CN105745356A - 用于接合应用的涂覆线 - Google Patents

用于接合应用的涂覆线 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105745356A
CN105745356A CN201380081083.5A CN201380081083A CN105745356A CN 105745356 A CN105745356 A CN 105745356A CN 201380081083 A CN201380081083 A CN 201380081083A CN 105745356 A CN105745356 A CN 105745356A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
coating
core
line
precursor
closing line
Prior art date
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Pending
Application number
CN201380081083.5A
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English (en)
Inventor
A.卢卡斯
P.温策尔
M.多伊施勒
E.米尔克
S.托马斯
J.沙夫
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Heraeus Deutschland GmbH and Co KG
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Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH and Co KG
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Application filed by Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH and Co KG
Publication of CN105745356A publication Critical patent/CN105745356A/zh
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C18/00Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
    • C23C18/02Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition
    • C23C18/08Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of metallic material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23K20/00Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/002Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • B23K20/004Wire welding
    • B23K20/005Capillary welding
    • B23K20/007Ball bonding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/10Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating making use of vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic welding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0255Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
    • B23K35/0261Rods, electrodes, wires
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0255Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
    • B23K35/0261Rods, electrodes, wires
    • B23K35/0272Rods, electrodes, wires with more than one layer of coating or sheathing material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3006Ag as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/302Cu as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/32Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/322Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C a Pt-group metal as principal constituent
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    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/40Making wire or rods for soldering or welding
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    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/40Making wire or rods for soldering or welding
    • B23K35/404Coated rods; Coated electrodes
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    • C23C28/00Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
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    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/02Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
    • C23C28/023Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material only coatings of metal elements only
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Abstract

本发明涉及接合线,其包含具有表面(15)的芯(2)和涂层(3),其中芯(2)包含选自铜和银的芯主要组分,涂层(3)至少部分叠加在芯(2)的表面(15)上,其中涂层(3)包含选自钯、铂、金、铑、钌、锇和铱的涂层组分,其中通过使液体的膜沉积在线芯前体上从而将涂层施加在芯的表面上,其中所述液体包含涂层组分前体,并且其中加热所沉积的膜以使涂层组分前体分解成金属相。

Description

用于接合应用的涂覆线
本发明涉及接合线,其包含具有表面的芯和至少部分叠加在所述芯的表面上的涂层,其中所述芯包含选自铜和银的芯主要组分(coremaincomponent),其中所述涂层包含选自钯、铂、金、铑、钌、锇和铱的涂层组分,其中通过使液体的膜沉积在线芯前体上从而将涂层施加在芯的表面上,其中所述液体包含涂层组分前体,并且其中加热所沉积的膜以使涂层组分前体分解成金属相。
本发明进一步涉及用于接合电子器件的系统,其包括第一接合垫、第二接合垫和根据本发明的线,其中通过楔形接合将本发明的线连接至至少一个接合垫。
本发明进一步涉及用于制造接合线的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a.提供线的芯前体,以铜或银作为芯主要组分;
b.沉积材料以在芯前体上形成层,其中所沉积的材料包含选自钯、铂、金、铑、钌、锇和铱的涂层组分,
其中步骤b通过使液体的膜沉积在线芯前体上来实施,其中所述液体包含涂层组分前体,并且其中加热所沉积的膜以使涂层组分前体分解成金属相。
接合线用于制造半导体器件,其用于在半导体器件制造过程中电互连集成电路和印刷电路板。此外,接合线用于电力电子应用以将晶体管、二极管等与外壳的垫或引脚(pin)电连接。尽管开始时用金制造接合线,但现在使用不那么昂贵的材料,例如铜。尽管铜线提供非常好的导电性和导热性,但铜线的楔形接合具有其挑战。此外,铜线易受线的氧化的影响。
应理解的是接合线是由其用于球形接合机和/或楔形接合机中的适合性限定的特定物件。对于普通线而言通常不是这样的情况。另一方面,接合线可以很好地用于普通线的标准目的。
关于线材几何结构,最常见的是圆形横截面的接合线和具有或多或少矩形横截面的接合带。这两种类型的线材几何结构都具有使其可用于特定应用的优点。因此,这两种类型的几何结构在市场上都具有其份额。例如,对于给定的横截面积,接合带具有更大的接触面积。然而,带的弯曲是受限的并且在接合时必须观察带的取向以达到带与其接合的元件之间可接受的电接触。转向接合线,这些弯曲起来更灵活。然而,接合涉及接合过程中线的焊接或更大的变形,这可能造成损害或甚至破坏接合垫和下方的与其接合的元件的电结构。
