CN106345477B - 一种磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂的制备方法及用途 - Google Patents
一种磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂的制备方法及用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂的制备方法及用途,包括如下步骤:步骤1、磁性Fe3O4@C的制备;步骤2、草酸盐前驱体的制备;步骤3、Fe3O4@C/Co3O4的制备。本发明实现了以酵母菌为碳源制备磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化材料,并成功将其用于光催化剂降解废水中的四环素。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂的制备方法及用途,属于环境材料制备技术领域。
背景技术
四环素类抗生素作为的一种典型污染物,包括金霉素、土霉素、四环素等几种抗生素。由于四环素在人类疾病治疗和畜牧业生产中的广泛应用,导致了其在水环境中的大量残留。据报道,四环素类抗生素广泛的存在于市政污水、工业废水、污水的污泥以及农业灌溉水中。甚至在牛奶中,也检测到四环素的存在。四环素的残留给水生生态系统带来不良影响,导致多种耐药性细菌的产生,也使水生动物生命活动受到影响。同时通过饮水、食物链等方式对人体健康构成潜在威胁。因此,去除废水中四环素类抗生素带来的问题已是科研工作者迫切需要解决的重大问题。
目前,光催化技术已广泛应用在环境废水处理中,是一种比较理想的“绿色”处理技术,具有良好的应用前景。Co3O4是一种具有良好催化活性的过渡金属氧化物,并且具有可见光响应的光催化剂,能够吸收可见光的能量而受到激发,可以利用太阳光降解污染物,同样具有很好的应用前景。出于节约成本,提高回收利用率的目的,该发明以磁性Fe3O4为载体,引入导电C层(提高了光生电子和光致空穴的分离效率),再负载Co3O4,从而既提高了该光催化剂在可见光下的光催化活性,亦提高了该光催化剂的回收利用率,使之真正达到了既经济又实用的目的。
发明内容
本发明以水热法、高温煅烧为技术手段,制备出磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂。
本发明是通过如下技术方案实现的:
一种磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
步骤1、磁性Fe3O4@C的制备
称取酵母菌、FeCl3·6H2O、丙烯酸纳和醋酸钠加入到乙二醇和二甘醇的混合溶液中超声混匀,得到混合液A;将混合液A转移到聚四氟乙烯内衬的不锈钢高压反应釜中进行恒温热反应,反应完毕后冷却至室温,得到的固体物质用乙醇和水洗涤,然后真空干燥;
步骤2、草酸盐前驱体的制备
称取十六烷基三甲基溴化铵放入烧杯中,再量取正己醇和正己烷倒入烧杯中,加入醋酸钴溶液和草酸铵溶液,得到混合液B,搅拌过夜,然后得到的沉淀离心分离,用氯仿/甲醇混合液洗涤,烘干;
步骤3、Fe3O4@C/Co3O4的制备
称取草酸盐前驱体和Fe3O4@C放入烧杯中,浸没于乙二醇中,超声混匀后,磁性搅拌,分离出固体后,用无水乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤,烘干,最后将固体放在管式炉中,空气氛围下煅烧,煅烧完毕后得到产物磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂。
步骤1中,制备混合液A时,所使用的酵母菌、FeCl3·6H2O、丙烯酸纳、醋酸钠、乙二醇和二甘醇的用量比为0.1~0.5g:2.4g:3.4g:3.4g:22.5mL:22.5mL;所述的恒温热反应的温度为200℃,反应时间为10h,所述真空干燥的温度为65℃。
步骤2中,制备混合液B时,所使用的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、正己醇、正己烷、醋酸钴溶液和草酸铵溶液的用量比为2.0g:20mL:35mL:50mL~100mL:50mL~100mL,所述醋酸钴溶液和草酸铵溶液的浓度均为0.1M;所使用的氯仿/甲醇混合液中,氯仿与甲醇的体积比为1:1;所述的烘干温度为60℃;所述的醋酸钴溶液和草酸铵溶液的体积比优选为1:1。
步骤3中,所使用的草酸盐前驱体和Fe3O4@C的质量比为1:1,所述的磁性搅拌的时间为3~5h,所述的烘干温度为60℃;所述的煅烧温度为400℃,在400℃保持8小时,升温速率为2℃/min。
所制备的磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂用于降解废水中的四环素。
有益效果:
