CN106663970A - 永磁电动机和发电机以及机车中包括该永磁电动机和发电机的混合马达 - Google Patents

永磁电动机和发电机以及机车中包括该永磁电动机和发电机的混合马达 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106663970A
CN106663970A CN201580039091.2A CN201580039091A CN106663970A CN 106663970 A CN106663970 A CN 106663970A CN 201580039091 A CN201580039091 A CN 201580039091A CN 106663970 A CN106663970 A CN 106663970A
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China
Prior art keywords
teeth
motor
stator
tooth
magnetic circuit
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CN201580039091.2A
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English (en)
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P·卡泊泽拉
R·伯拿迪尼
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Piaggio and C SpA
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Piaggio and C SpA
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Publication of CN106663970A publication Critical patent/CN106663970A/zh
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K21/00—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets
    • H02K21/12—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets with stationary armatures and rotating magnets
    • H02K21/14—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets with stationary armatures and rotating magnets with magnets rotating within the armatures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L7/00—Electrodynamic brake systems for vehicles in general
    • B60L7/10—Dynamic electric regenerative braking
    • B60L7/14—Dynamic electric regenerative braking for vehicles propelled by ac motors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/12—Stationary parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/14—Stator cores with salient poles
    • H02K1/146—Stator cores with salient poles consisting of a generally annular yoke with salient poles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/24—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the combustion engines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/26—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/48—Parallel type
    • B60K6/485—Motor-assist type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/16—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L7/00—Electrodynamic brake systems for vehicles in general
    • B60L7/10—Dynamic electric regenerative braking
    • B60L7/12—Dynamic electric regenerative braking for vehicles propelled by dc motors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/12—Stationary parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/14—Stator cores with salient poles
    • H02K1/146—Stator cores with salient poles consisting of a generally annular yoke with salient poles
    • H02K1/148—Sectional cores
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
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    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/22—Rotating parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/27—Rotor cores with permanent magnets
    • H02K1/2706—Inner rotors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
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    • H02K1/22—Rotating parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/27—Rotor cores with permanent magnets
    • H02K1/2706—Inner rotors
    • H02K1/272—Inner rotors the magnetisation axis of the magnets being perpendicular to the rotor axis
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
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    • H02K3/18—Windings for salient poles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
    • H02K3/04—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors
    • H02K3/28—Layout of windings or of connections between windings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/006—Structural association of a motor or generator with the drive train of a motor vehicle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/26—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S903/00—Hybrid electric vehicles, HEVS
    • Y10S903/902—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors
    • Y10S903/903—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor
    • Y10S903/904—Component specially adapted for hev
    • Y10S903/905—Combustion engine
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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    • Y10S903/00—Hybrid electric vehicles, HEVS
    • Y10S903/902—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors
    • Y10S903/903—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor
    • Y10S903/904—Component specially adapted for hev
    • Y10S903/906—Motor or generator

Abstract

一种电动机－发电机(1)，该电动机－发电机是三相径流式永磁的类型，并且包括定子，该定子具有多个齿(3)，每个齿均设有相应的电绕组(5)，该电绕组由导线和相应的端极扩大部(4)所实施，且这些齿分成组，使得每组对应于一相，该电动机－发电机通过使用具有正好相关尺寸的定子齿(3)并通过同时获得在再充电阶段期间产生较小的电池疲劳的减小的短路电流来允许将绕组容易地实施在电动机(1)自身中，其中，每组的每个单个齿(3)的电绕组(5)之间并联地连接，并且相邻的端极扩大部之间的距离是允许导线通过的最小值，并且确定包括两个相邻齿(3)、相应的转子轭和定子轭、相应的永磁体的厚度和对应的气隙的第一磁路，以及包括两个相邻齿(3)、相应的转子轭、所述相邻齿(3)的面向端极扩大部(4)的相应半部的第二磁路。

