CN106945728A - 局部能量吸收器 - Google Patents

局部能量吸收器 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106945728A
CN106945728A CN201611251908.5A CN201611251908A CN106945728A CN 106945728 A CN106945728 A CN 106945728A CN 201611251908 A CN201611251908 A CN 201611251908A CN 106945728 A CN106945728 A CN 106945728A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
sheet layer
fragility
local energy
energy absorber
lid
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CN201611251908.5A
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English (en)
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CN106945728B (zh
Inventor
L·G·小赫克托
N·D·曼卡摩
H·穆罕默德
A·K·萨契戴夫
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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Publication of CN106945728A publication Critical patent/CN106945728A/zh
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Publication of CN106945728B publication Critical patent/CN106945728B/zh
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
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Abstract

覆盖物体的盖包括面向物体并与物体隔开的盖内表面以及与内表面相对的外表面。局部能量吸收器可操作地附接至盖的内表面。局部能量吸收器包括可操作地附接至盖的内表面的能量吸收芯层，以及面向物体、附接至能量吸收芯层的脆性面片材层。在将冲击施加至外表面的过程中，脆性面片材层将引发脆性面片材层的断裂，其中所述过程限定了持续时间小于20ms的冲击事件。

Description

局部能量吸收器
背景技术
一些汽车和其他车辆具有发动机罩或顶盖，其为铰接的或可移除的盖，所述盖用于允许进入发动机室以实现维护和修理。在许多车辆中，但并不是所有的车辆中，相对于行驶的前进方向，发动机罩或顶盖位于车辆的前部。
头盔为另一种类型的可移除的盖，其由许多活动中的参与者(其可能使头盔受到冲击)佩戴。例如，头盔可由足球运动员、棒球运动员、曲棍球运动员、赛车驾驶员、摩托车骑手、飞行员、士兵、水手、消防员、跳伞员、洞窟探勘者或骑师佩戴。
发明内容
覆盖被覆盖物体的盖包括面向物体并与物体隔开的盖的内表面，以及与内表面相对的盖的外表面。局部能量吸收器可操作地附接至盖的内表面。局部能量吸收器包括可操作地附接至盖的内表面的能量吸收芯层，以及面向物体、附接至能量吸收芯层的脆性面片材层。在将冲击施加至外表面的过程中，脆性面片材层将引发脆性面片材层的断裂，其中所述过程限定了持续时间小于20ms的冲击事件。
附图说明
通过参考以下详细说明和附图，本发明的实例的特征将变得显而易见，其中，类似的附图标记对应于类似而可能不相同的部件。为了简明起见，具有前述功能的附图标记和特征可结合或不结合示出它们的其他附图进行说明。
图1A是根据本发明的具有局部能量吸收器的盖和被覆盖物体的实例的示意图；
