CN106409665A - 掺杂有机半导体的方法和掺杂组合物 - Google Patents
掺杂有机半导体的方法和掺杂组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106409665A CN106409665A CN201610616266.8A CN201610616266A CN106409665A CN 106409665 A CN106409665 A CN 106409665A CN 201610616266 A CN201610616266 A CN 201610616266A CN 106409665 A CN106409665 A CN 106409665A
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/20—Changing the shape of the active layer in the devices, e.g. patterning
- H10K71/231—Changing the shape of the active layer in the devices, e.g. patterning by etching of existing layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/30—Doping active layers, e.g. electron transporting layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
- C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
- C07D235/06—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
- C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
- C07D235/18—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with aryl radicals directly attached in position 2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
- C07D277/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D277/62—Benzothiazoles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
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Abstract
本发明涉及掺杂有机半导体的方法和掺杂组合物。一种形成n型掺杂的半导体层的方法,其中用光辐照包含有机半导体和n型掺杂剂试剂的膜,所述光的波长在该有机半导体的吸收范围内,并且其中该n型掺杂剂试剂的最大吸收波长短于所述光的任何峰值波长。该n型掺杂的半导体层可以是有机发光器件的电子注入层。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及掺杂有机半导体的方法和掺杂组合物。
背景技术
对于在器件诸如有机发光二极管(OLED)、有机光响应器件(特别是有机光伏器件和有机光传感器)、有机晶体管和存储器阵列器件中的应用,含有活性有机材料的电子器件正引起越来越多的关注。含有活性有机材料的器件提供诸如低重量、低功率消耗和柔性的益处。此外,可溶有机材料的使用允许在器件制造中利用溶液加工,例如喷墨印刷或者旋涂。
有机发光器件具有携带阳极的基底、阴极以及介于阳极和阴极之间的含有发光材料的有机发光层。
在操作中,空穴通过阳极被注入器件并且电子通过阴极被注入器件。发光材料的最高已占分子轨道(HOMO)中的空穴和最低未占分子轨道(LUMO)中的电子结合从而形成激子,所述激子以光的形式释放其能量。
阴极包括金属例如铝的单层,钙和铝的双层,如WO 98/10621中所公开的;和碱金属或碱土金属化合物层与铝层的双层,如L.S.Hung,C.W.Tang,and M.G.Mason,Appl.Phys.Lett.70,152(1997)中所公开的。
可以在阴极与发光层之间提供电子传输或电子注入层。
Bao等人的“Use of a 1H-Benzoimidazole Derivative as an n-Type Dopantand To Enable Air-Stable Solution-Processed n-Channel Organic Thin-FilmTransistors”J.Am.Chem.Soc.2010,132,8852–8853公开了通过将(4-(1,3-二甲基-2,3-二氢-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基)苯基)二甲胺(N-DMBI)与PCBM混合并通过加热激活N-DMBI来掺杂[6,6]-苯基C61丁酸甲基酯(PCBM)。
