CN105995042B - Ramie ensilage modulator approach - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention designs a ramie silage preparation method, the steps of which include fermentation liquid preparation and silage preparation. This method uses a suitable culture method to cultivate a complex lactic acid bacteria flora that is more conducive to the silage of ramie by-products in a short period of time, and is formed by mixing with crop straw such as wheat straw, rice straw, and corn straw, which are most easily obtained in the main production area of ramie. Nutritious and rich silage can achieve high-efficiency silage for fresh ramie plants, significantly shorten silage time, reduce nutrient loss, and improve feed quality. It is suitable for the annual production and utilization of ramie silage. The ramie silage prepared by the method can reduce the consumption of concentrated feed by 25% without reducing the production performance of beef cattle, and can effectively improve the quality of beef.

Description

Preparation method of ramie silage

technical field

The invention of ramie tender stem-leaf-coated silage and its processing method relates to the technical field of high-quality feed raw materials for herbivores.

Background technique

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) is a perennial herbaceous plant of the genus Ramie in the family Urticaceae. It is an excellent bast fiber crop, and its tender stems and leaves are high-quality protein feed crops. The nutritional value of young ramie stems and leaves is similar to that of "golden pasture" - alfalfa, and it is a high-quality forage raw material. The biological characteristics of ramie also make ramie have great advantages in the development of protein feed. Ramie has strong ecological adaptability, high biological yield, and can grow well under high temperature and high humidity climate conditions. In southern my country, due to the high temperature and high humidity in summer, it is not suitable to plant alfalfa, but planting ramie can obtain high biological yield. The ramie tender stem and leaf feed variety "Zhongshizhu No. 1" bred by the Institute of Hemp Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences has vigorous growth, strong hair growth and regeneration ability, fast growth in the early stage, suitable for multiple harvests a year, and high annual biological yield. This variety has many leaves, thin stems, and a large leaf-to-stem ratio. Its yield composition factors as feed are more reasonable, and the variety has high nutritional value. Compared with the northern "golden pasture" - alfalfa (see Table 1), the young plant dry material of "Zhongsizhu No. 1" harvested with a plant height of 65cm: in terms of nutritional quality, crude protein, crude fat, calcium content, etc. The indicators are all high, and the content of crude fiber is low, and the nutritional value is better; in terms of yield, the annual dry matter yield of "Zhongsi Zhu No. 1" is higher than 1.2 tons/mu, which is significantly higher than that of alfalfa; in terms of suitable areas, Unlike alfalfa, which is not adapted to high temperature and high humidity, ramie likes heat and humidity, and the hot and humid climate in the south is very suitable for the growth of ramie. Therefore, ramie feed is an ideal raw material for high-quality forage grass and protein feed in southern my country.

Comparison of conventional ingredients between Shizhu No. 1 and alfalfa in Table 1

The study of feeding beef and dairy cows with ramie as feed shows that feeding 3-4 kg/day of dry feed can replace about 50% of the concentrate. In the dairy cow experiment, about 50% of the concentrated feed was replaced by ramie dry feed, and it had no effect on milk production and fresh milk quality.

Grass-fed livestock such as beef cattle, dairy cows, and mutton sheep are the focus of the development of modern animal husbandry. These animals are dominated by grass and do not compete with humans for food. They are "grain-saving" industries. However, the forage widely planted in southern my country is mainly gramineous crops, and there are few high-quality, high-yielding and adaptable forages, especially high-quality protein forages are very scarce, which is not conducive to the rapid and efficient development of "grain-saving" animal husbandry in the south. As a characteristic feed crop in the south, "Zhongshi Zhu No. 1" makes up for the lack of high-yield and high-quality protein forage in southern my country. Promoting the cultivation of ramie for feed will be beneficial to the development of "grain-saving" animal husbandry in the south, and can improve the output and quality of animal husbandry products.

The biggest advantage of ramie as feed is that it can use its high protein and high yield characteristics to achieve the purpose of saving costs and increasing efficiency, and promoting the adjustment of agricultural industrial institutions. The full-price compound pellet feed with a ramie grass powder content of more than 30% developed by the Institute of Hemp of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences has been applied in meat goose and beef cattle breeding, and has significantly reduced the amount of feed grain. It is believed that the use of ramie to produce plant-based Protein feed raw materials are the foundation of its industrial development.