图1B是根据本发明的实例的在发动机罩下方具有局部能量吸收器的车辆的实例的半示意性透视图；
图2A是在图1B中示出的发动机罩的下侧的半示意性透视图，其示出了本发明的局部能量吸收器的实例；
图2B是具有发动机罩内面板和发动机罩外面板的发动机罩的实例的半示意性透视分解视图；
图3是基本上沿图2A的线3-3截取的半示意性横截面视图；
图4是根据本发明的局部能量吸收器的实例的半示意性透视分解视图；
图5A是根据本发明的具有应力集中凹口的脆性面片材层的实例的半示意性横截面侧视图；
图5B是在图5A中描述的脆性面片材层的实例的底面图；
图5C是根据本发明的脆性面片材层的实例的顶视图，该脆性面片材层具有槽以在冲击过程中引发脆性面片材层的断裂；
图6是根据本发明的具有附接至能量吸收芯层的加强片材层的局部能量吸收器的实例的半示意性透视分解视图；
图7A是根据本发明的局部能量吸收器的实例的半示意性透视图，该局部能量吸收器具有附接至能量吸收芯层的加强片材层以及多个支柱，每个支柱附接至加强片材层且还附接至脆性面片材层；
图7B是根据本发明的在图7A中描述的局部能量吸收器的实例的半示意性透视图，其示出了在冲击事件过程中局部能量吸收器的变形；
图7C是根据本发明的在图7A中描述的局部能量吸收器的实例的半示意性透视图，其进一步示出了局部能量吸收器的超过在图7B中描述的变形的变形；
图8A是根据本发明的局部能量吸收器的实例的半示意性透视图，其中，多个支柱的每个均位于局部能量吸收器的周边；
图8B是根据本发明的在图8A中描述的局部能量吸收器的实例的半示意性透视图，其示出了在冲击事件之后局部能量吸收器的变形；
图9是根据本发明的局部能量吸收器的实例的半示意性透视图，其中，局部能量吸收器具有位于局部能量吸收器的周边处的多个支柱和另外与局部能量吸收器的周边隔开的多个支柱；
图10是根据本发明的在图4中描述的具有蜂窝体能量吸收芯层的局部能量吸收器的实例的半示意性透视分解视图；
图11是根据本发明的在图6中描述的具有蜂窝体能量吸收芯层的局部能量吸收器的实例的半示意性透视分解视图；
图12是在图7A中描述的具有蜂窝体能量吸收芯层的局部能量吸收器的实例的半示意性透视分解视图；
图13是局部能量吸收器的实例的半示意性透视剖视图；
图14描述了根据本发明的能量吸收芯层的实例的半示意性顶视图；
图15是根据本发明的局部能量吸收器的另一实例的半示意性侧视图；
图16是与对无局部能量吸收器的发动机罩的类似冲击相比较，冲击物体对包括根据本发明的局部能量吸收器的车辆发动机罩的冲击的减速度-时间图；
图17是根据本发明的在外壳下方具有局部能量吸收器的头盔的实例的半示意性透视图；以及
图18是基本上沿图17的线18-18截取的横截面视图。
具体实施方式
图1A是根据本发明的具有局部能量吸收器20的盖12和被覆盖物体14的实例的示意图。本发明的盖12的实例可移除地覆盖被覆盖物体14。盖12可为例如车辆发动机罩12'，且被覆盖物体14可为例如发动机舱内物体14'(例如，参见图1B)。如本文中所公开，发动机舱内物体14'可以为，例如但不限于，发动机、电池、增压器、抗侧倾杆、流体填充端口盖、或它们的组合。
在本发明的其他实例中，盖12可为头盔12”，且被覆盖物体14可为头盔12”的佩戴者43的头部14”的至少一部分(例如，图17和图18)。头盔12”可降低在头盔佩戴者43的头部14”上的冲击的潜在作用。头盔佩戴者43可以为，例如足球运动员、棒球运动员、赛车驾驶员、摩托车骑手、飞行员、士兵、水手、消防员、跳伞员、洞窟探勘者、骑师、或任何活动(具有头盔12”以降低在头盔佩戴者43的头部14”上的冲击的潜在作用)中的参与者。
图1B是根据本发明的车辆10的实例的半示意性透视图。如本文所使用，“车辆”指的是运输乘客或货物的自行式移动机器。根据本发明的车辆的实例为：机动车辆(摩托车、汽车、卡车、客车、火车)和表面船舶(轮船、船只)。发动机舱内物体14'以虚线示出。发动机舱内物体14'代表发动机室内发动机罩12'下面的部件。图2A示出了发动机罩12'的下侧，且图3示出了基本上沿图2A的线3-3截取的横截面视图。车辆发动机罩12'通常指示车辆10的前部区域或发动机罩区域。为了说明性目的示出车辆10，且仅示出了一种可能的环境，本文描述的部件可以被合并在其中。虽然针对汽车应用详细描述了本发明，但本领域技术人员将认识到本发明的更广泛的应用。本领域技术人员将认识到，术语诸如“上面”，“下面”、“向上”、“向下”等，用于描述附图，且并不代表对本发明的范围的限制。任何数字标记，诸例如“第一”或“第二”并不意于限制，并且除非本文明确的说明，则任何特定的部件可以以任何数字标注。