对于本发明,术语接合线包括所有形状的横截面和所有通常的线直径,尽管优选具有圆形横截面和细直径的接合线。
一些最近的发展涉及具有铜芯和防护涂层的接合线。作为芯材料,选择铜是由于高电导率。至于涂层,钯是可能的选择之一。这些经涂覆的接合线结合了铜线的优点与对氧化的较低敏感性。然而,存在对进一步改进与接合线本身和接合方法有关的接合线技术的持续需要。
因此,本发明的一个目标是提供改进的接合线。
因此,本发明的另一目标是提供接合线,其具有良好的加工性能并且当互相连接时其没有特定需要,由此节约成本。
本发明的目标还有提供具有优异的电导率和热导率的接合线。
本发明的进一步目标是提供展现出改进的可靠性的接合线。
本发明的进一步目标是提供展现出优异的可接合性,特别是关于在球形接合程序过程中无空气球(freeairball,FAB)的形成。
本发明的另一目标是提供对于楔形接合和/或第二接合显示出良好的可接合性的接合线。
本发明的另一目标是提供具有改进的对腐蚀和/或氧化的抵抗性的接合线。
另一目标是提供用于接合电子器件,待与标准芯片和接合技术一起使用的系统,该系统至少对于第一接合显示出降低的失效率。
另一目标是提供用于制造本发明的接合线的方法,相比于已知方法,该方法基本上不显示制造成本的增加。
出人意料地,已经发现本发明的线解决了上述目标中的至少一个。此外,已经发现用于制造这些线的几种替代方法,其克服了制造线的至少一个挑战。此外,发现包括本发明的线的系统在根据本发明的线与其它电元件(例如印刷电路板、垫/引脚等)之间的界面处更加可靠。
对至少一个以上目标的解决方案的贡献由形成分类(category-forming)的权利要求的主题提供,由此形成分类的独立权利要求的从属子权利要求代表本发明的优选方面,其主题同样对解决至少一个上述目标作出贡献。
本发明的第一方面是接合线,其包含:
具有表面的芯和至少部分叠加在所述芯的表面上的涂层,其中所述芯包含选自铜和银的芯主要组分,其中所述涂层包含选自钯、铂、金、铑、钌、锇和铱的涂层组分,其中通过使液体的膜沉积在线芯前体上从而将涂层施加在所述芯的表面上,其中所述液体包含涂层组分前体,并且其中加热所沉积的膜以使涂层组分前体分解成金属相。
更优选的实施方案具有如下的芯主要组分和涂层组分的组合之一:
芯主要组分涂层组分
CuPd
CuPt
AgAu
AgPd
AgPt。
根据本发明的这样的线具有在生产成本和有效性方面最佳化的涂层。已经出人意料地发现如果涂层不是由纯涂层组分组成,而是具有显著份额的芯主要组分,则不存在抗腐蚀性或其它性能的相关缺点。
如果不提供其它特定定义,组分的所有含量或份额目前作为以摩尔%计的份额给出。具体地,以百分比给出的份额理解为摩尔%,并且以ppm(每百万份的份数)给出的份额理解为摩尔-ppm。
在本发明的情况下,选择俄歇深度剖析(AugerDepthProfiling)作为确定涂层组成的方法。在该方法中,通过在线的各表面上的俄歇分析测量元素组成。通过溅射深度剖析测量涂层在不同深度相对于涂层表面的组成。在借助于离子束以限定的速率溅射涂层的同时,通过伴随的俄歇分析追踪组成。
如果没有给出其它规定,则涂层中芯主要组分和/或涂层组分的量理解为在涂层的整个体积上平均化。
涂层和线芯的界面区域通常像在分层结构的所有真实体系(realsystem)中那样存在。取决于线制造方法和进一步参数,这样的界面区域可以或多或少狭窄。为了下文的清楚性的目的,涂层和/或线芯的边界通常定义为深度剖析测量中组分信号的给定的百分比下降(drop)。
在本发明上下文中术语“叠加”用于描述第一物件(例如铜线)相对于第二物件(例如涂层)的相对位置。可能地,其它物件(例如中间层)可以经布置在第一和第二物件之间。优选地,第二物件至少部分叠加在第一物件上,例如相对于第一物件的总表面的至少30%、50%、70%或至少90%。最优选地,第二物件完全叠加在第一物件上。通常优选地,涂层是接合线的最外层。在其它实施方案中,涂层可以被其它层叠加。
所述线是特别用于在微电子器件中接合的接合线。所述线优选是单件式(one-piece)物体。
如果一种组分的份额超过所涉及材料的所有其它组分,则该组分是“主要组分”。优选地,主要组分占材料的总重量的至少50%。
线的芯优选包含分别为至少90%,更优选至少95%的量的铜或银。在其它实施方案中,铜和银可以同时存在,其中这两种元素之一提供芯主要组分。在本发明的一个最优选实施方案中,线芯由纯铜组成,其中除铜以外的其它组分的总和小于0.1%。
在本发明的一个替代的有利实施方案的情况下,芯主要组分是铜,并且可以包含少量,特别是小于5%的钯作为组分。更优选地,芯中的钯的量为0.5%至2%,最优选1.1%至1.8%。在这样的情况下,除铜和钯以外的其它组分的总和优选小于0.1%。
通常优选的是其中涂层具有小于0.5μm的厚度的实施方案。如果涂层足够薄,则涂层在接合过程中的可能影响会降低。在本发明上下文中术语“厚度”用于定义层在与线芯的纵轴垂直的方向上的尺寸,该层至少部分叠加在线芯的表面上。
本发明特别涉及细接合线。观察到的效果特别有益于细线,例如由于这样的线对氧化的敏感性。在本发明的情况下,术语“细线”定义为具有范围为8μm至80μm的直径的线。最优选地,根据本发明的细接合线具有范围为12μm至50μm的厚度。
