CN106143170A - 具有增程器的能量存储系统及能量管理控制方法 - Google Patents

具有增程器的能量存储系统及能量管理控制方法 Download PDF

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CN106143170A
CN106143170A CN201510148686.3A CN201510148686A CN106143170A CN 106143170 A CN106143170 A CN 106143170A CN 201510148686 A CN201510148686 A CN 201510148686A CN 106143170 A CN106143170 A CN 106143170A
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energy storage
storage system
electrical load
converter
energy
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CN106143170B (zh
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李飞
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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Priority to CN201510148686.3A priority Critical patent/CN106143170B/zh
Priority to JP2016059360A priority patent/JP6956470B2/ja
Priority to KR1020160036074A priority patent/KR101940373B1/ko
Priority to CA2925245A priority patent/CA2925245C/en
Priority to MX2016004108A priority patent/MX354695B/es
Priority to EP16162903.5A priority patent/EP3078536B1/en
Priority to BR102016006966-1A priority patent/BR102016006966B1/pt
Priority to US15/087,400 priority patent/US9899843B2/en
Publication of CN106143170A publication Critical patent/CN106143170A/zh
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    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/20—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
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    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
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    • B60L3/0046—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
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    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
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    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
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    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)

Abstract

一种系统，包括第一能量系统、增程器和控制器。增程器有第二能量系统、第一和第二变换器及旁路。第一变换器可选择地耦合在第一能量系统和一电气负载之间，第二变换器可选择地耦合在第二能量系统和第一变换器及电气负载的输入端中的至少一个之间，旁路可选择地耦合在第一能量系统和第一、第二变换器的输出端及电气负载的输入端中的至少一个之间。控制器可控制第一能量系统和增程器在正常操作模式和故障保护模式下工作，在正常操作模式时，第一和第二能量系统分别通过第一和第二直变换器并行地耦合到电气负载，在故障保护模式时，第一能量系统经由旁路耦合到电气负载，第二能量系统从电气负载解耦。本发明还涉及用该系统给电气负载提供电力的方法。

Description

具有增程器的能量存储系统及能量管理控制方法
相关申请
本发明申请涉及与此同一天由本申请人提交的名为“多源能量存储系统及能量管理控制方法”的中国专利申请，其整个内容合并在此作为参考，相当于在此完全阐述。
技术领域
本发明涉及主要用于车辆驱动等电力系统的能量存储系统及能量管理控制方法，尤其涉及一种具有增程器的能量存储系统及其能量管理控制方法。
背景技术
当污染问题越来越严重，电动车辆以及可再生能源变得越来越具有吸引力。纯电动车辆使用存储的电能向电动机供电，以驱动车辆。纯电动车辆可以使用一个或多个存储的电能量源。例如，可以使用第一电能量存储源，例如能量电池，用于提供较长持续能量，而使用第二电能量存储源，例如功率电池提供较高功率能量，用于例如车辆加速等。混合电动车辆可以将内燃机与由能量存储装置(如牵引用电池)供电的电动机结合起来以驱动车辆。此类结合可以通过使内燃机和电动机能够在各自较高的效率范围中运行，从而来提高总体燃料效率。例如，电动机可在从静止发车加速时有较高效率，而内燃机可在恒定引擎运行(如高速公路行驶)的持续期间有较高效率。使电动机提升初始加速允许混合动力车辆中的内燃机更小且更具燃料效率。
在电池供电的纯电动车辆和插电式混合电动车辆中，高能量密度电池如果电池大小合理配置的话，则一次充电能够满足里程需求。然而，对于具有同样大小的高能量密度电池来说，由于其具有相对低的功率密度，因此却可能无法满足由于瞬时加速或爬坡所导致的功率需求，特别是在重型应用，例如城市公交车或卡车中尤其明显。有鉴于此，可以采用多个能量源或混合能量源来同时满足车辆的里程需求和功率需求，而无需过分增加单一的高能量密度电池的大小。在重型电动车辆中可以使用高能量密度电池和功率电池组合作为混合能量源，因为这类功率电池具有高的功率密度和较长的寿命。然而，当在车辆驱动系统中引入多个能量源或混合能量源时，多个能量源或混合能量源之间的配置和控制变得复杂，如何通过合理配置并控制多个能量源或混合能量源来使车辆驱动系统高效运行以应对各种工况条件，并且确保整个能量源供电系统和电动车辆的安全性，成为业界有待解决的问题。
因此，有必要提供一种系统和方法以解决如上所述的至少一个问题。
发明内容
本发明的一个方面在于提供一种能量存储系统，其包括第一能量存储系统和位于所述第一能量存储系统和一电气负载之间的增程器。所述增程器包括第一直流-直流变换器、第二能量存储系统、第二直流-直流变换器、以及旁路。其中，所述第一直流-直流变换器可选择地耦合在所述第一能量存储系统和电气负载之间，所述第二直流-直流变换器可选择地耦合在所述第二能量存储系统和所述第一直流-直流变换器的输出端及所述电气负载的输入端中的至少一个之间，所述旁路可选择地耦合在所述第一能量存储系统和所述第一直流-直流变换器的输出端、所述第二直流-直流变换器的输入端及所述电气负载的输入端中的至少一个之间。所述能量存储系统还包括控制器，设置来控制所述第一能量存储系统和所述增程器至少在一个正常操作模式和一个故障保护模式下工作，在正常操作模式时，所述第一和第二能量存储系统分别通过所述第一和第二直流-直流变换器并行地耦合到所述电气负载，在故障保护模式时，所述第一能量存储系统经由所述旁路耦合到所述电气负载，所述第二能量存储系统从所述电气负载解耦。
本发明的另一个方面在于提供一种方法，其包括：
操作包括第一能量存储系统、第一直流-直流变换器、与该第一直流-直流变换器并行的旁路、第二能量存储系统、以及第二直流-直流变换器的能量存储系统，使其处于正常操作模式，包括用所述第一和第二能量存储系统分别通过所述第一和第二直流-直流变换器并行地给一电气负载提供电力；以及
当在所述第二能量存储系统以及所述第一和第二直流-直流变换器中的任何一个发现故障时，操作所述能量存储系统使其处于故障保护模式，包括用所述第一能量存储系统经由所述旁路给所述电气负载提供电力，以及从所述电气负载解耦所述第二能量存储系统。
