CN107442117A - 一种尾气净化用催化剂 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种尾气净化用催化剂,其包括掺杂镨的二氧化铈载体,以及负载在载体上的贵金属氧化物;所述催化剂是采用自组装的方法预先制备Ce1‑xPrxO2载体前驱体,然后采用水热沉积法在其上负载贵金属氧化物而制得。本发明利用Ce1‑xPrxO2和贵金属间强的相互作用,使贵金属氧化物的热分解温度升高,进而使催化剂的热稳定性和活性得到显著改善。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于催化剂制备技术领域,具体涉及一种尾气净化用催化剂,其可用于汽车尾气以及相关废气的净化处理。
背景技术
随着人们生活水平的不断提高,汽车保有量越来越多,汽车尾气的排放给环境造成了很大污染问题。汽车排放的尾气中主要包括CO、NOx、HC等物质。这些有害物质的排放严重影响到人们的身体健康和生活质量,已经引起了越来越多国家的注意。1978年,有学者首次提出金属与载体之间的强相互作用,即载体表面和所分散的金属粒子之间发生了特殊的化学作用,从而可引起金属对CO和H2分子的吸附能力发生变化,继而影响催化剂性能。
汽车尾气排放污染物的催化消除常用的是负载型贵金属催化剂,所用的贵金属有Pt、Rh、Pd、Ir等。但对于贵金属而言,在高温下贵金属氧化物会逐步分解为贵金属单质。根据最近催化剂热老化研究的报道显示,维持贵金属的氧化态是避免烧结现象的关键。因此,通过改变贵金属与载体之间的作用力,提高贵金属物种的分解温度,可以促进贵金属物种的稳定存在,从而提高催化剂的热稳定性。
CeO2具有良好的氧化还原能力、储放氧能力、氧离子传导性,以其为载体负载贵金属后的催化剂具有优异的CO低温催化氧化反应性能。但CeO2载体存在机械稳定性较差、抗烧结能力弱、比表面较小的缺点。通过掺杂Zr4+、La3+、Pr3+、Y3+等离子可增强CeO2的抗高温老化性能以及提高其储氧能力(OSC)。但另一方面,催化剂的活性还与贵金属在载体表面的分散以及贵金属和载体之间的相互作用有关。文献表明,贵金属与载体氧化物的相互作用会影响贵金属氧化相的分解温度,该分解温度与催化剂的热稳定间存在很大关系,分解温度越高,催化剂的热稳定性也相对越高(稀有金属材料与工程,2010,39,1395-1398);不同的载体以及不同制备方法获得的相同载体负载的贵金属催化剂中贵金属氧化相的分解温度不同(Applied Catalysis B Environmental,1995,6,263-270)。由此可见,采用适当的元素和方法对氧化铈进行掺杂并负载贵金属,不仅可提高贵金属氧化物的分解温度,还可提高CeO2的抗高温老化性能以及储氧能力,从而改善催化剂的热稳定性。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种尾气净化用催化剂,其贵金属氧化物热分解温度升高,使所得催化剂具有较高活性和高温热稳定性。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种尾气净化用催化剂,其包括掺杂镨的二氧化铈载体,以及负载在载体上的贵金属氧化物;
所述贵金属氧化物为Pd、Pt、Rh、Ir中一种或多种的氧化物,其含量为催化剂总质量的0.5%-5%;
所述载体中镨的含量为二氧化铈质量的3%-45%。
所述尾气净化用催化剂的制备方法,是采用自组装的方法预先制备Ce1-xPrxO2载体前驱体,然后采用水热沉积法在其上负载贵金属氧化物,制得所述催化剂;其包括以下步骤:
1)将Ce(NO3)3·6H2O、Pr(NO3)3·6H2O(两者摩尔比为1:0.03-1:0.8)加甲醇溶解,配成阳离子总浓度为0.2mol/L的溶液,然后加入与阳离子等摩尔量的烷基醇,充分搅拌溶解;再向溶液中滴加与阳离子等摩尔量的四甲基氢氧化铵的甲醇溶液,混匀后放置24h;所得沉淀过滤,用甲醇洗涤后,于四氢呋喃中分散,得到溶液A;