本发明实现了以酵母菌为碳源制备磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化材料,并成功将其用于光催化剂降解废水中四环素。磁性光催化剂有助于提高催化剂的回收率,充分利用新型碳材料作为光催化剂载体,利用氙灯进行激发,与污染物分子接触,相互作用实现特殊的催化或转化效应,使周围的氧气及水分子激发成极具氧化力的自由负离子,从而达到降解环境废水中四环素的目的,该方法不会造成资源浪费与附加污染的形成,且操作简便,成本较低,是一种绿色环保的高效处理技术。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备的Fe3O4@C/Co3O4的SEM图(图a)和TEM图(图b);
图2为实施例1制备的Fe3O4@C/Co3O4的动态吸附平衡图;
图3为实施例1制备的不同碳含量的光催化剂在含有四环素废水中的光催化降解效果图,其中a为Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.1,b为Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.2,c为Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.3,d为Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.4,e为Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.5;
图4为实施例1制备的磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.3复合光催化剂光催化降解四环素溶液的5 次循环光催化效果图;
图5为实施例1制备的复合光催化剂的磁分离特性谱图,其中a为Fe3O4,b为 Fe3O4@C/Co3O4。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施实例对本发明做进一步说明。
本发明中所制备的光催化剂的吸附活性评价:在DW-01型光化学反应仪(购自扬州大学教学仪器厂)中进行,但不开光源,将100mL四环素模拟废水加入反应器中并测定其初始值,然后加入0.1g的光催化剂,不开灯,开磁力搅拌,不通气,间隔10min取样分析,用磁铁分离后取上层清液在紫外分光光度计入。λ=357nm处测定其浓度,并通过公式:Q=(C0-C)V/m 算出其降解率Dr,其中C0为四环素溶液初试浓度,C为达到吸附平衡时的四环素溶液的浓度, V为溶液的体积,m为加入的催化剂的质量。
本发明中所制备的光催化剂的光催化活性评价:在DW-01型光化学反应仪(购自扬州大学城科技有限公司)中进行,氙灯照射,将100mL四环素模拟废水加入反应器中并测定其初始值,然后加入制得的光催化剂,磁力搅拌并开启曝气装置通入空气保持催化剂处于悬浮或飘浮状态,光照过程中间隔10min取样分析,离心分离后取上层清液在分光光度计λmax=357nm 处测定吸光度,并通过公式:Dr=(C0-C)×100/C0算出其降解率Dr,其中C0为达到吸附平衡后浓度,C为t时刻测定的四环素溶液的浓度,t为反应时间。
实施例1:
(1)磁性Fe3O4@C的制备
称取不同质量的酵母菌(0.1g、0.2g、0.3g、0.4g、0.5g),FeCl3·6H2O(2.4克,9mmol),丙烯酸纳(3.4g),醋酸钠(3.4g)加入到乙二醇(22.5mL)和二甘醇(22.5mL)的混合溶液中超声5h,再将均匀的溶液转移到聚四氟乙烯内衬的不锈钢高压反应釜中,密封,反应温度为200℃,反应时间为10h,高压反应釜冷却至室温,得到物质用乙醇和水洗涤三次,然后在65℃真空干燥10小时。
(2)草酸盐前驱体的制备
称取十六烷基三甲基溴化铵2g放入烧杯中,再量取20ml正己醇和35ml正己烷倒入烧杯中,加入50mL 0.1M醋酸钴溶液和50mL 0.1M草酸铵溶液(体积比=1:1),慢慢搅拌过夜,然后得到粉红色沉淀离心分离,用100mL氯仿和100mL甲醇(体积比为1:1)洗涤,60℃干燥12小时。
(3)Fe3O4@C/Co3O4的制备
称取0.5g草酸盐前驱体和0.5g Fe3O4@C放入烧杯中,加入适量的乙二醇溶液,超声1h 左右,磁性搅拌3h,用无水乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤数次,60℃烘干,最后将粉末放在管式炉中,空气氛围下,400℃保持8小时,rate=2°/min,最后冷却到室温,按照酵母菌加入量的不同,将最终产物依次记为Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.1、Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.2、Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.3、 Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.4和Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.5。
