JP2018079915A - 開チャネルスチフナ - Google Patents

開チャネルスチフナ Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2018079915A
JP2018079915A JP2017159835A JP2017159835A JP2018079915A JP 2018079915 A JP2018079915 A JP 2018079915A JP 2017159835 A JP2017159835 A JP 2017159835A JP 2017159835 A JP2017159835 A JP 2017159835A JP 2018079915 A JP2018079915 A JP 2018079915A
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JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
stiffener
joining
panel
joining flange
flange
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
JP2017159835A
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English (en)
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JP6962741B2 (ja
Inventor
ライル アール. デオボールド,
R Deobald Lyle
ライル アール. デオボールド,
マシュー エー. ディリガン,
A Dilligan Matthew
マシュー エー. ディリガン,
アーロン エヌ. リン,
N Rinn Aaron
アーロン エヌ. リン,
マドヴァダース ラマナス,
Ramnath Madhavadas
マドヴァダース ラマナス,
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Boeing Co
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Boeing Co
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Publication of JP2018079915A publication Critical patent/JP2018079915A/ja
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Publication of JP6962741B2 publication Critical patent/JP6962741B2/ja
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64CAEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C1/00Fuselages; Constructional features common to fuselages, wings, stabilising surfaces or the like
    • B64C1/06Frames; Stringers; Longerons ; Fuselage sections
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C44/00Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
    • B29C44/02Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C44/12Incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. inserts or reinforcements
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/4805Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the type of adhesives
    • B29C65/483Reactive adhesives, e.g. chemically curing adhesives
    • B29C65/4835Heat curing adhesives
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/52Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/52Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive
    • B29C65/54Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive between pre-assembled parts
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/52Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive
    • B29C65/54Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive between pre-assembled parts
    • B29C65/542Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive between pre-assembled parts by injection
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/562Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/72Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by combined operations or combined techniques, e.g. welding and stitching
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/02Preparation of the material, in the area to be joined, prior to joining or welding
    • B29C66/022Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping
    • B29C66/0224Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping with removal of material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/02Preparation of the material, in the area to be joined, prior to joining or welding
    • B29C66/022Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping
    • B29C66/0224Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping with removal of material
    • B29C66/02241Cutting, e.g. by using waterjets, or sawing
    • B29C66/02242Perforating or boring
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/02Preparation of the material, in the area to be joined, prior to joining or welding
    • B29C66/022Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping
    • B29C66/0224Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping with removal of material
    • B29C66/02245Abrading, e.g. grinding, sanding, sandblasting or scraping
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/02Preparation of the material, in the area to be joined, prior to joining or welding
    • B29C66/024Thermal pre-treatments
    • B29C66/0246Cutting or perforating, e.g. burning away by using a laser or using hot air
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/02Preparation of the material, in the area to be joined, prior to joining or welding
    • B29C66/028Non-mechanical surface pre-treatments, i.e. by flame treatment, electric discharge treatment, plasma treatment, wave energy or particle radiation
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112Single lapped joints
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/13Single flanged joints; Fin-type joints; Single hem joints; Edge joints; Interpenetrating fingered joints; Other specific particular designs of joint cross-sections not provided for in groups B29C66/11 - B29C66/12
    • B29C66/131Single flanged joints, i.e. one of the parts to be joined being rigid and flanged in the joint area
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/20Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines
    • B29C66/21Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines said joint lines being formed by a single dot or dash or by several dots or dashes, i.e. spot joining or spot welding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/303Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/303Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect
    • B29C66/3032Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30321Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of protusions belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/303Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect
    • B29C66/3032Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30325Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/303Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect
    • B29C66/3034Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of additional elements, e.g. meshes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/474Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces said single elements being substantially non-flat
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B29C66/524Joining profiled elements