2)将贵金属盐溶于去离子水中,配制成浓度为2mg/mL的贵金属盐溶液,然后加入贵金属盐质量50%-500%的胶粒稳定剂,经超声还原制得超细的贵金属纳米粒子溶胶;
3)室温下,在步骤2)所得贵金属纳米粒子溶胶中加入等体积的甲醇,并加入贵金属摩尔数10%-100%的还原剂,搅拌混匀得到溶液B;
4)按体积比1:0.1-1:1将步骤1)所得溶液A在搅拌条件下缓慢加入到步骤3)所得溶液B中,混合均匀后将所得悬浊液置于水热釜中,于40-80℃保温反应4-8h,所得产物离心分离后,经乙醇、去离子水洗涤,干燥,得到产物C;
5)将步骤4)所得产物C在600-1000℃下焙烧4-8h,制得所述催化剂。
步骤1)中所述烷基醇为乙烯乙二醇、异丙醇、正辛醇、正癸醇中的任意一种;所述贵金属盐为贵金属的硝酸盐或氯化盐。
步骤2)中所述胶粒稳定剂为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇、聚环乙亚胺、葡聚糖中的任意一种;所述超声还原的超声频率为20kHz,输出功率为200-500W,超声时间为30-90min;所得贵金属纳米粒子的平均尺寸为2-6nm。
步骤3)中所述还原剂为L-精氨酸、L-半胱氨酸、11-巯基十一烷酸、16-巯基十六烷基酸中的任意一种。
本发明的显著优点在于:本发明通过自组装法在CeO2载体中掺杂Pr,由于Pr4+、Ce4+的离子半径比较接近,可形成均相固溶体,以提高载体的热稳定性和储氧性能;同时采用水热沉积法负载贵金属活性组分,由于Pr元素的掺杂使得Ce1-xPrxO2载体和贵金属间的相互作用加强,提高了贵金属氧化物的分解温度,从而使所得催化剂的活性和热稳定性得到显著改善。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明所述的内容更加便于理解,下面结合具体实施方式对本发明所述的技术方案做进一步的说明,但是本发明不仅限于此。
实施例1
1)将3.84g Ce(NO3)3·6H2O和0.50g Pr(NO3)3·6H2O加50mL甲醇溶解,使阳离子总浓度为0.2mol/L,然后加入1.58g正癸醇,充分搅拌溶解;再向溶液中滴加50mL、0.2mol/L的四甲基氢氧化铵的甲醇溶液,混匀后放置24h;所得沉淀过滤,用甲醇洗涤后,于四氢呋喃中分散,得到溶液A;
2)将0.1g Pd(NO3)3·2H2O溶于50mL去离子水中,然后加入0.5g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,经超声还原制得超细的Pd纳米粒子溶胶;超声频率为20kHz,输出功率为200W,超声时间为90min;
3)室温下,在所得Pd纳米粒子溶胶中加入50mL甲醇,并加入1.21g L-半胱氨酸,搅拌混匀得到溶液B;
4)按体积比1:0.1将所得溶液A在搅拌条件下缓慢加入到所得溶液B中,然后将所得悬浊液置于水热釜中,于40℃保温反应6h,所得产物离心分离后,经乙醇、去离子水洗涤,干燥,得到产物C;
5)将步骤4)所得产物C在600℃下焙烧4h,制得PdO/Ce1-xPrxO2催化剂。
实施例2
1)将7.00g Ce(NO3)3·6H2O和1.68g Pr(NO3)3·6H2O加100mL甲醇溶解,使阳离子总浓度为0.2mol/L,然后加入3.16g正癸醇,充分搅拌溶解;再向溶液中滴加100mL、0.2mol/L的四甲基氢氧化铵的甲醇溶液,混匀后放置24h;所得沉淀过滤,用甲醇洗涤后,于四氢呋喃中分散,得到溶液A;
2)将0.1g Pd(NO3)3·2H2O溶于50mL去离子水中,然后加入0.5g聚乙二醇,经超声还原制得超细的Pd纳米粒子溶胶;超声频率为20kHz,输出功率为500W,超声时间为30min;
3)室温下,在所得Pd纳米粒子溶胶中加入50mL甲醇,并加入2.18g 11-巯基十一烷酸,搅拌混匀得到溶液B;
