CN106561420A - Organic soilless culture technology for eggplants - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides an organic soilless culture technology for eggplants. The technology is characterized by comprising following steps of selection, preparation and disinfection of base materials; construction of a facility system for soilless culture; field planting; management after the field planting; and harvesting. In this way, problems in the traditional eggplant soil cultivation method are solved and an organic soilless culture technology for the eggplants is achieved.

Description

A kind of Fructus Solani melongenae organic soilless cultivation technology

Technical field

The present invention relates to growing vegetables field, specifically a kind of Fructus Solani melongenae organic soilless cultivation technology.

Background technology

At present, China's Fructus Solani melongenae cultivation, mainly using traditional covering with ground sheeting and outdoor cropping isotype, is all native cultivation.Soil cultivationNutrient lossRatio about 50% or so, China rural area is low due to the technology moisture that applies fertilizers scientifically,Utilization rate of fertilizerLower, only 30-40%, the nutrient more than half all have lost, in soil fertilizer dissolve and be absorbed by plants profit process it is very complicated, only many losses, and the loss of various nutrients is different, makes to be difficult to maintain balance between each element in the soil liquid.And soil holdsYi ChuanCatch an illness evil, accumulate salinity, there are problems that yield declines increasingly.

The content of the invention

The present invention, according to plant physiology principle, invents a kind of Fructus Solani melongenae organic soilless cultivation technology to solve technical problem present in traditional Fructus Solani melongenae soil cultivation method.

The present invention is to solve above-mentioned technical problem, the technical scheme taken, Fructus Solani melongenae organic soilless cultivation technology, and it is characterized in that including procedure below：

1st, the selection of substrate is prepared and sterilized The selection of 1.1 substrate.

The selection of substrate to follow gather materials on the spot, cost-effective principle, including inorganic matrix and organic substrate.It is inorganic Substrate is such as：Grit, perlite, boiler ash sediment, rock wool, haydite, smoked charcoal, weathered coal, vacuolar membrane plastics, Vermiculitum etc.；Organic substrate is such as:Turf, plastic foam, wood sawdust, straw, rice husk, Pericarppium arachidis hypogaeae, mushroom Slag, schlempe, bagasse, Exocarpium cocois (Cocos nucifera L) and leaveves, bark, rice husk, stalk, feces of livestock and poultry etc.. The preparation of 1.2 substrate. Organic ecological soilless culture substrate is typically chosen 2-3 kinds organic substrate and 2-3 kind inorganic matrixes are mixed, and conventional substrate composition is turf: Vermiculitum=2-3: 1, or turf: Vermiculitum: Margarita=1: 1: 1, or turf: Vermiculitum: useless mushroom slag=1: 1: 1.Can also gather materials on the spot, such as：Mushroom slag: corn stalk: slag=1: 2: 2；Corn stalk after fermentation: mushroom slag: chicken manure: cattle manure: slag=7: 2.5: 1: 1: 6 etc..Charging the last week, the substrate for fermenting fully is mixed into (slag must sieve) in proportion, per cubic metre adds sterilization chicken manure 10-15kg, excellent Matter NPK (N: P: K=15: 15: 15) 2.5-3kg, or diammonium 2.5-3kg, potassium sulfate 1-1.5kg, are sufficiently mixed uniform standby with substrate. 1.3 cultivation matrixes are sterilized. To prevent substrate from carrying pathogenic bacteria, need to carry out disinfection, more should be noted that especially with the substrate after crossing once and disappear Poison.Conventional sterilization method has solar disinfection, chemicalses process.1. solar disinfection.Time is preferably selected in month summer 7-8, and sterilization place can be in vinyl house or greenhouse, and method is by organic group Matter piles height, wide each 1m or so, and length should first squirt substrate depending on consumption, during code heap, make water content reach 75%-85%.Heap is good After substrate, obturaged with thin film, in the sun abundant exposure 15-25d, carried out disinfection by greenhouse effect and fermentation high temperature.For straw, Sunflower Stalk, sawdust, bark, leaveves and Chinese medicine slag etc., contain Fiber is more, and carbon-nitrogen ratio is high, becomes thoroughly decomposed more difficult, should adjust carbon-nitrogen ratio, promotes fermentation to decompose.2. chemical method.High-quality carbendazim, every cubic metre of substrate is used to add 200g, use by mixing homogeneously with substrate.