US 2014/070178公开了一种OLED,其具有位于基底上的阴极和通过热处理电子传输材料与N-DMBI形成的电子传输层。其公开了在N-DMBI的热处理时形成的自由基可以是n型掺杂剂。
US8920944公开了用于掺杂有机半导体材料的n型掺杂剂前体。
发明内容
在第一方面,本发明提供了一种形成n型掺杂半导体层的方法,其中用光辐照包含有机半导体和n型掺杂剂试剂的膜,所述光的波长在该有机半导体的吸收范围内,并且其中该n型掺杂剂试剂的最大吸收波长短于所述光的任何峰值波长。
在第二方面,本发明提供了一种形成有机电子器件的n型掺杂层的方法,其中根据所述第一方面形成该n型掺杂层。
在第三方面,本发明提供了一种组合物,该组合物包含:(a)有机半导体,该有机半导体包括含C=N基团、腈基团、C=O基团和C=S基团中的一种或多种的单元和(b)n型掺杂剂试剂,该n型掺杂剂试剂包含2,3-二氢-苯并咪唑基团。
该第三方面的包括含C=N基团、腈基团、C=O基团和C=S基团中的一种或多种的单元以及包含2,3-二氢-苯并咪唑基团的n型掺杂剂试剂的有机半导体可以如本文任何部分所述。
在第四方面,本发明提供了一种从根据第三方面的组合物形成n型掺杂的半导体层的方法,该方法包括激发所述有机半导体的步骤。可以用电磁辐照,任选地用关于第一方面所述的光、或者通过热处理激发根据第三方面的组合物。
本文使用的“n型掺杂剂试剂”是指在激发有机半导体时(任选地通过本文所述的辐照)将有机半导体掺杂至较大程度的材料,相比于在25℃下不激发有机半导体的掺杂程度而言。
优选地,在有机半导体的激发时掺杂程度大至少10倍,任选至少100倍,通过唯电子器件(electron-only device)测量来测定。优选地,在25℃下在不激发有机半导体时几乎没有掺杂或无掺杂。
附图说明
现将参考附图更详细地描述本发明,其中:
图1示意说明了根据本发明实施方案的OLED;
图2示出n型掺杂剂试剂以及两种半导体聚合物的吸收光谱;
图3示出n型掺杂剂试剂和第一半导体聚合物的混合物在辐照之前和之后的吸收光谱;
图4示出n型掺杂剂试剂和第二半导体聚合物的混合物在辐照之前和之后的吸收光谱;
图5是包含根据本发明实施方案n型掺杂的有机半导体层的唯电子器件的电流密度相对于电压的坐标图,通过辐照不同的时间长度;和
图6是包含根据本发明实施方案n型掺杂的有机半导体层的唯电子器件的在辐照之前和之后的电流密度相对于电压的坐标图。
具体实施方式
未按任何比例绘制的图1示出了根据本发明的OLED 100,其承载在基底101上,例如玻璃或塑料基底。OLED 100包含阳极103、发光层105、电子注入层107和阴极109。
阳极103可以是导电材料的单一层或者可以由两个或更多个导电层形成。阳极103可以是透明阳极,例如铟锡氧化物的层。可以使用透明阳极103和透明基底101使得光被发射穿过基底。阳极可以是不透明的,在该情形中基底101可以是不透明的或透明的,并且光可被发射穿过透明阴极109。
发光层105含有至少一种发光材料。发光材料105可由单一发光化合物组成或者可以是多于一种化合物的混合物,任选为掺杂有一种或多种发光掺杂剂的主体。发光层105可以含有当所述器件工作时发射磷光的至少一种发光材料,或者含有当器件工作时发射荧光的至少一种发光材料。发光层105可含有至少一种磷光发光材料和至少一种荧光发光材料。
电子注入层107包含n型掺杂的半导体或者由其组成。
阴极109由至少一个层形成,任选由两个或更多个层形成,用于将电子注入器件。
OLED 100可含有介于阳极103和阴极109之间的一个或多个另外的层,例如一个或多个电荷传输层、电荷阻挡层或电荷注入层。优选地,该器件包含介于阳极和发光层105之间的包含导电材料的空穴注入层。优选地,该器件包含介于阳极103和发光层105之间的半导体空穴传输材料。
本文所用的“导电材料”是指具有功函数的材料,例如金属或简并半导体。
本文所用的“半导体”是指具有HOMO和LUMO能级的材料,并且半导体层是包含半导体材料的层或者由一种或多种半导体材料组成的层。
电子注入层是通过如下方式形成:形成有机半导体(受主材料)和n型掺杂剂试剂的膜,以及用来自光源的光辐照该膜,所述光源的峰值波长长于所述n型掺杂剂试剂的最大吸收波长。
优选地,本文所述的有机半导体的峰值波长是在400-700nm范围内的吸收光谱中显示出最强吸收的峰。优选地,所述n型掺杂剂试剂的最强吸收是在低于400nm的波长。
所述n型掺杂剂试剂的HOMO能级比所述有机半导体的LUMO能级更深(更远离真空)。任选地,所述n型掺杂剂的HOMO能级比所述有机半导体的LUMO能级深至少1eV(更远离真空)。因此,在室温下将有机半导体和n型掺杂剂试剂混合时几乎不或者不发生自发掺杂。
然而,本发明人意外地发现:如本文所述将该膜暴露于电磁辐照导致n型掺杂,并且该电磁辐照无需是可被该n型掺杂剂试剂吸收的波长。由光源发射的光适宜地与有机半导体的吸收光谱的吸收特征重叠,例如吸收峰或肩(shoulder)。任选地,由光源发射的光的峰值波长在所述有机半导体的最大吸收波长的25nm、10nm或5nm内,然而应当理解的是,所述光的峰值波长不必与所述有机半导体的最大吸收波长一致。
可以通过下列中的一种或多种来控制掺杂的程度:有机半导体/n型掺杂剂试剂的比率;光的峰值波长;膜的辐照持续时间;和光的强度。应理解的是,当光的峰值波长与有机半导体的最大吸收一致时激发将是最有效的。