这样的细线大部分但不必须具有基本圆形形状的横截面视图。在本发明上下文中术语“横截面视图”是指切断(cutthrough)线的视图,其中切割平面垂直于线的纵向延伸。横截面视图可以存在于线的纵向延伸上的任何位置。在横截面中穿过线的“最长路径”是可以在横截面视图的平面内铺设穿过线的横截面的最长弦。在横截面中穿过线的“最短路径”是垂直于上文定义的横截面视图的平面内的最长路径的最长弦。如果线具有完美的圆形横截面,那么最长路径和最短路径变得不可区分并且具有相同的值。术语“直径”是任何平面和在任何方向上的所有几何直径的算术平均值,其中所有平面垂直于线的纵向延伸。
通常优选地,至少在某一范围内,涂层的厚度粗略地与线直径成比例。至少在细线的情况下,涂层的总厚度优选为线直径的约0.3%至0.6%。
在特定实施方案中,大量的芯主要组分也可能延伸至涂层的外表面,但其它实施方案可能规定涂层的最外部分主要包含其它物质(如碳或氧)。
在又进一步的实施方案中,涂层的最外表面可以覆盖有贵金属(如金或铂)的几个单层,或甚至覆盖有贵金属的混合物。在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案中,涂层覆盖有厚度为1nm至100nm的顶层。优选地,顶层的厚度为1nm至50nm,且最优选1nm至25nm。这样的顶层优选由贵金属或一种或多种贵金属的合金组成。优选的贵金属选自金、银及其合金。
通常有利地,涂层的外表面范围包含碳作为主要组分。碳可以作为元素碳或作为有机物质存在。通常,这样的外表面范围具有仅几个单层,特别是小于5nm的厚度。
在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,在已经将线芯拉伸至最终直径后施加液体的膜。这确保所沉积的材料保持其原始晶粒结构并且特别允许高度各向同性晶粒。这样的晶粒结构可以有助于良好的无空气球形成。此外,所沉积的层不能对拉伸程序具有负面影响,例如增加拉伸模头(dye)的磨损。
通常优选地,将液体的膜施加至在拉伸线的过程中新鲜产生的表面上。产生新鲜表面意味着表面尚未暴露于反应环境(空气、氧气等)超过1分钟,特别是小于1秒。可以通过机械手段(例如拉伸线通过拉伸模头)来产生这样的新鲜表面。或者,新鲜表面可以通过其它手段(例如化学蚀刻)来产生。通过在拉伸线通过拉伸模头期间或之后立即将液体施加至线上,有效地防止了氧化物的积聚(buildup)和/或污染物的吸附。
在本发明的一个最优选实施方案中,在拉伸模头的位置处施加液体的膜。在这样的实施方案中,拉伸模头开口的周围可以用足够的液体物流润湿,或者可以将拉伸模头浸在填充有液体的储存器(reservoir)中。
为了调节最终涂层的厚度,可以影响所沉积的膜的厚度。这可以通过调节涂层组分前体的浓度来实现。作为进一步的措施,可以调节液体的粘度。
优选地,以其在20℃下具有大于0.4mPa*s的动态粘度的方式选择和/或调节液体。更优选地,所述粘度高于1.0mPa*s,且最优选高于2.0mPa*s。
一种可能的方法是使用影响液体粘度的添加剂。这样的添加剂可以是例如甘油或具有高粘度的任何合适的物质。
替代地或额外地,可以选择涂层组分前体的溶剂以具有所需的粘度。例如,可以选择异丙醇作为极性溶剂,其在室温下具有大于2.0mPa*s(毫帕-秒)的粘度。溶剂的选择可以进一步与取决于需求的添加剂的使用相结合。
进一步替代地或额外地,溶剂的沉积可以在受控的低温,特别是低于10℃下进行以提供高粘度和/或限定的粘度。
在通常优选的实施方案中,涂层组分前体是在标准条件(20℃,大气压力)下呈现为树脂或蜡或油的物质。最优选的是呈现为树脂或蜡。已经出人意料地发现当加热分解时,这样的物质不倾向于与涂层组分形成晶体。这对于均匀且充分实施(performing)的涂层的构建(buildup)是有利的。
通常,涂层组分可以溶解在合适的溶剂,特别是有机溶剂中。这使得能够容易地调节液体的性质如其粘度。溶剂被认为是液体的挥发性部分,当加热该液体时,其将大部分蒸发并且其不增加涂覆线上或涂覆线中的含碳残余物。
如果涂层组分前体是呈现为树脂或蜡或油的物质,特别优选的是液体仅包含前体和溶剂或溶剂的混合物。这防止了线上的非挥发性添加剂的不想要的残余物。
在本发明的一个通常优选的实施方案中,涂层组分前体包括支化羧酸的盐。已经发现羧酸的支化支持盐的非晶性质并且可以改进涂层的性质。此外,支化羧酸的盐倾向于显示出高粘度和/或可以通过添加溶剂容易地调节所需粘度。
甚至更优选地,涂层组分前体包括以下物质的盐:
仲羧酸,或
叔羧酸。
这意味着支化开始于官能团的第一个碳原子并且因此能够获得所需性质,同时需要小的C-原子总数。
这样的羧酸有时称为“Koch-酸”或通过“Koch-反应”制造的酸。
甚至更优选地,所述羧酸是饱和酸,能够获得针对氧化的良好稳定性。
在特别优选的实施方案中,所述羧酸选自:
a.二甲基丙酸(新戊酸),
b.二甲基丁酸,和
c.二甲基戊酸,
或其中至少两种。
已经发现这些特定的酸在上述意义上显示出特别有利的性质。特别优选的是涂层组分前体的有机部分包含至少30%的一种或多种这些酸。最优选的选择是新戊酸。优选的是涂层组分前体的有机部分包含至少30%的新戊酸。
