CN106212328B - Method for overwintering cultivation of 2-generation litopenaeus vannamei by utilizing greenhouse - Google Patents

Method for overwintering cultivation of 2-generation litopenaeus vannamei by utilizing greenhouse Download PDF

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CN106212328B
CN106212328B CN201610566661.XA CN201610566661A CN106212328B CN 106212328 B CN106212328 B CN 106212328B CN 201610566661 A CN201610566661 A CN 201610566661A CN 106212328 B CN106212328 B CN 106212328B
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water
pond
greenhouse
shrimp
cultivation
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CN106212328A (en
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李春晓
陈楷亮
杨铿
许晓能
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MARINE AND FISHERY INSTITUTE OF SHANTOU
South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy Fishery Sciences
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MARINE AND FISHERY INSTITUTE OF SHANTOU
South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy Fishery Sciences
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
    • A01K63/003—Aquaria; Terraria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
    • A01K63/04—Arrangements for treating water specially adapted to receptacles for live fish
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
    • A01K63/04—Arrangements for treating water specially adapted to receptacles for live fish
    • A01K63/042—Introducing gases into the water, e.g. aerators, air pumps
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish

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Abstract

本发明涉及一种利用温棚养殖2造次越冬凡纳滨对虾的方法，养殖期为9月中旬－翌年5月：（1）第一造实施“先放苗后上棚膜”关键技术：提前在9月份放苗，当水温下降至25℃时，才在温棚架上覆透光PVC膜；（2）第二造实施“虾苗集约标粗、再分养”关键技术；第一造先收获占养殖总面积10～25%的池塘进行集约标粗第二造虾苗。优选第二造放苗用水引入部分第一造较高水温旧池水，以保证虾苗适应水温；全越冬期利用温棚控制水温22‑32℃，最适25‑30℃。本发明比一般温棚养殖对虾增加1造次生产，且第一造在春节前销售需求高峰收获，第二造5月份收获比没冬棚的池塘提早20天收获，经济效益好，满足市民需求。The invention relates to a method for cultivating 2 times of overwintering Litopenaeus vannamei in a greenhouse. The culturing period is from mid-September to May of the following year: (1) The key technology of "putting the seedlings first and then placing the shed film" in the first production: in advance Put the seedlings in September, and when the water temperature drops to 25℃, cover the light-transmitting PVC film on the warm frame; (2) The second construction implements the key technology of "shrimp seedlings intensively scaled and re-cultivated"; the first construction The ponds that account for 10-25% of the total aquaculture area are first harvested for intensive standardization and the second shrimp fry production. It is preferred that the water for the second seedling release is introduced into part of the old pond water with a higher water temperature in the first building to ensure that the shrimp seedlings can adapt to the water temperature; during the whole overwintering period, a greenhouse is used to control the water temperature to 22-32°C, and the optimum is 25-30°C. Compared with the general greenhouse cultivation of shrimp, the method of the invention increases the production by one production, and the first production is harvested before the Spring Festival when the sales demand peaks, and the second production in May is harvested 20 days earlier than the ponds without winter shelters, which has good economic benefits and meets the needs of citizens .

Description

Method for overwintering cultivation of 2-generation litopenaeus vannamei by utilizing greenhouse
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of aquaculture, in particular to a method for breeding twice-wintering litopenaeus vannamei by using a greenhouse.
Background
The Litopenaeus vannamei (commonly known as penaeus vannamei) is an important penaeus vannamei breeding variety in China, particularly in the south, the breeding industry of the Litopenaeus vannamei is rapidly developed, the breeding scale is continuously enlarged, the breeding mode gradually changes from extensive type to intensive and benefit type development, and the high-density fine breeding mode becomes the most important breeding mode.
In recent years, in parts of coastal areas in south China, original prawn intensive culture ponds are utilized, full mulching film covered ponds and greenhouse frameworks are further reconstructed and constructed, high-density culture ponds with basically controllable culture elements such as controllable temperature (winter greenhouse), water retention and conservation and the like are constructed, and a mechanized oxygenation system mainly based on three-dimensional oxygenation and a matched water purification system and the like are matched.
The success rate of the winter greenhouse prawn culture is higher due to good water quality of the sea area in winter. However, the general greenhouse overwintering cultivation of the litopenaeus vannamei can only carry out winter cultivation for 1 time (10 months per year to 2 months next year), the cultivation yield and the economic benefit are low, and the market demand is difficult to meet.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a method for overwintering cultivation of 2-generation litopenaeus vannamei by utilizing a greenhouse, scientifically putting seedlings and reasonably harvesting by reasonably arranging 2-generation cultivation periods, realizing 2-generation overwintering cultivation (namely, overyear cultivation of 2-generation litopenaeus vannamei in 1 winter), being beneficial to improving the cultivation yield, having good economic benefit and better meeting the market demand. The technical scheme is as follows:
a method for breeding litopenaeus vannamei for 2 generations through winter in a greenhouse is characterized by breeding litopenaeus vannamei according to the following steps:
(1) first making cultivation
(1-1) in the last ten days of 9 months, building a greenhouse framework on each aquaculture pond; introducing seawater to each culture pond in the middle ten days of 9 months, and stocking the first shrimp breeding seedlings for culture;
(1-2) after 10 months, when the water temperature of the sea area (namely the inlet water temperature of the aquaculture pond) is reduced to 25 ℃, paving a light-transmitting agricultural film on the built greenhouse framework to form a light-transmitting greenhouse covering the aquaculture pond, and maintaining and improving the water temperature of the pond water by utilizing the greenhouse effect;
(1-3) when the first breeding is carried out to the late 12 th month, harvesting the litopenaeus vannamei in a breeding pond accounting for 10-25% of the total breeding area, and taking the part of the breeding pond as a second shrimp seedling gathering temporary breeding coarse pond after harvesting the litopenaeus vannamei; the rest of the litopenaeus vannamei in the aquaculture pond accounting for 75-90% of the total aquaculture area is continuously cultured until harvesting in the first 1 month and the middle ten days of the next year;
(2) second generation breeding
(2-1) temporarily culturing the second shrimp seedlings in the standard coarse pond (namely an aquaculture pond which first harvests the litopenaeus vannamei and occupies 10-25% of the total aquaculture area) temporarily by using the second shrimp seedlings in the step (1-3) to gather in the temporary coarse pond on the first month and the middle ten days of the next year, and after culturing for 30-45 days, separately culturing the juvenile shrimps into other aquaculture ponds which occupy 75-90% of the total aquaculture area (namely the aquaculture pond which harvests the litopenaeus vannamei after the first aquaculture);
(2-2) second breeding till 5 months of harvest.