4)按体积比1:1将所得溶液A在搅拌条件下缓慢加入到所得溶液B中,然后将所得悬浊液置于水热釜中,于60℃保温反应6h,所得产物离心分离后,经乙醇、去离子水洗涤,干燥,得到产物C;
5)将步骤4)所得产物C在1000℃下焙烧8h,制得PdO/Ce1-xPrxO2催化剂。
实施例3
1)将5.90g Ce(NO3)3·6H2O和2.78g Pr(NO3)3·6H2O加80mL甲醇溶解,使阳离子总浓度为0.2mol/L,然后加入0.912g乙烯乙二醇,充分搅拌溶解;再向溶液中滴加40mL、0.2mol/L的四甲基氢氧化铵的甲醇溶液,混匀后放置24h;所得沉淀过滤,用甲醇洗涤后,于四氢呋喃中分散,得到溶液A;
2)将0.1g Pd(NO3)3·2H2O溶于50mL去离子水中,然后加入0.5g 聚环乙亚胺,经超声还原制得超细的Pd纳米粒子溶胶;超声频率为20kHz,输出功率为250W,超声时间为50min;
3)室温下,在所得Pd纳米粒子溶胶中加入50mL甲醇,并加入2g L-精氨酸,搅拌混匀得到溶液B;
4)按体积比1:0.2将所得溶液A在搅拌条件下缓慢加入到所得溶液B中,然后将所得悬浊液置于水热釜中,于80℃保温反应4h,所得产物离心分离后,经乙醇、去离子水洗涤,干燥,得到产物C;
5)将步骤4)所得产物C在800℃下焙烧6h,制得PdO/Ce1-xPrxO2催化剂。
对比例1
1)将4.34g Ce(NO3)3·6H2O加50mL甲醇溶解,使阳离子总浓度为0.2mol/L,然后加入1.14g乙烯乙二醇,充分搅拌溶解;再向溶液中滴加50mL、0.2mol/L的四甲基氢氧化铵的甲醇溶液,混匀后放置24h;所得沉淀过滤,用甲醇洗涤后,于四氢呋喃中分散,得到溶液A;
2)将0.1g Pd(NO3)3·2H2O溶于50mL去离子水中,然后加入0.5g 聚环乙亚胺,经超声还原制得超细的Pd纳米粒子溶胶;超声频率为20kHz,输出功率为250W,超声时间为50min;
3)室温下,在所得Pd纳米粒子溶胶中加入50mL甲醇,并加入1.21g L-精氨酸,搅拌混匀得到溶液B;
4)按体积比1:0.2将所得溶液A在搅拌条件下缓慢加入到所得溶液B中,然后将所得悬浊液置于水热釜中,于80℃保温反应4h,所得产物离心分离后,经乙醇、去离子水洗涤,干燥,得到产物C;
5)将所得产物C在600-1000℃下焙烧4h,制得PdO/CeO2催化剂。
采用固定床石英管反应器,利用CO+1/2O2→CO2反应进行催化剂活性测试,其具体操作为:取催化剂样品0.1g,置于U型石英管中,进行程序升温(催化剂床层中的温度由热电偶进行控制)。用于评价催化剂催化活性的气体组成是1%CO/He,0.5%O2/He,气体总流量约为100mL/min(即空速≈120000h-1g-1),升温速率5℃·min-1,每个温度点恒温时间为10min。尾气检测采用五组分分析仪进行检测,催化剂对CO的转化效率计算公式为:R=(C0-C1)/C0×100%,其中,R表示反应气的转化率,C0为入口处反应气的浓度,C1为出口处反应气的浓度,使用CO转化50%及90%时的温度(即T50和T90)来评价催化剂的催化活性,结果见表1。
表1 催化剂的起燃温度T50和完全转化温度T90
由表1可见,镨元素的掺杂使所得催化剂具有更好的催化活性。
对比例2
将0.1g Pd(NO3)3·2H2O溶于50mL去离子水中,然后加入0.5g 聚环乙亚胺,经超声还原后所得产物经离心、丙酮洗涤、干燥,600℃下焙烧4h,制得PdO。
对所制备的不同样品进行分解温度测试,结果见表2。
表2 不同样品的分解温度