如在图3中所描述，车辆发动机罩12'包括发动机罩面板16，该发动机罩面板具有面向发动机舱内物体14'的内表面18和与内表面18相对的外表面19。局部能量吸收器20诸如通过接合件22被可操作地附接至车辆发动机罩12'的发动机罩面板16的内表面18。在一实例中，粘合剂层71可以设置在局部能量吸收器20与车辆发动机罩12'的内表面18之间，以通过粘合剂接合将局部能量吸收器20附接至车辆发动机罩12'的内表面18。在其他实例中，局部能量吸收器20可以通过铆钉、卡扣配合或紧固件(未示出)附接。
接合件22可以是，例如但不限于，粘合剂接合件或焊接接合件。局部能量吸收器20可附接至内表面18，或设置在内表面18与车辆10的发动机室内的发动机舱内物体14'之间。在一些车辆10中，发动机罩12'可包括发动机罩外面板17和发动机罩内面板11(参见图2B)。发动机罩外面板17可具有外表面19，该外表面为当发动机罩12'位于如在图1B中示出的闭合位置处时从车辆10(参见图1B)的外部可见的表面。发动机罩内面板11可具有如在图2B中描述的支撑肋结构13。在一些车辆10中，局部能量吸收器20可直接附接至内表面18。例如，发动机罩内面板11可插在局部能量吸收器20与内表面18之间。在这样的实例中，局部能量吸收器20经由发动机罩内面板11附接至内表面18。在其他实例中，局部能量吸收器20被限定在发动机罩内面板11与内表面18之间。
局部能量吸收器20被配置成用于吸收由冲击载荷24诸如从冲击物体25传递至发动机罩12'的外表面19的能量。在图3中，冲击载荷24表示为箭头，且仅是说明性的。冲击的方向和类型可变化，且引起冲击载荷24的冲击物体25可变化。
发动机罩面板16的内表面18与发动机舱内物体14'间隔盆地深度26。该盆地深度26可以以不同的方式被限定或测量。在图3中，盆地深度26示出为在内表面18与发动机舱内物体14'之间最短的绝对距离。然而，可沿着基本上平行于冲击载荷24的预期方向的线进行替代测量，其示出为替代盆地深度27。
如果局部能量吸收器20不是设置在发动机罩面板16与发动机舱内物体14'之间，则冲击载荷24可引起发动机罩面板16变形直至发动机罩面板16跨过盆地深度26并与发动机舱内物体14'相接触。然而，局部能量吸收器20将在发动机罩面板16(或发动机罩内面板11)与发动机舱内物体14'接触之前开始变形并耗散来自冲击载荷24的能量，因而，降低了从发动机舱内物体14'传递至冲击物体25的力。局部能量吸收器20耗散冲击载荷24的方式可使用以下的公式1来量化。应该理解的是，公式1为实例，且并不是量化本发明的局部能量吸收器的作用的唯一方式。例如，除了在公式1中评价的线性尺寸之外，安装有本文公开的局部能量吸收器的头盔的评价可包括旋转尺寸(例如，减速项a(t)的旋转校正)。在没有局部能量吸收器20的情况下，冲击物体25经历的峰值载荷更高，并且当冲击物体25穿过盆地深度26时(在冲击物体25与发动机舱内物体14'之间具有发动机罩12')，(通过发动机罩12')吸收的能量较少。
在公式1中，t1和t2为时间间隔的初始时间和最终时间(以秒为单位)，在时间间隔期间，公式1获得最大值，且减速度a的单位为gs(1标准g＝9.81米/平方秒)。最大持续时间(t2-t1)可被限制在从约3ms至约36ms(毫秒)的范围内的特定值。例如，最大持续时间可以为约20ms。
在实验测试中，当冲击物体25被冲击至发动机罩面板16中时，从安装在冲击物体25的重心处的至少一个加速度计的减速度和时间关系来评价公式1。公式1评价冲击物体25上的减速度以及减速度的持续时间的作用。在一些计算机模型中，预测用于冲击情形下的公式1的值，更高的得分得自以下之一：在更大的最大减速度下的短冲击持续时间；或在较小的最大减速度下更长的冲击持续时间。针对给定的盆地深度26，本发明的局部能量吸收器20将最小化或降低用于特定冲击情形下的公式1的值。可选地，局部能量吸收器20可获得用于特定冲击情形下的公式1的目标值，同时最小化盆地深度26。