The transparent greenhouse is utilized to cultivate the litopenaeus vannamei through winter, the water temperature of the cultivation pond determines the growth rate of the cultivated litopenaeus vannamei, and therefore the water temperature regulation and control are very important. Preferably, the temperature of the culture pond is controlled between 22 and 32 ℃ (suitable value) in the process of the first culture and the second culture. More preferably, the temperature of the culture pond is controlled between 25 and 30 ℃ (optimum) during the first and second aquaculture.
In the preferable step (2-2), when the second crop is cultured to the beginning of 5 months, part of the litopenaeus vannamei with the specification of 100-80 tails/kg in the pond is harvested first, the culture density is reduced, and the rest litopenaeus vannamei is cultured for 20 days and then harvested (at the moment, the specification of the litopenaeus vannamei can reach 70-60 tails/kg). By implementing the 'interval harvesting technology', the supply market of high-yield and large-size high-quality litopenaeus vannamei is realized.
In the invention, the water temperature of the culture pond is regulated and controlled at each stage of the culture period according to the following modes:
a) in the early stage of first breeding (9 months), the first breeding seedlings are arranged by using the advantage of high-temperature weather in the subtropical regions of the coast in south of China in 9 months; at the moment, the water temperature of the sea area is generally 28-32 ℃, seawater is introduced into the culture pond, the water temperature is enough to meet the requirement of shrimp fry growth, and a light-transmitting greenhouse does not need to be covered with a light-transmitting agricultural film;
b) from the later stage of the first breeding to the middle stage of the second breeding (11 months to 3 months in the next year), the weather is cold, the water temperature is low, and the transparent greenhouse is made to be airtight as much as possible so as to avoid the influence on the growth of the prawns caused by the too fast drop of the water temperature. If water needs to be fed, the method is generally carried out in a time period (such as 10: 00-16: 00) when the temperature is higher;
c) in the middle stage of the first breeding (10 months) and the late stage of the second breeding (4-5 months in the next year), the temperature change is large in the two stages, and the timing of covering and lifting the light-transmitting agricultural film is mastered according to specific weather conditions, namely: when the temperature is higher in the daytime during film covering, the light-transmitting agricultural film around the aquaculture pond is opened when the water temperature of the aquaculture pond exceeds 32 ℃ so as to prevent the temperature from rising too fast; when the temperature drops in the evening, the opened light-transmitting agricultural film is covered to prevent the temperature from dropping too fast.
In addition, the water temperature can be adjusted by a water changing method, more water can be properly changed when the water temperature is higher, and the water can be changed as little as possible when the water temperature is lower on the premise that the water quality index is normal.
The first breeding implementation 'first seedling placing and then shed film covering' key technology: in the step (1-1), the air temperature is higher in 9 months (particularly in subtropical regions in south China), the water temperature in the sea area is generally 28-32 ℃, the shrimp larvae are suitable for rapid growth, and the body length of the prawns can reach 4-6 cm after the prawns are cultured for 20-30 days generally; in the step (1-2), as the weather becomes cold, the water temperature of the sea area (namely the inlet water temperature of the aquaculture pond) is reduced, a light-transmitting agricultural film (such as a PVC light-transmitting agricultural film) is laid on a greenhouse framework to form a greenhouse, the appropriate water temperature of the aquaculture pond is kept at 22-32 ℃ (the optimum water temperature is 25-30 ℃) through the greenhouse effect, and the rapid growth of prawns at higher temperature is ensured. Generally, the breeding period of the first breeding is 100-120 days, and the size of the harvested litopenaeus vannamei is 70-80 tails/kg.
The second breeding implementation 'intensive temporary shrimp fry breeding and re-breeding' key technology: in the step (2-1), the shrimp seeds needed by a plurality of culture ponds are firstly concentrated in one culture pond (a second shrimp seed production concentrated temporary culture coarse marking pond) to perform intensive temporary culture coarse marking, the temporary culture coarse marking period is 30-45 days, and then the shrimp seeds are separately cultured in other culture ponds. Therefore, on one hand, a longer culture time is provided for the first-time litopenaeus vannamei, so that the litopenaeus vannamei can reach a larger finished product specification, on the other hand, the shrimp seedlings are gathered and marked for 30-45 days, the water quality environmental pollution to the second-time culture water body can be reduced, the culture survival rate is also favorably improved, and the 2-time culture is better carried out in a limited time.
