝者而言顯而易見之所有該等類似的取代物及改質作用,皆視為位於本發明的觀念、精神與範圍內。
AAALAC-國際實驗動物管理評估及認證協會
ALT-丙胺酸轉胺酶。
奧耳塞佛氏(Alsever)溶液-位於氯化鈉中的檸檬酸之標準化溶液(Alsever與Ainslie之1941年乙文)
AML-急性骨髓性白血病。
AST-天門冬胺酸鹽轉胺酶。
ATCC-美國馬里蘭州洛克維爾(Rockville)之美國菌種保存中心。
ATG-抗胸腺細胞球蛋白。
AUC-曲線下面積,該詞係指層析圖中之一峰的實際測得面積,及亦指在一藥物投藥至動物或人類數小時後之血漿濃度相對於時間曲線下的面積。
BSA-體表面積。
Bu-1,4-丁二醇二甲磺酸酯、丁烷-1,4-二基二甲磺酸酯;C6H14O6S2、白消安(busulfan)
BW-體重。
Clo-氯法拉濱(clofarabine)。
CLSI M38A標準-臨床與實驗室標準協會M38A(用於絲狀黴菌之標準化感受性試驗)。
CML-慢性骨髓性白血病。
Cy-環磷醯胺。
D5W-5%葡萄糖水
D10W-10%葡萄糖水
DMA-N,N-二甲基乙醯胺。
DMF-二甲基甲醯胺。
DMSO-二甲基亞碸。
DNA-去氧核糖核酸。
DHHS-美國衛生與公眾服務部。
EtOH-乙醇。
FBS-胎牛血清。
FDA-美國食品藥物管理局。
Flu-氟達拉濱(Fludarabine)。
GSH-麩胱甘肽。
GST-麩胱甘肽-S-轉移酶。
HPLC-高壓液相層析法。
HSCT-造血幹細胞移植。
IMDM-伊斯可夫氏(Iscove)改良型杜貝可(Dulbecco)培養基(美國紐約州格蘭島(GrandIsland)的吉柏柯(Gibco)公司)。
IntralipidTM-主要由大豆油製成的一種含水脂質乳化液之品牌名稱,其係以非經腸胃的營養品銷售,及可自美國百特保健(Baxter)有限公司取得。
IV-靜脈內。
KBM-3-稱為KBM-3之人類骨髓性白血病細胞株。
KBM-3/Bu2506-具白消安抗性的KBM-3細胞株之亞株。
KBM-7與KBM-7/B5-稱為KBM-7之人類骨髓性白血病細胞株,及其稱為KBM-7/B5之選殖亞株。
LD50-在一族群中造成50%致死性或殺滅之濃度或劑量。
LiposynTM-主要由大豆油製成的一種含水脂質乳化液之品牌名稱,其係以非經腸胃的營養品銷售,及可自美國
伊利諾州亞培公園(Abbott Park)的亞培(Abbott)公司取得。
MDACC-美國德州休士頓的德州大學安德森醫師(MD Anderson)癌症中心。
MDS-骨髓發育不良症候群。
MeOH-甲醇。
MIC-該詞係指當在評估對於該抗生素的敏感性之一標準化試管內系統中進行試驗時,一抗生素抑制細菌與真菌生長之最低濃度。
MTT-溴化3,[4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基]2,5-聯苯四唑鎓。
NCI-美國國家癌症研究所。
NH4-乙酸鹽-乙酸銨。
NIH-美國國家衛生研究院。
NS-生理食鹽水(150mM氯化鈉)。
OCI-AML3-人類骨髓性白血病細胞株。
PBS-經磷酸鹽緩衝的食鹽水(杜貝可(Dulbecco)調配物,pH值7.4)。
PEG與PEG400-聚乙二醇(-400)。
PG-丙二醇。
PTFE-聚四氟乙烯(過濾器),TeflonTM。
RT-室溫(約22℃)。
SDS-十二烷基硫酸鈉。
TBI-全身放射治療。
USDA-美國農業部。
UV-紫外線。
VE-丙酮-見下文。
VE-丙酮/PEG-在PEG與丙酮混合後,隨後在真空中萃取/蒸發去除(揮發性)丙酮,亦即“經真空萃取或經真空蒸發者”。
VOD-靜脈阻塞性疾病。
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第5,430,057號美國專利
第5,559,148號美國專利
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第1A-B圖。(A)顯示在供最終用途使用的白消安/VE丙酮/PEG(即原型儲備溶劑載劑)調配物中之白消安在室溫中的安定性之一圖,該調配物在丙酮的真空萃取作用後所含有的白消安濃度約為5毫克/毫升。(B)用D5W將儲備調配物稀釋至1毫克/毫升(至高)及0.5毫克/毫升(較低)。X軸代表以小時為單位的時間,及Y軸代表以毫克/毫升為單位之所測得濃度。