Description

永磁电动机和发电机以及机车中包括该永磁电动机和发电机 的混合马达
本发明涉及一种电动机，该电动机是三相永磁(无刷)径流式类型，尤其是适合于安装在四冲程发动机的曲轴上以用作电动机和发电机的类型，并由此确定一种混合马达。
在能以有利的方式用在具有四冲程单缸发动机的机车上的此种构造中，转子设有一定数量的永磁体并且转子预先布置成在四冲程发动机运行时直接地由曲轴拖动旋转，以对车辆电池再充电。
应注意的是，此种构造允许通过将制动期间所使用的一部分能量转换成电流来回收这部分能量。
在起动四冲程发动机时，电动机用作由同一电池馈电的起动电动机。有利地，可在车辆停止时设置用于自动地关闭四冲程发动机的系统，一旦再次请求驱动功率，系统就自动地管理发动机的重新起动。
在该方案中使用定子，该定子具有基本上圆形的结构，且该结构具有由铁磁材料制成的齿，电线缠绕在齿上，电流流过电线：这些齿被分成针对每相的组，典型地使用三相的方案。
在径流式电动机－发电机中，齿数和绕组类型的选择影响电动机内部的损耗和在再充电阶段期间使用的短路电流量，这又确定了电池中的更高或更低的电压。
另一方面，在具有较小尺寸、例如具有125或150cc排量的发动机中，可用于容纳电机的空间是有限的，而实际上对于所使用的电动机类型而言，该空间消耗须较低以便不会过多地影响包括该电动机的机车的成本。
应注意的是，在性能水平上，电机须以约80A的电流供给高达8.0Nm的扭矩。一旦给出这些构造限制，就必须优化定子构造以减小短路电流：较低的短路电流会允许减小电机上的损耗并且实现更小的控制电子装置。在再充电阶段期间，建立控制周期，并且控制电子装置在该周期期间而作用如下：对于一个周期部分，使电力机器的各相短路，而对于剩余的部分，将该电流供应给电池。
欧洲专利Nr.EP 1,344,296描述了在电动机中的一种特定绕组布置，其中，设置较多的齿但具有减小的尺寸。为了获得该构造，每相中的绕组将串联地连接的三个齿归成一组。
然而，由于齿的减小的尺寸使得绕组自身难以施加在每个齿上，该构造结果是极为复杂的。
国际申请Nr.WO 00/76054A1描述了一种定子，由铁磁材料制成的齿设置在该定子中，而这些齿上并不设有绕组。然而，该构造包含较多齿。
日本申请Nr.JPH03178536描述了绕组在定子中的布置，其中，各齿连续地交替以使每个齿都属于不同的相，其中，每相的绕组并联地布置在各齿之间。然而，即使该构造也适应于具有较多齿的定子。
本发明要解决的技术问题是要提供一种电动机－发电机，该电动机－发电机允许克服参考现有技术所提到的缺陷。
上述问题通过如下这种电动机－发电机来解决，该电动机－发电机是三相径流式永磁类型，该电动机－发电机包括定子，该定子围绕转子并且具有多个齿，每个齿均设有相应的电绕组，该电绕组由导线和相应的端极扩大部所实施，且这些齿被分组使得每组对应于一相，其中，每组的每个单个齿的各绕组并联地连接在这些齿之间，并且其中，相邻的端极扩大部之间的距离是用以允许导线通过的最小值，并且其中，通过识别包括两个相邻齿、相应的转子轭和定子轭、相应的永磁体的厚度和对应的气隙的第一磁路以及包括两个相邻齿、相应的转子轭、所述相邻齿的各个面对的端极扩大部的相应半部和这些端极扩大部之间的距离的第二磁路，第一磁路和第二磁路的磁阻具有相同的量级。
该电动机－发电机的主要优点包括：通过使用具有正好合适尺寸的定子齿来允许绕组本身在电动机中的简易实施，同时通过获得减小的短路电流，从而在再充电阶段期间产生较小的电池疲劳。
下文将通过参考附图，根据作为示例而非出于限制性目的提供的本发明的较佳实施例来描述本发明，附图中：
图1示出了根据本发明的电动机的定子的剖视图；
图2示出了施加至图1所示的定子的绕组的方案；以及
图3示出了图2中绕组方案的磁路。
通过参考附图，电动机－发电机以剖视图示出并且由附图标记1标示。
该电动机－发电机设置在混合马达(未示出)中，该混合马达包括单缸四冲程内燃机，其中，电动机－发电机的转子直接地装配在内燃机的曲轴上。
具体地，该组件提供这样的构造，其中，电动机－发电机在内燃机的相应发动机缸体的与该发动机连接至车辆、尤其是机车的传动机构的一侧相对的一侧上装配在曲轴上。
电动机－发电机是永磁类型的并且具有三相，其中定子位于转子外部，该定子由9个齿构成，这些齿针对每相进行分组，每组由三个齿组成。
此种类型的电动机尤其适合于安装在四冲程发动机、尤其是单缸发动机的曲轴的轴线上，从而用作起动发动机和发电机。
转子以充满铁磁材料的元件来实施，包括中心芯部2，中心芯部2装配于内燃机的曲轴：芯部的整个部分构成转子轭。
在转子的外表面上，转子包括多个(未示出的)永磁体，这些永磁体是由铁磁性陶瓷、尤其是铁氧体制成的类型。
定子包括在内部径向地延伸的多个齿3，每个齿在外部以扩大头部4(也称为端极扩大部)终止，以便在齿与齿之间实现隔室，该隔室填充有铜制导线的绕组5，这些绕组围绕每个齿布置。
齿3则具有由相应头部4形成的外部连接表面，这些头部也称为端极扩大部且在截面中具有相应的突出半部12，并且这些头部隔开一段距离13，导线在缠绕阶段期间须穿过该距离。
定子1还包括冠部或轭状物6及其外部加强部分，该外部加强部分占据定子的圆形区段，所有绕组的线缆从该圆形区段分支穿过定子1外部的连接元件7，接着连接在护套8内部并且连接至相应的插头9，插头9会连接至电池。
甚至其它线缆也从所述加强部分分支而连接至霍尔传感器，这些霍尔传感器总体作为相位传感器并且布置在所述加强部分6与定位在加强部分6中的齿3之间。
护套8甚至包括所述其它线缆，这些线缆接着连接至相应的连接件10和11。
如前所述，齿3分成三组，每组对应于一相：每组的齿被定子1的圆形区段隔开，该圆形区段具有120°的宽度。
这些绕组由釉面铜制成的同一导线的多个线圈实施，这些线圈布置在同一齿的若干层上。
通过参考图2，在由附图标记A、B、C标示的每个组中，仅仅示意地示出定子的绕组5。应注意的是，同一组的绕组5并非在它们之间串联布置，而是这些绕组由不同的线束实施并以并联的构造连接于端部。
因而，属于同一组的每个齿的每个绕组均并联地连接于属于同一组的其它绕组(图2)。
因而，具有九个齿的这种构造对于在给定由相同发动机请求的确定的设计扭矩的情况下优化发动机损耗是特别有利的，其确定铁磁材料的重量，接着确定发动机本身的尺寸。
总体上，通过使得在发动机的组装期间更容易进行绕线(操作)，实施绕组的这种技术允许使用比现有技术更大尺寸的齿。
通过参考图3，示出磁路X、Y，可以针对缠绕在齿上的每个线圈探测到这些磁路。以虚线表示的第一磁路(图3)包括绕组5的齿3、相邻绕组的齿3、转子轭和定子轭、磁体厚度以及气隙。磁体的磁导率实际上等于空气的磁导率；这是因为，在该磁路中，磁通回路中在气隙上和在磁体厚度上存在较高的磁损耗。
以实线绘制的第二磁路Y则包括绕组的齿、相邻绕组的齿、转子轭、端极扩大部的半部以及各端极扩大部之间的厚度。这里，在端极扩大部之间的厚度上的磁通回路中存在较高的磁损耗：为了增大磁阻，必须减小磁路上的损耗。
磁体厚度的尺寸与气隙相关，然而，该尺寸可与各端极扩大部之间的距离相关，因为该厚度可用于避免当最大电流在机器绕组中循环时由铁氧体制成的磁体退磁。这是因为，其它磁路(未画成虚线的实线)的磁阻具有与之前描述的磁阻相同的量级。
这些磁路在它们之间是并联的：减小两个磁路中的一个上的磁损耗就足以增大磁阻。
第一磁路将尺寸定为保证电机的扭矩性能，则进行减小磁损耗而不使性能恶化的修改变得困难。
就第二磁路而言，减小各端极扩大部之间的距离就足以减小磁损耗。然而，可获得的最小距离必须在将线圈缠绕在齿上的阶段期间足以允许导线通过。
对于具有更多(例如十八个)齿的方案，两个定子极之间的磁路串联地连接，且由于涉及磁体上损耗的增大以及等效磁阻的减小，第二磁路上的齿之间的厚度具有双倍重要性。
由此，较低的磁阻、即较高的磁感应强度以及较低的短路电流基本上对应于齿的较大尺寸，以便显著地减小电池上的电压。
所要表示的是，本文所描述的方案仅是根据本发明的原理可能实施的方案之一。
对于以上所描述的电动机和相关的电绕组，本领域技术人员为了满足附加且不确定的需求，会引入若干附加的修改和变型，然而，所有这些修改和变型均落在由所附权利要求所限定的本发明的保护范围内。

