CN105792934A - 利用海绵型载体的碳氢化合物脱氢催化剂制造方法 - Google Patents
利用海绵型载体的碳氢化合物脱氢催化剂制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105792934A CN105792934A CN201480066040.4A CN201480066040A CN105792934A CN 105792934 A CN105792934 A CN 105792934A CN 201480066040 A CN201480066040 A CN 201480066040A CN 105792934 A CN105792934 A CN 105792934A
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- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
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- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010011953 Decreased activity Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- SFMJNHNUOVADRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[5-[9-[4-(methanesulfonamido)phenyl]-2-oxobenzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-1-yl]-2-methylphenyl]prop-2-enamide Chemical compound C1=C(NC(=O)C=C)C(C)=CC=C1N1C(=O)C=CC2=C1C1=CC(C=3C=CC(NS(C)(=O)=O)=CC=3)=CC=C1N=C2 SFMJNHNUOVADRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种催化剂及其制造方法。对于烷烃类碳氢化合物脱氢反应的催化剂来说,使用具有三维中型/大型气孔的海绵型氧化铝载体,直接将活性金属浸渍于其中,以减少物质的扩散阻力,这样不仅能够确保其结构稳定,而且能够最大限度地使活性金属分布于载体内,从而大大提高烯烃的转化率及选择度。本发明提供了一种脱氢反应用催化剂制造方法。该方法利用海绵形态的氧化铝载体直接浸渍活性金属,在中型/大型的巨大气孔按三维方式彼此连接的载体内部配置活性金属层。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种利用海绵型载体的碳氢化合物脱氢催化剂及其制造方法。具体地,就是涉及一种用于将烷烃类碳氢化合物有选择性地进行脱氢处理的催化剂及其制造方法。更具体地,就是涉及利用具有三维中型/大型气孔的海绵型氧化铝载体的结构特性提高烯烃转化率及选择度的脱氢反应用催化剂的制造。
背景技术
一般来说,脱氢碳原子的个数为9以上的线性烯烃是一种被广泛用作可生物降解性洗涤剂的制造中间体、药品、塑料、合成橡胶等的基础原料的经济效益较高的化合物。关于将碳原子的个数为9~13或更多的线性烷烃通过脱氢处理制造线性烯烃的方法已经为大家所熟知。总而言之,就是让氢及气态的烷烃与脱氢催化剂接触并在大气压条件下通过高温使其发生反应。在这种脱氢反应体系里,催化剂主要以提高反应速度,同时抑制热分解、焦炭生成、异构化反应等副反应从而能够提高线性烯烃选择度作为条件而制备。