实施例2:
(1)磁性Fe3O4@C的制备
称取不同质量的酵母菌(0.1g、0.2g、0.3g、0.4g、0.5g),FeCl3·6H2O(2.4克,9mmol),丙烯酸纳(3.4g),醋酸钠(3.4g)加入到乙二醇(22.5mL)和二甘醇(22.5mL)的混合溶液中超声5h,再将均匀的溶液转移到聚四氟乙烯内衬的不锈钢高压反应釜中,密封,反应温度为200℃,反应时间为10h,高压反应釜冷却至室温,得到物质用乙醇和水洗涤三次,然后在65℃真空干燥10小时。
(2)草酸盐前驱体的制备
称取十六烷基三甲基溴化铵2g放入烧杯中,再量取20ml正己醇和35ml正己烷倒入烧杯中,加入80mL 0.1M醋酸钴溶液和80mL 0.1M草酸铵溶液(体积比=1:1),慢慢搅拌过夜,然后得到粉红色沉淀离心分离,用100mL氯仿和100mL甲醇(体积比为1:1)洗涤,60℃干燥12小时。
(3)Fe3O4@C/Co3O4的制备
称取0.8g草酸盐前驱体和0.8g Fe3O4@C放入烧杯中,加入适量的乙二醇溶液,超声1h 左右,磁性搅拌4h,用无水乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤数次,60℃烘干,最后将粉末放在管式炉中,空气氛围下,400℃保持8小时,rate=2°/min,最后冷却到室温,按照酵母菌加入量的不同,将最终产物依次记为Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.1、Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.2、Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.3、 Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.4和Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.5。
实施例3:
(1)磁性Fe3O4@C的制备
称取不同质量的酵母菌(0.1g、0.2g、0.3g、0.4g、0.5g),FeCl3·6H2O(2.4克,9mmol),丙烯酸纳(3.4g),醋酸钠(3.4g)加入到乙二醇(22.5mL)和二甘醇(22.5mL)的混合溶液中超声5h,再将均匀的溶液转移到聚四氟乙烯内衬的不锈钢高压反应釜中,密封,反应温度为200℃,反应时间为10h,高压反应釜冷却至室温,得到物质用乙醇和水洗涤三次,然后在65℃真空干燥10小时。
(2)草酸盐前驱体的制备
称取十六烷基三甲基溴化铵2g放入烧杯中,再量取20ml正己醇和35ml正己烷倒入烧杯中,加入100mL 0.1M醋酸钴溶液和100mL 0.1M草酸铵溶液(体积比=1:1),慢慢搅拌过夜,然后得到粉红色沉淀离心分离,用100mL氯仿和100mL甲醇(体积比为1:1)洗涤,60℃干燥12小时。
(3)Fe3O4@C/Co3O4的制备
称取1.0g草酸盐前驱体和1.0g Fe3O4@C放入烧杯中,加入适量的乙二醇溶液,超声1h 左右,磁性搅拌5h,用无水乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤数次,60℃烘干,最后将粉末放在管式炉中,空气氛围下,400℃保持8小时,rate=2°/min,最后冷却到室温,按照酵母菌加入量的不同,将最终产物依次记为Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.1、Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.2、Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.3、 Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.4和Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.5。
实施例4:
按实施例1制备工艺同样步骤进行,不同的是(3)中称取0.1g的Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.1样品在光化学反应仪中进行光催化降解试验,测得该光催化剂对四环素的降解率在100min内达到21.4%。
实施例5:
按实施例1制备工艺同样步骤进行,不同的是(3)中称取0.1g的Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.2样品在光化学反应仪中进行光催化降解试验,测得该光催化剂对四环素的降解率在100min内达到60%。
实施例6:
