CN107712273A - 提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107712273A CN107712273A CN201711082375.7A CN201711082375A CN107712273A CN 107712273 A CN107712273 A CN 107712273A CN 201711082375 A CN201711082375 A CN 201711082375A CN 107712273 A CN107712273 A CN 107712273A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料，包括以下重量份数的各组分：膨化小麦粉55份、膨化土豆粉40份、膨化玉米粉20份、稻糠30份、鱼粉20份、低聚果糖5份、植物油5份、超细微骨粉15份、超细微矿石粉10份、水溶性维生素2份、蚯蚓5份、蝇蛆4份、豆虫3份、甘草1.5份、百部2份、鱼腥草1.2份、党参1.5份、薄荷1份、银胶菊0.8份、富马酸亚铁0.3份、柠檬酸钙0.2份、蛋氨酸锰0.1份、甘氨酸铁0.2份、甘氨酸锌0.1份、褐藻胶10份、以及食盐5份。本发明还提供了一种提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料的制备方法。本发明提高了提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的和抗病性，降低了鳊鱼常见的烂鳍病和败血症的发病率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及鱼饲料，更具体地说是一种提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料及其制备方法。
背景技术
鳊鱼的是一种杂食性的鱼类，其富含蛋白质、钙、磷、铁等营养成分，是国内食用鱼的主要种类之一，并且还具有较高的药用价值。所谓应激是指水产动物对不良环境因素所表现出来的一种非特异性反应。这些因素包括：水温突变、水质突变、放养密度过高、营养不良以及其它外部刺激等。目前，鳊鱼在高密度、集约化养殖环境下，常常会遭受应激，使其免疫系统的功能受到损伤，而鳊鱼由于其娇嫩的特性较其它鱼类抗应激能力要差，因而鳊鱼对疾病的易感染性增强，甚至会导致应激性死亡，从而给养殖户带来巨大损失。
鳊鱼在饲养过程中，需投入适量的饲料进行喂养。由于养殖规模不断扩大，鳊鱼的病害也越来越多，且日趋严重。鳊鱼败血症是一种广泛流行、危害极大的细菌性鱼病。流行季节长，往往造成大批鳊鱼死亡，死亡率高达70％以上。据报道，此病在湖北、湖南、江西、福建、江苏、上海等省市均有流行。从体长2.5～15cm均有发病，有时2龄以上的大鳊鱼也有发病。烂鳍病，是一种导致鱼鳍腐烂的疾病，尤其多发生在背鳍和尾鳍，鳊鱼如果自身健康状况不佳，很容易受到外界环境影响，引发烂鳍病。现有技术的鳊鱼饲料无法有效提高鳊鱼的抗应激能力，以及对鳊鱼常见的烂鳍病和败血症起到好的预防治疗作用。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是解决至少上述问题和/或缺陷，并提供至少后面将说明的优点。
本发明还有一个目的是提供一种提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料，其提高了提高鳊鱼抗应激能力和抗病性，有效降低了鳊鱼常见的烂鳍病和败血症的发病率。
为了实现根据本发明的这些目的和其它优点，提供了一种提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料，包括以下重量份数的各组分：膨化小麦粉55份、膨化土豆粉40份、膨化玉米粉20份、稻糠30份、鱼粉20份、低聚果糖5份、植物油5份、超细微骨粉15份、超细微矿石粉10份、水溶性维生素2份、蚯蚓5份、蝇蛆4份、豆虫3份、甘草1.5份、百部2份、鱼腥草1.2份、党参1.5份、薄荷1份、银胶菊0.8份、富马酸亚铁0.3份、柠檬酸钙0.2份、蛋氨酸锰0.1份、甘氨酸铁0.2份、甘氨酸锌0.1份、褐藻胶10份、以及食盐5份。