第2圖。用於試管內安定性與活體內藥理學研究之高壓液相層析法(HPLC)分析之白消安濃度相對於曲線下面積(AUC;曲線下面積,該詞係指層析圖中之一峰的實際測得面積,及亦指在一藥物投藥至動物或人類數小時後之血漿濃度相對於時間曲線下的面積)的標準曲線。X軸係顯示以微克/毫升為單位之濃度,及Y軸係顯示AUC。針對藥理學研究製備一類似的標準曲線。
第3圖。由安定性研究中之HPLC分析所獲得的層析圖。本案發明者使用沃特世(Waters)Nova-Pak C18管柱(珠粒尺寸為4微米;150毫米x3.9毫米)。所注射的試樣體積為30微升。HPLC條件係如第1例所述。
第4圖係顯示白消安/VE丙酮/PEG/D5W之供使用的調配物及不具有白消安的相同調配物(“溶劑”)的溶血潛力之一圖。x軸係顯示以體積百分比(體積/體積)為單位之溶劑含量。y軸係顯示未溶血的紅血球細胞之計算分率。
第5A-C圖係描述PEG/D5W供臨床應用的調配物中的
白消安對抗人類細胞株KBM-3(A)(Andersson等人之1992年乙文)與KBM-7(B)(Andersson等人之1987年乙文;Andersson等人之1995年乙文)的細胞毒性活性之圖,其等係用MTT分析法在試管內進行評估。X軸係顯示以微克/毫升為單位之白消安濃度;Y軸係顯示所計算的細胞存活分率。以平行暴露於DMSO中的白消安之細胞作為正對照組。(C)係顯示DMA本身在MTT分析法中之細胞毒性活性,其係以DMA-白消安在細胞株KBM3、KBM7、B5/Bu250-6中及在OCI-AML3中作為正對照組時所達到的最高濃度(Wang等人之1991年乙文)進行分析。後者的研究結果係對應於當DMA-白消安用於HSCT前的療法及在3至4天期間重複給藥時所能達到的一濃度。
第6圖。三種細胞株對於DMSO中的白消安及新調配物中的白消安之敏感性,其係相對於DMA-白消安調配物所達到的細胞毒性效應而言。值得注意之處在於隨著DMA-白消安調配物中的白消安濃度增加,毒性顯著較高/存活分率顯著較低;尤其在KBM-3細胞株中,DMA對於整體細胞毒性之貢獻係顯著的。從數據看來,DMA與白消安的效應係協同性而非加成性(Chou與Talalay之1984年乙文)。相比之下,在所試驗的所有細胞株中,目前的新穎調配物與DMSO-白消安參考調配物展現實質上相同的細胞毒性效應,及並無從溶劑載劑而來的附加毒性效應。
第7A-C圖。如第3例萃取的血漿試樣及經HPLC分析後之層析圖。(A)最上圖係顯示一空白血漿試樣,(B)中間圖係
顯示一人類血漿試樣,加有新調配物(白消安/VE-丙酮/PEG/D5W的原型用途溶劑載劑)中之10微克/毫升的白消安,滯留時間約為2.8分鐘。(C)最下圖係顯示來自藥理學研究之層析圖,其中小鼠係注射10毫克/公斤的白消安。該層析圖係來自注射藥物20分鐘後所採的一試樣。
第8圖。該圖顯示在小鼠注射10毫克/公斤的白消安後之4小時期間之血漿濃度變化。X軸係顯示以小時為單位之給藥後時間。Y軸係顯示以微克/毫升血漿為單位之白消安濃度。在該新調配物所用的條件下,白消安的表觀半衰期係大約位於2.5至3.5小時之範圍,係與先前就DMA-白消安在大鼠中與在人類中所報導者相近(Bhagwatwar等人之1996年乙文;Russell等人之2002年乙文;De Lima等人之2004年乙文Madden等人之2007年乙文)。
第9A-B圖。(A)在一變體調配物中的伊曲康唑(Itra)與(B)泊沙康唑(Posa)在室溫中三個星期之安定性。
第10A-B圖。用D5W稀釋之供最終用途使用的調配物中之(A)伊曲康唑(ltra)與(B)泊沙康唑(Posa)的安定性。
第11圖。麴菌屬(Aspergillus)物種對於新調配物中的伊曲康唑(itraconazole)之試管內敏感性試驗的照片,細節請參見內文。
第12A-D圖。在安定性研究中,單獨血漿及血漿加上伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa)之伊曲康唑(Itra)與泊沙康唑(Posa)的HPLC層析圖。
第13A-C圖。如內文中所述的實驗操作程序,空白血漿
(最上圖)、在人類血漿添加泊沙康唑(Posa)後(中間圖),以及在小鼠中靜脈注射5毫克/公斤的泊沙康唑2小時後所獲得之一試樣中的泊沙康唑(最下圖)之層析圖。
第14A-B圖。如內文中之方法所述,在緩慢靜脈注射(在3至4分鐘期間)注射劑量為5毫克/公斤的伊曲康唑(Itra)(第14圖A;在2小時期間)與泊沙康唑(Posa)(第14圖B;在30小時期間)後之血漿濃度。該等血漿濃度之範圍,係與先前在臨床環境用對應的口服藥物治療之人類中所述之範圍類似。該圖顯示二個不同實驗的平均結果,個別時間點與濃度係詳述於所附表格中。