图1B-3描述了本发明的车辆发动机罩12'的实例。车辆发动机罩12'覆盖发动机舱内物体14'。车辆发动机罩12'具有面向发动机舱内物体14'并与发动机舱内物体14'隔开的内表面18。车辆发动机罩12'具有与内表面18相对的外表面19。局部能量吸收器20可操作地附接至车辆发动机罩12'的内表面18。局部能量吸收器20包括能量吸收芯层30，该能量吸收芯层30可操作地附接至车辆发动机罩12'的内表面18。
如在图4中所描述，脆性面片材层32面向发动机舱内物体14'附接至能量吸收芯层30。在一实例中，局部能量吸收器20可具有设置在能量吸收芯层30与脆性面片材层32之间的粘接层72，以通过粘接粘合将脆性面片材层32附接至能量吸收芯层30。在图4中，粘合剂层72以虚线示出，因为粘合剂层72可能或可能不包含于局部能量吸收器20的实例中。在一实例中，脆性面片材层32可包括镁合金片材，例如，由AZ31-O镁合金形成。在将冲击施加至外表面19的过程中，脆性面片材层32将引发脆性面片材层32的断裂，其中所述过程限定了持续时间小于20ms的冲击事件。
在一实例中，在冲击事件过程中，局部能量吸收器20将接触发动机舱内物体14'。在与发动机舱内物体14'相接触的过程中，脆性面片材层32通过弯曲和断裂来耗散能量。
如本文所使用，脆性装置容易断裂，而不能够弹性变形以保持作为单个物体的粘接性。鸡蛋壳可以被描述为脆性的，而高尔夫球外壳(其可弹性变形)并非脆性的。即使没有预先存在的贯穿厚度的凹口，在断裂发展过程中，脆性装置通过内表面的发展容易成为处于低塑性或甚至处于弹性应变水平的多连接体。通过施加相对较低的力至脆性蛋壳，能够孵化小鸡。形成鲜明对比的是，甚至在被高速挥出的杆头的边缘击打后，高尔夫球可抵抗受到的切削和断裂。因此，一旦冲击，脆性面片材层32断裂且可破碎成多碎片，而非像一片钢金属片材一样弹性或塑性变形。因而，具有如本文公开的脆性面片材层32的能量吸收器20是对现有能量吸收器的改进，其可经受显著的弹性/塑性压缩，使得当冲击载荷随着时间增加时，能量吸收降低。
如在图5A和5B中描述，脆性面片材层32可限定脆性面片材层32的表面38中的至少一个应力集中凹口37。在冲击事件过程中，至少一个应力集中凹口37将引发脆性面片材层32的断裂。如在图5A和5B中描述，至少一个应力集中凹口37是指3个应力集中凹口37。应该理解的是，应力集中凹口37被示意性地示出，且可能看起来与在图5B中所示的深凹口相比更像刻痕。作为一实例，玻璃切割机制作相对较小的刻痕，以当通过用锤轻微敲击或施加跨过刻痕的弯曲应力而向玻璃板施加应力时，引起位于刻痕处的断裂。玻璃板中的小刻痕为脆性材料中的应力集中凹口37的实例。
在图5C中描述的实例类似于在图5A和5B中描述的实例，不同之处在于，具有未完全穿透脆性面片材层32的凹口37，该脆性面片材层32限定了贯穿所述脆性面片材层32的厚度23的至少一个槽40的周边39。在冲击事件过程中，至少一个槽40为脆性面片材层32上的断裂起始点。
应该理解的是，在本发明的实例中，脆性面片材层32在冲击的作用下可断裂。凹口37促进断裂，同时作为冲击的结果，发生起始断裂。因此，脆性面片材层32并不趋于断裂直至冲击事件。
在图6中描述的实例中，局部能量吸收器20包括附接至与脆性面片材层32相对的能量吸收芯层30的加强片材层34，以将能量吸收芯层30夹在脆性面片材层32与加强片材层34之间。在能量吸收芯层30与脆性面片材层32之间可包括粘合剂层(未示出)。在能量吸收芯层30与加强片材层34之间可包括另一粘合剂层(未示出)。
图7A-7C描述了本发明的局部能量吸收器20的实例，且在冲击事件过程中，局部能量吸收器20发生变形。在图7A-7C中的局部能量吸收器20包括多个81支柱89。每个支柱89附接至加强片材层34，并且附接至脆性面片材层32。多个81支柱89的每个支柱89向内与局部能量吸收器20的周边53隔开。