通常情况下,为了从线性烷烃制造线性烯烃所使用的脱氢催化剂主要是通过将铂等VIII族贵金属浸入二氧化硅、氧化铝、硅铝氧化物等物质中进行制造,这些催化剂在反应初期通过高温反应会使金属粒子在早期产生烧结现象,从而缩短催化剂的寿命。因此,为了提高线性烷烃脱氢反应催化剂活性及烯烃选择性和催化剂寿命,使用在铂等VIII族贵金属元素中结合锡、锂、钾、钠等一种以上其它金属成份的催化剂。另外,就烷烃类碳氢化合物的脱氢反应而言,从反应机理来看,随着反应在高温条件下进行,除了发生脱氢反应之外,还会伴随发生热分解及焦炭生成反应等副反应,从而降低催化剂活性与选择度。尤其是,对于活性金属深入载体内部的催化剂来说,由于整体的分散度较好,即使在反应物通过物质传递及扩散进入载体内部的情况下,也会与金属活性位点接触。因此可以提高整体活性,但是由于反应物或生成物在催化剂中停留的时间过长,就会产生生成物吸附在催化剂内部、生成物之间发生二次反应、生成异构体及焦炭等非优选的副反应,并成为导致催化剂寿命缩短的原因。所以,为了抑制这种脱氢反应中的副反应并提高生成烯烃选择度,科研人员正针对载体内的活性金属分布开展大量的研究。特别是,提出了一种新的方法,通过在催化剂载体外围配置活性金属以最大限度地降低物质传递影响,并最大限度地缩短与反应物及催化剂的接触时间,提高选择度,同时最大限度地提高活性。
例如,据美国专利第4,077,912号及美国专利第4,255,253号中记载,在载体上涂布催化剂金属氧化物制造出催化剂,可含浸于载体外部。据美国专利第6,177,381号中记载,在将活性金属浸入载体中时,为了防止金属扩散到载体内部,将α-氧化铝及堇青石用作内核,同时混入γ-氧化铝及活性金属制作成浆体后,再制造外层,从而提高了催化剂的脱氢效果及选择度。另外,在上述专利中,既可以同时在外层制造用浆体中混入活性金属后再涂布到内核上,也可以在涂布浆体后再在其上面浸渍活性金属。
发明内容
所要解决的技术问题
但是,这种核-壳概念的多层催化剂必须分别制造核及壳,不仅制造工序复杂,而且由于载体采用了经过烧结形成过程的α-氧化铝或堇青石,会诱发载体密度增加的同时,还存在需要花费大量制造费用的局限。另外,外壳部分的浆体与单一球型载体催化剂相比,当催化剂之间产生摩擦时,会导致层间出现损失。另外,为了制造这种多层催化剂,需要使用用于附着内核及外层的有机或无机结合剂,然而为了防止外层剥离而引入的有机结合剂受脱氢反应发热影响产生的热冲击会减少外层表面积,无机结合剂则会导致外层的反应活性位点减少。
解决技术问题的方法
本发明的目的在于,提供一种催化剂及其制造方法。对于烷烃类碳氢化合物类脱氢反应的催化剂来说,使用具有三维中型/大型气孔的海绵型氧化铝载体,直接将活性金属浸渍于其中,以减少物质的扩散阻力,不仅能够确保其结构稳定,而且能够最大限度地使活性金属分布于载体内,从而大大提高烯烃的转化率及选择度。
本发明人认识到,如果将活性金属直接浸渍于球型载体中,则活性金属就会扩散到多孔性载体内部,从而无法对载体外层的特性进行调节。与普通的氧化铝载体结构不同,为了确保反应物容易进行物质传递及扩散,利用载体的气孔结构放大的载体直接浸渍活性金属,从而形成了均匀分布于载体内部的催化剂结构。
因此,本发明提供了一种脱氢反应用催化剂制造方法,该方法利用海绵形态的氧化铝载体直接浸渍活性金属并在中型/大型巨大气孔按三维方式彼此连接的载体内部配置活性金属层。
有益效果
依据本发明,通过利用具有三维气孔网络的海绵形态氧化铝载体使催化剂的活性金属均匀地分布于载体内部的方法抑制副反应的同时,还能通过载体本身巨大的气孔大小来减小反应物的扩散阻力,缩短反应物及生成物在载体内停留的时间,从而提高催化剂反应的转化率及选择度。另外,依据本发明制造的催化剂由于是载体本身浸渍有活性金属,因此能够抑制活性物质的剥离,且强度较高,与现有多层催化剂相比,耐久性明显提高,从经济的层面看,具有优势。