Preferably, in the 1 st month of the next year, after cleaning and sterilizing the second shrimp-making seedlings in the intensive temporary culture coarse pond, introducing seawater to the water depth of 50-60 cm, introducing the water in the upper pond from the culture pond which is not harvested to the water depth of 100-120 cm of the intensive temporary culture coarse pond for the second shrimp-making seedlings, adjusting the water temperature to 23-24 ℃, and preparing to place the second shrimp-making seedlings. The water in the upper layer pond is introduced into the second shrimp breeding seedling intensive temporary breeding coarse pond from the culture pond which is not harvested, the recycling of the water in the first enrichment-making 'biological floc group' culture pond is realized, the water in the first enrichment-making 'biological floc group' culture pond is introduced and utilized as an important component of the water for breeding the second shrimp breeding pond, on one hand, the water temperature in the second shrimp breeding seedling intensive temporary breeding coarse pond is ensured, on the other hand, the rich 'biological floc group' in the water in the first culture pond provides high-quality feed for the second shrimp breeding seedlings and the shrimps.
In the step (2-1), when the young shrimps are separately cultured, a special shrimp trawl net with a dense net mesh is generally adopted, and the young shrimps are fished and passed through a pond.
In order to ensure the healthy and rapid growth of the cultured litopenaeus vannamei and better realize the cross-year culture of litopenaeus vannamei for 2 generations in 1 winter, the following culture technical measures are also adopted on the basis of scientifically arranging the culture period of 2 generations:
(a) water inlet and water treatment: when water needs to be fed, introducing seawater into the culture pond, wherein the primary water inlet level is 1.0-1.5 m; water disinfection is performed at night after water is admitted, and then the water is fertilized and beneficial microbial agents are applied.
When water enters, the seawater at the time of heavy tide is pumped as much as possible so as to ensure better water quality. Halogen disinfectants (e.g., 2-3ppm strong chlorine) are typically used in water disinfection. The fertilizing amount is determined according to the water quality condition. By properly applying the beneficial microbial preparation, the probiotics form dominant flora in the water body, and good water quality and water color are formed.
(b) Selecting and putting seedlings: the shrimp larvae are qualified by detection and have no specific pathogen, and the shrimp larvae are required to be good in activity, neat in individuals, free of attachments on body surfaces and free of jejunum and jejunum; the seedling setting specification is that the length of the shrimp seedlings is preferably 0.8-1.2 cm; the water temperature is 22-32 deg.C when placing seedling, and the optimum water temperature is 25-30 deg.C.
(c) Water quality regulation and control: the water quality is regulated and controlled by fertilizing, applying beneficial microbial agents and changing water. The early stage water inlet needs to be pretreated by precipitation, filtration, disinfection and the like.
Measuring the water temperature (T) dailyW) Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH, Ammonia Nitrogen (NH)4 +-N), Nitrite (NO)2 -) Water quality indexes such as transparency, pond water salinity and the like. The variety and the quantity change of plankton in the aquaculture pond are often detected. The growth conditions (including body weight, body length, etc.) of the prawns are measured every 7-10 days. According to the measuring condition, the water quality is regulated and controlled to ensure that the water temperature (T)W) Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH, Ammonia Nitrogen (NH)4 +-N), Nitrite (NO)2 -) The water quality index is in the appropriate value range shown in Table 1, and is preferably adjusted to be in the optimum value range shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Water quality index
Figure BDA0001050419070000051
(d) Water changing: the water is not drained and changed in the latter half month after the seedlings are put, the water is drained through a drainage system of the aquaculture pond in the latter half month, and the water changing amount is gradually increased along with the growth of the shrimp bodies so as to keep a good substrate environment. The bottom of the culture pond, particularly a central water outlet, is inspected and cleaned by frequently sucking dirt or diving. If water needs to be fed, the water is generally fed in a sunny day and is fed in a time period (such as 10: 00-16: 00) with higher temperature. When the water temperature is higher, more water can be properly changed, and when the water temperature is lower, the water can be changed as little as possible on the premise of normal water quality index.
(e) Bait casting management: the bait adopts artificial mixed bait which meets the relevant regulation requirements of GB13078 and NY5072 and requires that the protein content is not lower than 38%; the daily feeding rate of the artificial bait is 3-10% of the weight of the litopenaeus vannamei. In the initial stage of cultivation after seedling placement, feeding is generally carried out for 4-6 times a day, and then the feeding time is adjusted to 3-4 times a day along with the growth of shrimp bodies. The actual feeding amount is properly adjusted according to the weather and the water temperature condition. The bait is generally evenly fed along the entire perimeter of the pond.
(f) Harvesting: the specification of the harvested Litopenaeus vannamei is 100-60 tails/kg. When the litopenaeus vannamei is harvested in the first construction, the litopenaeus vannamei is generally harvested in each aquaculture pond once so as to gain time for stocking the litopenaeus vannamei in the second construction. Harvesting for the second time, namely harvesting part of litopenaeus vannamei with the specification of 100-80 tails/kg in the culture pond at the beginning of 5 months to reduce the culture density; the rest of the litopenaeus vannamei is harvested after being cultured for 20 days, and the specification of the litopenaeus vannamei can reach 70-60 tails/kg, so that the high-yield and large-specification high-quality litopenaeus vannamei supply market is realized.