Claims (4)

1.一种电动机－发电机(1)，所述电动机－发电机是三相径流式永磁的类型，并且包括基本上圆形的定子，所述定子围绕转子并具有多个齿(3)，所述多个齿朝向所述转子径向地延伸，每个齿均设有相应的电绕组(5)，所述电绕组由导线和相应的端极扩大部(4)所实施，且所述多个齿分成组(A、B、C)，使得每组对应于一相，其中，每组的每个单个齿的电绕组(5)之间并联地连接，并且相邻的端极扩大部之间的距离(13)是允许导线通过的最小值，并且确定包括两个相邻齿(3)、相应的转子轭和定子轭、相应的永磁体的厚度和对应的气隙的第一磁路(X)，以及包括两个相邻齿(3)、相应的转子轭(2)、所述相邻齿(5)的面向端极扩大部(4)的相应半部(12)和这些端极扩大部(4)之间的距离(13)的第二磁路(Y)，所述第一磁路(X)和第二磁路(Y)的磁阻具有相同的量级。
2.如权利要求1所述的电动机，其特征在于：所述定子包括九个齿，所述九个齿分成三组(A、B、C)，每组由三个齿组成。
3.一种混合马达，所述混合马达包括四冲程单缸内燃机，所述四冲程单缸内燃机具有发动机缸体和横贯所述发动机缸体的曲轴，并且在所述发动机缸体的侧部上，所述四冲程单缸内燃机连接至相应的传动机构，其特征在于，所述混合马达包括前述权利要求所述的电动机－发电机，其中，所述电动机－发电机在与所述传动机构的侧部相对的侧部上装配在所述曲轴上。
4.一种机车，所述机车包括如权利要求3所述的混合马达。
CN201580039091.2A 2014-08-01 2015-08-03 永磁电动机和发电机以及机车中包括该永磁电动机和发电机的混合马达 Pending CN106663970A (zh)

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WO2016016874A3 (en) 2016-04-21
EP3174754A2 (en) 2017-06-07

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