通过本发明的能量存储系统和能量管理控制方法，在主能量存储系统和电气负载之间设置增程器，可以增加一个或多个辅助的能量存储系统为车辆驱动系统等电力负载提供能量，以满足电力负载的多种功率需求，使其能在不同的工况下运行。而且这样的方式不需要对整个系统的硬件和软件进行很大的改动。此外，所述能量存储系统解决了一旦增程器发生故障，电气负载可能就会失去动力并立即停止工作的问题，确保即使在增程器发生故障的时候仍然能使电力负载正常运作，提高了安全性。
附图说明
当参照附图阅读以下详细描述时，本发明的这些和其它特征、方面及优点将变得更好理解，在附图中，相同的元件标号在全部附图中用于表示相同的部件，其中：
图1是根据本发明的一个实施方式的能量存储系统的示意性框图。
图2和图3是图1所示的能量存储系统的一个具体实施例的电路示意图，其中，图2显示了该能量存储系统在正常操作模式时的状态，图3显示了该能量存储系统在故障保护模式时的状态。
图4显示了使用所述能量存储系统为电气负载提供电力的方法的流程图。
图5显示了图2和图3所示的能量存储系统在不同工作模式下的关键波形图。
具体实施方式
为帮助本领域的技术人员能够确切地理解本发明所要求保护的主题，下面结合附图详细描述本发明的具体实施方式。在以下对这些具体实施方式的详细描述中，本说明书对一些公知的功能或构造不做详细描述以避免不必要的细节而影响到本发明的披露。
除非另作定义，本权利要求书和说明书中所使用的技术术语或者科学术语应当为本发明所属技术领域内具有一般技能的人士所理解的通常意义。本说明书以及权利要求书中所使用的“第一”、“第二”以及类似的词语并不表示任何顺序、数量或者重要性，而只是用来区分不同的组成部分。“一个”或者“一”等类似词语并不表示数量限制，而是表示存在至少一个。“包括”或者“具有”等类似的词语意指出现在“包括”或者“具有”前面的元件或者物件涵盖出现在“包括”或者“具有”后面列举的元件或者物件及其等同元件，并不排除其他元件或者物件。“连接”或者“相连”等类似的词语并非限定于物理的或者机械的连接，而是可以包括电性的连接，不管是直接的还是间接的。
本发明的实施例一方面涉及一种可以应用于电动车辆、智能电网、微网、太阳能、风电等领域中，用来为电气负载提供电力的能量存储系统，该能量存储系统包括用来为电气负载提供电力的第一能源存储系统和用来为电气负载提供补充动力的增程器系统。该增程器系统包括至少一个第二能量存储系统，还包括直流-直流变换器以及与直流-直流变换器并行的旁路，可在发生故障的情况下确保电气负载正常运作。
图1显示了根据本发明的一个实施方式的能量存储系统的示意性框图。参照图1所示，能量存储系统100包括用来给一电气负载160提供电力的第一能量存储系统110和位于所述第一能量存储系统110和电气负载160之间的增程器120。其中，所述增程器120包括第二能量存储系统220、第一直流-直流变换器212、第二直流-直流变换器222和与所述第一直流-直流变换器212并行的旁路230。
所述第一能量存储系统110和第二能量存储系统220分别通过第一直流-直流变换器212和第二直流-直流变换器222可选择地耦合到电气负载160。其中，所述第一和第二直流-直流变换器212和222之间也相互耦合。具体而言，所述第一直流-直流变换器212一端耦合于所述第一能量存储系统110，另一端通过第二直流-直流变换器222和电气负载160之间的节点耦合于所述第二直流-直流变换器222和电气负载160上，所述第二直流-直流变换器222一端耦合于所述第二能量存储系统220，另一端通过第一直流-直流变换器212和电气负载160之间的节点耦合于所述第一直流-直流变换器212和电气负载160上。在所述第一能量存储系统110和第一直流-直流变换器212之间连接有第一开关装置214，在所述第二能量存储系统220和第二直流-直流变换器222之间连接有第二开关装置224。
通过所述与直流-直流变换器212并行的旁路230，可让所述第一能量存储系统110不经过第一直流-直流变换器212而耦合到第二直流-直流变换器222和电气负载160之间的节点，从而将第一能量存储系统110经由第二直流-直流变换器222耦合到第二能量存储系统220，或将第一能量存储系统110直接耦合到电气负载160上。在图1所示的具体实施例中，所述旁路230连接了一个位于所述第一能量存储系统110与所述第一直流-直流变换器212之间的第一节点236、和一个位于所述第一和第二直流-直流变换器212和222与所述电气负载160之间的第二节点238。所述旁路230可包括开关装置(第三开关装置)234。相对于变换器212或222来说，所述旁路230的电阻可以忽略不计。在一个具体的实施例中，所述旁路230只包括所述开关装置234，而不包括其他电阻较大的元件。这样，若通过该旁路230用第一能量存储系统210给第二能量存储系统220充电，可将能量损耗降低到最小。