In order to better realize the overwintering culture of the litopenaeus vannamei, the culture pond is usually matched with the following facilities:
(1) light-transmitting greenhouse
The light-transmitting greenhouse has the main functions of keeping a certain water temperature of the culture pond by utilizing the greenhouse effect and ensuring the healthy and rapid growth of the prawns; the light-transmitting greenhouse needs to be sealed as much as possible, and large gaps are not left. The light-transmitting greenhouse is generally one greenhouse for each pool to prevent cross infection of diseases.
The light-transmitting greenhouse comprises a greenhouse framework and a light-transmitting agricultural film (such as a PVC light-transmitting agricultural film) paved on the greenhouse framework, wherein the greenhouse framework comprises a foundation, a support and a steel wire mesh. The foundation (foundation is used for pulling steel wire ropes) can adopt one of the following two structures: one is a reinforced concrete structure poured along one side of the pond close to the inner side, and the other is that small piles are inserted into the pond close to the inner side at certain intervals. The bracket consists of a fir bracket arranged in the middle of the pond and a steel wire rope drawn between the fir bracket and the foundation. After the support is built, a layer of steel wire mesh is laid on the whole support, then the light-transmitting agricultural film is covered, then a layer of gauze is covered on the light-transmitting agricultural film, and then a layer of steel wire rope is pulled to compress the light-transmitting agricultural film (two ends of each steel wire rope are generally connected with the foundation). After the film covering is finished, each light-transmitting greenhouse is provided with a door as a working access.
(2) Aquaculture pond drainage system
The purpose of the overwintering greenhouse cultivation is to improve the cultivation water temperature and provide healthy and rapid growth conditions for the prawns, and the cultivation drainage quantity should be as small as possible, so that the cultivation pond needs to be matched with a pond efficient collection and drainage system, and an efficient central drainage (sewage) hole is constructed, so that better collection and drainage are facilitated, the pollution of cultivation metabolites to the water environment is reduced, and the healthy and rapid growth of the prawns is ensured.
The aquaculture pond drainage system consists of a central drainage port, a drainage pipe, a water collecting well and a drainage ditch, wherein the central drainage port is positioned in the center of the aquaculture pond, and a shrimp escape preventing device (such as a screen) is covered above the central drainage port; the central water outlet is communicated to the water collecting well through a water discharging pipe (the water discharging pipe can adopt a PVC pipe); the water collecting well is communicated with the drainage ditch.
The central drain opening may be square or circular, preferably having a side length of 1m or a diameter of a circle. The periphery of the central water outlet is generally in a pan bottom shape, so that sewage collection and drainage are facilitated.
The water collecting well is a connecting structure between the water discharging pipes and the water discharging ditches, every two or four aquaculture ponds share one water collecting well, and the water discharging pipes of each aquaculture pond are provided with control water gate valves or inserted vertical PVC water discharging control pipes at the water collecting wells.
Drainage gutters are terminal drainage structures leading from a sump well to the sea, usually buried at the lowest end of the drainage well. Gutters are typically constructed from PVC pipe or cement culvert pipe. The depth, gradient and pipe diameter of the bottom of the drainage ditch are determined according to the area of the aquaculture pond.
(3) Oxygen increasing facility
The oxygen increasing facility is used for supplementing external fresh air to the inside of the light-transmitting greenhouse. Because the light-transmitting greenhouse is a nearly closed space, external fresh air needs to be supplemented, and oxygen increasing facilities need to be equipped. Usually, besides the conventional oxygen increasing facilities such as an oxygen increasing machine, a Roots blower inflation system is added during the cultivation.
The light-transmitting greenhouse is used for overwintering cultivation, the cultivation water temperature can be improved, the healthy and quick growth conditions of the prawns are provided, and the cultivation drainage amount is reduced as much as possible, so that the cultivation pond is matched with the cultivation pond drainage system, better pollution collection and discharge are facilitated, the pollution of cultivation metabolites to the water environment is reduced, and the healthy and quick growth of the prawns is ensured.
The method can realize 2 times of overwintering for culturing the litopenaeus vannamei, the first time is usually harvested at the peak of the sale demand before the spring festival, the second time is harvested in 5 months (20-30 days earlier than the common pond without winter shed culture), the prawn price is higher than that in summer due to the realization of out-of-season sale in the harvesting period, the economic benefit is good, and in another view, the out-of-season harvesting supply of the prawns meets the demand of 'vegetable baskets' of citizens.
According to the method, 2 breeding periods are reasonably arranged, seedlings are scientifically released, harvesting is reasonably carried out, the water temperature of the breeding pond is controlled within a proper range by using the light-transmitting greenhouse, 2 breeding litopenaeus vannamei is bred in an overwintering mode, namely 1 litopenaeus vannamei is bred in 1 winter year (for example, 9 months to 5 months in the next year), 1 breeding winter production is increased compared with the common 1 breeding overwintering breeding mode, the method is favorable for improving the breeding yield of the litopenaeus vannamei, improving the economic benefit, better meeting the market demand, ensuring the healthy and sustainable development of the breeding industry, and having better economic and practical significance. The invention is suitable for constructing a warm shed for overwintering culture of the litopenaeus vannamei by utilizing the culture pond in subtropical regions in south China.
Detailed Description
The vannamei prawn farm used in the embodiment is located in the Shantou city of the coastal subtropical area in south China, the vannamei prawn farm has 8 breeding ponds, each breeding pond is 4.0 mu, and the total breeding area is 32 mu.