附图说明
图1是示出具有适用于本发明的三维中型/大型气孔的海绵型载体结构的概念图。
图2是具有适用于本发明的三维中型/大型气孔的海绵型载体的X射线衍射分析(XRD)(a)与氮气物理吸附等温线(b)曲线图,其中物质的比表面积及总气孔体积与气孔大小均是通过氮气物理吸附获得的结果。
图3是利用具有本发明中使用的三维中型/大型气孔的海绵型载体制造的催化剂的视频显微镜(VideoMicroscopy)照片。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及一种催化剂的制造方法。将脱氢复合金属活性成份浸渍于具有三维气孔网络的海绵形态氧化铝载体中制造出催化剂,不仅提高反应的选择度,而且保持催化剂的活性,具有抑制因生成焦炭而导致惰性化的效果,同时其强度较高,抗外部冲击能力强,不会因为受热影响而导致活性物质的特性变化。具体地,本发明涉及一种脱氢催化剂的制造方法。为了改善当前脱氢催化剂反应时存在的催化剂内焦炭沉积及活性低下等问题,利用气孔尺寸较大的海绵形态氧化铝载体将活性金属直接含浸于载体中,使活性金属有效地均匀分散于载体内部,由此不仅能够减少反应物在载体内部的扩散阻力,加快物质传递速度,提高转化率,而且还能够缩短催化剂与反应物之间的接触时间,从而大大提高烯烃选择度及转化率。在本发明中,在载体外围形成的活性金属层与现有核-壳型催化剂的活性(金属)外层对比,其区别在于,不是以附加的浆体形式适用,而是将活性金属成份直接浸渍于载体内部三维气孔内。
依据本发明的利用海绵型载体的催化剂制造方法包括如下几个步骤。
提供具有中型/大型气孔尺寸的氧化铝载体的步骤;
将所述载体在大气环境下以800-1200℃的温度进行热处理2-10小时的步骤;
将由铂、锡、碱或碱土金属构成的活性金属前体分散到载体上并浸渍于载体内的步骤;
将浸渍有所述活性金属的产物以80-150℃的温度进行干燥的步骤;
将所述干燥的催化剂在大气环境下以400-700℃的温度进行热处理2-10小时的步骤;以及
将所述经过热处理的催化剂在氢气环境下以400-700℃的温度进行还原处理1-10小时的步骤。
本发明中的海绵型载体与常用的氧化铝载体即具有比表面积为200m2/g以上、总气孔体积为0.5-2.0cm3/g、气孔大小为5-20nm等结构性特征的产品不同,它是一种具有比表面积为50-100m2/g、总气孔体积为0.1-0.7cm3/g、气孔大小为10-100nm等结构性特征的载体,其可以降低反应物在催化剂上的扩散阻力,同时还能够确保反应过程中反应物与生成物顺利在催化剂上移动。优选的载体形状是大小为1.0~2.0mm的球型颗粒,可以通过商业途径(生产商:德国BASF)获得。本申请中,“海绵型载体”是具有中型/大型气孔大小的载体。具体讲,就是指气孔大小为10-100nm的载体,通常在商业领域采用油滴、颗粒成型、晶核生长法等制造方法制造。优选地,在本发明中,氧化铝的结晶相可以采用γ、θ、α相,但最好采用本身气孔尺寸较大的α相及θ相,如果采用气孔尺寸较小的γ相,就会因内部存在的微型或纳米大小的气孔使反应物或者生成物在载体内停留的时间延长而发生副反应,从而导致选择度降低和催化剂活性下降。
在本申请中,脱氢催化剂里的活性金属成份除了铂、锡之外,还包括碱金属或碱土金属及卤素成份。浸渍金属成份的含量与催化剂总重量对比,铂为0.2-0.5重量%,优选为0.2-0.3重量%。锡为0.2-1.0重量%,优选为0.4-0.6重量%。碱金属或碱土金属为0.2-0.8重量%,优选为0.4-0.5重量%。相对铂成份而言,锡成份的重量比在2.0-2.5,碱金属或碱土金属的重量比在2-3的范围内。如果铂的含量少,会降低转化率;其含量过多,会增加副反应,从而降低选择度。
