CN107813920B - 开放通道加强筋 - Google Patents

开放通道加强筋 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107813920B
CN107813920B CN201710691148.8A CN201710691148A CN107813920B CN 107813920 B CN107813920 B CN 107813920B CN 201710691148 A CN201710691148 A CN 201710691148A CN 107813920 B CN107813920 B CN 107813920B
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China
Prior art keywords
bonding
panel
flange
web
stiffener
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CN201710691148.8A
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CN107813920A (zh
Inventor
L·R·德巴尔德
M·A·迪里甘
A·N·瑞恩
M·拉姆纳特
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Boeing Co
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Boeing Co
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
    • B29C44/02—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C44/12—Incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. inserts or reinforcements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/4805—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the type of adhesives
    • B29C65/483—Reactive adhesives, e.g. chemically curing adhesives
    • B29C65/4835—Heat curing adhesives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/52—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
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    • B29C65/54—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive between pre-assembled parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/54—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive between pre-assembled parts
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/562—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C65/72—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by combined operations or combined techniques, e.g. welding and stitching
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
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    • B29C66/0224—Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping with removal of material
    • B29C66/02241—Cutting, e.g. by using waterjets, or sawing
    • B29C66/02242—Perforating or boring
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/02—Preparation of the material, in the area to be joined, prior to joining or welding
    • B29C66/022—Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping
    • B29C66/0224—Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping with removal of material
    • B29C66/02245—Abrading, e.g. grinding, sanding, sandblasting or scraping
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/02—Preparation of the material, in the area to be joined, prior to joining or welding
    • B29C66/024—Thermal pre-treatments