The method for breeding litopenaeus vannamei for 2 generations through winter in the greenhouse comprises the following steps:
(1) first making cultivation
(1-1) building a greenhouse framework (namely three parts of a foundation, a support and a steel wire mesh, but not paving a light-transmitting agricultural film temporarily) on the 8-mouth aquaculture pond at the beginning of 9 months;
and (3) introducing seawater into each culture pond for 9 months and 15 days, and completely stocking the litopenaeus vannamei fries (namely the first shrimp-making fries), wherein the size of the fries is 1.0cm, 10 thousands of fries are stocked per mu, and 320 thousands of fries are stocked in total. The water temperature is 28-32 ℃ in this season, which is suitable for the rapid growth of shrimp larvae;
(1-2) 10 months and 15 days, after a culture period of 30 days, when the water temperature of the sea area (namely the inlet water temperature of the culture pond) is reduced to 25 ℃, paving a light-transmitting agricultural film (PVC light-transmitting agricultural film) on the built greenhouse framework to form a light-transmitting greenhouse covering the culture pond, and maintaining and increasing the water temperature of pond water by utilizing the greenhouse effect, wherein the water temperature of the pond water is maintained at 25-30 ℃;
(1-3) culturing for the first time till 25 days of 12 months, and in the culture period of 100 days (the specification of the litopenaeus vannamei can reach 90-100 tails/kg), harvesting the litopenaeus vannamei in 2 culture ponds (accounting for 25 percent of the total culture area), and taking the 2 culture ponds as a second shrimp seedling-making intensive temporary culture coarse pond; the litopenaeus vannamei in other 6 breeding ponds (accounting for 75 percent of the total breeding area) is continuously bred until 15-20 days in the next 1 month, and the litopenaeus vannamei is harvested (the specification of the litopenaeus vannamei is 60-80 tails/kg);
cleaning and disinfecting a second shrimp-making seedling intensive temporary culture coarse pond of 2 mouths in the next 1 month and 5 days, introducing seawater (the temperature of the open seawater is 16 ℃) to the water depth of 50cm, and introducing upper pond water (the temperature of the water is 25 ℃) from an unharvested culture pond to the water depth of the second shrimp-making seedling intensive temporary culture coarse pond of 120 cm; and (5) adjusting the water temperature to 23-24 ℃ for 10 days after 1 month, and preparing to put a second shrimp breeding seedling.
(2) Second generation breeding
(2-1) temporarily culturing the coarse second shrimp seeds in a coarse standard pond (namely a 2-mouth culture pond for harvesting the litopenaeus vannamei first) by using the 2-mouth second shrimp seeds in the step (1-3) in an intensive temporary culture manner on 10 days in 1 month next year; the 2 breeding ponds are used for breeding the shrimp seedlings in 8 mu area, 60 ten thousand seedlings are bred in each mu area, and 480 ten thousand seedlings are bred in total, so that intensive temporary breeding of the shrimp seedlings is carried out;
after other 6 culture ponds are cultured for 1 month and 15-20 days and harvested, the ponds are cleaned, repaired and prepared, and an oxygen charging system is arranged; starting to enter seawater to a depth of 100cm in 2 months and 1 day, carrying out water disinfection and culturing water quality, and increasing the temperature of pool water by utilizing the greenhouse effect of a light-transmitting greenhouse; 2, 15 days after the month, raising the water temperature of the 6 culture ponds to 24 ℃, fishing the juvenile shrimps temporarily cultured in the 2 second shrimp-making seedlings intensive temporary culture standard coarse pond to pass through a pond (namely, separately culturing the juvenile shrimps temporarily cultured in the 2 second shrimp-making seedlings intensive temporary culture standard coarse pond to other 6 culture ponds; fishing the juvenile shrimps to pass through the pond by adopting a special shrimp trawl with a dense net mesh), moving 8 ten thousand of juvenile shrimps into each mu of culture pond, and when the juvenile shrimps are separately cultured, ensuring that the juvenile shrimps have the standard body length of 4-6 cm and the weight of 2500 tails/kg;
(2-2) harvesting half of the litopenaeus vannamei (the specification of the litopenaeus vannamei is 85-90 tails/kg) in the pond when the second breeding is carried out for 5 months and 5 days, reducing the breeding density, breeding the rest litopenaeus vannamei for 5 months and 25 days (the specification of the litopenaeus vannamei can reach 70-65 tails/kg), and completely harvesting for 5 months and 30 days.
The temperature of the culture pond is controlled between 22 and 32 ℃ during the first culture and the second culture (preferably between 25 and 30 ℃). In the invention, the water temperature of the culture pond is regulated and controlled at each stage of the culture period according to the following modes:
in the invention, the water temperature of the culture pond is regulated and controlled at each stage of the culture period according to the following modes:
a) in the early stage of first breeding (9 months), the first breeding seedlings are arranged by using the advantage of high-temperature weather in the subtropical regions of the coast in south of China in 9 months; at the moment, the water temperature of the sea area is generally 28-32 ℃, seawater is introduced into the culture pond, the water temperature is enough to meet the requirement of shrimp fry growth, and a light-transmitting greenhouse does not need to be covered with a light-transmitting agricultural film;
b) from the later stage of the first breeding to the middle stage of the second breeding (11 months to 3 months in the next year), the weather is cold, the water temperature is low, and the transparent greenhouse is made to be airtight as much as possible so as to avoid the influence on the growth of the prawns caused by the too fast drop of the water temperature. If water needs to be fed, the method is generally carried out in a time period (such as 10: 00-16: 00) when the temperature is higher;
c) in the middle stage of the first breeding (10 months) and the late stage of the second breeding (4-5 months in the next year), the temperature change is large in the two stages, and the timing of covering and lifting the light-transmitting agricultural film is mastered according to specific weather conditions, namely: when the temperature is higher in the daytime during film covering, the light-transmitting agricultural film around the aquaculture pond is opened when the water temperature of the aquaculture pond exceeds 32 ℃ so as to prevent the temperature from rising too fast; when the temperature drops in the evening, the opened light-transmitting agricultural film is covered to prevent the temperature from dropping too fast.