In the south, due to the hot and rainy climate, harvesting, storing and feeding forage crops in the form of silage is a common measure to prolong the supply cycle of forage and improve the efficiency of forage utilization. Although the ramie tender stem and leaf feed has high protein content, its energy is low due to its high content of crude fiber and crude ash. Ramie tender stem and leaf feed is the same as alfalfa. Due to its high protein, high water, and low soluble carbohydrate characteristics, high protein content improves its pH buffering, and the pH drops slowly during the silage process, which can lead to partial acidity. Low, easy to cause butyric acid fermentation. Soluble carbohydrate (WSC) is too low, which is not conducive to sufficient lactic acid fermentation, and the pH value lowers the theoretical requirement.

At present, the preparation of ramie silage is mainly through drying the whole plant, stems and leaves of ramie or the by-products after peeling off the raw hemp, and combining them with other crop straws with high soluble carbohydrate content, such as corn straw, rice straw, etc., according to It is mixed in a certain proportion and fermented by lactic acid bacteria attached to plant residues in nature. During the ramie silage process, due to the action of plant protease and microbial protease in ramie raw materials, a large amount of true protein in ramie is decomposed into non-protein nitrogen, which makes it not only difficult to silage and has low energy, but also non-protein nitrogen is degraded by the rumen of ruminants The role of the final synthesis of urinary nitrogen excreted, resulting in a serious waste of nitrogen.

In addition, after ramie is dried in the sun, its chlorophyll, vitamins, chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, etc. are severely damaged under the action of strong light and high temperature, and its due effect of further improving animal immunity and animal product quality is also seriously affected. . Therefore, how to effectively utilize fresh ramie plants, improve its silage effect, and significantly reduce the loss of protein nitrogen is an important measure to improve the utilization efficiency of ramie silage. But so far no relevant reports have been seen.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the dynamic variation of the average daily weight gain of Xianan cattle in the breeding and fattening period from 0 to 150 days prepared by the present invention.

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing ramie silage, which can use fresh ramie plants and other crop straws to prepare silage, and achieve the effect of improving silage with fresh ramie plants, increasing the nutritional value of silage, and reducing the degradation of protein nitrogen in silage The purpose of increasing the effective degradation rate of silage and reducing the processing cost.

Ramie silage preparation method technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:

1. Fermentation broth preparation: the parts by weight are 0.30-0.50 part sucrose, 0.20-0.30 part cornstarch, 0.30-0.50 part soybean powder, 0.05-0.10 part urea, 0.02-0.025 part cellulase, 0.015-0.025 part pectin Enzymes, 0.01-0.02 parts of xylanase and 0.05-0.08 parts of table salt are dissolved in 15-20 parts of normal temperature clear water; the fresh ramie shoots of 1-1.5 parts by weight are cut into 0.5-1cm pieces (pieces) , wrapped in a nylon mesh bag or roving cloth, immersed in the above solution, and adjusted to pH 4.2-4.5 with formic acid or edible white rice vinegar. Place in room temperature (20-30°C) and shaded place for 12-16h.

2. Silage preparation: 45-50 parts by weight of ramie by-products after stripping raw hemp or the whole plant of ramie for feed are quickly mixed with 30-35 parts by weight of air-dried rice straw or wheat straw, 8-12 One part of air-dried soybean straw or alfalfa, 8-12 parts of semi-air-dried corn or sweet sorghum straw, crushed or cut to ≤4cm fragments with a kneader, and mixed evenly. Spray evenly on the silage with the above fermented liquid according to the weight ratio of 1:400-500, and wrap the silage with a plastic stretch film and seal it for 25-30d.

The present invention utilizes sucrose, cornstarch, soybean powder, urea, formic acid and salt to prepare a culture solution suitable for carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and nutritional components, and screens out a matrix formula suitable for cultivating a compound flora that promotes ramie fermentation. The preparation of fermentation broth and the consumption of ramie silage by animals are promoted. Inoculate with fresh ramie shoots, and use cellulase, pectinase, and xylanase to decompose part of ramie gum and fiber, which can not only provide richer nutrients for the cultivation of complex flora, but also strengthen the The degradation of ramie stalk bast fibers during silage further improved the quality of ramie silage. At the same time, the compound lactic acid bacteria flora after cultivation has a large microbial mass, and has a fast action and strong effect in the silage process. The lactic acid bacteria reproduce rapidly, which can significantly accelerate the rate of pH drop, inhibit the reproduction of other harmful microorganisms, and protease and microbial protease and other substances activity to reduce the degradation of protein nitrogen.