2nd, the facility system of organic ecological soilless culture is built The making of 2.1 cultivation beds.

Adopting trough cultivation, building materials to can select the material that locality is easy to get, such as use organic ecological soilless culture system more Plank, batten, bamboo pole, fragment of brick etc., cultivation bed is divided into two kinds of ground type and semi-underground type.1. ground type.Groove frame is built from the standard Rhizoma Begoniae Willsonii of 24cm10cm5cm, and groove internal diameter is 48cm, external diameter 72cm; groove depth 15-20cm (i.e. code 3-4 layers brick on the ground); depending on cultivation slot length foundation protecting field canopy room building situation, generally 5-30m, separation 60-100cm.Low, the bottom angled degree 5 or so in the high south in south-north direction north, opens a wide 20cm, " U " type groove of depth 10cm in the middle of bottom land, dig a depth 30cm, the pitting of diameter 30cm between every two groove in the south between groove, and with profit excessive hydrops are excluded.Bottom land and four walls paving 0.08-0.1mm thick bilayer film is isolated with soil.2. semi-underground type.Greenhouse is watered makes soil flatten after implementing, and ditches by specification on ground, and specification is interior Footpath is 60cm, groove depth 25cm, flute length 6.5m, and separation 60-80cm, bottom treatment is identical with ground type, and bottom land and four walls are completed with film, and one layer of brick is pressed on both sides. 2.2 filling substrate. The rough coal slag 3-5cm of diameter 1-2cm is first spread in set " U " type groove, if (when bottom land does not build " U " type groove, thick slag 3-5cm can be directly spread at cultivation bed bottom), spread double braid bag thereon again, for water conservation, then the substrate for fermenting is filled into cultivation bed, and is irrigated with water practicable, and take advantage of a favourable situation to flatten. 2.3 drip irrigation facilities are installed. Each facility should set up independent water system, per cultivation bed 1-2 root diameter 1.5cm, every the plastics drip irrigation hose (or 1 micro-nozzle) of the apertures of 30cm mono-, then use plastic film mulching cultivation groove.