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/53Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars
    • B29C66/532Joining single elements to the wall of tubular articles, hollow articles or bars
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721Fibre-reinforced materials
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/737General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined
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Abstract

【課題】低コストの開チャネルスチフナ構成及び航空機における使用のためといった強化複合パネルの関連方法を提供する。
【解決手段】パネルを強化するための開チャネルスチフナ14は、接合フランジ18とパネルの間に形成されたボンドライン22を介してスチフナをパネルに接合し、強化パネルを形成するための接合フランジを有する。この開チャネルスチフナは、スチフナのせん断中心とスチフナの重心とを整列又は実質的に整列させ、せん断中心をボンドラインの端の近位に位置合わせする断面形状を有し、R部充填剤ヌードル部の必要性を排除する。接着剤が孔に吸い込まれて接合フランジとパネルの間に機械的連結を生成することを可能にする、接合フランジを貫通する複数の孔を形成することができる。
【選択図】図4

Description

本開示内容は、概して複合補強支持構造に関し、具体的には低コストの開チャネルスチフナ構成及び航空機における使用のためといった強化複合パネルの関連方法に関する。
複合材料は、その高い強度及び剛性、軽量性、耐食性並びにその他の好ましい特性により、多くの異なる産業において広範な用途に使用されている。航空宇宙産業において、複合材料は、軽量で強度が高く、したがって燃料経済性及びその他の利益を提供するために、航空機構造、及び航空機構造の構成部品、例えば航空機のリブ、桁、パネル、胴体、翼、翼ボックス、燃料タンク、及び尾部の製造に広く使用されるようになった。例えば、航空機の翼の外板及び桁のウェブ、並びに他の概ね平坦な構成部品は、強化複合パネルから形成することができ、このようなパネルには、複合圧力ウェブ又は外板パネルの強度、剛性、耐座屈性及び安定性を改善するために、機械的取り付け手段、共接合又は共硬化技術を用いて補強スチフナを装着又は接合することができるパネルが含まれる。共接合は一般に、事前硬化させた補強スチフナを未硬化のパネルに接合する接合プロセスを指す。共硬化は一般に、未硬化の補強スチフナと未硬化のパネルとを互いに、同時に接合及び硬化させる接合プロセスを指す。二次接合は一般に、事前硬化させた補強スチフナを事前硬化させたパネルに接合する接合プロセスを指す。
このような複合ウェブ又は外板パネルに使用される既知の補強スチフナには、C型ビーム、I型ビーム又はT型ビームスチフナ(即ち、C字形状、I字形状、又はT字形状の断面を有するビーム)又はハット型若しくはブレード状スチフナといった他の形状のスチフナが含まれる。しかしながら、このような既知のスチフナで補強された強化複合パネルは、形成に費用が掛かり、R部充填剤、即ち、スチフナの一部である「ヌードル部」、又はヌードル部の領域内に取り付けられた補強スチフナのフランジに共通の半径において高い引抜き荷重を受けうる。本明細書で使用される「引き抜き荷重」は、複合部品が複合圧力ウェブ又は外板パネルといった構造に装着又は接合される位置において補強スチフナなどの複合部品に印加されるせん断荷重及び/又はモーメント力により、装着される構造から複合部品が層剥離又は分離するようなせん断荷重及び/又はモーメント力を意味する。本明細書において使用される「R部充填剤ヌードル部」は、補強スチフナのような複合部品の湾曲片の半径により残った空隙を充填するために使用される、概ね三角形の断面を有する複合材料又は接着/エポキシ材料を意味する。
高い引き抜き荷重に起因した複合ウェブ又は外板パネルからの補強スチフナの層剥離及び分離の可能性を低下させるために、多数の追加的R部充填剤エレメント、ファスナ、及び/又は角度調節具が、補強スチフナが複合ウェブ又は外板パネルに装着又は接合される位置又は接合部において必要となりうる。このようなR部充填剤エレメント、ファスナ、及び/又は角度調節具は、前記位置又は接合部に対して追加的な構造補強を提供し、補強スチフナのR部充填剤又はヌードル部分における層剥離のリスクを低下させるために、せん断荷重及び/又はモーメント力を分配する。しかしながら、このような多数の追加的R部充填剤エレメント、ファスナ、及び/又は角度調節具を使用する結果、製造時間が延び、部品数及び費用が増加し、部品を取り付け維持するための労力及び製造費が増大し、且つ構造の複雑性が全体的に高まる可能性がある。更に、補強スチフナ又は複合ウェブ又は外板パネルへの機械的締結を要するファスナ又は角度調節具の使用は、複合材料又は構造内に、適切にサイズ決めされた穴の形成を必要としうる。これにより、複合材料又は構造にこのような穴を形成するための専用ツールを使用する必要が生じうる。このような専用ツールは更に、労力及び製造費を増大させうる。
したがって、既知の構成、構造及び方法を上回る利点を提供する改善された複合スチフナ及び改善された複合強化構造と、その作製方法とが必要とされている。
上記目的及びその他の目的は、構造的に効率的で且つパネルからの接合解除に抵抗するような構造的挙動を呈する、低コストで開チャネル式の複合スチフナにより達成される。スチフナの開チャネルの構成は、スチフナをパネルから接合解除しうる力を大きく減少させてR部充填剤のヌードル部を不要とすることにより、費用を大幅に削減して製造効率を提供する位置に、引抜き力を位置させる。
一実施例によれば、開チャネルスチフナは、接合フランジとパネルと間に形成されたボンドラインを介してスチフナをパネルに接合するための接合フランジを備える。開チャネルスチフナは、熱硬化性又は熱可塑性の複合材料から作製されて、スチフナのせん断中心(誘導されたねじれのない垂直なせん断力の位置)とスチフナの重心(結果としての軸力の位置)とを整列又は実質的に整列させて、屈曲されたときのパネルに対するスチフナのねじれを防ぎ、せん断中心をボンドラインの端の近位に位置合わせするように構成された断面形状を有する。せん断中心は、ボンドラインの端に位置合わせすることができるか、又はボンドラインの端をやや越えていてもよい。断面形状はまた、スチフナの荷重モーメント及び反応点を、ボンドラインの上に来ないように、即ち、荷重モーメント及び反応点がボンドラインの端を越えて位置するように、配置する。