    • B29C66/0246—Cutting or perforating, e.g. burning away by using a laser or using hot air
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/02—Preparation of the material, in the area to be joined, prior to joining or welding
    • B29C66/028—Non-mechanical surface pre-treatments, i.e. by flame treatment, electric discharge treatment, plasma treatment, wave energy or particle radiation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/21—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines said joint lines being formed by a single dot or dash or by several dots or dashes, i.e. spot joining or spot welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/7375—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured
    • B29C66/73755—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured the to-be-joined area of at least one of the parts to be joined being fully cured, i.e. fully cross-linked, fully vulcanized
    • B29C66/73756—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured the to-be-joined area of at least one of the parts to be joined being fully cured, i.e. fully cross-linked, fully vulcanized the to-be-joined areas of both parts to be joined being fully cured
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7394—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoset
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7394—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoset
    • B29C66/73941—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoset characterised by the materials of both parts being thermosets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/83—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/836—Moving relative to and tangentially to the parts to be joined, e.g. transversely to the displacement of the parts to be joined, e.g. using a X-Y table
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B64C1/06—Frames; Stringers; Longerons ; Fuselage sections
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
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    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/52—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive
    • B29C65/527—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive by gravity only, e.g. by pouring
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/52—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive
    • B29C65/54—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive between pre-assembled parts
    • B29C65/546—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive between pre-assembled parts by gravity, e.g. by pouring
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/52—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive
    • B29C65/54—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive between pre-assembled parts
    • B29C65/548—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive between pre-assembled parts by capillarity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
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    • B29C66/3032—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30321—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of protrusions belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30322—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of protrusions belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined in the form of rugosity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/731—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/7315—Mechanical properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/737—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/7375—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured
    • B29C66/73751—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured the to-be-joined area of at least one of the parts to be joined being uncured, i.e. non cross-linked, non vulcanized
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/737—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/7375—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured
    • B29C66/73751—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured the to-be-joined area of at least one of the parts to be joined being uncured, i.e. non cross-linked, non vulcanized
    • B29C66/73752—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured the to-be-joined area of at least one of the parts to be joined being uncured, i.e. non cross-linked, non vulcanized the to-be-joined areas of both parts to be joined being uncured
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
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Abstract

本发明提供一种用于加强面板的开放通道加强筋，此开放通道加强筋包括结合凸缘，此结合凸缘用于借助形成在结合凸缘与面板之间的粘结层将加强筋结合至面板以形成加筋面板。开放通道加强筋具有这样的横截面形状，此横截面形状使加强筋的剪切中心与加强筋的形心对准或基本对准并且使剪切中心近似对准粘结层的边缘，并且消除对半径填料软条的需求。可以穿过结合凸缘形成多个穿孔以允许粘合剂依靠毛细作用进入到穿孔中，以在结合凸缘与面板之间构建机械互锁。

Description

开放通道加强筋
技术领域
本公开总体涉及复合补强支撑结构，并且更具体地说，涉及低成本的开放通道加强筋构造并涉及加强例如用于飞行器中的复合面板的有关方法。
背景技术
复合材料由于其高强度与刚度、低重量、抗腐蚀以及其他良好性能而在许多不同工业中用于广泛应用中。在航空航天空间工业中，复合材料已经广泛用于制造飞行器结构以及飞行器结构用的诸如飞行器肋、翼梁、面板、机身、机翼、翼盒、燃料箱以及尾翼之类的部件，因为复合材料轻质并且坚固，并因此提供燃料经济性以及其他益处。例如，飞行器机翼蒙皮与翼梁腹板以及其他大体扁平部件可以由加筋复合面板形成，这些加筋复合面板包括这样的面板，可以利用机械附接机构、共粘结或者共固化技术将补强筋附接或者粘结至面板以改进复合压力腹板或者蒙皮面板的强度、刚度、抗弯形以及稳定性。共结合一般涉及这样的粘结过程，在此结合过程中，预固化补强筋将结合至未固化面板。共固化一般涉及这样的结合过程，在此结合过程中，未固化补强筋将粘结至未固化面板并且同时与未固化面板固化在一起。辅助粘结一般涉及这样的粘结过程，在此粘结过程中，预固化补强筋将粘结至预固化面板。