3rd, it is colonized 15d facilities carry out disinfection before field planting.Substrate pours permeable before groove training field planting, and groove trains little line-spacing 28cm, wide row space 112cm, spacing in the rows 50cm, per mu of cultivation 1900-2000 strain, using duplicate rows dislocation field planting method, field planting depth is that nutritive cube is equal with cultivation bed substrate furrow face. 4th, the management after being colonized 4.1 temperature treatment. Seedling Stage thermophilic is 25 DEG C -30 DEG C of daytime, 16 DEG C -20 DEG C of night, the phase yield positive results for 25 DEG C -30 DEG C of daytime, at 15 DEG C -20 DEG C of night, note increasing the Insulation in greenhouse in season severe winter, minimum temperature is not less than 13 DEG C, run into extreme low temperature, can on straw screen or mat one layer of old canopy film of lid again, and laterally press 1-2 layer straw screen or mat in greenhouse front end, 1 DEG C -2 DEG C of room temperature can be improved. 4.2 illumination. Fructus Solani melongenae enjoys light, and sufficient illumination should be kept in cultivation.In addition to the thin film for selecting light transmittance higher, the normal cleaning films of Jing are also answered, and Reflecting curtain is hanged up in Hou Qiang, increase illumination.After weather gets warm again after a cold spell, morning as far as possible takes off late lid straw mat, extends light application time.In fruiting period, light-supplementing system can be used when having ready conditions, to promote the raising of yield. 4.3 water management. Irrigation quantity is determined according to the dry and wet degree of cultivation matrix, Changes in weather, season and plant size after field planting.Soil humidity is maintained at 65%-70% and is advisable before door eggplant sits, and after door eggplant sits, should improve the humidity of substrate, and water content is maintained at 75%-80% and is advisable.General winter per 3-4d drip irrigations 1 time, each 5-15min, the time is shorter before bearing fruit, after bearing fruit time length a bit, to ensure Fruit needs；After temperature gos up within 2 months, pour water daily 1 time, temperature is higher after summer has set in, and irrigation times should increase, and pours daily 2 times, respectively in the morning 9：30 or so and afternoon 5：00 or so, and extend irrigation time, it is every time 15-20min.Note checking a water supply in media situation per 3d, prevent water supply in media excessive, cause and macerate root. 4.4 fertilising. 20d starts to topdress after field planting, according to plant growing way, the 1st fertilizer is typically chased after at door eggplant " staring ", topdresses 1 time every 15d later.Ecological organic soilless culture special fertilizer is mixed with high-quality NPK (N: P: K=15: 15: 15) by 6: 4 part by weight, it is another in every 100kg mixed fertilizers to add potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2kg, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 3kg.As a result per plant of early stage is topdressed every time 15g, as a result contains per plant of phase 20g every time, and fertilizer is applied in the scope beyond plant root 5cm, and is watered in time.Also the cattle manure and chicken manure that can use abundant fermentation maturity coordinates to be topdressed, to reduce fertilizer cost, it is also possible to impose biogas slurry.A large amount of chemical fertilizer can not be applied.Uproot plants after their edible portions have been harvested first 1 month and stop topdressing. 4.5 Plant adjustment. Using double dry trainings.It is appropriate to extract base portion 1 ~ 2 old leaf, yellow leaf after door eggplant bears fruit.When door eggplant is expanded, door eggplant lower blade is all destroyed, the later stage only stays 2 leaves, remaining old leaf and unnecessary side shoot all to remove under each Fructus Solani melongenae fruit. 4.6 flower and fruit protecting. In SPRING WHEAT BEFORE AND AFTER FLOWERING 2d, anthocaulus is smeared with 2, the 4-D solution of 40-45mg/kg, or flower is dipped in 2, the 4-D solution of 35-40mg/kg, promote to bear fruit, to improve yield.Season severe winter can also add a small amount of gibberellins in colored liquid is dipped in, and prevent the appearance of deadlock, dehiscent fruit. 5th, harvest Eggplant should harvest in time door, preventing and treating pendant seedling.Afterwards according to timely collectings such as fruit development time, season, markets.

Technique effect

The solution have the advantages that, using above-mentioned technical proposal, solve the problems, such as soil cultivation, it is possible to achieve a kind of Fructus Solani melongenae organic soilless cultivation technology.This cultivation technique, makes nutrient not only will not lose, and keeps balance, according to different bearing stage, nutrient is scientifically supplied, so crop growth is healthy and strong, growth potential is strong, and yield potential can give full play of, for proportion of crop planting has higher promotional value.

Specific embodiment

1st, the selection of substrate is prepared and sterilized The selection of 1.1 substrate.