開チャネルの断面形状の一構成は、接合フランジと概ね平行に配置されたキャップ、キャップと接合フランジの間にキャップ及び接合フランジと概ね直交するように配置されたウェブ、並びにキャップとウェブの間及びウェブと接合フランジの間にそれぞれ配置された湾曲コネクタ部分を備える。ウェブは、ボンドラインの上に配置され、スチフナの湾曲コネクタ部分は、ボンドラインの端を越えるように配置されて、キャップと接合フランジの間に開チャネルを有する概ねM字形状のスチフナを形成する。上記要件を満たす開チャネルスチフナの断面形状の別の構成は、接合フランジと概ね平行に配置されたキャップ、キャップと接合フランジの間にキャップ及び接合フランジに対して鋭角を有するように配置されたウェブ、並びにキャップとウェブの間及びウェブと接合フランジの間に配置されて、鋭角ウェブの両側に開チャネルを有する概ねZ字形状のスチフナを形成する湾曲コネクタ部分を備える。ウェブはボンドラインの上に配置され、湾曲コネクタ部分の少なくとも一つはボンドラインの端を越えて延びるように配置される。開チャネルスチフナの断面形状のまた別の構成では、断面形状は、ボンドラインの上に配置された湾曲ウェブ、及び湾曲ウェブと接合フランジの間に配置された、湾曲ウェブの半径より小さい半径を有する湾曲コネクタ部分を備え、湾曲コネクタ部分はボンドラインの端を越えて延びて、概ねS字形状のスチフナを形成する。
別の構成では、開チャネルスチフナは、接合フランジを貫通する複数の孔を更に含み、この孔は、スチフナをパネルに接合するために使用される接着剤が孔に吸い込まれて接合フランジとパネルの間に機械的連結を形成することを可能にする。また、孔は、接着剤が、圧力下で接合フランジの上面から孔を通して接合フランジとパネルの間の境界面に注入されることを可能にする。孔は、接合フランジの接合面上に、接合フランジとパネルの間に接着剤の流路を提供する隆起領域のテクスチャを生成する。接合フランジの接合面上の隆起領域は、穿孔プロセスとは別個に生成することができる、又は隆起領域は、開チャネルスチフナが接合されるパネル上の位置に形成されてもよい。
本発明の更なる態様は、航空機の翼の外板又は桁ウェブといったパネルに結合される本明細書に開示の開チャネルスチフナを備えた複合強化パネルに関する。開チャネルスチフナは、接合フランジとパネルの間に形成されたボンドラインを介してスチフナをパネルに接合するための接合フランジと、スチフナのせん断中心とスチフナの重心とを整列又は実質的に整列させ、且つせん断中心をボンドラインの端の近位に位置合わせするように構成された断面形状とを備える。接合フランジは、接着剤が孔に吸い込まれて接合フランジとパネルの間に機械的連結を生成することを可能にする複数の孔を有してもよい。
本発明のまた更なる態様は、複合スチフナのパネルからの層剥離又は分離の可能性を低下させる複合強化パネルの作製方法に関する。この方法は、接合フランジとパネルの間に形成されたボンドラインを介してスチフナをパネルに接合するための接合フランジと、スチフナのせん断中心とスチフナの重心とを整列又は実質的に整列させ、且つせん断中心をボンドラインの端の近位に位置合わせする構成とを有する、上述のような断面形状を含む複合開チャネルスチフナを形成することを含む。方法は更に、複合開チャネルスチフナの接合フランジをパネルに接合して複合強化パネルを形成することを含む。接合するステップは、接着剤を接合フランジの上面に塗布して、接着剤が、接合フランジを貫通するように形成された孔を通ってボンドラインへと流れ込み、接合フランジとパネルの間に機械的連結を生成することを可能にすることを含む。
開チャネルスチフナの、開示された特徴、機能及び利点、並びに他の目的、特徴、機能及び利点は、本明細書の種々の実施例において単独で達成することができる、又は他の実施例において組み合わせることができる。これらの更なる詳細は、以下の説明と添付図面に見ることができる。
本発明による開チャネルスチフナで強化された前桁及び後桁を示す航空機の翼ボックスの図である。 図1に示される航空機の翼ボックス上の開チャネルスチフナの拡大斜視図である。 本発明による開チャネルスチフナを有する複合強化パネルの上面図である。 本発明による開チャネルスチフナの別の構成を有する複合強化パネルの断面図である。 本発明による開チャネルスチフナの別の構成を有する複合強化パネルの断面図である。 AからDは、開チャネルスチフナが受けうる変動荷重を示す、図2の複合強化パネルの図である。 開チャネルスチフナの右側、正面及び上面を示す斜視図であり、接着剤塗布プロセスを示している。 開チャネルスチフナの右側、正面及び底面の斜視図である。 接着剤塗布ヘッドを有する開チャネルスチフナの断面図である。 開チャネルスチフナの接合フランジと複合強化パネル内のパネルとの間に形成されたボンドラインの拡大図である。 開チャネルスチフナの右側、正面及び上面を示す斜視図であり、接着剤塗布及び接合プロセスの間にスチフナをパネルに連結するためのセルフタップファスナを示している。
以下の詳細な説明において、本発明の一般原理を説明するために、開チャネルスチフナのパネルからの層剥離又は分離の可能性を低下させる開チャネルスチフナ及び複合強化パネルの様々な実施例が、航空宇宙構造、具体的には航空機の翼外板及び桁ウェブに言及して記載される。図1及び1Aは、複数のリブ13によって互いに接続された前桁及び後桁ウェブ12を有する例示的な航空機の翼ボックス10を示している。前桁及び後桁ウェブ12は、本明細書に開示される一又は複数の開チャネルスチフナ14によって強化される複合材である。開チャネルスチフナ14は、前桁及び後桁ウェブ12の外表面に接合される。幾つかの用途では、開チャネルスチフナ14は、前桁及び後桁ウェブ12の内表面に接合されてもよい。航空機の翼外板及びその他の閉止エレメントは示されない。当業者であれば、本発明が、他の類似の用途又は環境において及び/又は実施例の他の類似又は同等のバリエーションと共に実施可能であることを理解するであろう。例えば、図1及び1Aに示される航空機の翼ボックス10は、概ね民間旅客航空機に使用される翼ボックスを表わすが、この開示の教示は、他の旅客航空機、貨物航空機、軍用航空機、回転翼航空機、及び他の種類の航空機又は空中ビークル、並びに航空宇宙ビークル、衛星、宇宙打ち上げビークル、ロケット、及びその他の航空宇宙ビークル、並びにボート及びその他の船舶、列車、自動車、トラック、バス、又は一又は複数の複合強化パネルを有するその他の適切な構造体にも適用されうる。本開示の分野で当業者によく知られている方法、手順、構成部品、又は機能は、本明細書では詳細に記載されない。
図2は、パネル17に接合された開チャネルスチフナ14を有する複合強化パネル16の断面図である。図1に示される前桁及び後桁ウェブ12のようなパネル17は、例えば、プリプレグ材といったマトリックス材内部に支持され且つ同マトリックス材によって囲まれた補強材料を含む、事前硬化複合材料である。補強材料は、ガラス又は炭素繊維のような高強度繊維、黒鉛、芳香族ポリアミドファイバ、ファイバガラス、又は別の適切な補強材料を含みうる。マトリックス材は、様々なポリマー又は樹脂材料、例えばエポキシ、ポリエステル、ビニルエステル樹脂、ポリエーテルエーテルケトンポリマー(PEEK)、ポリエーテルケトンケトンポリマー(PEKK)、ビスマレイミド、又は別の適切なマトリックス材を含むことができる。本明細書において使用される「プリプレグ」は、所望の形状に成形するために十分に柔軟な、未硬化の又は部分的に硬化した樹脂を含浸させた織布若しくは編組布又は布様テープ材、例えば、ファイバガラス又は炭素繊維を意味し、この繊維はその後、例えば、樹脂を固めて強力且つ剛性の繊維補強構造にするためにオーブン又はオートクレーブ内において熱を印加することにより、「硬化」される。パネル17は、好ましくは、炭素繊維強化プラスチック(CFRP)テープ若しくは織布、又は別の適切な複合テープ、繊維、又は繊維強化複合材料を含む。