任选地,辐照时间为1秒至1小时,任选1-30分钟。
优选地,从光源发出的光在400-700nm范围内。优选地,电磁辐射的峰值波长大于400nm,任选大于420nm,任选大于450nm。任选地,在n型掺杂剂试剂的吸收光谱中的吸收峰和从光源发出的光的波长之间没有重叠。将理解的是,n型掺杂剂试剂在掺杂有机半导体的过程中形成阳离子。可由该阳离子的电化学还原形成的自由基的半占据分子轨道(SOMO)可被认为是n型掺杂剂试剂的掺杂强度的指标。优选地,所述自由基的SOMO比所述有机半导体的LUMO深不超过0.5eV。任选地,所述n型掺杂剂试剂的SOMO能级可以与所述有机半导体的LUMO能级相同或比其更浅。任选地,所述n型掺杂剂试剂的半占据分子轨道(SOMO)能级比所述有机半导体的LUMO能级深至少0.05eV。任选地,所述自由基具有距真空能级小于(浅于)约3.0eV的SOMO能级。
任选地,所述有机半导体具有距真空能级不超过3.2eV的LUMO能级,任选地距真空水平不超过3.1或3.0eV。
可以使用任何合适的电磁辐射源来辐照所述膜,包括但不限于,荧光灯管、白炽灯泡以及有机或无机LED。任选地,该电磁辐射源是无机LED的阵列。该电磁辐射源可以产生具有一个或多于一个峰值波长的辐射。
优选地,所述电磁辐射源具有至少2000mW的光输出,任选至少3000mW,任选至少4000mW。
优选地,电磁辐射源的光输出的不超过10%或不超过5%来自于波长小于或等于400nm、任选小于或等于420nm的辐射。优选地,没有光输出具有小于或等于400nm、任选小于或等于420nm的波长。
在不暴露于短波长光(如紫外光)的情况下引发n型掺杂可避免对OLED材料的损伤。
该n型掺杂的有机半导体可以是非本征或简并的半导体。
在有机电子器件的制造中,如图1所描述的OLED,辐照步骤可以发生在器件形成期间或者在器件形成之后。优选地,在已经形成器件并封装后发生辐照。可以在如下环境中制造该器件:其中在器件封装之前几乎不或不使膜暴露于引起n型掺杂的光的波长,例如由波长比该电磁辐射源的波长更长的光照射的环境,如用黄光照射的洁净室。
在图1所描述的OLED的情形中,可以在有机发光层105上方形成n型掺杂剂试剂和有机半导体的膜107,并且可在该膜上方形成阴极109。
在器件形成于透明基底101上并且具有透明阳极103(如ITO)的情况下,随后透过阳极101辐照该膜,或者在器件具有透明阴极的情况下,可以透过阴极109辐照该膜。可以选择用于引起n型掺杂的波长以避免被所述电磁辐射源和所述膜之间的器件层吸收的波长。
优选地,电子注入层107与有机发光层105接触。优选地,直接在有机发光层105上形成有机半导体和n型掺杂剂试剂的膜。
优选地,掺杂的有机半导体的功函数比发光层材料的LUMO深不超过约1eV、任选地0.5eV或0.2eV,如果发光层包含主体材料和发光材料的混合物则该LUMO可以是发光材料的LUMO或主体材料的LUMO。优选地,掺杂的有机半导体的功函数与发光层材料的LUMO相同或比其更浅。任选地,掺杂的有机半导体的功函数小于3.0eV,任选为约2.1-2.8eV。
优选地,阴极109与电子注入层107接触。优选地,在所述有机半导体和n型掺杂剂试剂的膜上直接形成阴极。
可在空气中沉积所述有机半导体和n型掺杂剂试剂的膜。任选地,使下方的层、优选有机发光层105交联。
OLED 100可以是显示器,任选全色显示器,其中发光层105包含像素,所述像素包含红色、绿色和蓝色的子像素。
OLED 100可以是发白光的OLED。本文所述的发白光的OLED可以具有与黑体在2500-9000K范围内的温度下发射的光相当的CIE x坐标以及在所述黑体发射光的CIE y坐标的0.05或0.025之内的CIE y坐标,任选地具有与黑体在2700-6000K范围内的温度下发射的光相当的CIE x坐标。白色发光OLED可含有多种发光材料,优选红色、绿色和蓝色发光材料,更优选红色、绿色和蓝色磷光发光材料,它们结合从而产生白光。所述发光材料可全部提供在发光层105中,或者可以提供在一个或多个附加的发光层中。
红色发光材料可具有峰值在约大于550nm直至约700nm范围内、任选在约大于560nm或大于580nm直至约630nm或650nm范围内的光致发光光谱。
绿色发光材料可具有峰值在约大于490nm直至约560nm范围内、任选在约500nm、510nm或520nm直至约560nm范围内的光致发光光谱。
蓝色发光材料可具有峰值在至多约490nm、任选约450-490nm范围内的光致发光光谱。
可以通过如下方式测量材料的光致发光光谱:向石英基底上流延含5重量%该材料的PMMA膜,达到0.3-0.4的透射率值,并且在氮气环境中使用Hamamatsu提供的装置C9920-02。
有机半导体
有机半导体可以是聚合或非聚合的材料。优选地,有机半导体是聚合物,更优选共轭聚合物。
优选地,有机半导体包含极性双键或三键,任选为选自C=N基团、腈基团或C=O基团的键。优选地,这些极性双键或三键基团共轭至共轭聚合物的主干(backbone)。该有机半导体可以包含苯并噻二唑单元。苯并噻二唑单元可以是聚合物的单元。聚合的重复单元可以包含下式的重复单元或由其组成:
其中R1在每次出现时为取代基,任选为选自烷基的取代基,任选C1-20烷基,其中一个或多个不相邻C原子可被任选取代的芳基或杂芳基、O、S、C=O或-COO-替换,并且一个或多个H原子可被F替换。
