CN107849723B - 包含稀土氧化物层的烹饪制品 - Google Patents
包含稀土氧化物层的烹饪制品 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明总体上涉及一种烹饪制品,该制品的一个表面具有包含至少一层稀土氧化物层的涂层。该涂层不仅具有与搪瓷和陶瓷相当的机械硬度和耐磨性特性,而且具有优异的固有疏水性,使所得涂层具有与氟碳涂层相当的且适合烹饪应用的不粘性。
Description
本发明总体上涉及一种烹饪制品,其至少一个表面上有包含至少一层稀土氧化物层的涂层。
目前,用于食物烹饪的各种涂层根据其性质而各自存在基本性能特征,根据涂层的性质而各不相同。
因此,氟碳树脂基涂层(例如聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)树脂涂层)显示优异的不粘性,而基于搪瓷或溶胶凝胶(俗称陶瓷)的涂层显示优异的材料硬度和耐高温性(尤其超过400℃)。
不过,目前不存在同时具备这些特性的涂层,或者至少不能以最优的方式存在。
在一定程度上,氟碳树脂基不粘涂层例如通过在配方中添加填料(例如SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、SiC、BN、金刚石等)可以改善其耐磨性、耐刮性和耐剥落性(脱层),但达不到搪瓷或溶胶凝胶涂层的机械性能。
在一定程度上,溶胶凝胶涂层可例如通过导入聚二甲基硅氧烷类润滑添加剂改善不粘性,但达不到氟碳树脂基涂层的不粘性。至于搪瓷基涂层,则无论施用何种已知技术方案,其不粘性都持续较低。为了解决该问题,申请人开发了一种包含至少一层稀土氧化物层的涂层,稀土氧化物不仅具有与搪瓷和陶瓷类似的机械硬度和耐磨性特性,而且具有优异的固有疏水性,赋予所得涂层与氟碳树脂基涂层相当的且适用于烹饪应用的不粘性。
本领域技术人员已知稀土氧化物应用于陶瓷涂层的用途。因此,专利文献FR2925063描述了一种用于电容器或蒸汽轮机领域中的富含稀土氧化物的陶瓷层。该文献描述了以包含主氧化物和次氧化物的方式覆盖的金属基质。该主氧化物包含铈和铪且该次氧化物包含选自稀土、钇和钪阳离子的次氧化阳离子。
描述于文献FR 2925063的涂层产生具有相对较高例如斥水性的排斥液体性质的陶瓷材料。
因此本发明涉及一种烹饪制品,其包括具有能容纳食物的内表面和旨在朝向热源布置的外表面的载体、及施涂在所述两个表面的至少一个上的涂层,其特征在于,该涂层包含至少一层连续或者不连续的稀土氧化物层,所述稀土氧化物层包含至少一种稀土氧化物基质。
根据本发明的一种有利替代方案,稀土氧化物基质可包括至少一种镧系氧化物。
根据另一种有利替代方案,稀土氧化物基质可单独包含氧化铈、或与至少一种其他镧系氧化物混合而包含氧化铈。
在稀土氧化物基质中加入氧化铈将提供稀土氧化物层屏障效应(耐腐蚀、抗氧化、对液体和气体的抗渗性)。
该屏障效应得益于氧化铈(俗称二氧化铈)的疏水性,尤其是使其不溶于水。
有利地,该稀土氧化物层也可包含分散于所述基质中的填料,所述填料可选自氟碳树脂、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚酮(PEK)、聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚酰胺-酰亚胺(PAI)、聚醚砜(PES)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)、硅酮珠、及其混合物。
该类添加物改善、甚至消除产生自机械能量耗散导致的镧系氧化物层破裂的相关问题。该类添加物不会改变稀土氧化物层的疏水性。
优选地,所述填料可包括一种选自下述的氟碳树脂:PTFE、改性PTFE、四氟乙烯和全氟丙基乙烯基醚共聚物(PFA)、四氟乙烯和六氟丙烯共聚物(FEP)、及其混合物。
在本发明的上下文中,所述填料可优选以相对于稀土氧化物层总干重的0.1至50重量%之间的含量存在。填料含量不得超过50重量%以保持氧化铈的物理化学性质。
有利地,稀土氧化物层的厚度可在0.1和50μm之间。应该注意稀土氧化物层的厚度会因所用施涂方法的不同而不同。