また、開チャネルスチフナ14は、マトリックス材内部に支持されて同マトリックス材によって囲まれた補強材料の一又は複数の層を含む事前硬化させた複合材料である。マトリックス材は、好ましくは、熱可塑性若しくは熱硬化性材料であり、これら材料はともに航空宇宙産業において一般的に使用されている。熱可塑性材料と熱硬化性材料との主な物理的相違は、熱可塑性材料が、成形後に再度溶解させて液体に戻して高温下で成形し直すことができるのに対して、熱硬化性プラスチックは常に恒久的に固体状態に留まることである。熱硬化性マトリックス材には通常、硬化すると永久に硬化するエポキシ系ポリマーが含まれる。
事前硬化させた熱可塑性又は熱硬化性複合材料を作製するための任意の方法を使用できる。例えば、熱可塑性複合材料を使用するとき、熱可塑性複合シートは、オートクレーブ内で圧密化することができるか、又はプレス加工して概ね平坦な構成の熱可塑性複合シートを成形することができる。平坦な熱可塑性複合シートは次いで、プレス加工により、本明細書に開示される開チャネルスチフナ14を形成する、伝統的なI字形状のスチフナと比較して製造及び費用の効率化を提供する任意の所望の断面形状に成形することができる。プレス成形された開チャネルスチフナ14は次いで、機械加工作業においてネットトリム加工してもよい。熱硬化性複合材料を使用するとき、熱硬化性複合材の未硬化シートを、開チャネルスチフナ14の所望の断面形状に一致する成形表面を有するツール又はマンドレル上にレイアップすることができる。未硬化シート及びツール又はマンドレルは、袋に入れてオートクレーブ内で硬化させ、開チャネルスチフナ14を形成し、袋から出し、次いで機械加工においてネットトリム加工することができる。
図2は、開チャネル20を有する概ねM字形状の断面形状を形成する開チャネルスチフナ14の一構成を示す。この構成では、接合フランジ18は、接合フランジ18とパネル17の間の接着剤で形成されるボンドライン22によって開チャネルスチフナ14をパネル17に接合するために提供される。キャップ24は、接合フランジ18に概ね平行に、接合フランジ18から離間して配置される。ウェブ26は、キャップ24と接合フランジ18の間に、キャップ24とフランジ18に概ね垂直に配置される。湾曲コネクタ部分28は、キャップ24とウェブ26の間及びウェブ26と接合フランジ18の間に配置される。ウェブ26は、ボンドライン22の上に配置され、開チャネルスチフナ14の湾曲コネクタ部分28は、ボンドライン22の端30を超えて延びるように配置される。開チャネルスチフナ14の厚さ並びに断面形状の各エレメントの長さ及び構成は、意図される分野及び用途に応じて変化させることができる。民間航空機の強化翼外板又は桁ウェブに使用されるとき、湾曲コネクタ部分28の半径及びボンドライン22の上どの程度にウェブ26を位置させるかに応じて、開チャネルスチフナ14の高さは、例えば、約2から3インチの範囲内とすることができ、接合フランジ18の長さは約2から3.5インチの範囲とすることができ、キャップ24の長さは約0.75インチから1.5インチの範囲とすることができ、ウェブ26の長さは約1から2インチの範囲とすることができる。湾曲コネクタ部分28の各々は、約1/8から約3/8インチの範囲の半径R1を有することができ、湾曲コネクタ部分28の両方が好ましくは同じ半径R1を有する。開チャネルスチフナ14は約0.1から0.3インチの厚さを有する。開チャネルスチフナ14は、典型的には、ほぼパネル17の長さである全長を有し;例えば、図1に示される開チャネルスチフナ14は前桁及び後桁ウェブ12の概ね上端から下端まで延びる。
開チャネルスチフナ14の断面形状の別の構成が図3に示されている。この構成では、開チャネルスチフナ14は、接合フランジ18に概ね平行に配置されたキャップ24、キャップ24と接合フランジ18の間にキャップ24及び接合フランジ18に対して鋭角34を有するように配置された角度付きウェブ32を備える。湾曲コネクタ部分28は、キャップ24と角度付きウェブ32、及び角度付きウェブ32と接合フランジ18の間に鋭角34に配置されて、概ねZ字形状のスチフナを形成する。角度付きウェブ32は、接合フランジ18と複合パネル17の間のボンドライン22の上に配置される。湾曲コネクタ部分28の少なくとも一つ、図2に示される下部湾曲コネクタ部分28は、ボンドライン22の端30を越えて延びるように配置される。図2に示される構成は、角度付きウェブ32の各側に一つずつ、合計二つの開チャネル20を提供する。
図4に示される開チャネルスチフナ14のまた別の構成では、開チャネルスチフナ14は、ボンドライン22の上に配置された湾曲ウェブ36、及び湾曲ウェブ36と接合フランジ18の間に配置された湾曲ウェブ36の半径R3より小さい半径R2を有する湾曲コネクタ部分28を備える断面形状を有する。湾曲コネクタ部分28は、ボンドライン22の端30を越えて延びる。湾曲ウェブ36の湾曲及び湾曲コネクタ部分28の湾曲は、反対方向に配置されて、概ねS字形状のスチフナを形成する。
開示される開チャネルスチフナ14は、構造的に効率的でパネル17からの接合解除に抵抗するような構造的挙動を呈する低コストのスチフナである。スチフナ14の開チャネルの構成は、スチフナ14をパネル17から接合解除しうる力を大きく減少させてR部充填剤のヌードル部を不要とすることにより、費用を大幅に削減して製造効率を提供する位置に、引抜き力を位置させる。具体的には、開チャネルスチフナ14の断面構成は、起こりうる多モードの障害を均衡させ、ボンドライン22の端30に想定される亀裂46の先端47に隣接する開チャネルスチフナ14の断面切断位置42における力が、開口モーメント又はパネル17からスチフナ14を引き剥がしうる方向へねじる力を有さないように構成される。断面切断位置42は、想定される亀裂46に隣接する開チャネルスチフナ14の内力を検査するために使用される仮説的位置である。開チャネルスチフナ14の断面形状は、湾曲コネクタ部分28の湾曲により安定性も向上させ、湾曲コネクタ部分28を接合フランジ18の近くに配置することにより、開チャネルスチフナ14の末端におけるピーク引き抜き力が減少する。ボンドライン22は、スルートランスミッション超音波(TTU)又は赤外線検査でも見ることができる。
