CN108634103A - A kind of Double low rapeseed meal and maize straw mixed silage method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses the preparation methods of a kind of Double low rapeseed meal and maize straw mixed silage, the preparation method is to go stick maize straw to be crushed fresh by mechanical harvesting, rub silk, it is mixed with the Double low rapeseed meal of crushing, it is inoculated with ensiling bacterium, saccharomyces cerevisiae and salt are added, is sealed by fermentation and manufactured high protein ensilage.The ensilage grade prepared using the method for the present invention reaches high-quality, the anti-nutrient substance content in Double low rapeseed meal can not only be effectively reduced by silage fermentation process, crude protein in corn straw silage, crude fat content can also be improved, and the sour-sweet fragrance of smell, palatability are good.Technology application is simple, and processing conditions is extensive, easily obtains sufficient process raw material, Double low rapeseed meal " is become by fertilizer and is raised " through everfermentation, promotes the nutritional ingredient of corn straw silage by low production cost, expand southern area plant-eating animal high quality grass application range, increases cultivation unit benefit.

Description

A method of mixed silage of double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalks

technical field

The invention relates to a method for processing forage grass mixed silage. The silage raw materials are double-low rapeseed cake and fresh de-cobbed corn stalks.

technical background

The shortage of protein feed resources has always restricted the development of my country's feed industry. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the demand for protein feed raw materials in my country is expected to increase by an average of 1 million to 1.25 million tons per year in the next five years. According to the China Feed Industry Association, by 2030 my country's protein feed raw materials The gap reached 80 million tons. With the price of soybean meal remaining high, it has brought enormous pressure to the development of the feed industry and aquaculture industry, and it is imminent to find cheap and sustainable high-protein raw materials.

The main product of rapeseed planting is rapeseed. With the popularization of double-low rape varieties, it is mainly processed into edible oil, and its consumption accounts for about 28% of the consumption of vegetable oil. The by-product of rapeseed processing is rapeseed cake, which accounts for 50%-60% of the weight of rapeseed. The crude protein content in rapeseed cake is about 30%-40%. Compared with other oilseed cake protein, the content of methionine and cystine in the protein is higher, and the lysine is slightly lower than that of soybean meal. Protein is also high. The protein content of rapeseed is as high as that of animal protein, and its essential amino acid content is much higher than that of pea and wheat. Although the protein content of rapeseed cake is higher than that of soybean, the protein digestibility is lower than that of soybean meal. At the same time, rapeseed cake contains a variety of anti-nutritional factors, such as glucosinolates, tannins, phytic acid, isothiocyanate, etc. These anti-nutritional plants directly affect animal feed intake, reduce feed utilization, and some substances also have Strong toxicity, resulting in rapeseed cake being greatly restricted in feed addition. Therefore, 80% of common rapeseed cake was used as fertilizer in the past.

With the development of science and technology, the successful breeding of double-low rapeseed and the increasing demand for healthy edible oil, the planting area of double-low rapeseed is increasing year by year. Double-low rapeseed cake is a by-product of double-low rapeseed processing. Its erucic acid and sulfide content are greatly reduced compared with ordinary rapeseed. The application of rapeseed cake in animal feed has attracted much attention. Studies have found that when feeding different types of livestock and poultry animals, the amount of double-low rapeseed cake added is different. Generally, the amount added in monogastric animal breeding is 10%-15%, and the amount added in ruminant animal feeding is generally 10% of the concentrate. Below 20%, most farming needs to add 10%-15% soybean meal to the concentrate for mixed feeding. Reducing the content and odor of glucosinolates in double-low rapeseed cake, and decomposing and transforming anti-nutritional substances are the core points to increase the feed application of double-low rapeseed cake.

Corn stalks are the main source of roughage for ruminant livestock in my country. If they are used reasonably, they will promote the development of ruminant livestock breeding in China. However, the spring corn stalks or early spring sweet corn stalks harvested in the hot season in the southern region, due to the high temperature and high humidity, coupled with the high moisture content and low sugar content of the corn stalks, the traditional natural fermentation silage method leads to a 10%-15% higher spoilage rate. , and poor quality, poor palatability. Therefore, reducing the moisture of corn stalks and improving the quality of corn stalks are the key points to expand the utilization of silage corn stalks, and maximize the value of straws to expand the unit of planting income.

The content of crude protein and crude fat in double-low rapeseed cake is high, and the content of anti-nutritional substances is much lower than that of non-double-low rapeseed cake. It is affected by the strong irritating odor of thioglucosin and erucic acid in feed applications. Livestock feed intake. Mixing double-low rapeseed cakes and corn stalks for silage, artificially adding microbial fermentation bacteria, using microbial fermentation to decompose anti-nutrient substances in double-low rapeseed cakes, and improving the nutritional quality of mixed silage after fermentation is an effective means to expand the production and utilization of high-quality silage .