另外,所述填料优选为无孔。实际上,如果所述填料有孔,尤其在为无氟填料时,涂料的不粘性将会降低。
优选地,所述稀土氧化物层的表面可结构化或纹理化。
稀土氧化物层表面的结构化将有利地减少所述稀土氧化物层表面的可湿性并因此获得超疏水稀土氧化物层。
在本发明的上下文中,术语超疏水层意为具有大于150°的水滴接触角的表面。
在本发明的上下文中,术语结构化或纹理化的表面意为以凸纹或可控的粗糙度为特征的表面。
有利地,所述载体由金属、玻璃、陶瓷、陶土(terre cuite)或塑料材料制成。
优选地,所述载体可为金属且由任选地抛光(polir)、拉丝(brosser)、磨砂(sabler)或喷砂(microbiller)的阳极化或未阳极化的铝或铝合金制成,或者由任选地抛光、拉丝、磨砂或喷砂的钢制成,或者由任选地抛光、拉丝、磨砂或喷砂的不锈钢制成,或者由任选地锻造或抛光的铸钢、铸铝、铸铁或铜制成。
优选地,所述载体可为金属且可包括金属和/或金属合金的交替层,或由不锈钢外侧基底材料增强的铸铝、铝或铝合金的帽(calotte)。
根据本发明的一种实施方式,所述涂层也可包括布置在稀土氧化物层上的至少一个这样的层,所述层包含至少一种单独的或者与耐200℃温度的热稳定粘合树脂一起的氟碳树脂,该树脂或这些树脂形成连续的烧结网。
有利地,在该实施方式中,所述氟碳树脂可选自PTFE、改性PTFE、四氟乙烯和全氟丙基乙烯基醚共聚物(PFA)、四氟乙烯和六氟丙烯共聚物(FEP)、及其混合物。
优选地,在该实施方式中,所述粘合树脂可选自聚酰胺-酰亚胺(PAI)、聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)、聚酰胺(PI)、聚醚酮(PEK)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚砜(PES)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)、及其混合物。
这些粘合树脂具有耐热并可抵抗超过200℃的温度的优点。
作为本发明的烹饪制品的非限制性实例,特别可提及烹饪制品例如壶或平底锅、炒锅、煎锅、粥锅、烤架、烘培模具和烘培板以及烧烤炉和烤架。
本发明的烹饪制品可根据任何本领域技术人员已知的合适方法制备。特别是,所述稀土氧化物层可使用热解喷雾、热喷涂、PVD(物理气相沉淀)法、溶胶凝胶法或使用电化学法或烧结法而施加。
应注意到的是,用于所述稀土氧化物层施涂的原材料可以有两种形式之一:
-稀土氧化物粉末,纯的或与粉末形式的其他材料混合;或者
-在水性介质或溶质介质中稳定的胶态稀土氧化物分散体;或者
-在水、乙醇或酯中的稀土盐前体溶液,例如硝酸盐、醋酸盐、乙酰丙酮盐、盐酸盐或铵盐,。
该前体溶液也可额外包含一种或多种添加剂。特别是,该添加剂或这些添加剂可为酸例如乙酸、柠檬酸或酒石酸。这些酸用作盐前体(特别是稀土盐前体)的络合剂。在所述前体溶液中导入该添加剂可因此使得能获得均匀密致的稀土氧化物网,从而限制在层的基质中形成孔。
热解喷雾施涂包括,将稀土盐前体溶液的液滴喷涂或喷雾至维持在高温,优选超过350℃的烹饪制品的至少一个表面上。制品的表面温度保持在阈值以允许稀土盐在与表面接触之前发生热解,从而产生以纳米颗粒形式粘附到表面的稀土氧化物。热解喷雾沉积使得可以通过相加效应获得稀土氧化物层。
在比沉积层时所使用的温度更高的温度下将制品进行后焙烧可以改善稀土氧化物层的结晶度和密度(例如,后焙烧可以在400℃以上的温度下进行)。
热喷涂施涂(或热喷涂)在能够使稀土氧化物熔融的温度下进行,其以纯的稀土氧化物粉末的形式或与其他粉末材料混合存在,或者以稀土盐前体溶液的形式存在。
在起始化合物具有稀土氧化物细粉的形式的情况下,则将其尽可能靠近火焰或焊枪注入。内核温度(理想地>2500℃)允许熔融氧化物粉末颗粒,可燃或电离气体的连续流动在给焊枪补充燃料的同时引发具有足够动能的喷射以将熔融颗粒喷射到烹饪制品的表面,并将它们粘合至所述制品上,从而逐渐形成致密层。
代替粉末,稀土盐前体溶液形式的起始化合物也可以注入等离子焊枪或火焰喷枪中,但是是在具有较低温度的区域中以引发稀土盐的热解,并且将它们注射至烹饪制品的表面上以产生稀土氧化物层。对于大气等离子焊枪,可通过周围氧气引起氧化。