図5A〜5Dは、開チャネルスチフナ14を有する複合強化パネル16が受けうる様々な荷重を示しており、それぞれパネル17から離れた地点の引き抜き荷重(図5A)、パネル17に向かう限界荷重又は圧縮荷重(図5B)、左への側曲げ荷重(図5C)及び右への側曲げ荷重(図5D)である。開チャネルスチフナ14の断面形状は、屈曲を受けるとパネル17に対する開チャネルスチフナ14のねじれを防止するために、スチフナ14のせん断中心38(ねじりが生じない垂直なせん断力の位置)と、スチフナ14の重心41(結果的軸力44)とを、垂直方向に整列させる又は実質的に整列させるように構成される。せん断中心38はまた、図5A〜5Cに示すように、せん断中心38がボンドライン22の上に位置し、端30の近位の局所モーメント又は結果的軸力44が開閉モーメントとなるように、ボンドライン22の端30の近位に位置合わせされ、即ち端30と又は端30から約1/4インチから約1/2インチ内側に、位置合わせされる。このような構成は、想定される亀裂46が、存在する限りにおいて、せん断中心38の垂直面39(点線で示す)を越えて延びることを防止する。図5Aに示される引抜き力の下では、想定される亀裂46の形成が抑制される。図5Bに示される限界荷重の下では、想定される亀裂46は形成後直ちに停止する。側曲力は、一般に引抜き又は限界荷重よりはるかに小さい。このような荷重が一方向(左又は右)に存在する場合、設計者は、パネル17からの開チャネルスチフナ14の分離を防止するために、断面切断位置に開閉モーメントを生成する方向に開チャネルスチフナ14の鏡像を構成することができる。パネル17からの開チャネルスチフナの分離を抑制するための第2のアプローチは、低靱性テープのプライに、層剥離に抵抗するより高い靱性の材料を使用することである。例えば、一又は複数の高靱性の織布複合材層をパネル17上に配置して、層剥離が低靱性テープのプライ中へと移行することを防止することができる。
図6〜9に示される本発明の他の実施例では、開チャネルスチフナ14は、任意選択的に、接着剤50が孔48に吸い込まれることを可能にし、且つ接合フランジ18とパネル17の間に機械的連結52を形成するという二重の目的を果たす、接合フランジ18を貫通する複数の孔48を含むことができる。孔の数、孔の大きさ、孔の密度は、孔を通る接着剤の粘度及び流れに基づいて決定される。幾つかの実施例では、孔は、3/16インチから1/2インチの範囲の間隔及び約1/16から1/8インチの径を有するように形成することができる。好ましくは、孔は、連結を強化するために、図9に示すような、接合面54側に小さな径を有し、接合フランジ18の上面60側に大きな径を有する、やや円錐形状に形成される。熱可塑性複合材料で作製された開チャネルスチフナ14の場合、孔48は、オートクレーブ又はプレス機で圧密化した後の平坦な熱可塑性シートを貫通するように形成される。接合フランジ18となる平坦な熱可塑性シートが所望の断面構成にプレス成形されたら、その一領域に、プラスチック工業において利用可能な多岐にわたるホットニードル穿孔装置及び方法のいずれかを使用して孔48を形成することができる。熱硬化性複合材料で作製された開チャネルスチフナ14の場合、孔48は、スチフナ14となる成形済みのレイアップマンドレルに含まれる穿孔ツール上に熱硬化性複合材の未硬化のシートをレイアップすることにより、形成することができる。
接合フランジ18の接合面54を示す図7に見るように、孔48は、各孔48の周りに、接合面54上に隆起したテクスチャを生成する複数の隆起領域56又はバンプを形成してもよい。或いは、隆起領域56は、穿孔プロセスとは別に接合面54上に形成されてもよい。他の実施例では、パネル17は、開チャネルスチフナ14がパネル17に接合される領域内に隆起領域56と類似のバンプを有するように形成される。隆起領域56は、接合フランジ18の接合面54をパネル17の表面から短い距離だけ離間して保持し、開チャネルスチフナ14がパネル17上に配置されたときに接着剤50がボンドライン22全体にわたって接合フランジ18とパネル17の間に流れる流路を提供する。隆起領域56は、約0.005から0.010インチの高さと、0.030から0.100インチの範囲の径を有する。隆起領域56は、接合フランジ18の厚さに応じたピッチ又は間隔も有しうる。ピッチ対厚さの比は約4:1であり、ピッチは約0.25から0.5インチの範囲内である。
本発明の更なる態様は、複合スチフナ14のパネル17からの層剥離又は分離の可能性を低下させ、且つコストを削減し、製造効率を提供する複合強化パネルの作製方法に関する。この方法は、上記に開示されたような断面形状を有する複合開チャネルスチフナ14を形成すること、及び開チャネルスチフナ14の接合フランジ18をパネル17に接合して複合強化パネル16を形成することを含む。接合ステップには、接合フランジ18の接合面54及びパネル17の表面を準備することと、オーブン内で後に硬化される室温の高強靭性接着剤50を塗布して厚いボンドライン22を生成し、接合面54の表面形状及びパネルの表面のギャップ及び不整合を充填することとが含まれる。また、開示される接合プロセスは、伝統的なハット型スチフナと適合性である。
熱可塑性材料から作製される接合フランジ18の接合面54は、プラズマエッチング、グリットブラスト又はレーザアブレーション技術といった既知の表面処理を用いて接合のために準備される。熱硬化性材料から作製される接合フランジ18の接合面54は、プラズマ、グリットブラスト又は研磨技術といった既知の表面処理を用いて準備される。このような表面準備の機能は、1)複合材の樹脂に富む表面を機械的に除去して接着を阻害する化合物を除去すること、及び2)複合材表面を化学的に活性化して、開チャネルスチフナ14及びパネル17の事前硬化複合材表面に対する接着剤の化学的接着を強化することである。接合された接合部の強度は、化学的接着及び孔の機械的連結両方から恩恵を受ける。強化されるパネル17は、一般に熱硬化性材料であり、その表面は、グリットブラスト、研磨又は剥離層技術といった既知の表面処理を用いて接合のために準備される。
接合面54及びパネル17の表面が接合のために準備された後、開チャネルスチフナ14がパネル17の準備済み表面上に配置され、接合プロセスにわたってその位置を維持するように所定の位置に保持される。スチフナ14は、機械的取り付け手段により所定の位置に保持されるか、又は接着剤の点溶接、止め金、又はセルフタッピングファスナにより所定の位置に連結することができる。図10は、スチフナ14の長さに沿って間隔を空けて配置された複数のセルフタップファスナ58を有する開チャネルスチフナ14を示している。多くの場合、スチフナ14一つにつき3〜5のセルフタップファスナ58で十分であろう。セルフタップファスナ58を装着するために、接合フランジ18及びパネル17を貫通するパイロットホールを掘削しなければならない。接着剤が、パイロットホールに注入されるか、又はセルフタップファスナ58に塗布され、次いでセルフタップファスナ58がパイロットホールに導入される。幾つかの実施例では、接着剤50の塗布に先立って、より高い靱性の熱硬化性ファブリック62(1から3のプライ)が開チャネルスチフナ14とパネル17の間に配置される。ファブリック62は、強度の小さいパネル17のテープ積層プライ中へと層剥離が移行することを防止するために、パネル17(やはり一般に熱硬化性複合材である)のテープ積層の約二倍の靱性を有する。