在冲击事件过程中，多个81支柱89的子集83以下列顺序发生变形：首先发生弹性变形(附图标记86)，然后发生弯折(附图标记87)，接下来多个81支柱89的子集83断裂(附图标记90)。在本发明的实例中，在弯折之前或在弯折的同时会发生塑性变形。应该理解的是，局部能量吸收器20可能能够承受偶然的接触(其与冲击事件相比能量较小)，而不发生永久变形。例如，来自对车辆发动机罩12'的正常操作汽车刷洗的部件的接触将不会引起局部能量吸收器20元件的弯折或断裂。类似地，头盔12”内包括的局部能量吸收器20将承受一定级别的碰撞而不发生永久变形；而且，当遭受如本文所描述的冲击事件时，也不会发生如本文所描述的弯折和断裂。
在图8A和8B中描述的实例中，多个81支柱89的每个支柱89位于局部能量吸收器20的周边53处。图8A描述了在冲击事件之前局部能量吸收器20的实例，且图8B描述了在冲击事件之后在图8A中所描述的局部能量吸收器20的实例。在图8B中，支柱89发生弯折并断裂。支柱89中的断裂由附图标记90来指示。在图8B中，示出脆性面片材层32在附图标记33处断裂。
图9是根据本发明的局部能量吸收器20的实例的半示意性透视图，该局部能量吸收器具有位于局部能量吸收器20的周边53处的支柱89的多个支柱81和另外与局部能量吸收器20的周边53隔开的多个81'支柱89。能量吸收芯层30可具有互补空间(未示出)以允许支柱89从脆性面片材层32贯穿能量吸收芯层30到达至加强片材层34。
图10是局部能量吸收器20'的实例的半示意性透视分解视图。根据本发明，在图10中描述的局部能量吸收器20'为在图4中描述的局部能量吸收器20的更具体的实例，其具有蜂窝体能量吸收芯层30'。更一般地说，图10半示意性地描述了具有包括开口单元44的矩阵的能量吸收芯层30'的局部能量吸收器20'的实例。开口单元44的矩阵中的每个单元44限定各自的中空管28，该中空管具有带有各自的第一开口端41和各自的第二开口端42的各自的纵向轴线29。每条各自的纵向轴线29垂直于脆性面片材层32。尽管在图10中描述的开口单元44是六边形的，但本发明包括具有任何数量的边(包括单个边，其将为圆柱)的单元。例如，开口单元44可以为三角形管、矩形管、五边形管、六边形管、或具有由任何多边形限定的横截面的管。管的边并不需要具有相等的尺寸。此外，管并不必彼此相互完美地嵌套。在管之间可有间隙，其形成另一管。
图11是局部能量吸收器20'的实例的半示意性透视分解视图。根据本发明，在图11中描述的局部能量吸收器20'为在图6中描述的局部能量吸收器20的更具体的实例，其具有蜂窝体能量吸收芯层30'。
图12是局部能量吸收器20'的实例的半示意性透视分解视图。根据本发明，在图12中描述的局部能量吸收器20'为在图7A中描述的局部能量吸收器20的更具体的实例，其具有蜂窝体能量吸收芯层30'。在一非限制性实例中，能量吸收芯层30'可包括3003铝合金，该铝合金具有约45磅/平方英寸(psi)的抗压强度。能量吸收芯层30'可具有其他蜂窝体材料，诸如，芳纶纤维、热塑性塑料、玻璃纤维、陶瓷、镁、钛、镍、不锈钢、铜、或它们的组合。多个支柱中的每个支柱89可由AZ31-O镁合金形成。多个支柱中的每个支柱89可由其他材料形成，诸如，铝合金、各种塑料、或像碳纤维复合材料的复合材料。每个支柱89由材料形成，其可以弯折并断裂，或弯折、塑性变形然后断裂。脆性面片材层32可包括第一AZ31-O镁合金片材。脆性面片材层32可具有其他材料，诸如，薄玻璃片材、碳纤维或其他低断裂韧性的复合材料、陶瓷或它们的组合。加强片材层34可由聚合物或其他材料形成，诸如，AZ61镁合金、AZ91镁合金或AEK100镁合金、铝合金、复合材料或它们的组合。
参考图13，在本发明的实例中，能量吸收芯层30'可包括铝合金蜂窝体92。加强片材密封件85在加强片材层34与铝合金蜂窝体92之间的加强界面91处形成。面片材密封件93在脆性面片材层32与铝合金蜂窝体92之间的面片材界面94处形成，以防止水或其他污染物(像灰尘、电机用油等等)进入铝合金蜂窝体92。铝合金蜂窝体92可具有充入铝合金蜂窝体92的单元内的液体、气体、或液体和气体的组合，以改变铝合金蜂窝体92的能量吸收性能。例如，在铝合金蜂窝体92中充入的加压气体可为铝合金蜂窝体92提供初始刚度。当脆性面片材层32断裂并将加压气体从铝合金蜂窝体92的单元中释放时，铝合金蜂窝体92的刚度可降低。通过密封铝合金蜂窝体92以防止水或碎屑进入，密封件85、93提供随着时间更稳定的能量吸收性能。例如，水、冰、雪和灰尘将在未密封的蜂窝体(未示出)中聚集，并加固包括铝合金蜂窝体92的能量吸收芯层30'。