The silage method provided by the invention is to use the fresh stems and leaves of ramie, cooperate with rice straw, wheat straw, bean straw, alfalfa, corn stalk or sweet sorghum, etc., and prepare a more comprehensive and more effective nutritional preservation of fresh ramie according to the appropriate proportion of components. Nutritional properties of silage. The several raw materials used are generally the most easily available materials in the ramie harvest season and the main ramie producing areas. Such as air-dried rice straw, wheat straw, soybean straw, alfalfa hay transported from other places, and semi-dried corn straw after harvesting grains. The required raw materials generally do not require additional drying sites and costs for processing enterprises and ramie planting enterprises, which can significantly reduce the production cost of silage processing enterprises. The weight ratio components adopted by the invention can control the water content of the silage material at 45%-65%, which is the best water content level in the current silage technology, and the silage effect is good.

The strength of ramie bast fiber is relatively high, and the colloid contained in the phloem is highly viscous, which leads to the problem that the ramie material is clumped and difficult to disperse during mixing, which in turn causes uneven mixing with other straw and fermentation liquid and poor fermentation effect. The crushed particle size of the silage taken in the present invention is ≤4cm, preferably 1.5-2cm. This not only effectively controls the crushing cost, but also facilitates the turning and stirring of the silage material, as well as the dispersion of the ramie material, and improves the silage effect.

The ramie silage in the prior art generally could complete the fermentation process through 40-50d. The invention can be completed within 30 days, the shortest is only 25 days, and the fermentation time is significantly shortened, which can not only effectively reduce the nutrient loss caused by ammoniation volatilization, but also accelerate the output of silage in processing enterprises and improve the efficiency.

The kneaded ramie stems and leaves feed and other raw materials are bundled and bundled by a baler into a bale with a density of 480-550kg/ ^m3 , and finally wrapped by a wrapping machine with 2-4 layers of special stretch film for silage . The storage life of the silage prepared by the invention can reach more than 2 years, which is suitable for the annual production and utilization of the ramie silage.

The ramie silage prepared by the invention is rich in nutrition and balanced, has a wine aroma and sour taste, and is green in color. When feeding adult herbivores, it can directly replace more than 30% of the concentrate with a dry matter ratio. The maximum replacement ratio should be determined according to different herbivores and ages. When the silage ramie tender stem and leaf material is first fed to livestock, the dosage should not be too large, and the feeding amount should be gradually increased. Silage contains a large amount of lactic acid and other organic acids, which has a laxative effect. Pay attention when feeding, especially for females and young animals.

Detailed ways

Raw materials such as ramie mentioned in the present invention, urea, cellulase, all are routine production and obtain, can buy in the market. The following descriptions are only preferred implementation examples of the present invention, and do not limit the present invention.

Example 1

In this implementation case, the equipment selected for the baling of ramie tender stem and leaf silage is the small-scale pasture baling silage equipment of Tianjin Younet Machinery Technology Co., Ltd. The cutting machine is a general straw cutting machine, and the cutting force must be ≤ 4cm. The test site was in the National Germplasm Changsha Ramie Garden in Wangcheng District, Changsha City, Hunan Province. The silage is prepared by using the by-products of ramie head hemp peeling.

1. Fermentation broth preparation: take 400g sucrose, 200g cornstarch, 300g soybean powder, 55g urea, 25g cellulase, 20g pectinase, 15g part xylanase and 60g part table salt and dissolve in 15kg normal temperature tap water, Stir well. In the evening of the day before harvesting ramie, in the ramie garden, cut 1.5 kg of tender stems and leaves of ramie tip 30 cm, cut them to 0.5-1 cm fragments (pieces) with scissors, wrap and seal them with 40 mesh nylon mesh bags, and keep Pieces are in loose condition in nylon bag. Immerse the wrapped young ramie shoot fragments in the above solution, adjust the pH to 4.5 with edible white rice vinegar, and stir for 1-2 minutes to fully soak it. Place it indoors, shade it with black cotton cloth, and let it stand still.