The embodiment also adopts the following culture technical measures:
(a) water inlet and water treatment: when water needs to be fed, introducing seawater into the culture pond, wherein the primary water inlet level is 1.0-1.5 m; water disinfection is performed at night after water is admitted, and then the water is fertilized and beneficial microbial agents are applied.
When water enters, the seawater at the time of heavy tide is pumped as much as possible so as to ensure better water quality. A halogen disinfectant (such as strong chlorine 2-3ppm) is used for water disinfection. The fertilizing amount is determined according to the water quality condition. By properly applying the beneficial microbial preparation, the probiotics form dominant flora in the water body, and good water quality and water color are formed.
(b) Selecting and putting seedlings: the shrimp larvae are qualified by detection and have no specific pathogen, and the shrimp larvae are required to be good in activity, neat in individuals, free of attachments on body surfaces and free of jejunum and jejunum; the seedling setting specification is that the length of the shrimp seedlings is preferably 0.8-1.2 cm; the water temperature is 22-32 deg.C when placing seedling, and the optimum water temperature is 25-30 deg.C.
(c) Water quality regulation and control: the water quality is regulated and controlled by fertilizing, applying beneficial microbial agents and changing water. The early stage water inlet needs to be pretreated by precipitation, filtration, disinfection and the like.
Measuring the water temperature (T) dailyW) Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH, Ammonia Nitrogen (NH)4 +-N), Nitrite (NO)2 -) Water quality indexes such as transparency, pond water salinity and the like. The variety and the quantity change of plankton in the aquaculture pond are often detected. The growth conditions (including body weight, body length, etc.) of the prawns are measured every 7-10 days. According to the measuring condition, the water quality is regulated and controlled to ensure that the water temperature (T)W) Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH, Ammonia Nitrogen (NH)4 +-N), Nitrite (NO)2 -) The water quality index is in the appropriate value range shown in Table 1, and is preferably adjusted to be in the optimum value range shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Water quality index
Figure BDA0001050419070000101
Figure BDA0001050419070000111
(d) Water changing: the water is not drained and changed within a half month after the seedlings are put, the water is drained through a drainage system of the aquaculture pond after the half month, and the water changing amount is gradually increased along with the growth of the shrimp bodies so as to keep a good substrate environment. The bottom of the culture pond, particularly a central water outlet, is inspected and cleaned by frequently sucking dirt or diving. If water needs to be fed, sunny and sunny water is selected and the water is changed in a time period (such as 10: 00-16: 00) with higher temperature, more water can be properly changed when the water temperature is higher, and water is changed as little as possible when the water temperature is lower on the premise that the water quality index is normal.
(e) Bait casting management: the bait adopts artificial mixed bait which meets the relevant regulation requirements of GB13078 and NY5072 and requires that the protein content is not lower than 38%; the daily feeding rate of the artificial bait is 3-10% of the weight of the litopenaeus vannamei. Feeding for 4-6 times a day in the initial breeding period after seedling placement, and adjusting the feeding time to 3-4 times a day later along with the growth of the shrimp body. The bait is evenly fed along the whole circumference of the pool.
The aquaculture pond is matched with the following facilities:
(1) light-transmitting greenhouse
The light-transmitting greenhouse is one greenhouse for each pool to prevent cross infection of diseases. The light-transmitting greenhouse comprises a greenhouse framework and a light-transmitting agricultural film (such as a PVC light-transmitting agricultural film) paved on the greenhouse framework, wherein the greenhouse framework comprises a foundation, a support and a steel wire mesh. The foundation (foundation is used for pulling steel wire ropes) can adopt one of the following two structures: one is a reinforced concrete structure poured along one side of the pond close to the inner side, and the other is that small piles are inserted into the pond close to the inner side at certain intervals. The bracket consists of a fir bracket arranged in the middle of the pond and a steel wire rope drawn between the fir bracket and the foundation. After the support is built, a layer of steel wire mesh is laid on the whole support, then the light-transmitting agricultural film is covered, then a layer of gauze is covered on the light-transmitting agricultural film, and then a layer of steel wire rope is pulled to compress the light-transmitting agricultural film (two ends of each steel wire rope are generally connected with the foundation). After the film covering is finished, each light-transmitting greenhouse is provided with a door as a working access.
(2) Aquaculture pond drainage system
The aquaculture pond drainage system consists of a central drainage port, a drainage pipe, a water collecting well and a drainage ditch, wherein the central drainage port is positioned in the center of the aquaculture pond, and a shrimp escape preventing device (such as a screen) is covered above the central drainage port; the central water outlet is communicated to the water collecting well through a water discharging pipe (the water discharging pipe can adopt a PVC pipe); the water collecting well is communicated with the drainage ditch.
The central drain opening may be square or circular, with a square side length or a circular diameter of 1 m.
The water collecting well is a connecting structure between the water discharging pipes and the water discharging ditches, every two or four aquaculture ponds share one water collecting well, and the water discharging pipes of each aquaculture pond are provided with control water gate valves or inserted vertical PVC water discharging control pipes at the water collecting wells.
The drainage ditch is a terminal drainage structure leading from the water collecting well to the sea side and buried at the lowest end of the drainage well. The drainage ditch can be constructed by PVC pipes or cement culvert pipes.