The selection of substrate to follow gather materials on the spot, cost-effective principle, including inorganic matrix and organic substrate.It is inorganic Substrate is such as：Grit, perlite, boiler ash sediment, rock wool, haydite, smoked charcoal, weathered coal, vacuolar membrane plastics, Vermiculitum etc.；Organic substrate is such as:Turf, plastic foam, wood sawdust, straw, rice husk, Pericarppium arachidis hypogaeae, mushroom Slag, schlempe, bagasse, Exocarpium cocois (Cocos nucifera L) and leaveves, bark, rice husk, stalk, feces of livestock and poultry etc.. The preparation of 1.2 substrate. Organic ecological soilless culture substrate is typically chosen 2-3 kinds organic substrate and 2-3 kind inorganic matrixes are mixed, and conventional substrate composition is turf: Vermiculitum=2-3: 1, or turf: Vermiculitum: Margarita=1: 1: 1, or turf: Vermiculitum: useless mushroom slag=1: 1: 1.Can also gather materials on the spot, such as：Mushroom slag: corn stalk: slag=1: 2: 2；Corn stalk after fermentation: mushroom slag: chicken manure: cattle manure: slag=7: 2.5: 1: 1: 6 etc..Charging the last week, the substrate for fermenting fully is mixed into (slag must sieve) in proportion, per cubic metre adds sterilization chicken manure 10-15kg, excellent Matter NPK (N: P: K=15: 15: 15) 2.5-3kg, or diammonium 2.5-3kg, potassium sulfate 1-1.5kg, are sufficiently mixed uniform standby with substrate. 1.3 cultivation matrixes are sterilized. To prevent substrate from carrying pathogenic bacteria, need to carry out disinfection, more should be noted that especially with the substrate after crossing once and disappear Poison.Conventional sterilization method has solar disinfection, chemicalses process.1. solar disinfection.Time is preferably selected in month summer 7-8, Sterilization place can be in vinyl house or greenhouse, and method is that organic substrate is piled into height, wide each 1m or so, and length should first squirt substrate depending on consumption, during code heap, make water content reach 75%-85%.After the good substrate of heap, obturaged with thin film, in the sun abundant exposure 15-25d, carried out disinfection by greenhouse effect and fermentation high temperature.For straw Stalk, Sunflower Stalk, sawdust, bark, leaveves and Chinese medicine slag etc., fibre-bearing is more, and carbon-nitrogen ratio is high, becomes thoroughly decomposed more difficult, should adjust carbon-nitrogen ratio, promotes fermentation to decompose.2. chemical method.High-quality carbendazim, every cubic metre of substrate is used to add 200g, use by mixing homogeneously with substrate.

2nd, the facility system of organic ecological soilless culture is built The making of 2.1 cultivation beds.

Adopting trough cultivation, building materials to can select the material that locality is easy to get, such as use organic ecological soilless culture system more Plank, batten, bamboo pole, fragment of brick etc., cultivation bed is divided into two kinds of ground type and semi-underground type.1. ground type.Groove frame is built from the standard Rhizoma Begoniae Willsonii of 24cm10cm5cm, and groove internal diameter is 48cm, external diameter 72cm; groove depth 15-20cm (i.e. code 3-4 layers brick on the ground); depending on cultivation slot length foundation protecting field canopy room building situation, generally 5-30m, separation 60-100cm.Low, the bottom angled degree 5 or so in the high south in south-north direction north, opens a wide 20cm, " U " type groove of depth 10cm in the middle of bottom land, dig a depth 30cm, the pitting of diameter 30cm between every two groove in the south between groove, and with profit excessive hydrops are excluded.Bottom land and four walls paving 0.08-0.1mm thick bilayer film is isolated with soil.2. semi-underground type.Greenhouse is watered makes soil flatten after implementing, and ditches by specification on ground, and it is 60cm, groove depth 25cm, flute length 6.5m that specification is internal diameter, and separation 60-80cm, bottom treatment is identical with ground type, bottom land and four wall films Complete, one layer of brick is pressed on both sides. 2.2 filling substrate. The rough coal slag 3-5cm of diameter 1-2cm is first spread in set " U " type groove, if (when bottom land does not build " U " type groove, thick slag 3-5cm can be directly spread at cultivation bed bottom), spread double braid bag thereon again, for water conservation, then the substrate for fermenting is filled into cultivation bed, and is irrigated with water practicable, and take advantage of a favourable situation to flatten. 2.3 drip irrigation facilities are installed. Each facility should set up independent water system, per cultivation bed 1-2 root diameter 1.5cm, every the plastics drip irrigation hose (or 1 micro-nozzle) of the apertures of 30cm mono-, then use plastic film mulching cultivation groove.