与这些复合腹板或者蒙皮面板一起使用的公知补强筋可以包括C形梁、I形梁或者T形梁加强筋(即，具有C形、I形或者T形横截面的梁)或者诸如帽形或者叶片加强筋之类的其他形状的加强筋。然而，利用这些公知加强筋补强的加筋复合面板形成起来成本高并且可能在加强筋的半径填料(即，“软条(noodle)”)部或者在软条的区域中与补强筋的附接凸缘共用的半径处经受高拉拔载荷。用在本文中时，“拉拔载荷”意思是在复合部件(诸如补强筋)附接或者粘结至诸如复合压力腹板或者蒙皮面板之类的结构的位置处施加至复合部件的剪切载荷以及/或者力矩，从而剪切载荷以及/或者力矩可引起复合部件从附接结构的脱层或者分离。用在本文中时，“半径填料软条”意思是用于填充由诸如补强筋之类的复合部件的弯曲部分的半径留下的间隙的具有大体三角形横截面的复合材料或者粘合剂/环氧材料。
为了减小由于高拉拔载荷补强筋从复合腹板或者蒙皮面板脱层或者分离的可能性，可能在补强筋附接或者粘结至复合腹板或者蒙皮面板的位置或者接合处需要众多另外的半径填料元件、紧固件以及/或者弯头。这些半径填料元件、紧固件以及/或者弯头可以向所述位置或者接合处提供另外的结构加强并且分散剪切载荷以及/或者力矩以便减小补强筋的半径填料或者软条部的脱层的风险。然而，这样众多额外的半径填料元件、紧固件以及/或者弯头的使用可能导致生产时间增长，零件数量与开支增加，安装及维修零件的劳动力以及制造成本增加，并且结构复杂性总体增加。而且，需要机械紧固至补强筋或者复合腹板或蒙皮面板的紧固件或弯头的使用可能需要在复合材料或者结构中形成适当尺寸的洞。这可能又需要使用专门的工具以在复合材料或者结构中形成这样的洞。这样的专门工具可能导致劳动力以及制造成本进一步增加。
因此，在本领域中需要改进的复合加强筋以及改进的复合加筋结构并且需要制作这样的复合加强筋以及复合加筋结构的方法，这些复合加强筋、复合加筋结构以及制作这样的复合加强筋以及复合加筋结构的方法提供优于公知构造、结构以及方法的优势。
发明内容
通过结构有效并且展现抵抗与面板脱离结合的结构性能的低成本、开放通道复合加强筋实现前述目的以及其他目的。加强筋的开放通道构造使拉拔力定位于在很大程度上减小可以使加强筋与面板脱离结合的力的位置中，并且消除对半径填料软条的需求，因此很大程度上减少成本并提供制造效益。
根据一个实施例，开放通道加强筋包括结合凸缘，此结合凸缘用于借助形成在结合凸缘与面板之间的粘结层将加强筋结合至面板。开放通道加强筋由热固性或者热塑性复合材料制成，并且这样的横截面形状，此横截面形状构造成使加强筋的剪切中心(不引起扭转的垂直剪力的位置)与加强筋的形心(轴向合力的位置)对准或者基本对准以防止加强筋在收到弯曲时相对于面板扭转，并且使剪切中心近似对准粘结层的边缘。剪切中心可以对准粘结层的边缘或者稍微越过或者超出粘结层的边缘。横截面形状也定位加强筋的载荷矩以及反作用点，使得载荷矩以及反作用点不在粘结层上方，即，载荷矩以及反作用点越过或者超出粘结层的边缘定位。
开放通道的横截面形状的一种构造包括大体平行于结合凸缘定位的帽、定位在帽与结合凸缘之间并且基本垂直于帽与结合凸缘的腹板以及定位在帽与腹板之间和腹板与结合凸缘之间的弯曲连接部。腹板定位在粘结层上方，并且加强筋的弯曲连接部定位成延伸超出粘结层的边缘以形成具有位于帽与结合凸缘之间的开放通道的大体M形加强筋。满足上述需求的开放通道加强筋的横截面形状的另一构造包括大体平行于结合凸缘定位的帽、相对于结合凸缘及帽以锐角定位在结合凸缘与帽之间的腹板以及定位在帽与腹板之间和腹板与结合凸缘之间的弯曲连接部，从而形成具有位于成锐角的腹板的两侧上的开放通道的大体Z形加强筋。腹板定位在粘结层上方，并且至少一个弯曲连接部定位成延伸超出粘结层的边缘。在开放通道加强筋的横截面形状的再一示例性构造中，横截面形状包括定位在粘结层上方的弯曲腹板，并且包括定位在弯曲腹板与结合凸缘之间的弯曲连接部，此弯曲连接部的半径小于弯曲腹板的半径，弯曲连接部延伸超出粘结层的边缘从而形成大体S形加强筋。
在另一构造中，开放通道加强筋还包括穿过结合凸缘的多个穿孔，这些穿孔允许用于将加强筋结合至面板的粘合剂依靠毛细作用进入到穿孔中以在结合凸缘与面板之间构建机械互锁。这些穿孔也允许粘合剂在压力下从结合凸缘的顶面注射穿过穿孔并且进入到结合凸缘与面板之间的界面中。这些穿孔在结合凸缘的结合表面上构建凸起区的纹理，这在结合凸缘与面板之间提供粘合剂的流径。结合凸缘的结合表面上的凸起区也可以与穿孔过程分别构建，或者凸起区可以在将要结合开放通道加强筋的位置处形成在面板上。
本公开的另一方面涉及一种包括如本文中公开的结合至诸如飞行器机翼蒙皮或者翼梁腹板之类的面板的开放通道加强筋的复合加筋面板。开放通道加强筋包括结合凸缘，此结合凸缘用于借助形成在结合凸缘与面板之间的粘结层将加强筋结合至面板，并且开放通道加强筋包括这样的横截面形状，此横截面形状构造成使加强筋的剪切中心与加强筋的形心对准或者基本对准并且使剪切中心近似对准粘结层的边缘。结合凸缘也可以具有多个穿孔，这些穿孔允许粘合剂依靠毛细作用进入到穿孔中以在结合凸缘与面板之间构建机械互锁。
本公开的再一方面涉及一种制造复合加筋面板的方法，此方法减小了复合加强筋从面板脱层或者分离的可能性。此方法包括：形成具有如上文所述的横截面形状的开放通道加强筋，此开放通道加强筋具有结合凸缘，此结合凸缘用于借助形成在结合凸缘与面板之间的粘结层将加强筋结合至面板，并且加强筋具有这样的构造，此构造使加强筋的剪切中心与加强筋的形心对准或者基本对准并且使剪切中心近似对准粘结层的边缘。所述方法还包括将复合开放通道加强筋的结合凸缘结合至面板以形成复合加筋面板。结合步骤包括将粘合剂施加在结合凸缘的顶面上以允许粘合剂流动通过穿过结合凸缘形成的穿孔并且流到粘结层中以在结合凸缘与面板之间构建机械互锁。
已经论述的特征、功能与优势以及开放通道加强筋的其他目的、特征、功能以及优势可以在本公开的各个实施例中独立地实现，或者可以在其他实施例中结合，可以参照下面的描述以及附图理解所述结合的进一步的细节。
附图说明
图1是飞行器翼盒的图示，示出了利用根据本公开的开放通道加强筋加筋的前翼梁与后翼梁。
图1A是图1中示出的飞行器翼盒上的开放通道加强筋的近视立体图的图示。
图2是具有根据本公开的开放通道加强筋的复合加筋面板的俯视图的图示。
图3是具有根据本公开的开放通道加强筋的另一构造的复合加筋面板的横截面图的图示。
图4是具有根据本公开的开放通道加强筋的另一构造的复合加筋面板的横截面图的图示。