所述催化剂中铂被用作主要金属,辅助金属采用了锡,碱金属或碱土金属可以使用从由钾、锂、钠构成的组中选择的金属。卤素成份可以从由氯、磷及氟构成的组中选择。如上所述,虽然各种成份的功能不同,但是在本申请中,这些成份都用“活性金属”或“活性复合金属”这种术语代替。
使所述活性金属浸渍于海绵型载体中的方法采用本领域常用的方法,对此并没有特别的限定。但具体地,可以使活性金属溶解于溶剂中并通过初湿含浸法(incipientwetnessimpregnation)或过量含浸法(excessimpregnation)进行浸渍。
使所述活性金属浸渍于海绵型载体内的方法中,在使活性金属溶解于溶剂中的步骤里,向溶剂中添加氧化铝溶胶可以增强浸渍于载体上的活性金属的附着力。相对溶剂的总体积,氧化铝溶胶的添加量为0.5-5%,优选为1-2%。
在本发明中,浸渍有活性金属的载体热处理温度为400-700℃,优选为450-500℃,最优选为470℃。如果在低于400℃的条件下进行热处理,浸渍金属不会转变为金属氧化种;如果在高于700℃的条件下进行热处理,则金属间会产生凝聚现象,从而导致催化剂活性相对于催化剂的量不高的问题。
优选地,本发明中经过热处理即焙烧后的催化剂还包括:在氢气环境下还原的工序。一般来说,脱氢反应中活性种并非是金属氧化种而是还原的金属种。因此,对于所有催化剂来说,在制造催化剂时优选使用氢进行还原。所述还原过程中的温度优选为400~700℃,最优选为450℃。如果还原温度低于400℃,则不能将金属氧化种完全还原,且2种以上的金属颗粒以非合金形态的单体金属形式存在。另外,如果还原温度高于700℃,2种以上的金属颗粒之间就会产生凝聚及烧结现象,从而导致活性位点减少及催化剂活性降低。
在本发明中,烷烃碳氢化合物的烯烃转化方法可以利用本发明的脱氢催化剂将含有烷烃、异构烷烃、烷基芳烃且具有2~20个碳原子,优选具有9~13个碳原子的碳氢化合物用氢气进行稀释后,在400~600℃,优选是在470℃的反应温度条件及0-2个大气压,优选是在1.6个大气压和烷烃碳氢化合物的液时空速(LHSV)为1-30h-1,优选是在20-30h-1的条件下完成气相反应。通过所述脱氢反应生成烯烃的反应器没有特别的限定,可以采用向反应器内填充有催化剂的形态即固定层催化剂反应器(Fixed-bedcatalyticreactor)。另外,脱氢反应属于吸热反应,因此使催化剂反应器始终保持等温(adiabatic)非常重要。本发明的脱氢反应工程在使反应条件即反应温度、压力、液时空速保持在适当范围内的状态下进行反应非常重要。如果反应温度较低,则反应不能进行;如果反应温度过高,则不仅反应压力也会随之成比例升高,而且还会发生焦炭生成、异构化反应等副反应。
下面,将通过实施例对本发明作进一步详细说明。列举下述实施例的目的仅在于对本发明进行示例说明,并不是为了对本发明加以限定。
实施发明的形态
实施例1:利用海绵型氧化铝载体的催化剂制造
在海绵型氧化铝载体(生产商:德国BASF,比表面积:62m2/g,气孔体积:0.4cm3/g,平均气孔大小:13nm)上将氯铂酸用作铂前体,对比催化剂整体重量,将与0.2wt%等量的铂稀释到与载体所带总气孔体积相当的去离子水中,再通过初润法含浸到载体中。浸渍有铂的组合物在大气环境下以470℃的温度经过4小时热处理过程后,使活性金属固定下来。然后,再将锡及锂分别对比催化剂整体重量按0.5wt%及0.45wt%的量同样通过初润法浸渍到载体内部气孔中,最后将浸渍有金属的组合物在大气环境下以470℃的温度经过热处理过程,从而制造出金属浸渍催化剂。
实施例2:利用海绵型氧化铝载体与氧化铝溶胶的催化剂制造
实施例2除了在将铂、锡及锂浸渍到海绵型氧化铝载体(生产商:德国BASF,比表面积:62m2/g,气孔体积:0.4cm3/g,平均气孔大小:13nm)中时向相当于载体的总气孔体积的去离子水中放入氧化铝溶胶(去离子水体积的2%)这一点之外,其余均采用与实施例1相同的方法制造出活性复合金属浸渍催化剂。