図6、8及び9に示すように、接着剤50が、接合フランジ18を貫通するように形成された孔48を通ってボンドライン22へと流れ込み、接合フランジ18とパネル17の間のボンドライン22に機械的連結52を生成するように、室温の接着剤50が接合フランジ18の上面50に塗布される。孔48は、好ましくは、接合フランジ18の上面60に大きな径の開口74を有し、接合フランジの接合面54に小さな径の開口76を有する円錐形状を有する(図9参照)。ボンドラインは、構造効率性及び低コストに繋がる迅速なプライ滴下速度を可能にする、約0.005から0.1インチの厚さを有する。接着剤50は、手作業によって又は自動化若しくはロボット化された塗布装置を用いて塗布することができ、好ましくは、約3.0から7.0in−lb/inのGIC値を有する、熱硬化性複合材より強靭な高強靭性接着剤である。例示的な自動化接着剤塗布器64は、接合フランジ18の上面60に沿って滑走するように配置された接着剤混合及び塗布ヘッド66を有し、互いに混ざり合って接着剤50を形成する樹脂及び触媒用の入力70を有するミキサ68と、ロボットエンドエフェクタ72とを含む。塗布ヘッド66は、接着剤50が接合フランジ18の端から見えるまで、又は赤外線カメラによって接着剤50が完全にボンドライン22を満たしたことが検出されるまで、接合フランジ18とパネル17の間の境界面へと孔48を通して接着剤50を注入する又は吸い込むために十分な圧力下において、接合フランジ18の上面60に接着剤50を塗布する。接着剤50は、検査を助ける良好な赤外線源である放熱反応を有するように配合される。
接着剤塗布プロセス全体が、製造効率を提供するために室温で実施される。接合フランジ18の端を越えて流出する接着剤50がある場合、拭き取っても拭き取らなくともよい。上記プロセスは、新たな開チャネルスチフナ14をパネル17に接合するたびに繰り返される。接着剤50は、所定の位置において約15分から1時間で硬化する。一又は複数の開チャネルスチフナ14が接合されたパネル17は、次いで接着剤50を更に硬化させるため、及びガラス転移温度(Tg)を特定の用途のための所望の温度に上昇させるために、華氏約250°に加熱されたオーブンに通される。上記方法は、パネル17に対して開チャネルスチフナ14を配置、連結及び接合して複合強化パネル16を形成するために最小限のツーリングを必要とし、コスト削減及びその他の製造効率を提供する。
更に、本開示は下記の条項による実施形態を含む。
条項1.パネルを強化するための開チャネルスチフナであって、接合フランジとパネルの間に形成されたボンドラインを介してスチフナをパネルに接合するための接合フランジを備え、スチフナのせん断中心とスチフナの重心とを実質的に整列させ、且つせん断中心をボンドラインの端の近位に位置合わせするように構成された断面形状を有するスチフナ。
条項2.接合フランジを貫通する複数の孔を更に備え、これら複数の孔は、接着剤が孔に吸い込まれて接合フランジとパネルの間に機械的連結を生成することを可能にする、条項1のスチフナ。
条項3.接合フランジの接合面上に接合フランジとパネルの間に接着剤の流路を提供するテクスチャを生成する複数の隆起領域を更に備える条項2のスチフナ。
条項4.複数の孔が、接合フランジの上面に大きな径の開口を、接合フランジの接合面に小さな径の開口を、それぞれ有する、条項2のスチフナ。
条項5.スチフナの断面形状が、接合フランジと概ね平行に配置されたキャップ、キャップと接合フランジの間にキャップ及び接合フランジと概ね直交するように配置されたウェブ、並びにキャップとウェブの間及びウェブと接合フランジの間にそれぞれ配置された湾曲コネクタ部分を備える、条項1のスチフナ。
条項6.ウェブがボンドラインの上に配置され、スチフナの湾曲コネクタ部分がボンドラインの端を越えて延びるように配置される、条項5のスチフナ。
条項7.熱可塑性又は熱硬化性材料から構成される、条項1のスチフナ。
条項8.スチフナの断面形状が、接合フランジと概ね平行に配置されたキャップ、接合フランジとキャップの間に、接合フランジ及びキャップに対して鋭角に配置されたウェブ、並びにキャップとウェブの間及びウェブと接合フランジの間にそれぞれ配置された湾曲コネクタ部分を備える、条項1のスチフナ。
条項9.ウェブがボンドラインの上に配置され、湾曲コネクタ部分の少なくとも一つがボンドラインの端を越えて延びるように配置される、条項8のスチフナ。
条項10.スチフナの断面形状が、ボンドラインの上に配置された湾曲ウェブ、及び湾曲ウェブと接合フランジの間に配置された、湾曲ウェブの半径より小さい半径を有する湾曲コネクタ部分を含み、湾曲コネクタ部分はボンドラインの端を越えて延びる、条項1のスチフナ。
条項11.パネルに接合された開チャネルスチフナを備える強化パネルであって、開チャネルスチフナが、接合フランジとパネルの間に形成されたボンドラインを介してスチフナをパネルに接合するための接合フランジを備え、スチフナのせん断中心とスチフナの重心とを整列させ、且つせん断中心をボンドラインの端の近位に位置合わせするように構成された断面形状を有する、強化パネル。
条項12.接合フランジが、接着剤が孔に吸い込まれて接合フランジとパネルの間に機械的連結を生成することを可能にする複数の孔を有する、条項11のスチフナ。
条項13.スチフナの断面形状が、接合フランジと概ね平行に配置されたキャップ、キャップと接合フランジの間にキャップ及び接合フランジと概ね直交するように配置されたウェブ、並びにキャップとウェブの間及びウェブと接合フランジの間にそれぞれ配置された湾曲コネクタ部分を備える、条項11の強化パネル。
条項14.ウェブがボンドラインの上に配置され、スチフナの湾曲コネクタ部分がボンドラインの端を越えて延びるように配置される、条項13のスチフナ。
条項15.パネルを強化する方法であって:
接合フランジとパネルの間に形成されたボンドラインを介してスチフナをパネルに接合するための接合フランジを有する断面形状の開チャネルスチフナを形成し、スチフナのせん断中心とスチフナの重心とを整列させ、且つせん断中心をボンドラインの端の近位に位置合わせするようにその断面形状を構成するステップ;並びに
スチフナの接合フランジをパネルに接合するステップ
を含む方法。
条項16.接合フランジを貫通する複数の孔を形成するステップを更に含み;接合するステップが、接着剤が孔を通ってボンドライン中へと流れ、接合フランジとパネルの間に機械的連結を生成するように、接着剤を接合フランジの上面に塗布することを含む、条項15の方法。
条項17.接合フランジ又はパネルの接合面上に、接合フランジとパネルの間に接着剤の流路を提供するテクスチャを生成する複数の隆起領域を形成するステップを更に含む、条項15の方法。
条項18.スチフナを形成するステップが、キャップを接合フランジと概ね平行に配置すること、キャップと接合フランジの間にキャップ及び接合フランジと概ね直交するようにウェブを配置すること、並びに湾曲コネクタ部分をキャップとウェブの間及びウェブと接合フランジの間にそれぞれ配置することを含む、条項15の方法。
条項19.ウェブをボンドラインの上に配置すること、及びスチフナの湾曲コネクタ部分を、ボンドラインの端を越えて延びるように配置することを更に含む、条項18の方法。