图5A至图5D是图2中的复合加筋面板的图示，示出开放通道加强筋会经受的不同载荷。
图6是开放通道加强筋的右前俯视立体图的图示，示出粘合剂施加过程。
图7是开放通道加强筋的右前仰视立体图的图示。
图8是具有粘合剂施加头的开放通道加强筋的横截面图的图示。
图9是开放通道加强筋的结合凸缘与复合加筋面板中的面板之间形成的粘结层的近视图的图示。
图10是开放通道加强筋的右前俯视立体图的图示，示出在粘合剂施加以及粘结过程中用于将加强筋钉至面板的自攻紧固件。
具体实施方式
在下面的详细描述中，参照航空航天结构并且特别参照飞行器中的机翼蒙皮以及翼梁腹板描述减小开放通道加强筋从面板脱层或者分离的可能性的开放通道加强筋以及复合加筋面板的多个实施例以阐释本公开中的大体原理。图1与图1A示出了示例性的飞行器翼盒10，此飞行器翼盒具有借助多个肋13连接在一起的前翼梁腹板12与后翼梁腹板12。前翼梁腹板12与后翼梁腹板12利用如本文中公开的一个或者多个开放通道加强筋14被复合加筋。开放通道加强筋14结合至前翼梁腹板12与后翼梁腹板12的外表面。在一些应用中，开放通道加强筋14也可以结合至前翼梁腹板12与后翼梁腹板12的内部表面。飞行器的机翼蒙皮以及其他收尾元件未被示出。本领域中的技术人员将意识到，本公开可以在其他类似应用或者环境中实施并且/或者可以利用阐明性实施例的类似或者等同的变型来实施。例如，尽管图1与图1A中所示的飞行器翼盒10是用于商业客用飞行器的翼盒的一般代表，但是本公开的示教可以适用于其他客用飞行器、货用飞行器、军用飞行器、旋翼机以及其他类型的飞行器或者空中运载器，还有航空航天运载器、人造卫星、空间发射运载器、火箭以及船舶和其他船只、火车、小汽车、卡车、公共汽车或者具有一个或者多个复合加筋面板的其他合适结构。应注意，本文中不详细描述本公开的领域中的普通技术人员公知的那些方法、步骤、部件或者功能。
图2是复合加筋面板16的横截面图的图示，此复合加筋面板具有结合至面板17的开放通道加强筋14。构想面板17(例如图1中所示的前翼梁腹板12与后翼梁腹板12)是包括被基质材料环绕并支撑在基质材料内的加强材料的预固化复合材料(例如预浸渍材料)。加强材料可以包括诸如玻璃或碳纤维、石墨、芳族聚酰胺纤维、玻璃丝之类的高强度纤维或者其他合适的加强材料。基质材料可以包括诸如环氧树脂、聚酯、乙烯基酯树脂、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚酮酮(PEKK)、双马来酰亚胺之类的各种聚合物或者树脂材料或者其他适当的基质材料。用在本文中时，“预浸渍”意思是浸渍有未固化或者部分固化的树脂的机织物或纺织物或仿布带材料(例如玻璃丝或者碳纤维)，此材料柔韧到足以形成期望的形状，然后例如通过施加炉或者高压锅中的热而“固化”以将树脂硬化成强劲、坚硬的纤维加强结构。面板17优选包括碳纤维加强塑料(CFRP)带或机织物，或者包括其他适当的复合带、织物或纤维加强复合材料。
开放通道加强筋14也是包括被基质材料环绕并支撑在基质材料内的一层或者多层加强材料的预固化复合材料。基质材料优选是热塑性材料或者热固性材料，这两者都常用在航空航天工业中。热塑性材料与热固性材料之间的主要物理差异在于热塑性塑料可以在成形后在高温下再熔化回至液体并且重成形，而热固性塑料一直保持不变的固体状态。热固性基质材料通常包括固化时永久定型的环氧基聚合物。
可以使用用于制作预固化热塑性复合材料或者热固性复合材料的任一方法。例如，当使用热塑性复合材料时，热塑性复合片材可以在高压锅或者压力机中压实成呈大体扁平构造的热塑性复合片材。扁平的热塑性复合片材然后可以被挤压形成本文中公开的开放通道加强筋14的任一期望的横截面形状，从而与挤压成形的传统I形加强筋相比提供制造以及成本效益。然后可以在机加工操作中对挤压成形的开放通道加强筋14进行最后修剪。当使用热固性复合材料时，未固化的热固性复合片材可以铺叠在具有符合开放通道加强筋14的期望的横截面形状的成形表面的工具或者心轴上。可以将未固化的片材以及工具或心轴可以装入袋子并在高压锅中固化以形成开放通道加强筋14，脱去袋子然后在机加工操作中进行最后修剪。
图2示出了开放通道加强筋14的一种构造，此开放通道加强筋形成具有开放通道20的大体M形横截面形状。在此构造中，提供结合凸缘18以用于通过在结合凸缘18与面板17之间借助粘合剂形成的粘结层22将开放通道加强筋14结合至面板17。帽24大体平行于结合凸缘18并且与结合凸缘18间隔开定位。腹板26定位在帽24与结合凸缘18之间并且大体垂直于帽24以及结合凸缘18。弯曲连接部28位于帽24和腹板26之间并且位于腹板26和结合凸缘18之间。腹板26位于粘结层22上方，并且开放通道加强筋14的弯曲连接部28定位成延伸超出粘结层22的边缘30。开放通道加强筋14的厚度以及横截面形状的各组成部分的长度与构造可以取决于期望应用及用途变更。当用于加筋商业飞行器的机翼蒙皮或者翼梁腹板时，取决于弯曲连接部28的半径以及腹板26定位在粘结层22上方多远，开放通道加强筋14的高度可以例如在约2至3英寸的范围内，结合凸缘18的长度可以在约2至3.5英寸的范围内，帽24的长度可以在约0.75至1.5英寸的范围内，并且腹板26的长度可以在约1至2英寸的范围内。各个弯曲连接部28均可以具有在约1/8英寸至约3/8英寸的范围内的半径R1，并且这两个弯曲连接部28优选具有相同的半径R1。开放通道加强筋14具有约0.1至0.3英寸的厚度。开放通道加强筋14通常具有这样的总长度，此总长度约是面板17的长度，例如，图1中所示的开放通道加强筋14大致从前翼梁腹板12与后翼梁腹板12的的顶部边缘延展至底部边缘。
图3中示出了用于开放通道加强筋14的横截面形状的另一构造。在此构造中，开放通道加强筋14包括大体平行于结合凸缘18定位的帽24、斜向腹板32，此斜向腹板相对于帽24与结合凸缘18以锐角34定位在帽24与结合凸缘18之间。弯曲连接部28以锐角34定位在帽24与斜向腹板32之间以及斜向腹板32与结合凸缘18之间，从而形成大体Z形加强筋。斜向腹板32定位在位于结合凸缘18与复合面板17之间的粘结层22上方。图3中所示的弯曲连接部28、下弯曲连接部28中的至少一者定位成延伸超出粘结层22的边缘30。图3中所示的构造提供两个开放通道20，斜向腹板32的每侧上有一个开放通道20。