比较例1:利用通过热处理将气孔大小扩张的氧化铝载体的催化剂制造
比较例1除了使用将目前常用的γ-氧化铝(生产商:德国SASOL)以1100℃焙烧使气孔大小扩张的载体这一点外,其余均采用与实施例1相同的方法制造出活性复合金属浸渍催化剂。
比较例2:利用γ-氧化铝载体的催化剂制造
比较例2除了将目前常用的γ-氧化铝(生产商:德国SASOL)用作载体这一点外,其余均采用与实施例1相同的方法制造出金属浸渍催化剂。
实验例1:催化剂的性能评估
为了测定催化剂的活性而实施了脱氢反应,反应器使用固定层反应系统进行了评估。即,将催化剂向管状反应器中充入1.16g后,再以235cc/分钟的速度充入一定量的氢气,然后在470℃的条件下实施1小时的催化剂还原。接着,使反应器的温度维持在反应温度即470℃。然后,使用HPLC泵将一定量的原料即碳原子个数为9~13的烷烃碳氢化合物供料以0.7ml/分钟的速度向反应器连续供给,将液时空速固定在21h-1标准。反应压力使用压力调节器始终保持在1.6个大气压。反应后生成的物质采用液相色谱法进行了定量分析。烯烃生成转化率与烯烃选择度按下述标准进行了计算。
数学式1
烷烃的转化率=[反应前烷烃摩尔数-反应后烷烃摩尔数]/[反应前烷烃摩尔数]×100
烯烃的选择度=[生成物中烯烃的摩尔数]/[生成物的摩尔数]×100%
【表1】
区分 | 载体平均气孔大小(nm) | 烷烃转化率(%) | 单烯烃选择度(%) | 双烯烃选择度(%) | 烯烃收率(%) |
实施例1 | 13 | 17.8 | 87.4 | 7.8 | 16.9 |
实施例2 | 13 | 18.2 | 85.7 | 7.2 | 16.8 |
比较例1 | 14 | 18.1 | 84.1 | 6.9 | 16.5 |
比较例2 | 9 | 18.4 | 79 | 6.4 | 15.7 |
Claims (8)
1.一种烷烃类脱氢反应用催化剂的制造方法,该方法利用了具有中型/大型气孔大小的氧化铝载体,其特征在于:
烷烃类脱氢反应用催化剂的制造方法,包括:
提供具有中型/大型气孔大小的海绵型氧化铝载体的步骤;
将所述载体在大气环境下以800-1200℃的温度进行热处理2-10小时的步骤;
使活性金属前体分散到载体上,从而浸渍到载体内的步骤;
将浸渍有所述活性金属的产物以80-150℃的温度进行干燥的步骤;
将所述干燥的催化剂在大气环境下以500-900℃的温度焙烧2-10小时的步骤。
2.根据权利要求1所述的烷烃类脱氢反应用催化剂的制造方法,其特征在于:
还包括:在经过焙烧步骤后,将所述焙烧催化剂在氢气环境下以400-700℃的温度还原的步骤。
3.根据权利要求1所述的脱氢反应用催化剂的制造方法,其特征在于:
所述活性金属为铂;锡;碱或碱土金属。
4.根据权利要求1所述的脱氢反应用催化剂的制造方法,其特征在于:
海绵型氧化铝载体为由中型及大型尺寸的二元气孔构成的载体。
5.根据权利要求1所述的脱氢反应用催化剂的制造方法,其特征在于:
海绵型氧化铝载体从由α-氧化铝、θ-氧化铝、碳化硅及其混合物构成的组中选择。
6.根据权利要求1所述的脱氢反应用催化剂的制造方法,其特征在于:
海绵型氧化铝载体的比表面积为50-100m2/g、总气孔体积为0.1-0.7cm3/g、气孔大小为10-100nm。
7.一种烷烃类脱氢反应用催化剂,其特征在于:
它是根据权利要求1至权利要求6中的任一项制造出来的。
8.一种制造烯烃的方法,其特征在于:
利用根据权利要求7所述的催化剂将由烷烃、氢气构成的混合气体在450-500℃的反应温度、0-2个大气压、烷烃碳氢化合物的液时空速为1-30h-1的条件下使其发生脱氢反应。
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