优选的是，所述超细微骨粉和所述超细微矿石粉的颗粒粒径范围为10～15μm。
优选的是，甘草、百部、鱼腥草、党参、薄荷以及银胶菊均为新鲜采摘的原料。
一种提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
S1、按以下重量份数将蚯蚓5份、蝇蛆4份、豆虫3份烘干后进行粉碎，然后过100目筛，得高蛋白营养粉，留用；
S2、将以下重量份数的甘草1.5份、百部2份、鱼腥草1.2份、党参1.5份、薄荷1份、以及银胶菊0.8份洗净混合捣烂，然后与100重量份数的蒸馏水和30重量份数的无水乙醇充分混匀，用质量分数为1.5％醋酸溶液调节pH至6.5，然后在50KHz频率下超声15min，25℃温度下继续浸泡1h后，再于100KHz频率下超声5min，然后过滤，过滤后得到的滤渣和滤液，然后将5重量份数的超细微矿石粉倒入所述滤液浸泡24h，再进行真空干燥处理除掉蒸馏水和无水乙醇，得到中药预处理后的超细微矿石粉，留用；
S3、将以下重量份数的水溶性维生素2份溶于20重量份数的蒸馏水，然后加入15重量份数的超细微矿骨粉，浸泡48h，浸泡期间每隔2h搅拌10min，然后真空干燥除去蒸馏水，得到富含水溶性维生素的超细微骨粉，留用；
S4、配置由以下重量份数的原料混合而成的发酵液：酵母菌0.2份、乳酸菌0.08份、蜂蜜5份、红糖3份、葡糖糖2份、氯化钠1.2份、柠檬酸0.05份、磷酸二氢钾0.1份、以及无菌水60份；然后将发酵液的pH调至6，再于30℃温度下培养30min，得到发酵增殖液，留用；
S5、将以下重量份数的膨化小麦粉55份、膨化土豆粉40份、膨化玉米粉20份、稻糠30份、以及鱼粉20份混合得到初混料，然后将S4得到的发酵增殖液与初混料混合搅拌均匀，在35℃温度下进行发酵处理10h，然后在室温条件下自然风干2天后得到发酵混合物，留用；
S6、按以下重量份数将富马酸亚铁0.3份、柠檬酸钙0.2份、蛋氨酸锰0.1份、甘氨酸铁0.2份、甘氨酸锌0.1份、超细微矿石粉5份与蒸馏水30份、褐藻胶10份混合搅拌30min，制成抗应激用成膜剂，留用；
S7、将S5中的发酵混合物与S1中的高蛋白营养粉、S2中的中药预处理后的超细微矿石粉、S3中的富含水溶性维生素的超细微骨粉、5重量份数的低聚果糖、5重量份数的植物油、以及5重量份数的食盐搅拌均匀并制成2.5mm粒径的颗粒饲料，然后使用S6中的抗应激用成膜剂对颗粒饲料进行成膜处理，再于通风阴凉处晾干，即制得所述提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料。
优选的是，所述水溶性维生素包括质量比为1.5:1.1:0.6:0.3:1.2:2:3.7的维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6、维生素B12、烟酸、叶酸、维生素C。
优选的是，所述植物油为大豆油或花生油。
优选的是，S7中成膜处理的膜厚度约为0.3mm。
本发明的至少包括以下有益效果：本发明的提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料营养均衡全面，能够增强提高鳊鱼抗应激能力和采食量，进而提高提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的的生产速度，并且提高了饲料的利用率，提高了经济效益；饲料的中草药成分能够增强提高鳊鱼的抗病性，对提高鳊鱼常见的烂鳍病和败血症起到好的预防治疗作用；本发明的抗应激用成膜剂，不仅提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的对各种抗应激成分的吸收，而且在饲料颗粒表面形成一层保护膜，饲料入水后保护膜在水中缓慢分散，使得饲料颗粒内部的各物质也能在水中能被包裹较长时间，便于提高鳊鱼的进食，同时提高了饲料的利用率；接种酵母菌和乳酸菌的饲料能帮助鳊鱼抑制肠道病原菌生长，抵抗病原菌的感染，提高鳊鱼的吸收能力和免疫力，促进生长繁殖。
本发明的其它优点、目标和特征将部分通过下面的说明体现，部分还将通过对本发明的研究和实践而为本领域的技术人员所理解。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明做详细说明，以令本领域普通技术人员参阅本说明书后能够据以实施。