包含苯并噻二唑的重复单元可以具有下式:
其中R1如上所述。
该聚合物可以包含包括苯并噻二唑重复单元和亚芳基重复单元的重复单元。
亚芳基重复单元包括但不限于芴、亚苯基、萘、蒽、茚并芴、菲和二氢菲重复单元,它们各自可以是未取代的或取代有一个或多个取代基。
亚芳基重复单元的取代基(如果存在的话)可以选自C1-40烃基,优选C1-20烷基,可为未取代的或取代有一个或多个C1-10烷基的苯基。
一种优选类别的亚芳基重复单元是亚苯基重复单元,例如式(VI)的亚苯基重复单元:
其中w在每次出现时独立地为0、1、2、3或4,任选地为1或2;n为1、2或3;并且R7在每次出现时独立地为取代基。
当存在时,各R7可独立地选自于由以下构成的组:
-烷基,任选C1-20烷基,其中一个或多个不相邻C原子可被任选取代的芳基或杂芳基、O、S、C=O或-COO-替换,并且一个或多个H原子可被F替换;以及
-式-(Ar7)r的基团,其中各Ar7独立地为芳基或杂芳基,所述芳基或杂芳基可以是未取代的或取代有一个或多个取代基并且r为至少1,任选为1、2或3,优选为苯基的支化链或直链,每个苯基可以具有一个或多个C1-20烷基。
在R7包含芳基或杂芳基、或者芳基或杂芳基的直链或支化链的情形中,所述芳基或杂芳基或者每个芳基或杂芳基可取代有一个或多个选自以下的取代基R8:烷基,例如C1-20烷基,其中一个或多个不相邻C原子可被O、S、C=O和-COO-替换,并且该烷基的一个或多个H原子可被F替换;氟;硝基和氰基。
优选地,每个R7(当存在时)独立地选自C1-40烃基,并且更优选地选自:C1-20烷基;未取代的苯基;取代有一个或多个C1-20烷基的苯基;苯基的直链或支化链,其中各个苯基可以是未取代的或取代有一个或多个取代基;以及可交联基团。
如果n为1,那么示例性的式(VI)重复单元包括如下:
特别优选的式(VI)重复单元具有式(VIa):
式(VIa)的取代基R7与该重复单元的连接位置邻近,这可引起式(VIa)重复单元与邻近重复单元之间的空间位阻,从而导致式(VIa)重复单元相对于一个或两个邻近重复单元扭曲到平面外。
当n为2或3时的示例性重复单元包括以下:
优选的重复单元具有式(VIb):
式(VIb)的两个R7基团可以在它们所结合的苯基环之间引起空间位阻,从而导致两个苯基环相对于彼此扭曲。
另一类亚芳基重复单元是任选取代的芴重复单元,例如式(VII)的重复单元:
其中R7在每次出现时是相同的或不同的,并且是如关于式(VI)所述的取代基,并且其中两个基团R7可以连接形成环;R8为取代基;以及d是0、1、2或3。
芴重复单元的芳族碳原子可以是未取代的,或可以取代有一个或多个取代基R8。示例性取代基R8是烷基,例如C1-20烷基,其中一个或多个不相邻C原子可以被如下替换:O、S、C=O和-COO-,任选取代的芳基,任选取代的杂芳基,烷氧基,烷硫基(alkylthio),氟,氰基和芳基烷基。特别优选的取代基包括C1-20烷基以及取代或未取代的芳基,例如苯基。芳基的任选取代基包括一个或多个C1-20烷基。
可通过以下方式控制式(VII)重复单元与聚合物主干中的邻近重复单元的芳基或杂芳基的共轭程度:(a)通过3-和/或6-位置连接重复单元以限制跨该重复单元的共轭程度,和/或(b)在邻近该连接位置的一个或多个位置上用一个或多个取代基R8取代所述重复单元以产生相对于一个或多个邻近重复单元的扭曲,例如在3-和6-位置之一或两者上带有C1-20烷基取代基的2,7-连接的芴。
式(VII)重复单元可以为式(VIIa)的任选取代的2,7-连接的重复单元:
任选地,式(VIIa)的重复单元在与2-或7-位置邻近的位置上未被取代。通过2-和7-位置的连接以及邻近这些连接位置不存在取代基提供了能够跨所述重复单元提供相对高的共轭程度的重复单元。
式(VII)重复单元可以是式(VIIb)的任选取代的3,6-连接的重复单元:
与式(VIIa)重复单元相比,跨式(VIIb)重复单元的共轭程度可以是相对低的。
另一种示例性的亚芳基重复单元具有式(VIII):
其中R7、R8和d如关于上式(VI)和(VII)所述。R7基团中任一个可以与R7基团中的任何另外一个连接形成环。如此形成的环可以是未取代的或者可以取代有一个或多个取代基,任选一个或多个C1-20烷基。
本文任何地方所述的聚合物适宜地具有在约1×103至1×108范围内并且优选在1×103至5×106范围内的通过凝胶渗透色谱法测量的聚苯乙烯当量数均分子量(Mn)。本文任何地方所述聚合物的聚苯乙烯当量重均分子量(Mw)可以为1×103至1×108,且优选为1×104至1×107。
本文任何地方所述的聚合物适宜地为非晶态聚合物。
n型掺杂剂试剂
示例性的n型掺杂剂试剂包括2,3-二氢-苯并咪唑基,任选2,3-二氢-1H-苯并咪唑基。该n型掺杂剂试剂可以具有式(I):
其中:
每个R2独立地为C1-20烃基,任选为C1-10烷基;
R3为H或C1-20烃基,任选为H、C1-10烷基或C1-10烷基苯基;和
每个R4独立地为C1-20烃基,任选为C1-10烷基、苯基或取代有一个或多个C1-10烷基的苯基。
示例性的n型掺杂剂试剂包括下列:
Adv.Mater.2014,26,4268-4272中公开了N-DMBI,通过引用将其内容并入本文。
发光层
OLED 100可以含有一个或多个发光层。