3rd, it is colonized 15d facilities carry out disinfection before field planting.Substrate pours permeable before groove training field planting, and groove trains little line-spacing 28cm, wide row space 112cm, spacing in the rows 50cm, per mu of cultivation 1900-2000 strain, using duplicate rows dislocation field planting method, field planting depth is that nutritive cube is equal with cultivation bed substrate furrow face. 4th, the management after being colonized 4.1 temperature treatment. Seedling Stage thermophilic is 25 DEG C -30 DEG C of daytime, 16 DEG C -20 DEG C of night, the phase yield positive results for 25 DEG C -30 DEG C of daytime, at 15 DEG C -20 DEG C of night, note increasing the Insulation in greenhouse in season severe winter, minimum temperature is not less than 13 DEG C, run into extreme low temperature, can on straw screen or mat one layer of old canopy film of lid again, and laterally press 1-2 layer straw screen or mat in greenhouse front end, 1 DEG C -2 DEG C of room temperature can be improved. 4.2 illumination. Fructus Solani melongenae enjoys light, and sufficient illumination should be kept in cultivation.In addition to the thin film for selecting light transmittance higher, the normal cleaning films of Jing are also answered, and Reflecting curtain is hanged up in Hou Qiang, increase illumination.After weather gets warm again after a cold spell, morning as far as possible takes off late lid straw mat, extends light application time.In fruiting period, light-supplementing system can be used when having ready conditions, to promote the raising of yield. 4.3 water management. Irrigation quantity is determined according to the dry and wet degree of cultivation matrix, Changes in weather, season and plant size after field planting.Soil humidity is maintained at 65%-70% and is advisable before door eggplant sits, and after door eggplant sits, should improve the humidity of substrate, and water content is maintained at 75%-80% and is advisable.General winter per 3-4d drip irrigations 1 time, each 5-15min, the time is shorter before bearing fruit, after bearing fruit time length a bit, to ensure Fruit needs；After temperature gos up within 2 months, pour water daily 1 time, temperature is higher after summer has set in, and irrigation times should increase, and pours daily 2 times, respectively in the morning 9：30 or so and afternoon 5：00 or so, and extend irrigation time, it is every time 15-20min.Note checking a water supply in media situation per 3d, prevent water supply in media excessive, cause and macerate root. 4.4 fertilising. 20d starts to topdress after field planting, according to plant growing way, the 1st fertilizer is typically chased after at door eggplant " staring ", topdresses 1 time every 15d later.Ecological organic soilless culture special fertilizer is mixed with high-quality NPK (N: P: K=15: 15: 15) by 6: 4 part by weight, it is another in every 100kg mixed fertilizers to add potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2kg, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 3kg.As a result per plant of early stage is topdressed every time 15g, as a result contains per plant of phase 20g every time, and fertilizer is applied in the scope beyond plant root 5cm, and is watered in time.Also the cattle manure and chicken manure that can use abundant fermentation maturity coordinates to be topdressed, to reduce fertilizer cost, it is also possible to impose biogas slurry.A large amount of chemical fertilizer can not be applied.Uproot plants after their edible portions have been harvested first 1 month and stop topdressing. 4.5 Plant adjustment. Using double dry trainings.It is appropriate to extract base portion 1 ~ 2 old leaf, yellow leaf after door eggplant bears fruit.When door eggplant is expanded, door eggplant lower blade is all destroyed, the later stage only stays 2 leaves, remaining old leaf and unnecessary side shoot all to remove under each Fructus Solani melongenae fruit. 4.6 flower and fruit protecting. In SPRING WHEAT BEFORE AND AFTER FLOWERING 2d, anthocaulus is smeared with 2, the 4-D solution of 40-45mg/kg, or flower is dipped in 2, the 4-D solution of 35-40mg/kg, promote to bear fruit, to improve yield.Season severe winter can also add a small amount of gibberellins in colored liquid is dipped in, and prevent the appearance of deadlock, dehiscent fruit. 5th, harvest Eggplant should harvest in time door, preventing and treating pendant seedling.Afterwards according to timely collectings such as fruit development time, season, markets.

Claims (1)

1. a kind of Fructus Solani melongenae organic soilless cultivation technology, is characterized in that including procedure below：Management and harvesting after the selection preparation of substrate and sterilization, facility system construction, field planting, the field planting of organic soilless cultivation.