<实施例1>
一种提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料，包括以下重量份数的各组分：膨化小麦粉55份、膨化土豆粉40份、膨化玉米粉20份、稻糠30份、鱼粉20份、低聚果糖5份、植物油5份、超细微骨粉15份、超细微矿石粉10份、水溶性维生素2份、蚯蚓5份、蝇蛆4份、豆虫3份、甘草1.5份、百部2份、鱼腥草1.2份、党参1.5份、薄荷1份、银胶菊0.8份、富马酸亚铁0.3份、柠檬酸钙0.2份、蛋氨酸锰0.1份、甘氨酸铁0.2份、甘氨酸锌0.1份、褐藻胶10份、以及食盐5份；
所述超细微骨粉和所述超细微矿石粉的颗粒粒径范围为10～15μm；
甘草、百部、鱼腥草、党参、薄荷以及银胶菊均为新鲜采摘的原料；
所述的提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
S1、按以下重量份数将蚯蚓5份、蝇蛆4份、豆虫3份烘干后进行粉碎，然后过100目筛，得高蛋白营养粉，留用；
S2、将以下重量份数的甘草1.5份、百部2份、鱼腥草1.2份、党参1.5份、薄荷1份、以及银胶菊0.8份洗净混合捣烂，然后与100重量份数的蒸馏水和30重量份数的无水乙醇充分混匀，用质量分数为1.5％醋酸溶液调节pH至6.5，然后在50KHz频率下超声15min，25℃温度下继续浸泡1h后，再于100KHz频率下超声5min，然后过滤，过滤后得到的滤渣和滤液，然后将5重量份数的超细微矿石粉倒入所述滤液浸泡24h，再进行真空干燥处理除掉蒸馏水和无水乙醇，得到中药预处理后的超细微矿石粉，留用；
S3、将以下重量份数的水溶性维生素2份溶于20重量份数的蒸馏水，然后加入15重量份数的超细微矿骨粉，浸泡48h，浸泡期间每隔2h搅拌10min，然后真空干燥除去蒸馏水，得到富含水溶性维生素的超细微骨粉，留用；
S4、配置由以下重量份数的原料混合而成的发酵液：酵母菌0.2份、乳酸菌0.08份、蜂蜜5份、红糖3份、葡糖糖2份、氯化钠1.2份、柠檬酸0.05份、磷酸二氢钾0.1份、以及无菌水60份；然后将发酵液的pH调至6，再于30℃温度下培养30min，得到发酵增殖液，留用；
S5、将以下重量份数的膨化小麦粉55份、膨化土豆粉40份、膨化玉米粉20份、稻糠30份、以及鱼粉20份混合得到初混料，然后将S4得到的发酵增殖液与初混料混合搅拌均匀，在35℃温度下进行发酵处理10h，然后在室温条件下自然风干2天后得到发酵混合物，留用；
S6、按以下重量份数将富马酸亚铁0.3份、柠檬酸钙0.2份、蛋氨酸锰0.1份、甘氨酸铁0.2份、甘氨酸锌0.1份、超细微矿石粉5份与蒸馏水30份、褐藻胶10份混合搅拌30min，制成抗应激用成膜剂，留用；
S7、将S5中的发酵混合物与S1中的高蛋白营养粉、S2中的中药预处理后的超细微矿石粉、S3中的富含水溶性维生素的超细微骨粉、5重量份数的低聚果糖、5重量份数的植物油、以及5重量份数的食盐搅拌均匀并制成2.5mm粒径的颗粒饲料，然后使用S6中的抗应激用成膜剂对颗粒饲料进行成膜处理，再于通风阴凉处晾干，即制得所述提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料；
所述水溶性维生素包括质量比为1.5:1.1:0.6:0.3:1.2:2:3.7的维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6、维生素B12、烟酸、叶酸、维生素C；
所述植物油为大豆油或花生油；
S7中成膜处理的膜厚度约为0.3mm。
<对比试验>
对比例1：市场上销售的常规的鳊鱼饲料。
对比例2：不添加中药预处理后的超细微矿石粉，而是直接采用粉碎的中药材和超细微矿石粉替代中药预处理后的超细微矿石粉在S7中进行混合制粒，其余部分与实施例1中的一致。
对比例3：不添加富含水溶性维生素的超细微骨粉，而是直接加入超细微骨粉和水溶性维生素在S7中进行混合制粒，其余部分与实施例1中的一致。
对比例4：不配制抗应激用成膜剂，在S7中制粒后不进行包膜处理，其余部分与实施例1中一致。