OLED 100的发光材料可以是荧光材料、磷光材料或者荧光与磷光材料的混合物。发光材料可以选自聚合和非聚合的发光材料。示例性的发光聚合物是共轭聚合物,例如聚亚苯基和聚芴,它们的实例记载于Bernius,M.T.,Inbasekaran,M.,O'Brien,J.和Wu,W.,Progress with Light-Emitting Polymers.Adv.Mater.,121737-1750,2000,通过引用将其内容并入本文。发射层107可以包含主体材料和荧光或磷光发光掺杂剂。示例性磷光掺杂剂是第2行或第3行过渡金属络合物,例如钌、铑、钯、铼、锇、铱、铂或金的络合物。
OLED的发光层可以是未图案化的,或者可以是图案化的以形成离散的像素。每个像素可以进一步分为子像素。发光层可包含单一发光材料,例如对于单色显示器或其它单色器件,或者可包含发出不同颜色的材料,特别地对于全色显示器而言包含红色、绿色和蓝色发光材料。
发光层可包含多于一种发光材料的混合物,例如共同提供白色发光的发光材料的混合物。多个发光层可以共同产生白光。
荧光发光层可以由发光材料单独组成,或者可以进一步包含与发光材料混合的一种或多种其它材料。示例性其它材料可以选自空穴传输材料、电子传输材料和三重态接受材料,例如WO2013/114118中所述的三重态接受聚合物,通过引用将其内容并入本文。
阴极
阴极可包含一个或多个层。优选地,阴极包含与电子注入层接触的层或者由其组成,所述电子注入层包含一种或多种导电材料或者由其组成。示例性的导电材料是金属,优选为具有至少4eV功函数的金属,可选为铝、铜、银或金或铁。示例性的非金属导电材料包括导电金属氧化物,例如铟锡氧化物和铟锌氧化物、石墨和石墨烯。David R.Lide编辑、CRCPress出版的CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,12-114,第87版中给出了金属的功函数。如果对于金属给出了多于一个值,那么首先列出的值适用。
阴极可以是不透明的或透明的。透明阴极对于有源矩阵器件是特别有利的,因为穿过此类器件中的透明阳极的发光至少部分地被位于发光像素下方的驱动电路阻挡。
将理解的是,透明阴极器件不需要具有透明阳极(除非需要完全透明的器件),并且因此可以用反射材料层例如铝层替换或补充用于底部发光器件的透明阳极。在例如GB2348316中公开了透明阴极器件的实例。
空穴传输层
可以在阳极103与发光层105之间提供空穴传输层。
空穴传输层可以是交联的,特别是如果上覆层是由溶液沉积的话。用于该交联的可交联基团可以是包括反应性双键(例如乙烯基或丙烯酸酯基)的可交联基团,或者苯并环丁烷基团。可以通过热处理进行交联,优选在小于约250℃的温度,任选在约100-250℃的范围内的温度。
空穴传输层可以包含空穴传输聚合物或者由其组成,该空穴传输聚合物可以是均聚物或者是包含两种或更多种不同重复单元的共聚物。空穴传输聚合物可以是共轭或非共轭的。示例性的共轭空穴传输聚合物是包含芳基胺重复单元的聚合物,例如WO99/54385或WO2005/049546中所述,通过引用将其内容并入本文。包含芳基胺重复单元的共轭空穴传输共聚物可具有选自亚芳基重复单元中的一个或多个共聚重复单元,例如选自芴、亚苯基、菲、萘和蒽重复单元的一个或多个重复单元,其各自可独立地是未取代或者取代有一个或多个取代基,任选一个或多个C1-40烃基取代基。
如果存在,则位于阳极和发光层105之间的空穴传输层的HOMO能级优选小于或等于5.5eV,更优选为约4.8-5.5eV或5.1-5.3eV,通过循环伏安法测量。可选择空穴传输层的HOMO能级以便在邻近层的0.2eV之内,任选在0.1eV之内,以便在这些层之间提供小的空穴传输势垒。
优选地空穴传输层,更优选交联的空穴传输层,邻近于发光层105。
空穴传输层可以基本上由空穴传输材料组成,或者可包含一种或多种另外的材料。可以在空穴传输层中提供发光材料,任选磷光材料。
磷光材料可以共价结合到空穴传输聚合物,作为聚合物主干中的重复单元、作为聚合物的端基、或者作为聚合物的侧链。如果磷光材料被提供在侧链中,则它可以直接结合至聚合物主干中的重复单元,或者它可以通过间隔基团与聚合物主干间隔开。示例性间隔基团包括C1-20烷基和芳基-C1-20烷基,例如苯基-C1-20烷基。间隔基团的烷基的一个或多个碳原子可以被O、S、C=O或COO替换。
来自发光空穴传输层的发光和来自发光层105的发光可以结合从而产生白光。
空穴注入层
可由导电性有机材料或无机材料形成导电性空穴注入层,该导电性空穴注入层可提供在如图1所示的OLED的阳极103和发光层105之间以辅助从阳极到一层或多层半导体聚合物中的空穴注入。掺杂的有机空穴注入材料的实例包括任选取代的掺杂的聚(乙烯二氧噻吩)(PEDT),尤其是用下列掺杂的PEDT:电荷平衡聚酸(polyacid),如EP 0901176和EP0947123中公开的聚苯乙烯磺酸(PSS);聚丙烯酸或氟化磺酸,例如如US5723873和US 5798170中公开的聚苯胺;和任选取代的聚噻吩或聚(噻吩并噻吩)。导电性无机材料的实例包括过渡金属氧化物,如Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics(1996),29(11),2750-2753中所公开的VOx、MoOx和RuOx。