在本发明的上下文中,热喷涂施涂(或热喷涂)可以是使用例如氩/氢Ar-H2型离子化载气组合物的等离子体焊枪、或使用氧气/乙炔型的助燃剂/燃料气体组合物的火焰或HVOF型喷涂。
例如,所述热喷涂等离子焊枪产生接近15,000℃的焰心温度。在热喷涂喷射期间,烹饪制品的表面维持在200℃至350℃的温度以改善熔融氧化物颗粒在与其表面碰撞时的铺展及粘附动力学。从而,通过累积作用能够形成几微米或者数十微米的层。
有利地,如上所述,填料可分散于稀土氧化物层中。这些填料特别可以聚合粒子的分散体的形式(在稀土盐前体溶液中)或者以干粉形式(在稀土盐前体溶液中或在包含稀土氧化物的粉末中)被导入。
在起始化合物包含填料的情况下,应当使所述稀土氧化物层的施用工序最优化,以免在施涂期间引起填料的总热降解。
有利地,如上所述,所述稀土氧化物层可结构化(或纹理化)。可以通过冲压烹饪制品的载体表面、化学或物理蚀刻预先覆盖了具有需要转印图案的树脂的烹饪制品的载体表面,来获得该结构化,所述树脂优选为可光固化的。
实施例
实施例1:铈氧化层的热解喷雾制备及应用
如下制备前体组合物:
·将乙酸铈(Ce(OOCCH3)3·H2O)稀释于水:乙醇的体积浓度比为70:30的混合物中。
·之后,在室温下搅拌溶液36小时以获得具有0.02mol/L铈浓度的无沉淀透明溶液。
使用热解喷雾将该组合物多次喷涂至不锈钢样品的表面。该喷涂使用喷枪或喷雾器并使样品距离喷枪或喷雾器约20cm实现,样品表面维持在超过350℃的温度以使样品表面的固体形式的氧化铈沉积物结晶。
10至20次的喷涂循环形成了亚微米厚度的厚度在100至400nm之间的固体稀土氧化物层。
实施例2:铈氧化层的热解喷雾制备及应用
按照与实施例1中所述相同的工序,通过将摩尔比为1:1的L-脯氨酸作为螯合剂添加到六水合硝酸铈(III)(Ce(NO3)3·6H2O)中制备前体组合物而施涂稀土氧化物层。
实施例3:铈氧化层的热解喷雾制备及应用
通过在3:1摩尔比的水:乙醇混合物中稀释七水合氯化铈(III)
(CeCl3·7H2O)以获得范围在0.05和0.025mol/L之间的铈浓度来制备前体组合物。
在该实施例中,根据实施例1中所述的相同方法,在维持在400℃的玻璃样品表面上实现喷雾沉积,以获得连续且均质的稀土氧化物层。
实施例4:铈氧化层的热喷涂(或热喷射)制备及应用
如下制备前体组合物:
·将75g六水合硝酸铈(III)(Ce(NO3)3·6H2O)溶解于1.5升纯水中;
·之后将溶液搅拌20分钟。
然后将前体组合物借助于载气(Ar-H2混合物型)流在等离子体焊枪中注入,所述等离子体焊枪被参数化以能够使铈盐在接触铝样品表面之前热解。
如此雾化的铈以氧化铈的形式在表面上被氧化。因此通过累积作用在样品表面上制备出氧化铈层。
实施例5:包含含氟聚合物填料的氧化铈层的热喷涂施涂(或热喷涂)制备及应用
通过混合粒径为30至70微米范围的氧化铈粉末和粒径为10至50微米范围的PTFE粉末(或PFA)来制备粉末。
然后将粉末借助于载气流(Ar-H2混合物型)在等离子体焊枪中注入,所述等离子体被参数化以能够使氧化铈在接触铝样品表面之前热解。焊枪与样品表面的喷射距离约为125mm,粉末以大约75m/min的线性位移速度从等离子体焊枪喷出。
将其上施加有粉末的样品表面保持在300℃的温度以改善熔融铈氧化物颗粒的扩散动力学和包含PTFE(或PFA)颗粒的稀土氧化物层的均质性。
所产生的稀土氧化物层厚度达到几十微米
实施例6:通过PVD在结构化样品上制备和应用氧化铈层
在两个连续步骤中生成超疏水稀土氧化物层:
1)将铝类金属样品的表面进行纹理化;然后
2)通过PVD将疏水性氧化铈层沉积至样品的纹理化表面上。
步骤1)纹理化步骤有很多可能的变形。
例如,第一种变形包括通过化学蚀刻表面使样品表面纹理化(沉积光固化树脂/通过适当的掩模辐照/用溶剂处理未露出的区域以产生需转印的设计元素)而导致形成样品表面上的纹理化区域。
图案深度可通过蚀刻时间来控制。纹理化区域为9μm宽,彼此间隔11μm且具有15μm深度。
第二种变形包括使用化学蚀刻将样品表面随机纹理化。