所述能量存储系统100还包括控制器150，用来控制所述能量存储系统110和220、变换器212和222以及所述旁路230至少可在一正常操作模式和一故障保护模式下工作。在正常操作模式时，所述第一和第二能量存储系统110和220分别通过所述第一和第二直流-直流变换器212和222并行地耦合到所述电气负载160。当在所述第二能量存储系统220、第一直流-直流变换器212和第二直流-直流变换器222中的任意一个中发现故障时，可启动所述故障保护模式，停用所述第二能量存储系统220、第一直流-直流变换器212和第二直流-直流变换器222，而仅用所述第一能量存储系统110直接给所述电气负载160提供电力。在故障保护模式时，所述第一能量存储系统110经由所述旁路230耦合到所述电气负载160上，所述第二能量存储系统220从所述电气负载160解耦。
图2和图3显示了图1所示的实施方式中的能量存储系统100的一个具体实施例的电路示意图，其中，图2显示了正常操作模式时的状态，图3显示了故障保护模式时的状态。
在正常操作模式时，如图2所示，所述第一和第二开关装置214和224闭合，所述第三开关装置234断开，所述第一和第二能量存储系统110和220分别经由第一和第二直流-直流变换器212和222耦合至所述电气负载160为其提供电力。在故障保护模式时，如图3所示，所述第一和第二开关装置214和224断开，所述第三开关装置234闭合，所述第一能量存储系统110不再经由所述第一直流-直流变换器212，而是经由所述旁路230耦合到所述电气负载160上给所述电气负载160提供电力，而所述第二能量存储系统220则从所述电气负载160解耦，不为所述电气负载160提供电力。
此外，在图2和图3所示的具体实施例中，能量存储系统100还包括一个与所述第一能量存储系统110和第二能量存储系统220并联的电容240，用来稳定该能量存储系统100的输出电压。
本文所述的第一能量存储系统可以是高能量密度存储系统，比如，高能量电池(铅酸电池等)、发电机、燃料电池和光伏逆变电源等。第二能量存储系统可以是高功率存储系统，比如，超级电容器等。开关装置可以是任何形式的开关或开关元件的组合。直流-直流变换器是指用来将固定的直流电压变换成可变的直流电压的电压转换器，其一般包括脉宽调制(Pulse WidthModulation,PWM)模块，误差放大器模块，比较器模块等几大功能模块。
对于所述各实施例的能量存储系统中的增程器，除了第二能量存储系统之外，还可以进一步包括一个或多个并行的能量存储系统。比如，在一些实施例中，所述增程器还可进一步包括一个通过第三直流-直流变换器可选择地耦合到所述电气负载的第三能量存储系统。该第三能量存储系统可选自燃料电池、光伏逆变电源、发电机或它们的组合。
本发明的实施例另一方面涉及一种使用所述能量存储系统为电气负载提供电力的能量管理控制方法。在一个具体实施例中，如图4所示，该方法包括如下步骤：
在步骤S1中，操作包括第一能量存储系统、第一直流-直流变换器、与该第一直流-直流变换器并行的旁路、第二能量存储系统、以及第二直流-直流变换器的能量存储系统，使其处于正常操作模式，包括用所述第一和第二能量存储系统分别通过所述第一和第二直流-直流变换器并行地给一电气负载提供电力。
在步骤S2中，当在所述第二能量存储系统以及所述第一和第二直流-直流变换器中的任何一个发现故障时，操作所述能量存储系统使其处于故障保护模式，包括用所述第一能量存储系统经由所述旁路给所述电气负载提供电力，以及从所述电气负载解耦所述第二能量存储系统。
在一些实施例中，在所述步骤S1中，所述第一和第二能量存储系统分别给所述电气负载提供平均功率和动态功率。
在一些实施例中，在步骤S2中，当发现故障时，用所述第一能量存储系统经由所述旁路给所述电气负载提供电力，一定时间后再将第二能量存储系统从所述电气负载解耦。
在一些实施例中，所述能量存储系统进一步包括位于所述第一能量存储系统和第一直流-直流变换器之间的第一开关装置、位于所述第二能量存储系统和第二直流-直流变换器之间的第二开关装置、以及位于所述旁路中的第三开关装置，且在所述步骤S1中，所述第一和第二开关装置闭合，所述第三开关装置断开，而在所述步骤S2中，所述第一和第二开关装置断开，所述第三开关装置闭合。在一些具体的实施例中，在步骤S2中，如图5所示，当发现故障时，将所述第三开关装置闭合，一定时间(T1)后再将所述第一和第二开关装置断开。在一些具体的实施例中，所述方法还可以进一步包括：排除所述故障，将所述第一和第二开关装置闭合，以及在所述第一和第二开关装置闭合一定时间(T2)后再断开所述第三开关装置。通过这样的操作，可以提高各控制步骤之间的冗余度，确保即使在增程器发生故障的情况下仍让电气负载运作，提高安全性。