在图4中所示的开放通道加强筋14的再一构造中，开放通道加强筋14具有这样的横截面形状，此横截面形状包括定位在粘结层22上方的弯曲腹板36，并且包括定位在弯曲腹板36与结合凸缘18之间的弯曲连接部28，此弯曲连接部的半径R2小于弯曲腹板36的半径R3。弯曲连接部28延伸超出粘结层22的边缘30。弯曲腹板36的曲率与弯曲连接部28的曲率沿相反方向布置而形成大体S形加强筋。
公开的开放通道加强筋14是低成本加强筋，这些加强筋结构有效并且展现抵抗从面板17脱离结合的结构性能。加强筋14的开放通道构造使拉拔力定位于在很大程度上减小可以使加强筋14从面板17脱离结合的力的位置中，并且消除对半径填料软条的需求，因此很大程度上减少成本并提供制造效益。更特别地，开放通道加强筋14的横截面构造被构造成消除多种潜在失效模式，使得开放通道加强筋14中的邻近粘结层22的边缘30处的假定裂缝46的末端47的截面切割位置42处的力不具有打开矩或者不具有在能使加强筋14剥离面板17的方向上的扭转力。截面切割位置42是用于检测开放通道加强筋14中的邻近假定裂缝46的内力的假设位置。开放通道加强筋14的横截面形状也由于弯曲连接部28中的曲面而提供改进的稳定性，并且使弯曲连接部28靠近结合凸缘18定位减小了开放通道加强筋14的端部处的峰值拉拔。粘结层22对于超声透过传输(TTU)或者红外线检验也是可见的。
图5A至图5D示出了具有开放通道加强筋14的复合加筋面板16可能受到的各种载荷，这些载荷包括远离面板17的拉拔载荷(图5A)、朝向面板17的挤压或者压缩载荷(图5B)、左向侧弯载荷(图5C)以及右向侧弯载荷(图5D)。开放通道加强筋14的横截面形状构造成使加强筋14的剪切中心38(不引起扭曲的垂直剪力的位置)与加强筋14的形心41(轴向合力44的位置)沿垂直方向对准或者基本对准以防止开放通道加强筋14在经受弯曲时相对于面板17扭转。剪切中心38也近似对准粘结层22的边缘30，或者与边缘30对准或者从边缘30向内约1/4英寸至约1/2英寸，使得剪切中心38在粘结层22上方并且邻近边缘30的局部力矩或者轴向合力44是闭合矩(如图5A至图5C中所示)。到了真存在假定裂缝46的程度，此构造防止假定裂缝46延伸经过剪切中心38的垂直平面39(由虚线所示)。在图5A中所示的拉拔力下，假定裂缝46的形成被抑制。在图5B中所示的挤压力下，假定裂缝46在形成之后立即被制止。侧弯力通常是拉拔载荷或者挤压载荷的非常小的一部分。如果这些载荷从一个方向(左侧或者右侧)出现，则设计者可沿在截面切割位置处构建闭合矩的取向构造开放通道加强筋14的镜像以防止开放通道加强筋14从面板17分离。抑制开放通道加强筋从面板17分离的第二途径是将抵制脱层的较高韧度的材料用到低韧度带层片中。例如，可以在面板17上安置一个或者多个高韧度织物复合层以防止脱层转移到低韧度带层片中。
在本公开的图6至图9中所示的其他实施例中，开放通道加强筋14可以选择性地包括穿过结合凸缘18的多个穿孔48，这有双重用处：允许粘合剂50依靠毛细作用进入到穿孔48中并且在结合凸缘18与面板17之间构建机械互锁52。将基于通过穿孔的粘合剂的粘度与流量确定穿过的数量、穿孔的尺寸、穿孔的密度。在一些实施例中，可以形成这样的穿孔，这些穿孔具有在3/16英寸至1/2英寸的范围内的间隔并且具有约1/16至1/8英寸的直径。优选地，穿孔形成为在结合表面54处具有较小的直径并且在结合凸缘18的顶面60处具有较大直径(如图9中所示)的这样的略圆锥形状以增强互锁。对于利用热塑性复合材料制作的开放通道加强筋14而言，穿孔48穿过在高压锅或者压力机中压实后的扁平热塑性片材而形成。可当扁平热塑性片材被挤压形成期望的横截面构造时，在扁平热塑性片材的将成为结合凸缘18的区域中使用塑料工业中可得到的广泛的热针穿孔设备及方法中的任一者形成穿孔48。对于利用热固性复合材料制作的开放通道加强筋14而言，通过在穿孔工具上铺叠未固化的热固性复合材料片材形成穿孔48，此穿孔工具包括在将形成加强筋14的成形铺叠心轴中。
参照示出结合凸缘18的结合表面54的图7，穿孔48可以形成多个围绕各个穿孔48的凸起区56或者隆起，这些凸起区或者隆起在结合表面54上构建凸起纹理。另选地，凸起区56可以独立于穿孔过程形成在结合表面54上。在其他实施例中，在开放通道加强筋14将结合至面板17的区域中，面板17可以形成有类似于凸起区56的隆起。凸起区56保持结合凸缘18的结合表面54与面板17的表面间隔开小的距离以在开放通道加强筋14定位至面板17上时在整个粘结层22上提供用于粘合剂50在结合凸缘18与面板17之间流动的流路。凸起区56具有约0.005至0.010英寸的高度，并具有从0.030到0.100英寸范围内的直径。凸起区56也可以具有取决于结合凸缘18的厚度的间距或者间隔。间距厚度比可以约是4:1，并且间距可以在约0.25至0.5英寸的范围内。
本公开的另一方面涉及一种制作复合加筋面板16的方法，此方法减小复合加强筋14从面板17脱层或者分离的可能性，并且提供成本节约以及制造效益。本方法包括形成具有如上文公开的横截面形状的复合开放通道加强筋14，并且将开放通道加强筋14的结合凸缘18结合至面板17以形成复合加筋面板16。结合步骤包括预备结合凸缘18的结合表面54以及面板17的表面，并且施加在炉中后固化的、室温下的高韧度粘合剂50以构建厚的粘结层22从而填充结合表面54的表面轮廓与面板的表面中的间隙以及任何错位。公开的结合过程也与传统的帽形加强筋相容。
利用诸如等离子体刻蚀、喷砂或者激光烧灼技术之类的公知表面处理来为进行结合预备由热塑性材料制造的结合凸缘18的结合表面54。利用诸如等离子体、喷砂或者砂磨技术之类的公知表面处理预备由热固性材料制造的结合凸缘18的结合表面54。此表面预备的功能是：1)机械地移除复合材料的富树脂表面以移除抑制粘附的化合物；以及2)化学地激活复合表面以增进粘合剂化学粘附至开放通道加强筋14以及面板17的预固化复合表面。结合的接头处的强度受益于化学粘附与穿孔的机械互锁两者。待加筋的面板17通常是热固性材料，并且利用诸如喷砂、砂磨或者剥离层片技术之类的公知表面处理来为结合预备面板17的表面。