Claims (42)
- 一種非水性均相溶液,其包含一種溶解型親脂性藥劑與一種兩親性液態聚合性溶劑,該調配物係非水性、均相及實質上不含非聚合性有機溶劑,其中該溶解型親脂性藥劑的濃度係至少0.5毫克/每毫升之聚合性溶劑,其中該親脂性藥劑係白消安(busulfan)或非酮康唑(ketoconazole)的唑類抗真菌劑,其中該兩親性液態聚合性溶劑為聚乙二醇(PEG),其中該溶液不包含表面活性劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之非水性均相溶液,其中當在室溫中儲存時,該溶液維持安定達至少40天。
- 一種含水、均質、藥學上可接受的非經腸胃調配物,其係藉由一方法製備,該方法包括獲得一種非水性均相溶液,其包含一種溶解型親脂性藥劑與一種兩親性液態聚合性溶劑,該調配物係非水性、均相及實質上不含非聚合性有機溶劑,其中該溶解型親脂性藥劑的濃度係至少0.5毫克/每毫升之聚合性溶劑,而且其中當在室溫中儲存時,該溶液維持安定達至少40天,其中該親脂性藥劑係白消安(busulfan)或非酮康唑(ketoconazole)的唑類抗真菌劑,及用適於非經腸胃輸注之量的一種輸注液稀釋該溶液。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之溶液或如申請專利範圍第3項之非經腸胃調配物,其中該溶解型親脂性藥劑之濃度係1至10毫克/每毫升之聚合性溶劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之溶液或非經腸胃調配物,其中該溶解型親脂性藥劑的濃度係3至9毫克/每毫升之聚合性溶劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之溶液或如申請專利範圍第3項之非經腸胃調配物,其中該唑類抗真菌劑係選自由以下所構成之群組:阿巴芬淨(abafungin)、聯苯苄唑、布康唑(butoconazole)、硝酸布康唑(butoconazole nitrate)、益康唑(econazole)、硝酸益康唑(econazole nitrate)、芬替康唑(fenticonazole)、氟康唑(fluconazole)、艾沙康唑(isavuconazole)、異康唑(isoconazole)、伊曲康唑(itraconazole)(Itra)、咪康唑(miconazole)、奥莫康唑(omoconazole)、奥昔康唑(oxiconazole)、泊沙康唑(posaconazole)(Posa)、雷夫康唑(ravuconazole)、含他康唑(sertaconazole)、硫康唑(sulconazole)、硝酸硫康唑(sulconazole nitrate)、特康唑(terconazole)、噻康唑(tioconazole)、及伏立康唑(voriconazole)。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項之溶液或非經腸胃調配物,其中該唑類抗真菌劑係伊曲康唑(itraconazole)(Itra)或泊沙康唑(posaconazole)(Posa)。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之非經腸胃調配物,其中該溶液不含有一表面活性劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之非經腸胃調配物,其中該兩親性液態聚合性溶劑係聚乙二醇(PEG)。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之溶液或如申請專利範圍第9項之非經腸胃調配物,其中該PEG係選自由PEG-100、PEG-200、PEG-300、PEG-400、PEG-600及PEG-800所組成之群組。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之溶液或如申請專利範圍第3項之非經腸胃調配物,其中該溶液進一步包含一質子化劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第11項之溶液或非經腸胃調配物,其中該質子化劑係一種酸、醇類或酸化醇類。