Contents of the invention

In view of the above problems, the object of the present invention is to provide a simple, safe and reliable method for mixing silage of double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalks, which can prepare high-quality silage.

The double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalk mixed silage of the present invention comprises the following components and raw materials by weight: double-low rapeseed cake 10%-20%, corn stalk 80%-90%, and then according to the total mass of the above-mentioned raw materials Add the following: the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis is 0.1-0.4g/kg of yeast, 1-5mg/kg of lactic acid bacteria, 0.2-0.8mg/kg of Bacillus subtilis, preferably 0.2g/kg of yeast, Lactic acid bacteria 3mg/kg, Bacillus subtilis 0.5mg/kg. Mix the double-low rapeseed cake with the decoked corn stalks, and add a variety of microorganisms for compound fermentation: on the one hand, the water content of the corn stalks is reduced, and the nutritional quality of the straw silage is improved; During the fermentation process, it can effectively reduce the concentration of anti-nutritional substances in the double-low rapeseed cake, reduce the generation of irritating odor of the double-low rapeseed cake, and is beneficial to the livestock to eat; moreover, the double-low rapeseed cake is rich in crude protein and crude fat. Greatly increase the carbohydrate content in corn stalks and further improve the quality of silage.

The double-low rapeseed cake is the by-product of double-low rapeseed pressing, and the moisture content is controlled at 9%-13%. Corn stalks use decob stalks. The upper leaves of the stalks are green and have a water content of 70%-80%. It is advisable to use spring corn or early spring sweet corn stalks. The yeast in the additive is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the lactic acid bacteria are plant lactic acid bacteria.

The method for the mixed silage of double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalks in the present invention is:

a. Preparation of raw materials: select spring corn or early spring sweet corn stalks, and the upper part of the plant should have 3-5 leaves that are green, harvest, chop, and shred into small sections of 2cm to 4cm by machinery. The double-low rapeseed cake is pulverized into powder by a pulverizer.

b. Additive preparation: Mix Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis according to the proportion and stir evenly, and dissolve them in a certain amount of water, which is convenient for later inoculation.

c. Mixing: Stir the corn stalks, double-low rapeseed cake powder, and microbial additives prepared in steps a and b evenly to obtain a total mixture.

d. Packing and sealing: the mixture prepared in c is silaged in the way of wrapped silage, the filling density is 600±20kg/m ³ , after filling and compacting to discharge the air, seal it with silage film, and store it at room temperature for 45-60 Days (depending on the ambient temperature to determine the time of unpacking) after taking it is silage.

Detailed ways

In order to make the purpose and advantages of this specific embodiment more clear, the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the examples. It should be understood that the specific examples described here are only used to explain the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention.

Example 1

A method for mixing double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalks for silage, comprising the following steps:

Raw material preparation: choose spring corn or early spring sweet corn stalks, and the upper part of the plant should have 3-5 leaves that are green, harvest, chop, and shred into small pieces of 2cm to 4cm by machinery. The double-low rapeseed cake is pulverized into powder by a pulverizer.

Additive preparation: Mix and stir Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis according to the proportion, and dissolve them in a certain amount of water, which is convenient for later inoculation. The inoculum amount of each additive is: yeast 0.2g/kg, lactic acid bacteria 3mg/kg, Bacillus subtilis 0.5mg/kg.

Mixed raw materials: fully mix the double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalks according to the ratio of 2:8, and spray the corresponding amount of additives to obtain the total mixture.

Packing and sealing: the mixture prepared above is silaged in the way of wrapping silage, the filling density is 600kg/m ³ , after filling and compacting to discharge the air, it is sealed with silage film and stored at room temperature.

After 45 days, the quality of the above-mentioned silage was sampled and tested. The measured pH value was 4.1, and its color was turquoise, medium sour, slightly wine-sour, soft and compact in texture, and the evaluation was excellent. The crude protein content is 20.6% DM, the neutral detergent fiber content is 44.4%, the acid detergent fiber content is 28.4%, the crude fat is 6.9%, the crude fiber is 17.8%, and the nutritional value is relatively high.

Example 2

A method for mixing double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalks for silage, comprising the following steps:

Raw material preparation: choose spring corn or early spring sweet corn stalks, and the upper part of the plant should have 3-5 leaves that are green, harvest, chop, and shred into small pieces of 2cm to 4cm by machinery. The double-low rapeseed cake is pulverized into powder by a pulverizer.

Additive preparation: Mix and stir Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis according to the proportion, and dissolve them in a certain amount of water, which is convenient for later inoculation. The inoculum amount of each additive is: yeast 0.2g/kg, lactic acid bacteria 3mg/kg, Bacillus subtilis 0.5mg/kg.