在为结合预备结合表面54以及面板17的表面后，将开放通道加强筋14定位到面板17的预备表面上并且保持在适当位置以在整个结合过程中保持其位置。加强筋14可以借助机械夹紧机构被保持在适当位置或者开放通道加强筋14可以利用粘合剂点焊、U形钉或者自攻紧固件固定就位。图10示出了具有多个沿加强筋14的长度间隔开的自攻紧固件58的开放通道加强筋14。在大部分情况下，对于每个加强筋14而言，3至5个自攻紧固件58就足够了。为了安装自攻紧固件58，应穿过结合凸缘18以及面板17钻出导孔。粘合剂可以注射到导孔中或者施加至自攻紧固件58，然后将自攻紧固件58驱入导孔中。在一些实施例中，在施加粘合剂50之前，可以在开放通道加强筋14与面板17之间安置较高韧度的热固性织物62(1至3个层片)。织物62的韧度约是面板17(通常也是热固性复合材料)的带层压板的韧度的两倍以防止脱层转移至面板17的较弱的层压面板带层片中。
参照图6、图8以及图9，室温的粘合剂50施加在结合凸缘18的顶面60上使得粘合剂50流动通过穿过结合凸缘18形成的穿孔48并且流动到粘结层22中以在粘结层22处在结合凸缘18与面板17之间构建机械互锁52。穿孔48优选具有圆锥形状，在结合凸缘18的顶面60处具有直径较大的开口74并且在结合凸缘的结合表面54处具有直径较小的开口76(参见图9)。粘结层具有在约0.005至0.1英寸之间的厚度以实现快速的层片降落率(drop rate)，从而引起结构效益以及较低的成本。可以用手或者利用自动施加设备或机器人施加设备施加粘合剂50，并且粘合剂50优选是高韧度粘合剂，此粘合剂比具有约3.0至7.0in-Ib/in2的GIC值的热固性复合材料的韧度高。示例性自动粘合剂施加器64具有定位成沿结合凸缘18的顶面60滑行的粘合剂混合-施加头66，并且包括混合器68，此混合器具有：用于混合在一起以形成粘合剂50的树脂以及催化剂的输入端70；以及机器人末端执行器72。施加头66在充足压力下将粘合剂50施加至结合凸缘18的顶面60，以使粘合剂50注射或者依靠毛细作用穿过穿孔48并进入到结合凸缘18与面板17之间的界面中，直到在结合凸缘18的边缘处可看到粘合剂50，或者直到红外照相机检测到粘合剂50完全填充粘结层22。粘合剂50配制成具有放热反应，这是有助于检验的良好的红外线源。
整个粘合剂施加过程在室温下完成以提供制造效益。可以擦除或者不擦除溢出结合凸缘18的边缘的任何粘合剂50。重复前述过程以用于将另外的开放通道加强筋14结合至面板17。粘合剂50将在适当位置固化约15分钟至1小时。然后，使具有一个或者多个结合的开放通道加强筋14的面板17通过加热至约250华氏度的炉以进一步固化粘合剂50并且将玻璃态转化温度(Tg)升高至适合具体应用的期望温度。前述方法需要用于将开放通道加强筋14定位、固定住以及结合至面板17以形成复合加筋面板16的最少工具，从而带来成本节约以及其他制造效益。
而且，本公开包括根据下面的条款的实施方式：
1.一种用于加强面板的开放通道加强筋，此开放通道加强筋包括结合凸缘，此结合凸缘用于借助形成在结合凸缘与面板之间的粘结层将加强筋结合至面板，加强筋的横截面形状构造成使加强筋的剪切中心与加强筋的形心基本对准并且使剪切中心近似对准粘结层的边缘。
2.根据条款1的加强筋，还包括穿过结合凸缘的多个穿孔，这些穿孔允许粘合剂依靠毛细作用进入到穿孔中以在结合凸缘与面板之间构建机械互锁。
3.根据条款2的加强筋，还包括多个凸起区，这些凸起区在结合凸缘的结合表面上构建纹理以在结合凸缘与面板之间提供粘合剂的流径。
4.根据条款2的加强筋，其中，所述的多个穿孔在结合凸缘的顶面上具有直径较大的开口并且在结合凸缘的结合表面上具有直径较小的开口。
5.根据条款1的加强筋，其中，加强筋的横截面形状包括大体平行于结合凸缘定位的帽、定位在帽与结合凸缘之间并且基本垂直于帽与结合凸缘的腹板以及定位在帽与腹板之间和腹板与结合凸缘之间的弯曲连接部。
6.根据条款5的加强筋，其中，腹板定位在粘结层上方，并且加强筋的弯曲连接部定位成延伸超出粘结层的边缘。
7.根据条款1的加强筋，其中，加强筋由热塑性材料或者热固性材料构成。
8.根据条款1的加强筋，其中，加强筋的横截面形状包括大体平行于结合凸缘定位的帽、相对于结合凸缘和帽以锐角定位在结合凸缘与帽之间的腹板以及定位在帽与腹板之间和腹板与结合凸缘之间的弯曲连接部。
9.根据条款8的加强筋，其中，腹板定位在粘结层上方，并且至少一个弯曲连接部定位成延伸超出粘结层的边缘。
10.根据条款1的加强筋，其中，加强筋的横截面形状包括定位在粘结层上方的弯曲腹板，并且包括定位在弯曲腹板与结合凸缘之间的弯曲连接部，此弯曲连接部的半径小于弯曲腹板的半径，弯曲连接部定位成延伸超出粘结层的边缘。
11.一种包括结合至面板的开放通道加强筋的加筋面板，此开放通道加强筋包括结合凸缘，此结合凸缘用于借助形成在结合凸缘与面板之间的粘结层将加强筋结合至面板，加强筋的横截面形状构造成使加强筋的剪切中心与加强筋的形心对准并且使剪切中心近似对准粘结层的边缘。
12.根据条款11的加筋面板，其中，结合凸缘具有多个穿孔，这些穿孔允许粘合剂依靠毛细作用进入到穿孔中以在结合凸缘与面板之间构建机械互锁。
13.根据条款11的加筋面板，其中，加强筋的横截面形状包括大体平行于结合凸缘定位的帽、定位在帽与结合凸缘之间并且基本垂直于帽与结合凸缘的腹板以及定位在帽与腹板之间和腹板与结合凸缘之间的弯曲连接部。
14.根据条款13的加筋面板，其中，腹板定位在粘结层上方，并且加强筋的弯曲连接部定位成延伸超出粘结层的边缘。
15.一种加强面板的方法，此方法包括以下步骤：
形成具有一定横截面形状的开放通道加强筋，此开放通道加强筋具有结合凸缘，此结合凸缘用于借助形成在结合凸缘与面板之间的粘结层将加强筋结合至面板，并且将加强筋的横截面形状构造成使加强筋的剪切中心与加强筋的形心对准并且使剪切中心近似对准粘结层的边缘；并且
将加强筋的结合凸缘结合至面板。
16.根据条款15的方法，还包括形成穿过结合凸缘的多个穿孔的步骤；并且其中，结合步骤包括将粘合剂施加在结合凸缘的顶面上使得粘合剂流动通过穿孔并且流到粘结层中以在结合凸缘与面板之间构建机械互锁。
17.根据条款15的方法，还包括形成多个凸起区的步骤，这些凸起区在结合凸缘或者面板的结合表面上构建纹理以在结合凸缘与面板之间提供粘合剂的流径。
18.根据条款15的方法，其中，形成加强筋的步骤包括大体平行于结合凸缘定位帽、在帽与结合凸缘之间并且基本垂直于帽与结合凸缘定位腹板以及在帽与腹板之间和在腹板与结合凸缘之间定位弯曲连接部。