在该实施变形方式中,铝样品表面随机暴露在酸中以获得以下粗糙度特征:
-5微米Ra,
-5微米Rq,及
-25微米Rz。
第三种实施变形方式包括使用纹理化模版冲压样品表面。
在该变形方式中,在压力下使用由氮化钛制成的硬质纹理化模版使样品表面纹理化。转印的纹理化区域为9μm宽,彼此间隔11μm且具有15μm深度。
步骤2)包括使用PVD技术在纹理化表面上沉积连续的氧化铈层。在真空下使用烧结的氧化铈靶进行沉积。
所得层具有在50nm(在第二种变形的随机纹理化表面上)和500nm(在第一种和第三种变形的包括图案的表面上)之间的厚度,且准确地转印纹理化外形。
实施例7:通过溶胶凝胶法(醇化物)制备和应用氧化铈层
将丁醇铈与摩尔比为0.1的2-丁醇混合;然后将用作螯合剂的乙酰丙酮加入混合物中。
然后,边搅拌边滴加浓度为1mol/L的盐酸水溶液(注意丁醇铈/乙酰丙酮的摩尔比为2,且丁醇铈/水为0.5),搅拌所得溶胶48小时以达到水解和缩合反应的适当平衡。
然后以相对于溶液总重量的5重量%添加由铜铬氧化物和铁组成的无机黑色颜料,最后边搅拌边导入α-氧化铝填料至相对于溶液总重量的4重量%。
在该实施例中,氧化铈层由利用丁醇铈的水解/缩合的溶胶凝胶法形成。
为此,将如上述所得的溶液喷涂至已经预先打磨和脱脂的铝样品表面,样品的表面已被加热至60至80℃的温度以防止滴落并在涂覆过程中排出一部分溶剂。
为了获得足够的层厚度同时使破裂风险最小化,在将相同溶胶凝胶溶液的第二层喷涂至样品之前,将初始层在80℃下进行5分钟的干燥过程。
将稀土氧化物层在120℃下进行10分钟预焙烧步骤以蒸发掉大部分溶剂。
最后,将整个样品和稀土氧化物层在350℃下进行热处理以使氧化铈网致密化。
所得稀土氧化物层具有15μm的厚度,且使用双目显微镜没有观察到可见裂纹。
实施例8:使用溶胶凝胶(醇化物)法制备和应用包含含氟聚合物填料的稀土氧化物层
将PTFE粉末添加至实施例7的溶胶凝胶溶液中直至溶液总重量的2重量%。然后如实施例7中所述,借助丁醇铈的水解/缩合反应,使用溶胶凝胶法施涂铈层。
应注意到这些PTFE颗粒用于增强稀土氧化物层的疏水性和不粘性。
实施例9:使用溶胶凝胶(盐)法制备和应用包含含氟聚合物填料的稀土氧化物层
将硝酸铈溶解于去离子水中以获得1mol/L的浓度,然后边搅拌边加入99.5%纯度级别的柠檬酸,其中硝酸铈/柠檬酸摩尔比为0.5。
将溶液在室温下搅拌1小时,然后将异丙醇和PTFE粉末(质量比为48/2)的混合物以1:1的体积比加入溶液中,以改善溶胶的使用寿命并导入氟化填料以改善涂层的疏水性。
最后,搅拌溶液24小时以获得稳定及半透明的溶胶。
之后喷涂所得溶液以在预先脱脂的平滑铝样品表面上获得稀土氧化物层,样品表面加热至40至60℃以避免滴落并在施涂期间排出一部分溶剂。
在100℃下初始干燥10分钟后,将铝样品在380℃下进行热处理30分钟以使氧化铈网致密化。
获得500nm厚的氧化铈层。
实施例10:使用电化学法和烧结法的铈氧化层的制备及应用
将预先脱脂的光滑铝样品置于电化学沉积系统的负电极上。
在5%体积浓度的氨NH3的存在下,将前体Ce(NO3)3-6H2O加入水溶液(0.1mol/L)中。
通过向电化学沉积系统施加3V电势,1小时后形成氢氧化铈基稀土氧化物层。
最后在空气中将无定形氢氧化铈基稀土氧化物层在550℃下氧化5小时,以生成0.5微米厚的氧化铈膜。
进行测试的结果
所得涂层的疏水性测试
根据先前实施例获得的涂层的疏水特性通过使用GBX Digidrop测角仪测量水滴在涂层上的接触角来测试。测量结果显示于下表中。
Claims (13)
1.一种烹饪制品,其包括具有能容纳食物的内表面和旨在朝向热源布置的外表面的载体、及施涂在所述两个表面的至少一个上的涂层,
该烹饪制品的特征在于,所述涂层包含至少一层超疏水稀土氧化物层,所述超疏水稀土氧化物层包含至少一种稀土氧化物基质,