Mixed raw materials: fully mix the double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalks according to the ratio of 1:9, and spray the corresponding amount of additives to obtain the total mixture.

Packing and sealing: the mixture prepared above is silaged in the way of wrapping silage, the filling density is 600kg/m ³ , after filling and compacting to discharge the air, it is sealed with silage film and stored at room temperature.

After 45 days, the quality of the above-mentioned silage was sampled and tested. The measured pH value was 3.97, and its color was green, sour, sour, and moist and compact in texture, and the evaluation was excellent. The crude protein content is 16% DM, the neutral detergent fiber content is 49.3%, the acid detergent fiber content is 30.8%, the crude fat is 5%, the crude fiber is 22.6%, and the nutritional value is high.

Example 3

1 Test materials and methods

1.1 Test material

Yidan 629: suitable for common spring corn in low mountains and plains, mid-to-late maturing varieties. The sowing period is March 21, the harvest period for grain sticks is July 23, and the straw is harvested at noon on July 27.

Double-low rapeseed cake: provided by Tianqing Professional Cooperative in Zhijiang City.

1.2 Experimental design

The experiment was designed with 4 treatments. The harvested corn stalks were used as the main raw material, mixed with different contents of double-low rapeseed cakes for fermentation. Using a self-made compressor for mechanical hydraulic pressure, the size of the compressed yellow storage block is 0.01 cubic meters, and the density is 600kg/cubic meter. Crush the double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalks, mix them evenly, and then spray 200g/t of yeast, 3g/t of lactic acid bacteria, and 0.5g/t of Bacillus subtilis. Use self-made small silage compressor to compress the mixture, the compressed volume is 0.25*0.25*0.16m, that is 0.01 cubic. The baling density is 600kg/m ³ , and 3 bales are prepared for each treatment, and wrapped with a special silage film after compression. The silage is wrapped and placed in a shade shed to prevent animals from biting the silage package.

After about 45 days of fermentation, sensory quality analysis was carried out to detect dry matter (GB/T6435～2006), crude protein (GB/T6432～1994), crude fat (GB/T6433～2006), crude fiber (GB/T6434～2006) , Neutral detergent fiber (GB/T20806-2006) and acid detergent fiber (NY/T1459-2007) content.

The content of glucosinolates before and after fermentation was measured, and the fermentation quality of mixed silage was evaluated sensory (Table 1-1).

Table 1-1 Sensory evaluation silage quality identification standard

2 Results and Analysis

2.1 Analysis of sensory quality of double-low rapeseed cake mixed silage with different additions

Table 2-1 Sensory quality of mixed silage with different additions of rapeseed cake

Note: Y0 means corn stalk silage without double-low rapeseed cake; Y1 means corn stalk mixed silage with 10% double-low rapeseed cake added; Y2 means corn stalk mixed silage with 20% double-low rapeseed cake added; Y3 Y4 means corn stover mixed silage added with 30% canola cake; Y4 means corn stover mixed silage added with 40% canola cake.

It can be seen from Table 2-1 that the comprehensive evaluation of Y0, Y3 and Y4 is medium, while the comprehensive evaluation of Y1 and Y2 is excellent. When the content of double-low rapeseed cake is within 20%, the more the amount of double-low rapeseed cake is added, the pH value is between 3.9 and 4.1, indicating that the carbohydrates in it are fermented into lactic acid by microorganisms. More lactic acid can accumulate in the fermentation mixture. When the amount of rapeseed cake was added to 30%, the sour aroma of mixed fermentation decreased, which may be related to the strong smell of double-low rapeseed cake itself. The texture showed a downward trend, and the pH value rose above 4.4 to affect the quality of mixed silage. As the amount of double-low rapeseed cake added exceeds 20%, the texture of the mixture after fermentation becomes poorer. It may be that with the increase of the amount, the water content in the mixed raw materials is continuously decreasing, and it is reduced to 55%. Below, the mixed silage is dry, which has a certain impact on the later fermentation. When the amount of double-low rapeseed cake added reaches 40%, after the mixed silage is fermented completely, there is still a certain spicy component in its smell, which seriously affects the feed intake of ruminant livestock.

2.2 Changes of glucosinolate content before and after mixed silage fermentation with different additions of double-low rapeseed cake

Table 2-2 Content of glucosinolates before and after fermentation of mixed silage of double-low rapeseed cake with different additions

Note: Y0 means corn stalk silage without double-low rapeseed cake; Y1 means corn stalk mixed silage with 10% double-low rapeseed cake added; Y2 means corn stalk mixed silage with 20% double-low rapeseed cake added; Y3 Y4 means corn stover mixed silage added with 30% canola cake; Y4 means corn stover mixed silage added with 40% canola cake.