封装
在对含有n型掺杂剂试剂和有机半导体的膜的器件进行封装之后,优选使该膜暴露于辐射以引起如本文所述的n型掺杂从而防止水分和氧气的侵入。
合适的封装材料包括玻璃片,具有合适的阻挡性质的膜,如二氧化硅、一氧化硅、氮化硅、或聚合物与介电材料的交替叠层,或气密性容器。在透明阴极器件的情形中,可沉积透明封装层如一氧化硅或二氧化硅至微米级厚度,但在一个优选的实施方案中,该层的厚度在20-300nm范围内。用于吸收可能渗透穿过基底或封装材料的任何大气水分和/或氧气的吸收材料可被设置在基底和封装材料之间。
在其上形成器件的基底优选具有良好的阻挡性质,使得该基底与封装剂一起形成防止水分或氧气侵入的屏障。基底通常是玻璃,但是可以使用替代性的基底,特别是在器件的柔性为期望的情况下。例如,基底可以包含一个或多个塑料层,例如交替的塑料和电介质阻挡层的基底,或者薄玻璃和塑料的层叠体。
制剂加工
可通过包括蒸发和溶液沉积法在内的任何方法形成发光层105和电子注入层107。溶液沉积法是优选的。
适合于形成发光层105和电子注入层107的制剂可各自由形成这些层的成分以及一种或多种合适的溶剂形成。
优选地,通过如下方式形成发光层105:沉积溶液,其中溶剂是一种或多种非极性溶剂材料,任选为取代有一个或多个选自C1-10烷基和C1-10烷氧基的取代基,例如甲苯、二甲苯和甲基苯甲醚,及其混合物。
任选地,通过沉积溶液来形成包含有机半导体以及n型掺杂剂试剂的膜,辐照该膜以形成电子注入层107。
特别优选的溶液沉积技术包括印刷和涂布技术,例如旋涂、喷墨印刷和平版印刷。
对其中发光层的图案化不必要的器件而言涂布方法是特别适合的—例如用于照明应用或简单的单色分段显示器。
印刷方法特别适合于高信息内容的显示器,特别是全色显示器。可通过如下方式来喷墨印刷器件:在阳极上方提供图案化的层,和限定用于印刷一种颜色(单色器件的情形)或多种颜色(多色的情形,尤其是全色器件)的凹坑(well)。图案化的层典型地是被图案化以限定凹坑的光刻胶层,例如EP 0880303中所述。
作为凹坑的替代,可将墨印刷到图案化层限定的沟道中。具体而言,可将光刻胶图案化以形成沟道,与凹坑不同,所述沟道在多个像素上方延伸并且可在沟道末端封闭或开放。
其它溶液沉积技术包括浸涂、狭缝模涂布、辊筒印刷和丝网印刷。
应用
已经参照有机发光器件的电子注入层描述了掺杂的有机半导体层,然而应理解,可以在其它有机电子器件中使用如本文所述形成的层,例如作为有机光伏器件或有机光电检测器的电子提取层;作为n型有机薄膜晶体管的辅助电极层或作为热电发生器中的n型半导体。
测量
通过如下方式来测量如本文所述的原生和n型掺杂的受主材料的紫外-可见吸收光谱:旋涂到玻璃基底上,要么作为具有掺杂剂的共混物,要么具有掺杂剂的上覆层。膜厚度在20-100nm的范围内。
在旋涂和干燥后,在手套箱中封装聚合物膜,以便排除该n型掺杂膜与空气的任何接触。
在封装之后,用Carey-5000分光光度仪进行紫外-可见光吸收测量,随后相继暴露于可见光和重复紫外-可见光测量。
本文任何地方所述的HOMO、SOMO和LUMO能级是由方波伏安法测得的。
设备
具有软件的CHI660D电化学工作站(IJ Cambria Scientific Ltd))
CHI 104 3mm玻璃碳盘状工作电极(IJ Cambria Scientific Ltd))
铂丝辅助电极
参考电极(Ag/AgCl)(Havard Apparatus Ltd)
化学品
样品制备
将受主聚合物旋涂到工作电极上成为薄膜(约20nm);作为在甲苯中的稀溶液(0.3重量%)测量掺杂剂材料。
电化学电池
测量电池包含电解质,样品作为薄膜涂覆于其上的玻璃碳工作电极,铂对电极,和Ag/AgCl参比玻璃电极。在实验结束时向电池中加入二茂铁作为参比材料(LUMO(二茂铁)=-4.8eV)。
测量由n型掺杂剂试剂产生的掺杂剂自由基的SOMO能级的方法
n型掺杂剂的电离导致咪唑鎓阳离子的形成。为了确定相应的咪唑鎓自由基的SOMO能级,在氧化扫描期间首先从中性掺杂剂分子产生阳离子,这也允许确定该中性掺杂剂分子的HOMO能级。
实施例
材料
研究了用掺杂剂1对聚合物1和聚合物2的掺杂。
通过WO 00/53656中所述的Suzuki聚合制备9,9-二辛基芴的2,7-二硼酸酯和二溴苯并噻二唑的聚合物1。聚合物1具有2.9eV的LUMO能级。
按WO 01/49768中所述制备聚合物2。聚合物2具有3.1eV的LUMO能级。
由Sigma Aldrich获得掺杂剂1(1,3-二甲基-2-苯基-2,3-二氢-1H-苯并咪唑)。掺杂剂1具有2.7eV的SOMO能级和4.7eV的HOMO能级。
聚合物1
聚合物2
掺杂剂1
图2示出了聚合物1、聚合物2和掺杂剂1的紫外-可见光吸收光谱。
聚合物1具有在约330nm和470nm处的吸收峰。
聚合物2具有在约375nm和535nm处的吸收峰。
掺杂实施例1
通过旋涂将聚合物1和掺杂物1的制剂沉积到玻璃层上从而形成膜,使用获自Enfis Ltd,UK的ENFIS UNO风冷光引擎利用峰值波长为465nm的光辐照该膜2小时。
在辐照之前和之后测量该膜的紫外-可见光谱。光谱示于图3,其中,实线是辐照之前的光谱,虚线是辐照之后的光谱。
在550nm至800nm的波长范围内出现宽的新峰,以及在高达约1000nm处的吸收弱增加。
