CN106179452B - 一种多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于有机反应催化的多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料的制备方法,包以下步骤:将过渡金属钯离子直接滴加于壳聚糖/聚环氧乙烷‑聚环氧丙烷‑聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物混合溶液中形成强络合得到混合凝胶溶液,干燥成共混凝胶膜,惰性气体氛围下,将凝胶膜置于管式炉中高温炭化,得到多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料。本发明制备的催化材料有丰富的介孔结构,比表面积大于100 m2/g,含氮量4‑8%,在有机偶联反应应用中有良好的催化性能,可重复利用多次。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于有机反应催化的多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料的制备方法,属于化学催化剂制备工艺的技术领域。
背景技术
利用一些能与过渡金属形成较强络合作用的生物高分子为载体,制成负载型催化剂应用于有机合成反应受到了越来越多的重视,甲壳素的衍生物壳聚糖被认为是最具前景的过渡金属催化剂载体(E. Guibal,Prog.Polym.Sci.2005,30:71–109.)。其主要优势是:过渡金属活性组分与壳聚糖大分子主链上的大量氨基和羟基有很强的络合能力,制备的非均相催化材料有较高的催化活性。
然而,作为高分子载体材料,壳聚糖在某些物理性能方面存在明显不足,突出表现在:高分子载体热稳定性不高。壳聚糖分子一般高于200℃就开始降解,所制备的壳聚糖负载过渡金属催化材料在一些苛刻的反应条件下,如长时间、连续的高温反应,连续的高速搅拌,以及极性有机溶剂对高分子载体的溶胀甚至溶解作用等,导致载体材料的综合稳定性不足(易出现老化降解),过渡金属活性组分通过载体材料因老化形成的缺陷流失较快,导致非均相催化材料的可重复利用次数不高。再者,已报道的壳聚糖负载过渡金属催化材料的比表面积较低,如利用聚乙二醇致孔的壳聚糖负载钯多孔微球催化材料的比表面积<20m2/g(M.F.Zeng,X.Zhang,L.J.Shao,C.Z.Qi,X.-M.Zhang,J. Organomet.Chem.2012,704:29-37),同时开放多孔结构的引入往往还会导致高分子载体的机械稳定性进一步下降。
相较于高分子载体,多孔炭载体材料的优势是:热稳定性好,比表面积大(P.F.Zhang,H.Y.Zhu,S.Dai,Chemcatchem.7(2015) 2788-2805)。不足是,与过渡金属活性组分的相互作用较弱,活性组分易流失。在炭材料中掺杂一些杂原子,如N元素等,可以明显提高炭材料与过渡金属活性组分的相互作用(X.Xu,H.R.Li,Y.Wang, Chemcatchem.6(2014)3328-3332)。壳聚糖作为一种天然聚葡萄糖胺,高温炭化后可以转变为含氮多孔炭材料(A.Olejniczak,M.Lezanska,J.Wloch,A.Kucinska,J.P.Lukaszewicz,J.Mater.Chem.A1(2013):8961-8967.),可望作为过渡金属活性组分的优良载体。
有基于此,提出本发明。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料的制备方法,以壳聚糖/聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物(P123)/钯共混凝胶膜为起始材料,在氮气气氛中,使共混凝胶膜在真空管式炉中高温炭化,壳聚糖可提供碳源和氮源,P123有助于进一步提高催化材料的孔隙率,最终可制备得到新型多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料,在有机反应催化应用中可望具有良好的综合性能。
为达到上述目的,本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的:
一种多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)取定量壳聚糖粉末,加入乙酸溶液,配成壳聚糖重量含量为0.5 -5%的混合溶液,静置,脱泡,备用;
(2)取定量固体氯化钯,加蒸馏水,再加入氯化钠,加热、搅拌使其完全溶解,Pd2+浓度为0.01-0.05mol/L;
(3)取一定质量的聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物,加入乙酸溶液,制备成0.5-5%的混合溶液,搅拌,溶解备用;
(4)将制备好的聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物溶液加入定量的上述壳聚糖溶液中,混合均匀;
(5)在持续搅拌下,向上述混合溶液中,滴加Pd2+溶液,随着Pd2+溶液的逐步加入,体系粘度逐渐升高,直至形成凝胶,浇铸在培养皿中,烘干成膜,备用;
(6)将凝胶膜置于管式炉中,惰性气体氛围下,维持在600℃-1000℃下高温炭化2-8h,得到多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料。
所述步骤(1)中的壳聚糖的分子量范围为5万-20万,脱乙酰度的范围为70%-98%。
所述聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物溶液在步骤(5)中为致孔模板剂,且聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物的分子量5800。
所述步骤(6)中惰性气体氛围下,利用真空管式炉对壳聚糖/ 聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物/钯凝胶膜进行高温炭化,壳聚糖提供碳源和氮源,高温炭化后形成多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料。
所述的乙酸溶液的质量浓度为2%。
制得的多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料具有介孔或微孔结构,催化材料的比表面积大于100 m2/ g,含氮率为4-8%,钯百分含量为0-3%。
本发明多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料的制备方法具有如下有益效果:
1、制备工艺简单,设备要求较低;
2、改变P123添加量和炭化温度,即可实现对催化材料微观结构与性能(包括孔结构、比表面积、含氮量等)的调控;
3、制得的催化材料具有较大的孔隙率和较大的比表面积,催化活性高,在有机偶联反应应用中有良好的催化性能,可重复利用多次;
4、将反应液分离出反应器后,无需繁杂的后处理,只要对催化剂进行简单清洗、离心,干燥后,重新加入反应原料即可开始新的反应。
附图说明
图1为本发明所制备的催化材料的外观照片;
图2为本发明的催化材料制备工艺流程图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步的说明,但本发明的保护范围并不限于此。
如图2所示,本发明多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)壳聚糖稀溶液的制备:取医药级壳聚糖粉末(分子量10万,脱乙酰度为95%)2g,溶于2%的100ml醋酸溶液配成混合溶液,持续搅拌2小时形成均相溶液,静置脱泡2h。
(2)壳聚糖P123混合溶液的制备:取0.2g P123溶于40ml 2%的醋酸溶液配成混合溶液搅拌2小时,取溶解好的P123溶液倒入20ml 2%壳聚糖溶液中搅拌半个小时,混合均匀。
(3)壳聚糖/P123/钯混合凝胶膜的制备:称取0.3g氯化钯,加100ml蒸馏水,再加5g氯化钠于锥形瓶中,加热、搅拌使其完全溶解形成Na2PdCl4溶液;用移液管移取适量Na2PdCl4溶液,在磁力搅拌下,逐滴滴加到60ml上述壳聚糖/P123混合溶液中,滴入量为5ml左右时,混合均匀,烘干成凝胶膜。
(4)多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料的制备:将膜置于真空管式炉中高温炭化,N2气氛,750℃下碳化4h,得到多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料,如图1所示。
应用例1
对上述实施例所制得的多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料进行催化Heck反应的应用实验,其过程和结果如下所述:
多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料催化卤代芳烃与丙烯酸酯类化合物的Heck偶联反应:
通过试验,在如下反应条件:碘代苯1mmol,丙烯酸丁酯2mmol,催化材料0.013g(钯含量为0.0012mmol),KOAc7.5mmol,反应溶剂DMSO(或DMF)3ml+乙二醇0.2ml,在110℃反应3h,结果肉桂酸丁酯的产率为97%;催化剂重复利用15次,肉桂酸丁酯的产率均在80%以上,表明此催化剂在Heck反应中性能良好,较稳定。
应用例2
对上述实施例所制得的多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料进行催化Ullmann反应的应用实验,其过程和结果如下所述:
多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料催化卤代芳烃类化合物的Ullmann偶联反应:
通过试验,在如下反应条件:碘代苯1mmol,催化材料0.22g(钯含量为0.03mmol),适量Zn粉,KOAc 5mmol,反应溶剂DMSO(或DMF)5ml+乙二醇0.2ml,在110℃反应8h,结果偶联产物的产率为98%;催化剂重复利用10次,产率均在80%以上,表明此催化剂在Ullmann反应中性能良好,较稳定。
上述实施例仅用于解释说明本发明的发明构思,而非对本发明权利保护的限定,凡利用此构思对本发明进行非实质性的改动,均应落入本发明的保护范围。
Claims (6)
1.一种多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
(1)取定量壳聚糖粉末,加入乙酸溶液,配成壳聚糖重量含量为0.5 -4%的混合溶液,静置,脱泡,备用;
(2)取定量固体氯化钯,加蒸馏水,再加入氯化钠,加热、搅拌使其完全溶解,Pd2+浓度为0.01-0.05mol/L;
(3)取一定质量的聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物,加入乙酸溶液,制备成0.5-5%的混合溶液,搅拌,溶解备用;
(4)将制备好的聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物溶液加入定量的上述壳聚糖溶液中,混合均匀;
(5)在持续搅拌下,向上述混合溶液中,滴加Pd2+溶液,随着Pd2+溶液的逐步加入,体系粘度逐渐升高,直至形成凝胶,浇铸在培养皿中,烘干成膜,备用;
(6)将凝胶膜置于管式炉中,惰性气体氛围下,维持在600℃-1000℃下高温炭化2-8h,得到多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料。
2.如权利要求1所述多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中的壳聚糖的分子量范围为5万-20万,脱乙酰度的范围为70%-98%。
3.如权利要求1所述多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物溶液在步骤(5)中为致孔模板剂,且聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物的分子量5800。
4.如权利要求1所述多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(6)中惰性气体氛围下,利用真空管式炉对壳聚糖/ 聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物/钯凝胶膜进行高温炭化,壳聚糖提供碳源和氮源,高温炭化后形成多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料。
5.如权利要求1所述多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述的乙酸溶液的质量浓度为2%。
6.如权利要求1-5任一权利要求所述多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于:制得的多孔含氮炭负载钯催化材料具有介孔或微孔结构,催化材料的比表面积大于100g/m2,含氮率为4-8%,钯百分含量为0-3%。
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