The results in Table 2-2 show that before the fermentation of double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalk silage, as the content of double-low rapeseed cake increases, the content of thioglucosinolates in mixed silage also shows an upward trend. When double-low rapeseed When the amount of cake added is 40%, the content of thioglucosinolates is as high as 14.462umol/g. In the silage without double-low rapeseed cake added in Y0, the content of glucosinolates was 0.650umol/g, indicating that corn straw also contained thioglucosinolates, and its content was much lower than that of double-low rapeseed cake. After fermentation by silage microorganisms, the thioglucosinolate content in each treatment decreased significantly. In the control group, the Y0 decreased by 26.9%, and the Y3 decreased by 56.3%. The degradation of the nutrient substance thioglucosinolates has an average decrease rate of 42.7%. It is pointed out that in the mixed silage of double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalks, by adding a certain amount of Bacillus subtilis, the degradation of thioglucosinolates by microorganisms in the fermentation system can be promoted, the quality of the silage after fermentation can be improved, and the stimulation can be effectively reduced. The production of sexual odor promotes the increase of feed intake of ruminant livestock.

2.3 Analysis of nutritional components of double-low rapeseed cake mixed silage with different additions

Table 2-3 Content of glucosinolates before and after fermentation of mixed silage of double-low rapeseed cake with different additions

Note: WY0 means unfermented corn stover; Y0 means corn stalk silage without canola cake; Y1 means corn stalk mixed silage with 10% canola cake added; Y2 means canola silage with 20% addition Corn stalk mixed silage with cake; Y3 means corn stalk mixed silage with 30% double-low rapeseed cake added; Y4 means corn stalk mixed silage with 40% double-low rapeseed cake added; whole plant corn silage means special silage corn planted in spring Variety, the whole plant naturally fermented silage.

The results in Table 2-3 show that only neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber have large differences in the nutritional components between Y0 and whole plant corn silage, and the differences in other components are not large. Between Y0 and WY0, that is, before and after corn straw fermentation, the crude fat, crude protein and acid detergent fiber increased after fermentation, indicating that the addition of microbial preparations can effectively improve the quality of corn straw silage. With the increase of double-low rapeseed cake addition in corn stalks, the content of crude fat and crude protein in mixed silage not only increased, but the content of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid-washed detergent fiber showed a downward trend. The nutritional quality of Y1 and Y2 mixed silage compared with the whole plant corn silage, the contents of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber among the three were not much different, and the crude protein and crude fat contained in Y1 and Y2 were compared with those of the whole plant Corn silage is much higher, indicating that Y1 and Y2 can reduce the input of protein feed in the process of raising ruminant livestock, which can effectively reduce production costs and increase breeding benefits.

To sum up, in the mixed silage of double-low rapeseed cake and corn straw, when the amount of double-low rapeseed cake is 10%-20%, the content of corn straw is 80%-90%, and a certain amount of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is added. , lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis, compared with whole plant corn silage, the quality of mixed silage after fermentation is not much different in crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, but the crude protein and crude fat are much higher than whole plant corn silage . However, when the amount of double-low rapeseed cake added is more than 20%, the sensory quality of mixed silage is poor, and the pH value is above 4.4, and the quality of mixed silage is medium, which is not suitable for popularization.

Claims (6)

1. a double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalk mixed silage method is characterized in that, comprises the steps: (1) Preparation of raw materials: chop and knead corn stalks into small pieces of 2cm to 4cm, and crush the double-low rapeseed cake into a powder of 1-10mm; (2) Preparation of additives: Mix and stir Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis evenly, add water to obtain a microbial agent with a mass concentration of 1%-4%; (3) Mixing: After mixing corn stalks and double-low rapeseed cakes, spray microbial agents, compress them into blocks, store them at room temperature for 45-60 days, and then use them as silage. 2. The mixed silage method of double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalks according to claim 1, wherein said corn stalks are spring corn or early spring sweet corn stalks containing turquoise leaves, and the water content is 70%- 80%. 3. The mixed silage method of double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalk according to claim 1, characterized in that the content of double-low rapeseed cake is 10%-30%, and the content of corn stalk is 80%-90%. 4. The double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalk mixed silage method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the addition amount of described Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis is yeast 0.1-0.4g/kg, lactic acid bacteria 1-5mg/kg, Bacillus subtilis 0.2-0.8mg/kg. 5. The mixed silage method of double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalks according to claim 1, characterized in that, the added amount of said Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis is 0.2g/kg, 0.2g/kg, Lactic acid bacteria 3mg/kg, Bacillus subtilis 0.5mg/kg. 6. The mixed silage method of double-low rapeseed cake and corn stalks according to claim 1, characterized in that said mixture is ensiled in the way of wrapping silage, and the filling density is 600±20kg/m ³ .