CN106861683B - 一种Ru基催化剂及其在CO2甲烷化中的应用 - Google Patents
一种Ru基催化剂及其在CO2甲烷化中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种利用原子层沉积(ALD)技术制备Ru基催化剂,并将其应用于CO2甲烷化反应的方法。该发明包括:1)纯相金红石TiO2载体的制备方法;2)采用原子层沉积技术负载金属活性组分Ru于TiO2载体上,制得Ru/TiO2催化剂;3)将催化剂用于CO2甲烷化反应。金属Ru的质量百分含量为1.0%‑10.0%。通过本发明制备的催化剂具有高的低温活性和甲烷选择性,提供了一种制备催化性能优异的催化剂方法,具有很好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种CO2甲烷化的催化剂,具体说是Ru基催化剂的制备方法及其在 CO2甲烷化反应中的应用。
背景技术
随着CO2收集捕获和可再生能源制氢技术的日益成熟,将CO2加氢转化制取能源化学品成为储能领域一个重要的研究热点。CO2甲烷化兼具储能和CO2减排双重意义,成为CO2催化转化的优先发展方向。此外,该反应被认为是密闭空间站中氧循环利用的关键技术之一。借助此反应可以将人体呼出的CO2中的O转移至 H2O中,H2O再电解制氧供人体呼吸,从而实现氧的循环利用。
CO2+4H2=CH4+2H2O ΔH=-165kJmol-1 (1)
如式(1)所示,CO2甲烷化是一个强放热反应,其绝热温升可以高达1000 ℃,对催化剂的稳定性要求较高。然而从热力学角度考虑,升高温度对该反应不利,需要尽可能降低反应温度,因此大量研究工作都致力于开发兼具热稳定性好和低温活性高的催化剂。Ru/TiO2是已报道文献中低温活性最优的CO2甲烷化催化剂,其活性比Ru/SiO2和Ru/Al2O3高出一个数量级。其原因是由于Ru/TiO2在高温还原性气氛中金属与载体之间产生了强相互作用所致。关于载体TiO2所起到的关键作用,目前有多种观点,主要包括TiO2对金属Ru的电子修饰作用,及预还原过程中被还原的Ti3+离子与吸附在Ru表面的CO产生了相互作用。通常需要对催化剂进行高温预还原才能产生类似的作用,而这些作用被认为是促进了 C=O解离,因此提高了甲烷化反应的活性。
我们前期研究工作发现由于金红石TiO2与RuO2晶型相同、晶格参数匹配,以金红石TiO2为载体、采用浸渍法制得的Ru/TiO2催化剂中Ru纳米粒子不易烧结、长大。而上述制备方法存在金属负载不均匀,难以精确控制负载量,易发生二次团聚,且活性组分易流失等缺点,导致催化效果降低。原子层沉积技术与传统非均相催化剂制备方法相比,具有原子水平上金属粒子尺寸可控、分散度高,重复性好,且金属与载体作用力更强等优点,从而促进了催化剂的催化性能。
发明内容
本发明就是针对上述问题,提供了一种Ru基催化剂的制备及其在二氧化碳甲烷化反应中的应用。
为了实现本发明的上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
首先制得了纯相金红石TiO2载体,然后采用原子层沉积法制得Ru/TiO2催化剂。 Ru的质量百分含量为1.0%-10.0%。催化剂预处理温度为200-800℃。催化剂的制备方法,包含以下步骤:
1纯相金红石TiO2载体的制备
量取一定浓度的TiCl4溶液至100mL烧杯中,用去离子水稀释至5-15倍,置于40-60℃水浴中搅拌2-6h后,静置0.5-2h;然后用去离子水洗涤、过滤至滤液为中性,将白色滤饼于烘箱中烘干后,在400-600℃下、空气气氛中焙烧 2-4h,即制得r-TiO2。
2 Ru基催化剂的制备
以上述制得的r-TiO2为载体,采用原子层沉积法制备Ru/TiO2催化剂。具体步骤为:a)将r-TiO2分散于无水乙醇中,经超声处理一段时间后得到颗粒分散开的悬浮液,然后将该悬浮液中的乙醇溶液缓慢蒸干,得到干燥的r-TiO2样品。将此样品转移至原子层沉积样品室中;b)用氮气清洗原子层沉积设备的样品室及管路;c)设置原子沉积的参数为:采用常温液体源前驱体,前驱体的脉冲进样和清洗时间分别设定为0.5s和5s;样品室沉积温度设定为300℃;O3源的脉冲进样、和清洗时间分别设定为1s和5s;循环沉积180-500次;d)将上述样品取出后稍作研磨,在还原性气氛中预处理后,即制得Ru/TiO2催化剂。
(1)步骤1中所述的Ti源为TiCl4、钛酸四丁酯、钛酸异丙酯、硫酸钛、草酸钛钾等,溶液浓度为0.1-0.5mol L-1。
(2)步骤2中所述的金属Ru前驱体为RuCp2。
(3)可用于二氧化碳甲烷化反应中,反应温度为150-400℃。
(4)催化剂在使用前需要经过预处理,其过程为:200-800℃下、还原性气氛中还原0.5-2h。
本发明的有益效果:
采用本发明方法制备的催化剂金属负载量精确可控,且金属与载体之间的作用力强,有效抑制了Ru纳米粒子的烧结长大,在CO2甲烷化反应中表现出很高的活性(如图1所示),具有很好的应用价值。
附图说明
图1不同制备方法制得的催化剂上CO2甲烷化的反应速率。
具体实施方式
实施例1