其中,所述超疏水稀土氧化物层额外包含分散于所述基质中的填料,所述填料选自氟碳树脂、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚酮(PEK)、聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚酰胺-酰亚胺(PAI)、聚醚砜(PES)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)、硅酮珠、及其混合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的烹饪制品,其中,所述基质包含至少一种镧系氧化物。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的烹饪制品,其中所述基质包含单独的氧化铈、或氧化铈与其他至少一种镧系氧化物的混合物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的烹饪制品,其中填料包含选自聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、改性PTFE、四氟乙烯和全氟丙基乙烯基醚的共聚物(PFA)、四氟乙烯和六氟丙烯的共聚物(FEP)、及其混合物的氟碳树脂。
5.根据权利要求1和4中任一项所述的烹饪制品,其中填料以相对于稀土氧化物层总干重的0.1至50重量%的含量存在。
6.根据权利要求1所述的烹饪制品,其中,稀土氧化物层的厚度在0.1至50μm之间。
7.根据权利要求1和6中任一项所述的烹饪制品,其中,稀土氧化物层为结构化的。
8.根据权利要求1所述的烹饪制品,其中,载体由金属、玻璃、陶瓷、陶土或塑料材料制成。
9.根据权利要求8所述的烹饪制品,其中,载体为金属且由任选地抛光、拉丝、磨砂或喷砂的阳极化或未阳极化的铝或铝合金制成,或者由任选地抛光、拉丝、磨砂或喷砂的钢制成,或者由任选地抛光、拉丝、磨砂或喷砂的不锈钢制成,或者由任选地锻造或抛光的铸钢、铸铝、铸铁或铜制成。
10.根据权利要求8所述的烹饪制品,其中载体由金属制成且包括金属和/或金属合金的交替层或由不锈钢外侧基底材料增强的铸铝、铝或铝合金的帽。
11.根据权利要求1所述的烹饪制品,其中,涂层额外包括布置在稀土氧化物层上的至少一个层,所述层包含至少一种氟碳树脂,所述氟碳树脂是单独的或者与耐超过200℃温度的热稳定粘合树脂混合,该树脂或这些树脂构成连续的烧结网。
12.根据权利要求11所述的烹饪制品,其中氟碳树脂选自聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、改性PTFE、四氟乙烯和全氟丙基乙烯基醚的共聚物(PFA)、四氟乙烯和六氟丙烯的共聚物(FEP)、及其混合物。
13.根据权利要求11和12中任一项所述的烹饪制品,其中,粘合树脂选自聚酰胺-酰亚胺(PAI)、聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)、聚酰胺(PI)、聚醚酮(PEK)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚砜(PES)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)、及其混合物。
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CN108977782B (zh) * | 2018-07-30 | 2020-12-25 | 杭州电子科技大学 | 一种长期稳固耐用的疏水涂层及其制备方法、应用 |
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CN110468368B (zh) * | 2019-09-20 | 2022-04-19 | 北京航百川科技开发中心 | 一种耐高温耐磨绝缘涂层制作方法 |
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ES2786299T3 (es) | 2020-10-09 |
EP3325694B1 (fr) | 2020-04-01 |
KR102470075B1 (ko) | 2022-11-24 |
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