选用池塘进行鳊鱼的养殖试验，在同一池塘中放入五个养殖网箱(养殖网箱一、养殖网箱二、养殖网箱三、养殖网箱四、养殖网箱五)中分别饲养120尾重约60g的鳊鱼幼苗。在养殖网箱一使用实施例中的饲料，在养殖网箱二使用对比例1的饲料，在养殖网箱三使用对比例2的饲料，在养殖网箱四使用对比例3的饲料，在养殖网箱五使用对比例4的饲料，养殖90天后统计各养殖网箱内鳊鱼的增重率、以及养殖期间鳊鱼的烂鳍病和败血症的发病率，结果见表1。
表1
| 增重率 | 烂鳍病发病率 | 败血症发病率 | |
| 实施例1 | 605％ | 0.83％ | 0 |
| 对比例1 | 495％ | 4.16％ | 3.33％ |
| 对比例2 | 506％ | 2.5％ | 0.83％ |
| 对比例3 | 512％ | 1.67％ | 0.83％ |
| 对比例4 | 511％ | 2.5％ | 1.67％ |
由表1可知，实施例1的增重率明显高于对比例1～4，且烂鳍病和败血症的发病率也明显要低于对比例1～4，因此，本发明的提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料能够明显提高鳊鱼的生长速度、降低鳊鱼常见的烂鳍病和败血症的发病率并起到好的预防治疗作用。
<抗应激试验>
应激实验为起网应激：起网应激的操作为将养殖网箱拉起让鳊鱼刚好离开水，空气暴露10s，再把网放下让鳊鱼在水中10s后再提起，重复3次，30min后取血样。
丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)是诊断肝脏疾病最敏感的两种酶，这两种酶主要存在于肝细胞中，当肝脏受损时可导致血清中这两种酶的活性增高。选择养殖网箱一(实施例1)和养殖网箱二(对比例1)中的鳊鱼进行起网应激试验，对检测的鳊鱼进行血清中ALT和AST活性含量检测，结果见表2。
表2
由表2可知，对比例1的鳊鱼在进行起网应激试验后血清ALT和AST活性较高，而实施例1中鳊鱼血清中ALT和AST活性有显著下降趋势，表明补充本发明的提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料可以有效的降低肝细胞损伤，提高鳊鱼的抗应激能力。
尽管本发明的实施方案已公开如上，但其并不仅仅限于说明书和实施方式中所列运用，它完全可以被适用于各种适合本发明的领域，对于熟悉本领域的人员而言，可容易地实现另外的修改，因此在不背离权利要求及等同范围所限定的一般概念下，本发明并不限于特定的细节和这里示出与描述的实施例。
Claims (7)
1.一种提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料，其特征在于，包括以下重量份数的各组分：膨化小麦粉55份、膨化土豆粉40份、膨化玉米粉20份、稻糠30份、鱼粉20份、低聚果糖5份、植物油5份、超细微骨粉15份、超细微矿石粉10份、水溶性维生素2份、蚯蚓5份、蝇蛆4份、豆虫3份、甘草1.5份、百部2份、鱼腥草1.2份、党参1.5份、薄荷1份、银胶菊0.8份、富马酸亚铁0.3份、柠檬酸钙0.2份、蛋氨酸锰0.1份、甘氨酸铁0.2份、甘氨酸锌0.1份、褐藻胶10份、以及食盐5份。
2.如权利要求1所述的提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料，其特征在于，所述超细微骨粉和所述超细微矿石粉的颗粒粒径范围为10～15μm。
3.如权利要求1所述的提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料，其特征在于，甘草、百部、鱼腥草、党参、薄荷以及银胶菊均为新鲜采摘的原料。
4.如权利要求1所述的提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1、按以下重量份数将蚯蚓5份、蝇蛆4份、豆虫3份烘干后进行粉碎，然后过100目筛，得高蛋白营养粉，留用；
S2、将以下重量份数的甘草1.5份、百部2份、鱼腥草1.2份、党参1.5份、薄荷1份、以及银胶菊0.8份洗净混合捣烂，然后与100重量份数的蒸馏水和30重量份数的无水乙醇充分混匀，用质量分数为1.5％醋酸溶液调节pH至6.5，然后在50KHz频率下超声15min，25℃温度下继续浸泡1h后，再于100KHz频率下超声5min，然后过滤，过滤后得到的滤渣和滤液，然后将5重量份数的超细微矿石粉倒入所述滤液浸泡24h，再进行真空干燥处理除掉蒸馏水和无水乙醇，得到中药预处理后的超细微矿石粉，留用；