纯相金红石TiO2载体的制备。具体过程如下:量取30mL TiCl4溶液(0.91mol L-1,HCl浓度3.06mol L-1)至100mL烧杯中,用去离子水稀释至50mL,置于 60℃水浴中搅拌4h后,静置1h;然后用去离子水洗涤、过滤至滤液为中性,将白色滤饼于120℃烘箱中烘干后,在500℃空气气氛中焙烧2h,即制得r-TiO2。实施例2
采用过量浸渍法制备5wt%Ru/r-TiO2催化剂。具体步骤为:量取0.95g 30wt%RuCl3溶液于100mL烧杯中,加去离子水稀释至30mL,将已称好的2.0g r-TiO2载体加入RuCl3溶液中,超声分散均匀后,置于50℃水浴中搅拌至溶液挥发近干;然后用去离子水洗涤至中性,将滤饼于120℃干燥12h后,在300℃空气中焙烧4 h;最后,用稀氨水(1mol)多次洗涤试样以去除去残留的Cl-离子,然后将其在 60℃干燥12h后,在400℃原料气中还原1h,即制得5wt%Ru/r-TiO2。
实施例3
采用原子层沉积法制备5wt%Ru/r-TiO2催化剂。具体步骤为:a)将r-TiO2分散于无水乙醇中,经超声处理一段时间后得到颗粒分散开的悬浮液,然后将该悬浮液中的乙醇溶液缓慢蒸干,得到干燥的r-TiO2样品。将此样品转移至原子层沉积样品室中;b)用氮气清洗原子层沉积设备的样品室及管路;c)设置原子沉积的参数为:采用常温RuCp2为Ru源前驱体,前驱体的脉冲进样和清洗时间分别设定为0.5s和5s;样品室沉积温度设定为300℃;O3源的脉冲进样、和清洗时间分别设定为1s和5s;循环沉积180-500次;d)将上述样品取出后稍作研磨,在还原性气氛中预处理后,即制得Ru/TiO2催化剂。
实施例4
催化性能评价:催化剂活性测试是在固定床反应器上进行,反应压力为常压。
实验过程如下:分别称量0.05g由实施例2和3方法制备的催化剂,并用0.40g 石英砂稀释均匀后填装在U型石英反应管中。活性评价前,先用原料气对催化剂进行预处理,原料气组成为:18.0vol.%CO2+72.0vol.%H2+10.0vol.%N2。催化剂经400℃预处理1h后,降温至200℃,对其进行反应活性评价。原料气的流速为180mL min-1,反应后的气体先经冷凝管将产物中的水冷凝后,再进入色谱进行分析。色谱型号为安捷伦6890N,配备TDX-01色谱柱(2.0m×2mm) 和TCD检测器。
采用实施例2和3方法制得的催化剂上活性测试结果如图1所示。
由图1明显看出,采用原子层沉积法制得的催化剂上CO2甲烷化的反应速率高于传统浸渍法制得的催化剂。表明原子层沉积法具有优势,提高了甲烷化的活性。
实施例5
采用实施例3制得的催化剂和实施例4相同的活性评价条件,所不同的是催化剂预处理温度区间为200-800℃,测得的活性结果如表1所示。
表1 不同温度预处理后催化剂上活性测试结果,反应温度为200℃。
Claims (5)
1.一种Ru基催化剂,其特征在于:首先制得了纯相金红石TiO2(以下缩写为r- TiO2)载体,然后采用原子层沉积法制得Ru/ TiO2催化剂;Ru的质量百分含量为1.0%-10.0%;制备过程如下:
(1)纯相金红石TiO2载体的制备
量取Ti源溶液至烧杯中,用去离子水稀释至Ti源溶液体积的5-15倍,置于40-60 oC水浴中搅拌2-6 h后,静置0.5-2 h;然后用去离子水洗涤、过滤至滤液为中性,将白色滤饼于烘箱中烘干后,在400-600 oC下、空气气氛中焙烧2-4 h,即制得r-TiO2;
(2)Ru/ TiO2催化剂的制备
以上述制得的r-TiO2为载体,采用原子层沉积法制备Ru/TiO2催化剂;具体步骤为:a)将r-TiO2分散于无水乙醇中,经超声处理后得到颗粒分散开的悬浮液,然后将该悬浮液中的乙醇溶液缓慢蒸干,得到干燥的r-TiO2样品;将此样品转移至原子层沉积样品室中;b)用氮气清洗原子层沉积设备的样品室及管路;c)设置原子沉积的参数为:采用常温液体源金属Ru前驱体RuCp2,前驱体的脉冲进样和清洗时间分别设定为0.5 s和5 s;样品室沉积温度设定为300 oC;O3源的脉冲进样、和清洗时间分别设定为1 s和5 s;循环沉积180-500次;d)将上述样品取出后稍作研磨,在还原性气氛中预处理后,即制得Ru/TiO2催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的Ru基催化剂,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述的Ti源为TiCl4、钛酸四丁酯、钛酸异丙酯、硫酸钛或草酸钛钾,溶液浓度为0.1-0.5 mol L-1。
3.一种权利要求1-2任一所述Ru基催化剂的应用,其特征在于:Ru基催化剂用于二氧化碳甲烷化反应中。
4.根据权利要求3所述的Ru基催化剂的应用,其特征在于:反应温度为150-400 oC。
5.根据权利要求3所述的Ru基催化剂的应用,其特征在于:催化剂在使用前需要经过预处理,其过程为在200-800℃ 、还原性气氛中还原0.5-2 h。
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