所述能量管理控制方法中所用的可以是前述实施方式或实施例中的任意一种能量存储系统，其具体特征在此不再赘述。
本发明实施例提供的能量存储系统及能量管理控制方法中，通过在主能量存储系统和电气负载之间设置增程器，以增加一个或多个辅助的能量存储系统为车辆驱动系统等电力负载提供能量，以满足电力负载的多种功率需求，使其能在不同的工况下运行。这样的方式不需要对整个系统的硬件和软件进行很大的改动。而且，所述能量存储系统解决了一旦增程器发生故障，电气负载可能就会失去动力并立即停止工作的问题，确保即使在增程器发生故障的时候仍然能使电力负载正常运作，提高了安全性。
虽然结合特定的具体实施方式对本发明进行了详细说明，但本领域的技术人员可以理解，对本发明可以作出许多修改和变型。因此，要认识到，权利要求书的意图在于覆盖在本发明真正构思和范围内的所有这些修改和变型。

Claims (10)

1.一种能量存储系统，其包括：
第一能量存储系统；
增程器，其位于所述第一能量存储系统和一电气负载之间，包括：
第一直流-直流变换器，其可选择地耦合在所述第一能量存储系统和电气负载之间；
第二能量存储系统；
第二直流-直流变换器，其可选择地耦合在所述第二能量存储系统和所述第一直流-直流变换器的输出端及所述电气负载的输入端中的至少一个之间；以及
旁路，其可选择地耦合在所述第一能量存储系统和所述第一直流-直流变换器的输出端、所述第二直流-直流变换器的输出端及所述电气负载的输入端中的至少一个之间；以及
控制器，设置来控制所述第一能量存储系统和所述增程器至少在一个正常操作模式和一个故障保护模式下工作，其中：
在正常操作模式时，所述第一和第二能量存储系统分别通过所述第一和第二直流-直流变换器并行地耦合到所述电气负载，
在故障保护模式时，所述第一能量存储系统经由所述旁路耦合到所述电气负载上，所述第二能量存储系统从所述电气负载解耦。
2.一种方法，其包括：
操作包括第一能量存储系统、第一直流-直流变换器、与该第一直流-直流变换器并行的旁路、第二能量存储系统、以及第二直流-直流变换器的能量存储系统，使其处于正常操作模式，包括用所述第一和第二能量存储系统分别通过所述第一和第二直流-直流变换器并行地给一电气负载提供电力；以及
当在所述第二能量存储系统以及所述第一和第二直流-直流变换器中的任何一个发现故障时，操作所述能量存储系统使其处于故障保护模式，包括用所述第一能量存储系统经由所述旁路给所述电气负载提供电力，以及从所述电气负载解耦所述第二能量存储系统。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法，其中，在发现故障时，用所述第一能量存储系统经由所述旁路给所述电气负载提供电力，一定时间后再将第二能量存储系统从所述电气负载解耦。
4.如权利要求1所述的能量存储系统或如权利要求2所述的方法，其中，所述能量存储系统进一步包括：
第一开关装置，位于所述第一能量存储系统和所述第一直流-直流变换器之间；
第二开关装置，位于所述第二能量存储系统和所述第二直流-直流变换器之间；以及
第三开关装置，位于所述旁路中，其中，在所述正常操作模式时，所述第一和第二开关装置闭合，所述第三开关装置断开，在故障保护模式时，所述第一和第二开关装置断开，所述第三开关装置闭合。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法，其中，在发现故障时，将所述第三开关装置闭合，一定时间后再将所述第一和第二开关装置断开。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法，其进一步包括：
排除所述故障；
将所述第一和第二开关装置闭合；以及
在所述第一和第二开关装置闭合一定时间后断开所述第三开关装置。
7.如权利要求1所述的能量存储系统或如权利要求2所述的方法，其中，在所述正常操作模式时，所述第一和第二能量存储系统分别给所述电气负载提供平均功率和动态功率。
8.如权利要求1所述的能量存储系统或如权利要求2所述的方法，其中，所述旁路连接了一个位于所述第一能量存储系统与所述第一直流-直流变换器之间的第一节点、和一个位于所述第一和第二直流-直流变换器与所述电气负载之间的第二节点。
9.如权利要求1所述的能量存储系统或如权利要求2所述的方法，其中，所述旁路包括开关装置。
10.如权利要求1所述的能量存储系统或如权利要求2所述的方法，其中，所述第一能量存储系统进包括电池和发电机中的至少一个，所述第二能量存储系统包括超级电容器。
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