按实施例1制备工艺同样步骤进行,不同的是(3)中称取0.1g的Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.3样品在光化学反应仪中进行光催化降解试验,测得该光催化剂对四环素的降解率在100min内达到80%。
实施例7:
按实施例1制备工艺同样步骤进行,不同的是(3)中称取0.1g的Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.4样品在光化学反应仪中进行光催化降解试验,测得该光催化剂对四环素的降解率在100min内达到52.1%。
实施例8:
按实施例1制备工艺同样步骤进行,不同的是(3)中称取0.1g的Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.5样品在光化学反应仪中进行光催化降解试验,测得该光催化剂对四环素的降解率在100min内达到42.2%。
从图1a SEM图中可以看出,Fe3O4@C是球形,成功负载在链状的Co3O4上面,从图1bTEM图中可以明显看出Co3O4为链状,球形的Fe3O4外层成功的包覆了一层C层,Fe3O4@C 成功负载在链状的Co3O4上面。
从图2中可以看出,经过30min之后,吸附达到平衡。
从图3中可以看出,不同碳含量对催化剂活性有很大影响,当加入0.1g碳时,催化剂活性最差,达到21.4%,当加入0.3g碳时,光催化剂的活性最好,降解率达到80%。
图4展示经过5次循环实验,磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.3复合光催化剂的光催化降解率的变化很小,说明所制备的磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.3复合光催化剂具有良好的光化学稳定性。
从图5中可以看出Fe3O4磁性最好,磁饱和强度可达92emu/g左右,相对于Fe3O4,Fe3O4@C/Co3O4-0.3磁性减弱,磁饱和强度可达70emu/g左右,仍具有较好的磁分离特性。
Claims (6)
1.一种磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
步骤1、磁性Fe3O4@C的制备
称取酵母菌、FeCl3·6H2O、丙烯酸钠和醋酸钠加入到乙二醇和二甘醇的混合溶液中超声混匀,所使用的酵母菌、FeCl3·6H2O、丙烯酸钠、醋酸钠、乙二醇和二甘醇的用量比为0.1~0.5g:2.4g:3.4g:3.4g:22.5mL:22.5mL,得到混合液A;将混合液A转移到聚四氟乙烯内衬的不锈钢高压反应釜中进行恒温热反应,反应完毕后冷却至室温,得到的固体物质用乙醇和水洗涤,然后真空干燥;
步骤2、草酸盐前驱体的制备
称取十六烷基三甲基溴化铵放入烧杯中,再量取正己醇和正己烷倒入烧杯中,加入醋酸钴溶液和草酸铵溶液,所使用的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、正己醇、正己烷、醋酸钴溶液和草酸铵溶液的用量比为2.0g:20mL:35mL:50mL~100mL:50mL~100mL,醋酸钴溶液和草酸铵溶液的浓度均为0.1M,得到混合液B,搅拌过夜,然后得到的沉淀离心分离,用氯仿/甲醇混合液洗涤,氯仿与甲醇的体积比为1:1,烘干;
步骤3、Fe3O4@C/Co3O4的制备
称取草酸盐前驱体和Fe3O4@C放入烧杯中,草酸盐前驱体和Fe3O4@C的质量比为1:1,浸没于乙二醇中,超声混匀后,磁性搅拌,分离出固体后,用无水乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤,烘干,最后将固体放在管式炉中,空气氛围下煅烧,煅烧完毕后得到产物磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1中,所述的恒温热反应的温度为200℃,反应时间为10h,所述真空干燥的温度为65℃。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2中,所述的烘干温度为60℃。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2中,所述的醋酸钴溶液和草酸铵溶液的体积比为1:1。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3中,所述的磁性搅拌的时间为3~5h,所述的烘干温度为60℃;所述的煅烧温度为400℃,在400℃保持8小时,升温速率为2℃/min。
6.权利要求1~5任意一项所述的方法制备的磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂的用途,其特征在于,所制备的磁性Fe3O4@C/Co3O4复合光催化剂用于降解废水中的四环素。
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