由表2可见,PdO/Ce1-xPrxO2催化剂中氧化钯的分解温度为870℃,PdO/CeO2催化剂中氧化钯的分解温度为800℃,而纯PdO的分解温度约为780℃,这说明镨元素的掺杂改变了PdO与载体之间的作用力,提高了PdO物种的热稳定性,抑制了氧化钯的老化,使催化剂的热稳定性更高。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,凡依本发明申请专利范围所做的均等变化与修饰,皆应属本发明的涵盖范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种尾气净化用催化剂,其特征在于:所述催化剂包括掺杂镨的二氧化铈载体,以及负载在载体上的贵金属氧化物;所述贵金属氧化物的含量为催化剂总质量的0.5%-5%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的尾气净化用催化剂,其特征在于:所述载体中镨的含量为二氧化铈质量的3%-45%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的尾气净化用催化剂,其特征在于:所述贵金属氧化物为Pd、Pt、Rh、Ir中一种或多种的氧化物。
4.一种如权利要求1所述的尾气净化用催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:采用自组装的方法预先制备Ce1-xPrxO2载体前驱体,然后采用水热沉积法在其上负载贵金属氧化物,制得所述催化剂。
5.根据权利要求4所述的尾气净化用催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
1)将Ce(NO3)3·6H2O、Pr(NO3)3·6H2O加甲醇溶解,配成阳离子总浓度为0.2mol/L的溶液,然后加入与阳离子等摩尔量的烷基醇,充分搅拌溶解;再向溶液中滴加与阳离子等摩尔量的四甲基氢氧化铵的甲醇溶液,混匀后放置24h;所得沉淀过滤、洗涤后,于四氢呋喃中分散,得到溶液A;
2)将贵金属盐溶于去离子水中,配制成浓度为2mg/mL的贵金属盐溶液,然后加入贵金属盐质量50%-500%的胶粒稳定剂,经超声还原制得贵金属纳米粒子溶胶;
3)室温下,在步骤2)所得贵金属纳米粒子溶胶中加入等体积的甲醇,并加入贵金属摩尔数10%-100%的还原剂,搅拌混匀得到溶液B;
4)按体积比1:0.1-1:1将步骤1)所得溶液A在搅拌条件下缓慢加入到步骤3)所得溶液B中,混合均匀后将所得悬浊液置于水热釜中,于40-80℃保温反应4-8h,所得产物离心分离后,经乙醇、去离子水洗涤,干燥,得到产物C;
5)将步骤4)所得产物C在600-1000℃下焙烧4-8h,制得所述催化剂。
6.根据权利要求5所述的尾气净化用催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤1)中所述烷基醇为乙烯乙二醇、异丙醇、正辛醇、正癸醇中的任意一种。
7.根据权利要求5所述的尾气净化用催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤1)中所述贵金属盐为贵金属的硝酸盐或氯化盐。
8.根据权利要求5所述的尾气净化用催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤2)中所述胶粒稳定剂为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇、聚环乙亚胺、葡聚糖中的任意一种。
9.根据权利要求5所述的尾气净化用催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤2)中超声处理的频率为20kHz,输出功率为200-500W,超声时间为30-90min;所得贵金属纳米粒子的平均尺寸为2-6nm。
10.根据权利要求5所述的尾气净化用催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤3)中所述还原剂为L-精氨酸、L-半胱氨酸、11-巯基十一烷酸、16-巯基十六烷基酸中的任意一种。
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