- 如申請專利範圍第12項之溶液或非經腸胃調配物,其中該酸係鹽酸、檸檬酸、乙酸或麩胺酸。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之溶液,其中該溶液的pH值係自約1至約6。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之非經腸胃調配物,其中該輸注液係生理食鹽水。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之非經腸胃調配物,其中該輸注液係5至10%葡萄糖溶液。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之非經腸胃調配物,其中該輸注液係水性脂質乳化液。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之非經腸胃調配物,其中該溶液係用輸注液來稀釋以提供10至25%(體積/體積)之一最終濃度。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之溶液或如申請專利範圍第3項之非經腸胃調配物,其中該藥劑係一唑類抗真菌劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之溶液或如申請專利範圍第3項之非經腸胃調配物,其中該藥劑係白消安。
- 一種用於製備如申請專利範圍第1項之非水性均相溶液之方法,其包括:獲得第一非水性均相溶液,其包含一種親脂性藥劑、一種兩親性液態聚合性溶劑及一種揮發性有機溶劑,及去除該第一溶液中的該揮發性有機溶劑,而形成如申請專利範圍第1項之第二非水性均相溶液。
- 如申請專利範圍第21項之方法,其中該揮發性有機溶劑係丙酮、氯仿、脂族烴類、乙酸乙酯、乙二醇醚類、二乙醚或乙醇。
- 如申請專利範圍第22項之方法,其中該揮發性有機溶劑係丙酮。
- 如申請專利範圍第22項之方法,其中該揮發性有機溶劑相對於該兩親性液態聚合性溶劑之體積比係自約100:1至1:100。
- 如申請專利範圍第24項之方法,其中該揮發性有機溶劑相對於該兩親性液態聚合性溶劑之體積比係自約1至2或1至3。
- 如申請專利範圍第21項之溶液,其中該揮發性有機溶劑係經酸化。
- 如申請專利範圍第21項之方法,其中該去除作用之溫度係約10至80℃。
- 如申請專利範圍第21項之方法,其中該去除作用包括該揮發性有機溶劑的蒸發作用。
- 如申請專利範圍第28項之方法,其中藉由應用真空而促進該蒸發作用。
- 如申請專利範圍第21項之方法,其進一步界定為用於製備一種含水、均質、藥學上可接受的非經腸胃調配物之一種方法,其中該方法進一步包括用一種所欲的水性稀釋劑稀釋該第二非水性均相溶液。
- 如申請專利範圍第30項之方法,其中該水性稀釋劑係選自由生理食鹽水、葡萄糖水及脂質式輸注乳化液所組成之群組之一輸注液。
- 如申請專利範圍第30項之方法,其中藉由添加一質子化劑而將該水性稀釋劑改質。
- 如申請專利範圍第30項之方法,其中藉由添加少量及至多約25%(體積/體積)的一種兩親性聚合物,而將該水性稀釋劑改質。
- 如申請專利範圍第33項之方法,其中該兩親性聚合物係PEG。
- 如申請專利範圍第34項之方法,其中該PEG係選自由PEG-100、PEG-200、PEG-300、PEG-400、PEG-600及PEG-800所組成之群組。
- 一種非水性均相溶液,其係由如申請專利範圍第21至35項中任一項之方法製得。
- 一種包含如申請專利範圍第1項之溶液之組成物於製造一藥物上的用途,該藥物用於治療患有對於所選的一親脂性藥劑敏感之一疾病或病況的個體,其中該親脂性藥劑係所選的親脂性藥劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第37項之用途,其中該個體患有一癌症或需要調理該個體來進行骨髓移植或造血源祖細胞移植,而該親脂性藥劑係白消安。
- 如申請專利範圍第37項之用途,其中該個體患有一真菌、酵母菌或黴菌疾病,及該親脂性藥劑係一唑類抗真菌劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第37項之用途,其中該組成物係由供用於血管內、腔內、脊椎內、皮下、肌內或局部方式投藥。
- 如申請專利範圍第37項之用途,其中該個體係一哺乳類動物。
- 如申請專利範圍第37項之用途,其中該個體係一人類。
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