在较高波长下的这些新吸收特征归因于作为n型掺杂结果的电子能隙态的产生(极化子和/或双极化子状态)。
掺杂实施例2
通过旋涂将聚合物2和掺杂物1的制剂沉积到玻璃层上从而形成膜,使用获自Enfis Ltd,UK的ENFIS UNO风冷光引擎利用峰值波长为465nm的光辐照该膜2小时。
掺杂实施例3
以掺杂实施例2所述方式沉积制剂并进行辐照,区别是使用获自Enfis Ltd,UK的ENFIS UNO风冷光引擎利用峰值波长为520nm的光辐照该膜2小时。
在辐照之前和之后测量掺杂实施例2和3的膜的紫外-可见光谱。该光谱示于图4,其中实线是辐照之前的光谱;虚线是465nm辐照之后的光谱(掺杂实施例2),并且点线是在520nm辐照之后的光谱(掺杂实施例3)。
正如掺杂实施例1,出现在约600nm处的新峰归因于n型掺杂。
器件实施例1
制备具有以下结构的唯电子器件(electron-only device):
玻璃基底/ITO/施主-受主层/Ag
通过将聚合物1:掺杂剂1(99:1重量%)在邻二甲苯中的1重量%制剂旋涂至约100nm的厚度来形成施主-受主层。通过蒸镀银至约100nm的厚度来形成阴极。
使用获自Enfis Ltd,UK的ENFIS UNO风冷光引擎利用峰值波长为465nm的光透过基底辐照该器件。
在辐照之前和在辐照1秒、10秒、1分钟、5分钟和10分钟之后测量该器件的电流-电压特性,显示在图5中。
本文中所述的唯电子器件的电流密度可用来确定有机半导体的掺杂程度,电流密度与掺杂程度成比例。
器件实施例2
按关于器件实施例1所述制备唯电子器件,区别在于聚合物1:掺杂剂1的比率是95:5重量%并且辐照时间为30分钟。
该器件的电流密度与电压的关系显示于图6中。对于该器件,丧失二极管特征,这表明施主-受主层是简并的半导体层。
虽然关于具体的示例性实施方案描述了本发明,然而应意识到在不偏离下列权利要求所述的本发明范围的情况下,本文所公开的特征的各种修改、改变和/或组合对本领域技术人员而言将是明显的。
Claims (28)
1.一种形成n型掺杂的半导体层的方法,其中用光辐照包含有机半导体和n型掺杂剂试剂的膜,所述光的波长在所述有机半导体的吸收范围内,并且其中所述n型掺杂剂试剂的最大吸收波长短于所述光的任何峰值波长。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有机半导体的最大吸收波长大于400nm。
3.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中所述n型掺杂剂试剂的最大吸收波长不大于350nm。
4.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中所述光的峰值波长在400-700nm范围内。
5.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中所述n型掺杂剂试剂是(4-(1,3-二甲基-2,3-二氢-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基)苯基)二甲胺。
6.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中所述有机半导体包含选自C=N基团、腈基团、C=O基团和C=S基团中的键。
7.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中所述有机半导体是聚合物。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述聚合物是共轭聚合物。
9.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中所述有机半导体具有距真空能级不超过3.2eV的最低未占分子轨道能级。
10.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中源自所述n型掺杂剂试剂的自由基的半占据分子轨道能级比所述有机半导体的最低未占分子轨道能级更远离真空能级不超过0.5eV。
11.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中通过溶液沉积法形成所述膜。
12.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中在空气中形成所述膜。
13.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中所述有机半导体:n型掺杂剂试剂的比率在99:1-50:50范围内。
14.一种形成有机电子器件的n型掺杂层的方法,其中根据任一前述权利要求形成所述n型掺杂层。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述有机电子器件是有机发光器件,其包含阳极、阴极和介于阳极和阴极之间的发光层,并且其中所述n型掺杂层是介于所述发光层和阴极之间的电子注入层。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中通过溶液沉积法形成所述发光层。
17.根据权利要求15或16所述的方法,其中所述电子注入层与所述发光层接触。