2. Silage preparation: On the day when the ramie is harvested, the fermented liquid should be stored for 12 hours. After fully stirring, discard the ramie in the mesh bag and pour the fermented liquid into the sprayer. Collect the by-products of ramie after stripping the raw hemp, and crush the air-dried rice straw, alfalfa hay and semi-air-dried corn straw that have been purchased into silage ≤ 4cm, and weigh 50kg of ramie by-products, 30kg Rice straw, 10kg of alfalfa hay and 10kg of corn stalks, while mixing evenly, use a sprayer to evenly spray 250g of silage solution on the silage. After fully mixing, use small-scale baling silage equipment to make feed bundles of about 100kg, and wrap them with plastic stretch film. Store for 25d.

After testing, the non-protein nitrogen content of the ramie silage prepared by this method was significantly reduced compared with the control treatment of spraying water, indicating that the method effectively inhibited the degradation of protein nitrogen. The silage was used to replace 25% concentrated feed to breed Shanan cattle (initial body weight 250kg). Concentrate feed adopts Purina special feed for beef cattle. It can be seen from the dynamics of average daily weight gain of Xianan cattle raised and fattened with ramie silage in Figure 1 that the weight gain in the initial feeding period was small due to the stress response of long-distance transportation of beef cattle and the palatable exercise of ramie silage. But after the stress period, after using the silage instead of 30% concentrated feed, the average daily gain can reach more than 1.10kg, and the growth rate of body weight is stable.

It can be seen from Table 2 that the production performance and beef quality of fattening Xianan cattle can be effectively improved by using the silage prepared by the present invention. Among them, the backfat thickness and eye muscle area were significantly improved. The intramuscular fat content and net meat rate were increased by 5.57% and 5.99% respectively compared with conventional breeding methods.

Table 2 Comparison of production performance of fattening Xianan cattle raised on ramie silage

Example 2

In this implementation case, the whole plant silage of the forage ramie variety "Zhongshi Zhu No. 1" was carried out. It is harvested when the plant height reaches 60-80cm. Used rice straw weight is brought up to 35 parts. Other technical schemes are the same as embodiment 1.

Claims (5)

1. a kind of ramie ensilage modulator approach, step include:

A. fermentation liquid prepare: by parts by weight be 0.30-0.50 portion sucrose, 0.20-0.30 parts of cornstarch, 0.30-0.50 parts greatly Bean powder, 0.05-0.10 part urea, 0.02-0.025 parts of cellulases, 0.015-0.025 parts of pectases, 0.01-0.02 parts of wood are poly- Carbohydrase and 0.05-0.08 portions of salt are dissolved in 15-20 parts of room temperature clear water；By 1-1.5 parts of parts by weight of fresh ramie tender tip Shearing is wrapped up in envelope with nylon net bag or Coarse Mesh Gauze, is immersed in above-mentioned solution to 0.5-1cm fragment, and with formic acid or edible white rice vinegar Adjust pH to 4.2-4.5；It is placed in room temperature, 12-16h at shading；

B. ensilage modulate: by after 45-50 parts of decorticating raw ramies of parts by weight ramie by-product or feeding ramie complete stool, rapidly with 30-35 parts of air-dried rice straws of parts by weight or wheat straw, 8-12 part air-dry big beanstalk or clover, 8-12 parts of half air-dried corn stalks or sweet tea is high Fine strain of millet crushes or shears extremely≤4cm fragment, is uniformly mixed；It is uniformly sprayed with above-mentioned fermentation liquid according to the amount of weight ratio 1:400-500 It is sprinkled upon on ensilage, and wraps up in packet ensiling with plastic tensile film and seal 25-30d up for safekeeping；Wherein, the ramie by-product or feeding ramie Complete stool is just to have harvested, the raw material without sunning or drying and processing.

2. ramie ensilage modulator approach according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the fresh ramie tender tip is ramie Young stem and leaf in numb top 30cm.

3. ramie ensilage modulator approach according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described half air-dries corn stalk as seed With after harvest corn seed corn stalk or silage corn by the short time dry, the plant of moisture content≤70%.

4. ramie ensilage modulator approach according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the ensilage modulation step In fragment diameter be 1.5-2cm.

5. ramie ensilage modulator approach according to claim 1, which is characterized in that fermentation liquid is placed in 20-30 DEG C, 12-16h at shading.