19.根据条款18的方法，还包括将腹板定位在粘结层上方，并且将加强筋的弯曲连接部定位成延伸超出粘结层的边缘。
20.根据条款15的方法，还包括在将结合凸缘结合至面板之前利用从由喷砂、砂磨、等离子体刻蚀、激光烧灼、剥离层片组成的组中选择的一种或者多种表面处理来预备结合凸缘的结合表面。
当然，考虑到以上描述可以想出用于实施本公开中的原理的一些其他的变型例以及变更例。例如但不限于，横截面构造可以包括位于构造的不同部分中的可变的厚度，例如帽可以比腹板厚以在将剪切中心维持在粘结层上方的同时提供额外的弯曲刚度以及稳定性。提出的开放通道加强筋14的横截面形状可以在高宽比方面变更，可以变更对称程度并且可以是镜像。另外，开放通道加强筋14可以结合至结合了多种叠层以及厚度或者实心层压制品或者夹层结构的多种构造的面板。所有这些变型例以及变更例理应被理解成在本公开所附的权利要求中限定的实质与范围内。

Claims (13)

1.一种用于加强面板的开放通道加强筋（14），该加强筋包括结合凸缘（18），此结合凸缘用于借助形成在所述结合凸缘与所述面板之间的粘结层（22）将所述加强筋结合至所述面板，所述加强筋的横截面形状构造成使所述加强筋的剪切中心（38）与所述加强筋的形心（41）沿垂直方向对准并且使所述剪切中心对准所述粘结层的边缘（30）或从所述边缘（30）向内1/4英寸至1/2英寸，使得所述剪切中心（38）在所述粘结层（22）上方并且在拉拔载荷、挤压或压缩载荷下，邻近所述边缘（30）的局部力矩或者轴向合力（44）是闭合矩，
其中，该加强筋还包括穿过所述结合凸缘（18）的多个穿孔（48），这些穿孔允许粘合剂（50）依靠毛细作用进入到所述穿孔中，以在所述结合凸缘与所述面板之间构建机械互锁（52），并且
其中，该加强筋还包括多个凸起区（56），这些凸起区在所述结合凸缘（18）的结合表面（54）上构建纹理以在所述结合凸缘与所述面板之间提供粘合剂（50）的流径。
2.根据权利要求1所述的加强筋（14），其中，所述多个穿孔（48）在所述结合凸缘（18）的顶面（60）上具有直径较大的开口并且在所述结合凸缘的结合表面（54）上具有直径较小的开口。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的加强筋（14），其中，所述加强筋的所述横截面形状包括大体平行于所述结合凸缘（18）定位的帽（24）、定位在所述帽与所述结合凸缘之间并且基本垂直于所述帽及所述结合凸缘的腹板（26）以及定位在所述帽与所述腹板之间和所述腹板与所述结合凸缘之间的弯曲连接部（28）。
4.根据权利要求3所述的加强筋（14），其中，所述腹板（26）定位在所述粘结层（22）上方，并且所述加强筋的所述弯曲连接部（28）定位成延伸超出所述粘结层的所述边缘。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的加强筋（14），其中，所述加强筋由热塑性材料或者热固性材料构成。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的加强筋（14），其中，所述加强筋的所述横截面形状包括大体平行于所述结合凸缘（18）定位的帽（24）、相对于所述结合凸缘及所述帽以锐角（34）定位在所述结合凸缘与所述帽之间的腹板（26）以及定位在所述帽与所述腹板之间和定位在所述腹板与所述结合凸缘之间的弯曲连接部（28）。
7.根据权利要求6所述的加强筋（14），其中，所述腹板定位在所述粘结层（22）上方，并且至少一个所述弯曲连接部定位成延伸超出所述粘结层的所述边缘（30）。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的加强筋（14），其中，所述加强筋的所述横截面形状包括定位在所述粘结层（22）上方的弯曲腹板（36），并且包括定位在所述弯曲腹板与所述结合凸缘（18）之间的弯曲连接部（28），此弯曲连接部的半径小于所述弯曲腹板的半径，所述弯曲连接部定位成延伸超出所述粘结层的所述边缘（30）。
9.一种包括结合至面板的根据权利要求1所述的开放通道加强筋的加筋面板。
10.一种加强面板的方法，此方法包括以下步骤：
形成具有这样的横截面形状的开放通道加强筋（14），此开放通道加强筋具有结合凸缘（18），此结合凸缘用于借助形成在所述结合凸缘与所述面板之间的粘结层（22）将所述加强筋结合至所述面板，并且将所述加强筋的所述横截面形状构造成使所述加强筋的剪切中心（38）与所述加强筋的形心（41）沿垂直方向对准并且使所述剪切中心对准所述粘结层的边缘（30）或从所述边缘（30）向内1/4英寸至1/2英寸，使得所述剪切中心（38）在所述粘结层（22）上方并且在拉拔载荷、挤压或压缩载荷下，邻近所述边缘（30）的局部力矩或者轴向合力（44）是闭合矩；
穿过所述结合凸缘（18）形成多个穿孔（48）；
形成多个凸起区（56），这些凸起区在所述结合凸缘（18）的结合表面（54）或者所述面板上构建纹理，以在所述结合凸缘与所述面板之间提供粘合剂（50）的流径；以及
通过将粘合剂（50）施加在所述结合凸缘的顶面（60）上，使得所述粘合剂流动通过所述穿孔并且流到所述粘结层（22）中，以在所述结合凸缘与所述面板之间构建机械互锁（52），而将所述加强筋的所述结合凸缘结合至所述面板。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中，形成所述加强筋（14）的步骤包括大体平行于所述结合凸缘（18）定位帽（24）、在所述帽与所述结合凸缘之间并且基本垂直于所述帽与所述结合凸缘定位腹板（26）以及在所述帽与所述腹板之间和所述腹板与所述结合凸缘之间定位弯曲连接部（28）。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法，该方法还包括将所述腹板（26）定位在所述粘结层（22）上方，并且将所述加强筋（14）的所述弯曲连接部（28）定位成延伸超出所述粘结层的所述边缘（30）。
13.根据权利要求10所述的方法，该方法还包括在将所述结合凸缘结合至所述面板之前利用从由喷砂、砂磨、等离子体刻蚀、激光烧灼和剥离层片组成的组中选择的一种或者多种表面处理来预备所述结合凸缘（18）的结合表面（54）。
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