(3) Oxygen increasing facility
The oxygen increasing facility is used for supplementing external fresh air to the inside of the light-transmitting greenhouse. Usually, besides the conventional oxygen increasing facilities such as an oxygen increasing machine, a Roots blower inflation system is added during the cultivation.

Claims (6)

1.一种利用温棚越冬养殖2造次凡纳滨对虾的方法，其特征在于按下述步骤养殖凡纳滨对虾：1. a method for cultivating 2 times of Litopenaeus vannamei for overwintering cultivation in a greenhouse is characterized in that cultivating Litopenaeus vannamei according to the following steps: （1）第一造养殖(1) The first farming （1－1）9月上旬，在各养殖池塘上搭建温棚构架；9月中旬，引入海水至各养殖池塘，放养第一造虾苗养殖；(1-1) In the first ten days of September, build a greenhouse structure on each aquaculture pond; in mid-September, introduce seawater into each aquaculture pond to stock the first shrimp seedlings for cultivation; （1－2）进入10月份后，当海区水温下降至25℃时，在已搭建的温棚构架上铺覆透光农用膜，形成覆盖在养殖池塘上的透光温棚，利用温室效应保持和提高池水水温；(1-2) After entering October, when the water temperature in the sea area drops to 25°C, a light-transmitting agricultural film is laid on the already built greenhouse frame to form a light-transmitting greenhouse covering the breeding pond, and the greenhouse effect is used to maintain the and increase the temperature of the pool water; （1－3）第一造养殖至12月下旬时，先收获占总养殖面积10－25%的养殖池塘中的凡纳滨对虾，收获凡纳滨对虾后将这部分养殖池塘作为第二造虾苗集约暂养标粗池；其余占总养殖面积75－90%的养殖池塘中的凡纳滨对虾，继续养殖至翌年1月上、中旬收获；(1-3) From the first breeding to late December, first harvest Litopenaeus vannamei in the aquaculture ponds that account for 10-25% of the total aquaculture area, and then use this part of the pond as the second breeding pond after harvesting the Shrimp seedlings are intensively reared temporarily in standard rough ponds; the remaining 75-90% of the total aquaculture ponds of Litopenaeus vannamei will continue to be cultured until harvested in early and mid-January of the following year; 在翌年1月上旬，将第二造虾苗集约暂养标粗池清洗消毒后，引入海水至水深50－60cm,再从尚未收获的养殖池塘引入上层池水，至第二造虾苗集约暂养标粗池水深100－120cm，调节水温至23－24℃，准备放第二造虾苗；In the first ten days of January of the following year, after cleaning and disinfecting the standard rough pond for the second intensive and temporary cultivation of shrimp seedlings, seawater is introduced to a water depth of 50-60 cm, and then the upper pond water is introduced from the unharvested breeding pond to the second intensive and temporary cultivation of shrimp seedlings. The water depth of the standard rough pool is 100-120cm, adjust the water temperature to 23-24°C, and prepare to put the second shrimp fry; （2）第二造养殖(2) The second farming （2－1） 翌年1月上、中旬，利用步骤（1－3）所述的第二造虾苗集约暂养标粗池暂养标粗第二造虾苗，养殖30－45天后，将幼虾分养至其余占总养殖面积75－90%的养殖池塘中养殖；(2-1) In the early and mid-January of the following year, use the second shrimp seedling intensive and temporary cultivation standard crude pond described in step (1-3) to temporarily raise the standard coarse second shrimp seedlings. Juvenile shrimp are cultured in the rest of the aquaculture ponds that account for 75-90% of the total aquaculture area; （2－2）第二造养殖至5月份收获；(2-2) The second plant breeding to harvest in May; 所述的利用温棚越冬养殖2造次凡纳滨对虾的方法还采用下述养殖技术措施：The described method of utilizing greenhouse overwintering to cultivate 2 times of Litopenaeus vannamei also adopts the following culture technical measures: （a）进水与水处理：需进水时将海水引入养殖池塘，初次进水水位为1.0－1.5米；进水后在晚间进行水消毒，然后对水施肥并施加有益微生物制剂；(a) Water inflow and water treatment: when water inflow is required, introduce seawater into aquaculture ponds, and the initial water inflow level is 1.0-1.5 meters; after water inflow, water is disinfected at night, and then the water is fertilized and beneficial microorganisms are applied; （b）苗种选择与放苗：虾苗选择经检测合格的无特定病原虾苗，要求虾苗活力好、个体整齐、体表无附着物、无空肠空胃现象；放苗规格为虾苗体长0.8－1.2cm；放苗时水温22－32℃；(b) Seed selection and seedling release: Shrimp seedlings are selected to be non-specific pathogen-free shrimp seedlings that have passed the test. The shrimp seedlings are required to have good vigor, neat individuals, no attachments on the body surface, and no jejunum and stomach phenomenon; the seedling specifications are shrimp seedlings The body length is 0.8-1.2cm; the water temperature is 22-32°C when the seedlings are placed; （c）水质调控：通过施肥、施加有益微生物制剂、换水，对水质进行调控；(c) Water quality control: control the water quality by fertilizing, applying beneficial microbial preparations, and changing water; 每日测量水温、溶解氧、pH值、氨氮、亚硝酸盐这五项水质指标，根据测量情况，对水质进行调控，使水温、溶解氧、pH值、氨氮、亚硝酸盐这五项水质指标处在下述范围内：水温22－32℃，溶解氧≥4mg/l，pH值7.0－9.0，氨氮≤0.2mg/l，亚硝酸盐≤0.1 mg/l；The five water quality indicators of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH value, ammonia nitrogen and nitrite are measured daily, and the water quality is regulated according to the measurement situation, so