图14描述了能量吸收芯层30”的实例的半示意性顶视图。能量吸收芯层30”可包括具有第一抗压强度的第一芯部60以及具有第二抗压强度的第二芯部61，该第二抗压强度比该第一抗压强度大至少10％。第一芯部60可附接至脆性面片材层32，其类似于如在图13中示出的能量吸收芯层30'的附接。第二芯部61也可附接至脆性面片材层32，其类似于如在图13中示出的能量吸收芯层30'的附接。第一芯部60可与第二芯部61相邻。
图15描述了局部能量吸收器20”的另一实例的半示意性侧视图。在图15描述的实例中，能量吸收芯层30”'包括晶格材料层21。在实例中，晶格材料层21可包括如在图15中描述的聚合微桁架结构。在其他实例中，晶格材料层可由金属、陶瓷或复合材料形成。脆性面片材层32'可包括第一片材35，该第一片材由聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)、金属(例如镁合金)、第一陶瓷材料、或其他脆性材料制成。加强片材层34'可包括第二片材36，该第二片材由聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)、金属(例如镁合金)、第二陶瓷材料、或其他合适的材料制成。第一陶瓷材料与第二陶瓷材料相比可以是相同的或不同的材料。例如，加强片材层34'可由易于粘合接合的轻质材料制成。在一些实例中，加强片材层34'可为电绝缘体。
本文示出并且描述了位于车辆发动机罩12'上的局部能量吸收器20的实例。然而，局部能量吸收器20还可用于降低冲击给物体(冲击车辆10的其他外部面板或部分)的潜在作用。例如，且不限于，局部能量吸收器20可位于挡泥板、保险杠或后顶盖侧板附近。局部能量吸收器20还可被用在头盔12”(参见图17)中，以降低在头盔佩戴者43的头部14”的冲击的潜在作用。在足够的冲击载荷24下，发动机罩面板16或外壳74变形，且局部能量吸收器20从在图3中示出的位置处向发动机舱内物体14'或头盔佩戴者43的头部14”移动。在脆性面片材层32冲击发动机舱内物体14'之后，局部能量吸收器20发生变形并吸收一些冲击载荷24的能量。
图7A、7B和7C示出了来自如在图3中示出在冲击物体的冲击中的能量吸收器的实例。断裂之前，局部能量吸收器20可吸收来自冲击的一些能量。当断裂时，局部能量吸收器通过打开多个支柱81的子集83中的新表面而耗散来自冲击载荷24的能量。过量应变能量在吸收器内的累积导致在初始冲击之后裂开，其然后将应变能量耗散成断裂蔓延。在断裂期间耗散的能量进一步防止或最小化由发动机舱内物体14'施加在冲击物体25上的反作用力。断裂90可以沿着支柱89(参见图7C和图8B)发生，使得由局部能量吸收器20耗散的大部分能量通过支柱89耗散。断裂33也可以发生在脆性面片材层32中。
图1-3所示的局部能量吸收器20示出为金属材料，诸如铝、镁或其合金。然而，局部能量吸收器20可以由本文所述的其他材料形成。例如，局部能量吸收器20可以由高温聚合物形成。如本文所用，高温聚合物在高于150℃至最高200℃的温度下保持其性能。高温聚合物的实例是聚酰胺(例如，)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)和聚醚砜(PES)。
在局部能量吸收器20的一些构造中，多个支柱81从弹性变形转变为断裂变形，基本无塑性变形。这可以减小使用公式1确定的值，其由冲击物体25传递的冲击载荷24产生。如果局部能量吸收器20由镁或镁合金形成，则与局部能量吸收器20由铝形成的情况相比，脆性面片材层32和加强片材层34可以在弹性变形和断裂变形之间更直接地移动。镁合金在弹性变形和断裂之间可能经历非常小的塑性变形，但通常会经历一些塑性变形。