18.根据权利要求15-17任一项的方法,其中透过所述器件的阳极或阴极辐照所述膜。
19.根据权利要求15-18任一项的方法,其中在器件的封装之后辐照所述膜。
20.一种组合物,该组合物包含:(a)有机半导体,该有机半导体包括含C=N基团、腈基团、C=O基团和C=S基团中的一种或多种的单元和(b)n型掺杂剂试剂,该n型掺杂剂试剂包含2,3-二氢-苯并咪唑基团。
21.根据权利要求20所述的组合物,其中所述n型掺杂剂包含2,3-二氢-1-H-苯并咪唑基团。
22.根据权利要求20或21所述的组合物,其中所述n型掺杂剂试剂是式(I)的化合物:
其中:
每个R2独立地为C1-20烃基;
R3为H或C1-20烃基;和
每个R4独立地为C1-20烃基。
23.根据权利要求20-22任一项所述的组合物,其中所述有机半导体是聚合物。
24.根据权利要求20-23任一项所述的组合物,其中所述有机半导体包含苯并噻二唑基团。
25.根据权利要求20-24任一项所述的组合物,其中所述n型掺杂剂是(4-(1,3-二甲基-2,3-二氢-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基)苯基)二甲胺。
26.一种从根据权利要求20-25任一项的组合物形成n型掺杂的半导体层的方法,该方法包括激发所述有机半导体的步骤。
27.根据权利要求26的方法,其中通过热处理或电磁辐照激发所述有机半导体。
28.根据权利要求26或27所述的方法,其中所述n型掺杂剂试剂是4-(1,3-二甲基-2,3-二氢-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基)苯基)二甲胺。
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Cited By (4)
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WO2019029234A1 (zh) * | 2017-08-10 | 2019-02-14 | 昆山国显光电有限公司 | 有机电致发光器件 |
CN110845420A (zh) * | 2019-11-05 | 2020-02-28 | 五邑大学 | 一种化合物及其制备方法和作为n-型掺杂剂的应用 |
CN111200054A (zh) * | 2018-11-19 | 2020-05-26 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 热电变换元件及其发电方法、热电变换系统及其发电方法 |
CN113201244A (zh) * | 2021-04-30 | 2021-08-03 | 桂林理工大学 | 一种掺杂剂及其制备方法、应用、功能化乳胶漆 |
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JP6224758B2 (ja) * | 2016-03-29 | 2017-11-01 | 住友化学株式会社 | 発光素子及びその製造方法 |
KR102691010B1 (ko) * | 2016-08-31 | 2024-07-31 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | 유기발광소자 및 이를 구비한 유기발광 표시장치 |
KR102577891B1 (ko) * | 2017-04-07 | 2023-09-12 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 발광 소자, 표시 장치, 전자 기기, 및 조명 장치 |
CN112420965B (zh) * | 2017-11-18 | 2023-10-24 | 昆山国显光电有限公司 | 有机电致发光器件 |
JP7108493B2 (ja) * | 2018-08-06 | 2022-07-28 | 日本放送協会 | 有機薄膜および有機薄膜の製造方法、有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子およびその製造方法、表示装置、照明装置、有機薄膜太陽電池、薄膜トランジスタ |
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TW201712922A (zh) | 2017-04-01 |
GB2540969A (en) | 2017-02-08 |
JP6940258B2 (ja) | 2021-09-22 |
US20170033286A1 (en) | 2017-02-02 |
CN106409665B (zh) | 2022-02-18 |
GB201513608D0 (en) | 2015-09-16 |
GB2540969B (en) | 2017-12-27 |
US9960352B2 (en) | 2018-05-01 |
KR20170015182A (ko) | 2017-02-08 |
JP2017033929A (ja) | 2017-02-09 |
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