条項20.接合フランジをパネルに接合する前に、グリットブラスチング、研磨、プラズマエッチング、レーザアブレーション、及び剥離層からなる群より選択される一又は複数の表面処理により接合フランジの接合面を準備することを更に含む、条項15の方法。
本発明の原理を実施するための上記記載を前提に、言うまでもなく、その他多くの修正例及び変形例が考案可能である。例えば、限定しないが、断面構成は構成の異なる部分に可変の厚さを含むことができ、例えばせん断中心をボンドラインの上に維持しながら更なる曲げ剛性及び安定性を提供するために、キャップをウェブより厚くすることができる。開チャネルスチフナ14の提案された断面形状は、高さ対幅のアスペクト比が変更されてもよく、対称性の度合いが変更されてもよく、鏡像であってもよい。加えて、開チャネルスチフナ14は、様々なレイアップ及び厚さ、又は固体積層又はサンドイッチ構造を包含する様々な構成のパネルに接合することができる。このような修正例及び変形例のすべてが特許請求の範囲に規定される本発明の精神及び範囲内と考慮されることが意図される。

Claims (15)

  1. パネルを強化するための開チャネルスチフナ(14)であって、接合フランジ(18)とパネルの間に形成されたボンドライン(22)を介して前記スチフナを前記パネルに接合するための前記接合フランジを備え、前記スチフナのせん断中心(38)と前記スチフナの重心(41)とを実質的に整列させ、且つ前記せん断中心を前記ボンドラインの端(30)の近位に位置合わせするように構成された断面形状を有するスチフナ。
  2. 前記接合フランジ(18)を貫通する複数の孔(48)を更に備え、前記複数の孔(48)は、接着剤(50)が前記孔に吸い込まれて前記接合フランジと前記パネルの間に機械的連結(52)を生成することを可能にする、請求項1に記載のスチフナ(14)。
  3. 前記接合フランジ(18)の接合面(54)上に、前記接合フランジと前記パネルの間に接着剤(50)の流路を提供するテクスチャを生成する複数の隆起領域(56)を更に備える請求項2に記載のスチフナ(14)。
  4. 前記複数の孔(48)が、前記接合フランジ(18)の上面(60)上に大きな径の開口を、前記接合フランジの接合面(54)上に小さな径の開口をそれぞれ有する、請求項2又は3に記載のスチフナ(14)。
  5. 前記スチフナの前記断面形状が、前記接合フランジ(18)と概ね平行に配置されたキャップ(24)、前記キャップと前記接合フランジの間に前記キャップ及び前記接合フランジと概ね直交するように配置されたウェブ(26)、並びに前記キャップと前記ウェブの間及び前記ウェブと前記接合フランジの間にそれぞれ配置された湾曲コネクタ部分(28)を備える、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載のスチフナ(14)。
  6. 前記ウェブ(26)が前記ボンドライン(22)の上に配置され、前記スチフナの前記湾曲コネクタ部分(28)が前記ボンドラインの前記端を越えて延びるように配置される、請求項5に記載のスチフナ(14)。
  7. 熱可塑性又は熱硬化性材料から構成される、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載のスチフナ(14)。
  8. 前記スチフナの前記断面形状が、前記接合フランジ(18)と概ね平行に配置されたキャップ(24)、前記接合フランジと前記キャップの間に前記接合フランジ及び前記キャップに対して鋭角(34)に配置されたウェブ(26)、並びに前記キャップと前記ウェブの間及び前記ウェブと前記接合フランジの間にそれぞれ配置された湾曲コネクタ部分(28)を備え、前記ウェブが前記ボンドライン(22)の上に配置され、前記湾曲コネクタ部分の少なくとも一つが前記ボンドラインの前記端(30)を越えて延びるように配置される、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載のスチフナ(14)。
  9. 前記スチフナの前記断面形状が、前記ボンドライン(22)の上に配置された湾曲ウェブ(36)、及び前記湾曲ウェブと前記接合フランジ(18)の間に配置された、前記湾曲ウェブの半径より小さい半径を有する湾曲コネクタ部分(28)を含み、前記湾曲コネクタ部分が前記ボンドラインの前記端(30)を越えて延びる、請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載のスチフナ(14)。
  10. パネルを強化する方法であって:
    接合フランジとパネルの間に形成されたボンドライン(22)を介してスチフナをパネルに接合するための接合フランジ(18)を有する断面形状の開チャネルスチフナ(14)を形成し、前記スチフナのせん断中心(38)と前記スチフナの重心(41)とを整列させ、且つ前記せん断中心を前記ボンドラインの端(30)の近位に位置合わせするようにその断面形状を構成するステップ;並びに
    前記スチフナの前記接合フランジを前記パネルに接合するステップ
    を含む方法。
  11. 前記接合フランジ(18)を貫通する複数の孔(48)を形成するステップを更に含み;前記接合するステップが、接着剤(50)を、前記接着剤が前記孔を通って前記ボンドライン中に流れ、前記接合フランジと前記パネルの間に機械的連結(52)を生成するように、前記接合フランジの上面(60)に塗布することを含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
  12. 前記接合フランジ(18))の接合面(54)又は前記パネル上に、前記接合フランジと前記パネルの間に接着剤(50)の流路を提供するテクスチャを生成する複数の隆起領域(56)を形成するステップを更に含む請求項10又は11に記載の方法。
  13. 前記スチフナ(14)を形成する前記ステップが、キャップ(24)を前記接合フランジ(18)と概ね平行に配置すること、前記キャップと前記接合フランジの間に前記キャップ及び前記接合フランジと概ね直交するようにウェブ(26)を配置すること、並びに湾曲コネクタ部分(28)を前記キャップと前記ウェブの間及び前記ウェブと前記接合フランジの間にそれぞれ配置することを含む、請求項10から12のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  14. 前記ウェブ(26)を前記ボンドライン(22)の上に配置すること、及び前記スチフナ(14)の前記湾曲コネクタ部分(28)を、前記ボンドラインの前記端(30)を越えて延びるように配置することを更に含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
  15. 前記接合フランジを前記パネルに接合する前に、グリットブラスチング、研磨、プラズマエッチング、レーザアブレーション、及び剥離層からなる群より選択される一又は複数の表面処理により前記接合フランジ(18)の接合面(54)を準備することを更に含む、請求項10から14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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