图16是与对无局部能量吸收器的发动机罩的类似冲击相比较，冲击物体25对包括根据本发明的局部能量吸收器的车辆发动机罩的冲击的减速度-时间图。在图16中，横轴101表示以毫秒(ms)为单位的时间，纵轴100表示以g为单位的减速度。不受任何理论的束缚，据信，本文所公开的能量吸收器20的实例允许在减小冲击物体25经历的最大减速度的同时吸收冲击能量。由于吸收的能量与随时间积分的减速度直接相关(在公式1中的减速曲线下的面积)，由轨迹102描绘的现有能量吸收器(其在约5.5ms处开始塑性变形)在冲击中未能足够早地吸收足够的能量，以防止减速度在约12ms处爬升到峰值。据信，在没有能量吸收器的情况下，发动机罩在约9ms处触底(即接触发动机舱内物体14')，导致当冲击物体25在冲击载荷下开始弹性变形时减速度增加。发动机舱内物体14'相对刚性，产生相对于时间的急剧减速曲线，如轨迹102所示。与此形成鲜明对比的是，在轨迹103中描绘的本发明的局部能量吸收器20在冲击事件发展的早期(高达约5.5ms)吸收能量，其早于轨迹102。在约5.5ms处，脆性面片材层32开始断裂。断裂消耗来自冲击的能量。由于能量吸收层中的弹性和/或塑性变形以及由于支柱和脆性片材中的弹性和/或塑性变形和断裂，局部能量吸收器20继续吸收能量。一些支柱的逐渐倒塌还用于在更宽的时间间隔上分配能量吸收和耗散，从而减小峰值减速度。在该阶段期间的减速度低于轨迹103的早期部分，在该早期部分支柱弹性反作用于冲击载荷。结果，与本发明的局部能量吸收器20相关联的轨迹103中的峰值减速度低于与无局部能量吸收器20的发动机罩相关联的轨迹102的峰值减速度。此外，相对于减速轨迹102，与本发明的局部能量吸收器20相关联的轨迹103在冲击中较早出现峰值减速度。
图17和18示出了本发明的实例，其中盖12是头盔12”。头盔佩戴者43的头部14”以虚线示出。图18示出了基本上沿着图17的线18-18截取的横截面图。如图17所示，头盔12”包括具有面向头部14”的内表面18'和与内表面18'相对的外表面19'的外壳74。局部能量吸收器20例如通过接合件22可操作地附接至头盔12”的外壳74的内表面18'。在一实例中，粘合剂层71可以设置在局部能量吸收器20和头盔12”的内表面18'之间，以通过粘合剂接合将局部能量吸收器20附接至头盔12”的内表面18'。在其他实例中，局部能量吸收器20可以通过卡扣配合或紧固件(未示出)附接。
接合件22可以是，例如但不限于，粘合剂接合件或焊接接合件。局部能量吸收器20可以附接至内表面18'，或者设置在内表面18'和头盔佩戴者43的头部14”之间。在本发明的一些实例中，头盔12”可以包括外壳74和头盔衬垫75。外壳74可以具有外表面19'，其是从头盔12”的外部可见的表面。头盔衬垫75可以由坚韧但柔软的材料构成，例如织物。在另一实例中，头盔衬垫75可以是铝层。在实例中，可以将局部能量吸收器20限定在头盔衬垫75和内表面18'之间。
局部能量吸收器20被配置为吸收由冲击载荷24诸如从冲击物体25传递到头盔12”的外表面19'的能量。冲击载荷24表示为箭头，且仅是说明性的。冲击的方向和类型可变化，且引起冲击载荷24的冲击物体25可变化。
如果在外壳74和头部14”之间未设置局部能量吸收器20，则冲击载荷24可以使外壳74变形，直至外壳74与头部14”接触。然而，局部能量吸收器20将在外壳74与头部14”接触之前开始变形并耗散来自冲击载荷24的能量，从而减小由冲击施加的力。局部能量吸收器20耗散冲击载荷24的方式可使用以下的公式1来量化。在没有局部能量吸收器20的情况下，冲击物体25经历的峰值载荷更高，并且当冲击物体25使头盔12”变形时，(通过头盔12”)吸收的能量较少。
如图18所示，脆性面片材层32面向头部14”，附接至能量吸收芯层30。在一实例中，局部能量吸收器20可以具有设置在能量吸收芯层30和脆性面片材层32之间的粘合剂层72，以通过粘合剂接合将脆性面片材层32附接至能量吸收芯层30。类似于在图4中描绘的实例，在图18所示的实例中，局部能量吸收器20的实例可以包括或可以不包括粘接层72。此外，类似于本文公开的能量吸收器20的其他实例，18中描述的局部能量吸收器20可以包括支柱89和加强片材层34。
在整个说明书中对“一实例”、“另一实例”、“实例”等的引用意味着结合该实例描述的特定元件(例如特征、结构和/或特性)被包括在本文描述的至少一实例中，并且可以存在或可以不存在于其他实例中。另外，应当理解，除非上下文另外明确指出，否则用于任何实例的所描述的元件可以以任何合适的方式在各种实例中组合。