that the five water quality indicators of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH value, ammonia nitrogen and nitrite are In the following range: water temperature 22-32 ℃, dissolved oxygen ≥ 4 mg/l, pH value 7.0-9.0, ammonia nitrogen ≤ 0.2 mg/l, nitrite ≤ 0.1 mg/l; （d）换水：放苗后半个月内不排水、换水，半个月后开始通过养殖池塘排水系统排水，以后随着虾体生长逐渐加大换水量；(d) Change the water: do not drain and change the water within half a month after the seedlings are released. After half a month, the water will be drained through the drainage system of the aquaculture pond, and then gradually increase the amount of water exchange as the shrimp grows; （e）投饵管理 ：饵料采用人工配合饵料，人工配合饵料应符合GB13078和NY5072的有关规定要求，要求蛋白质含量不低于38%；人工配合饵料日投喂率为虾体重的3－10%；(e) Feeding management: artificial bait should be used as bait. The artificial bait should meet the relevant requirements of GB13078 and NY5072, and the protein content should not be less than 38%; the daily feeding rate of artificial bait should be 3-10% of the shrimp body weight. ; （f）收获：第一造次收获时，每个养殖池塘一次性收获完凡纳滨对虾；第二造次收获采取间收技术，即5月初先收获养殖池塘中部分规格达到100－80尾/kg的凡纳滨对虾，降低养殖密度，剩下的凡纳滨对虾继续养殖20天后收获。(f) Harvesting: In the first harvest, each pond will harvest Litopenaeus vannamei at one time; the second harvest adopts the inter-harvest technique, that is, in early May, some of the ponds with a size of 100-80 are harvested first. /kg of Litopenaeus vannamei, reduce the breeding density, and the remaining Litopenaeus vannamei continue to be cultured for 20 days and then harvested. 2.根据权利要求1所述的利用温棚越冬养殖2造次凡纳滨对虾的方法，其特征是：在第一造养殖和第二造养殖的过程中，养殖池塘水温控制在22－32℃之间。2. the method for cultivating 2 times of Litopenaeus vannamei for overwintering cultivation in a greenhouse according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in the process of the first cultivation and the second cultivation, the water temperature of the cultivation pond is controlled at 22-32 between °C. 3.根据权利要求2所述的利用温棚越冬养殖2造次凡纳滨对虾的方法，其特征是：在第一造养殖和第二造养殖的过程中，养殖池塘水温控制在25－30℃之间。3. the method for cultivating 2 times of Litopenaeus vannamei for overwintering cultivation in a greenhouse according to claim 2, is characterized in that: in the process of the first cultivation and the second cultivation, the water temperature of the cultivation pond is controlled at 25-30 between °C. 4.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的利用温棚越冬养殖2造次凡纳滨对虾的方法，其特征是：所述透光温棚包括温棚构架和铺覆在温棚构架上的透光农用膜，其中温棚构架包括地基、支架和钢丝网；支架由设于池塘中间的杉木支架，以及牵拉在杉木支架与地基之间的钢丝绳组成；支架搭好之后，在整个支架上面先铺一层钢丝网，再覆盖上透光农用膜，之后在透光农用膜上面盖上一层网纱，再拉一层钢丝绳压紧；覆膜完成后，每个透光温棚开一个门作为工作出入口。4. the method for culturing 2 times of Litopenaeus vannamei for overwintering cultivation in a greenhouse according to any one of claims 1-3, is characterized in that: the light-transmitting greenhouse comprises a greenhouse frame and is covered on a greenhouse frame The light-transmitting agricultural film on the top of the greenhouse, wherein the greenhouse frame includes a foundation, a bracket and a wire mesh; the bracket is composed of a fir bracket set in the middle of the pond, and a wire rope pulled between the fir bracket and the foundation; after the bracket is set up, the whole First lay a layer of steel mesh on the bracket, then cover it with a light-transmitting agricultural film, then cover a layer of mesh on the light-transmitting agricultural film, and then pull a layer of steel wire rope to compress; Open a door as a work entrance. 5.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的利用温棚越冬养殖2造次凡纳滨对虾的方法，其特征是：所述养殖池塘配套有养殖池塘排水系统；养殖池塘排水系统由中央排水口、排水管、集水井和排水沟构成，中央排水口位于养殖池塘正中央，中央排水口上方覆有防逃虾装置；中央排水口经排水管连通至集水井；集水井与排水沟连通。5. the method for culturing 2 times of Litopenaeus vannamei for overwintering cultivation in a greenhouse according to any one of claims 1-3, is characterized in that: the culturing pond is equipped with a culturing pond drainage system; the culturing pond drainage system is provided by the central Drainage outlet, drainage pipe, water collecting well and drainage ditch are composed. The central drainage outlet is located in the center of the culture pond, and the upper part of the central drainage outlet is covered with an anti-escape shrimp device; the central drainage outlet is connected to the water collecting well through the drainage pipe; . 6.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的利用温棚越冬养殖2造次凡纳滨对虾的方法，其特征是：所述养殖池塘配套有增氧设施，增氧设施用于为透光温棚内部补充外源新鲜空气。6. the method for culturing 2 times of Litopenaeus vannamei according to any one of claims 1-3, it is characterized in that: described cultivating pond is equipped with aeration facilities, and the aeration facilities are used for permeation. The interior of the greenhouse is supplemented with external fresh air.
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