S3、将以下重量份数的水溶性维生素2份溶于20重量份数的蒸馏水，然后加入15重量份数的超细微矿骨粉，浸泡48h，浸泡期间每隔2h搅拌10min，然后真空干燥除去蒸馏水，得到富含水溶性维生素的超细微骨粉，留用；
S4、配置由以下重量份数的原料混合而成的发酵液：酵母菌0.2份、乳酸菌0.08份、蜂蜜5份、红糖3份、葡糖糖2份、氯化钠1.2份、柠檬酸0.05份、磷酸二氢钾0.1份、以及无菌水60份；然后将发酵液的pH调至6，再于30℃温度下培养30min，得到发酵增殖液，留用；
S5、将以下重量份数的膨化小麦粉55份、膨化土豆粉40份、膨化玉米粉20份、稻糠30份、以及鱼粉20份混合得到初混料，然后将S4得到的发酵增殖液与初混料混合搅拌均匀，在35℃温度下进行发酵处理10h，然后在室温条件下自然风干2天后得到发酵混合物，留用；
S6、按以下重量份数将富马酸亚铁0.3份、柠檬酸钙0.2份、蛋氨酸锰0.1份、甘氨酸铁0.2份、甘氨酸锌0.1份、超细微矿石粉5份与蒸馏水30份、褐藻胶10份混合搅拌30min，制成抗应激用成膜剂，留用；
S7、将S5中的发酵混合物与S1中的高蛋白营养粉、S2中的中药预处理后的超细微矿石粉、S3中的富含水溶性维生素的超细微骨粉、5重量份数的低聚果糖、5重量份数的植物油、以及5重量份数的食盐搅拌均匀并制成2.5mm粒径的颗粒饲料，然后使用S6中的抗应激用成膜剂对颗粒饲料进行成膜处理，再于通风阴凉处晾干，即制得所述提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料。
5.如权利要求4所述的提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述水溶性维生素包括质量比为1.5:1.1:0.6:0.3:1.2:2:3.7的维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6、维生素B12、烟酸、叶酸、维生素C。
6.如权利要求4所述的提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述植物油为大豆油或花生油。
7.如权利要求4所述的提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料的制备方法，其特征在于，S7中成膜处理的膜厚度约为0.3mm。
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN108752043A (zh) * | 2018-07-06 | 2018-11-06 | 佛山陵朝新材料有限公司 | 一种混凝土养护剂及其制备方法 |
| CN109287889A (zh) * | 2018-10-12 | 2019-02-01 | 江苏大北农水产科技有限公司 | 提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料及其制备方法 |
| CN110973410A (zh) * | 2019-12-29 | 2020-04-10 | 海南卓越生物有限公司 | 一种水产动物体内外解毒剂配方及制备方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN108752043A (zh) * | 2018-07-06 | 2018-11-06 | 佛山陵朝新材料有限公司 | 一种混凝土养护剂及其制备方法 |
| CN109287889A (zh) * | 2018-10-12 | 2019-02-01 | 江苏大北农水产科技有限公司 | 提高鳊鱼抗应激能力的饲料及其制备方法 |
| CN110973410A (zh) * | 2019-12-29 | 2020-04-10 | 海南卓越生物有限公司 | 一种水产动物体内外解毒剂配方及制备方法 |
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