应当理解，本文提供的范围包括所述范围以及所述范围内的任意值或子范围。例如，从约3ms至约36ms的范围应当被解释为不仅包括从约3ms到约36ms的明确记载的范围，而且包括单独的值(诸如5ms，10ms，15ms等)以及子范围(诸如从约10ms至约18ms；从约15ms至约19.5ms等)。此外，当“约”用于描述值时，这意味着包括所述值的微小变化(最高+/-10％)。
此外，术语“使连接/被连接/连接”、“附接”和/或类似形式在本文中被广泛地定义为包括各种发散连接的布置和组装技术。这些布置和技术包括但不限于(1)其间没有中间部件的一个部件与另一个部件之间的直接通信；和(2)其间有一个或多个部件的一个部件和另一个部件之间的通信，只要该一个部件“连接到”另一个部件即以某种方式与另一个部件操作性通信(尽管存在一个或多个附加部件)。
在描述和要求保护本文公开的实例时，除非上下文另有明确说明，否则单数形式“一”、“一个”和“该”包括复数指示物。
虽然已经详细描述了若干实例，但是应当理解，所公开的实例可以修改。因此，前面的描述被认为是非限制性的。

Claims (10)

1.一种可移除地覆盖被覆盖物体的盖，其包括：
面向所述被覆盖物体并与所述被覆盖物体隔开的所述盖的内表面，以及与所述内表面相对的所述盖的外表面；以及
局部能量吸收器，其操作地附接至所述盖的所述内表面，所述局部能量吸收器包括：
能量吸收芯层，其操作地附接至所述盖的所述内表面；以及
脆性面片材层，其面向所述被覆盖物体、附接至所述能量吸收芯层，在将冲击施加至外表面的过程中，所述脆性面片材层开始断裂，其中所述过程限定了持续时间小于20ms的冲击事件。
2.根据权利要求1所述的盖，其中所述局部能量吸收器还包括加强片材层，所述加强片材层附接至与所述脆性面片材层相对的所述能量吸收芯层，以将所述能量吸收芯层夹在所述脆性面片材层和所述加强片材层之间。
3.根据权利要求2所述的盖，其中：
所述局部能量吸收器还包括多个支柱，每个支柱附接至所述加强片材层和所述脆性面片材层；以及
在所述冲击事件过程中，所述多个支柱的子集以下列顺序发生变形：首先发生弹性变形，然后发生弯折，接下来所述多个支柱的子集断裂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的盖，其中：
1)所述多个支柱中的每一个位于所述局部能量吸收器的周边处；或者
2)所述多个支柱中的每一个与所述局部能量吸收器的周边隔开；或者
3)所述能量吸收芯层包括抗压强度为约45磅/平方英寸(psi)的3003铝合金；
所述多个支柱中的每个支柱由AZ31-O镁合金形成；
所述脆性面片材层包括第一AZ31-O镁合金片材；以及
所述加强片材层由聚合物形成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的盖，其中所述能量吸收芯层包括开口单元的矩阵；并且其中所述能量吸收芯层包括铝合金蜂窝体。
6.根据权利要求1所述的盖，其中：
所述能量吸收芯层包括具有第一抗压强度的第一芯部以及具有第二抗压强度的第二芯部，其中所述第二抗压强度比所述第一抗压强度大至少10％；以及
所述第一芯部附接至所述脆性面片材；
所述第二芯部附接至所述脆性面片材；以及
所述第一芯部与所述第二芯部相邻。
7.根据权利要求1所述的盖，其中所述脆性面片材层包括镁合金片材；并且其中所述镁合金片材由AZ31-O镁合金形成。
8.根据权利要求1所述的盖，其中：
所述脆性面片材层在所述脆性面片材层的表面中限定至少一个应力集中凹口，所述至少一个应力集中凹口在所述冲击事件过程中是所述脆性面片材层上的断裂起始位点；或者
所述脆性面片材层限定贯穿所述脆性面片材层的厚度的至少一个槽的周边，所述至少一个槽在所述冲击事件过程中是所述脆性面片材层上的断裂起始位点。
9.根据权利要求1所述的盖，其中：
所述能量吸收芯层包括开口单元的矩阵；
所述开口单元的矩阵中的每个开口单元限定各自的中空管，所述中空管具有带有各自的第一开口端和各自的第二开口端的各自的纵向轴线；以及
每个各自的纵向轴线垂直于所述脆性面片材层。
10.根据权利要求1所述的盖，其中：
所述盖是车辆发动机罩，并且所述被覆盖物体是发动机舱内物体；或者
所述盖是头盔，并且所述被覆盖物体是所述头盔的佩戴者的头部。
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