为了保持线中的残余碳的量低,羧酸的碳原子数为4至15。更优选地,该数为4至10,且最优选5至10。羧酸的分子量优选为低于220道尔顿,特别是低于180道尔顿。
已经发现任何其它元素,特别是氮可以显示出对涂层性质,且特别是对线的球形接合和楔形接合性能的负面影响。因此,通常优选的是所述羧酸不包含任何氮原子。甚至更优选地,涂层组分前体不包含除涂层组分、碳、氧和氢以外的其它元素。
通常优选地,线的直径为5μm至200μm。甚至更优选地,本发明涉及如上所述的细接合线。
已经出人意料地发现即使在涂层中具有低浓度的涂层组分,也能获得线的针对氧化或老化的良好保护。因此,涂层中的涂层组分的总量优选小于30%。更优选地,其小于20%且最优选小于10%。
额外地或替代地,涂层中的涂层组分的局部量小于30%,并且其中涂层中的芯主要组分的量为60%至95%。
通过俄歇深部剖析测量组分的量。总量理解为在线的整个深度范围中集成的量。作为线芯的本体材料(bulkmaterial)开始的可能定义,使用低于涂层组分最大信号的10%的涂层组分信号下降。如果存在线芯的本体材料中涂层组分的恒定信号,例如由于使用涂层组分作为添加剂,则涂层边界的各自的限定通过减去该恒定信号作出。要注意的是对于其它目的,特别是界面深度的限定,使用涂层组分信号的50%的值,因为这允许关于该值的不同样品的更明确的限定和更好的比较。
本发明的进一步方面是用于制造接合线的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a.提供线的芯前体,以铜或银作为芯主要组分;
b.沉积材料以在芯前体上形成层,其中所沉积的材料包含选自钯、铂、金、铑、钌、锇和铱的涂层组分,其中步骤b通过使液体的膜沉积在线芯前体上来实施,其中所述液体包含涂层组分前体,并且其中加热所沉积的膜以使涂层组分前体分解成金属相。
通常,这样的涂层组分前体可以是包含涂层组分作为金属离子的合适的有机化合物。一个特定实例是涂层组分的有机盐,例如乙酸盐。
用于使钯直接沉积在其它表面上的方法是已知的。例如,文献WO98/38351(申请人:TheWhitakerCorporation,申请日:1998年2月24日)描述了使钯沉积在金属表面上的方法。其指出不使用电流来沉积金属钯。该文献WO98/38351及其描述的沉积方法的细节通过引用并入本文。特定溶剂的实例在WO98/38351中作为甲醇或DMSO给出。就涂层接合线而言,包含硫的溶剂(例如DMSO)通常不是优选的,因为硫可以对接合及其相关结构具有影响。优选的是液体中含有的元素限于芯主要组分(铜或银)、涂层组分(例如钯等)、贵金属、C、H、O和N的组。其它元素应该以低于1%,优选低于0.1%的污染物水平被包含。
最优选地,也不包含氮作为液体中的元素和/或其低于该污染物水平。
更优选的特定实例包括支化羧酸和如上文规定的特定选择。
在本发明的一个特定实施方案中,使用该方法以在铜线上提供涂层,所述涂层包含钯以及铜。出人意料地,已经发现即使液体不包含任何铜化合物,最终涂层也在几乎其整个深度范围中包含显著量的铜。解释该出人意料的效果的一个尝试是通常存在于铜芯表面上的氧化铜可能使得铜或铜化合物溶解在所沉积的液体膜中。根据本发明,还应用沉积方法以进一步将如上所列的涂层组分与芯主要组分组合。
为了获得良好的涂层厚度和稳定的工艺条件,所述液体优选在20℃下具有大于0.4mPa*s的动态粘度。更优选地,该粘度高于1.0mPa*s,且最优选高于2.0mPa*s。
在一个优选实施方案中,加热所沉积的膜在高于150℃,特别是在150℃至350℃的温度下进行。这提供了钯的快速且有效的沉积。甚至更优选地,加热在高于200℃,特别是在200℃至300℃下进行。优选地,当加热开始时,所述膜仍为液态。
沉积和/或加热优选在移动的线上动态实施。
如果膜的沉积在线的最终拉伸步骤后进行,则给出制造接合线的最简洁且有效的方法。
如果接合线是根据本发明的线,则给出制造接合线的一种特别优选的方法。因此本发明的接合线的任何特征可以应用于本发明的制造接合线的方法。
通常,可以优选在退火步骤中采用至少370℃的温度处理本发明的线。甚至更优选地,退火步骤的温度为至少430℃,其中更高的退火温度可以提供线的伸长率值的更高值。
关于退火的进一步参数,特别是细线不需要长时间暴露于退火温度。在大多数情况下,退火通过以给定速度将线拉过具有给定长度且具有限定温度曲线的退火炉来完成。细线暴露于退火温度的时间通常为0.1秒至10秒。
要指出的是,取决于制造线的方法,上述退火步骤可以在涂层的沉积之前或之后进行。在一些情况下,优选避免通过高退火温度影响涂层。在这样的情况下,允许层的沉积作为最终制造步骤的上述方法是优选的。
本发明的进一步方面是用于接合电子器件的系统,其包括第一接合垫、第二接合垫和根据本发明的线,其中通过球形接合将所述线连接至至少一个接合垫。由于所述线在球形接合方面具有尤其有益的性质的事实,本发明的线在体系中的该组合是优选的。
本发明的又进一步方面是用于连接电器件(electricaldevice)的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a.提供根据本发明的线;
b.通过球形接合或楔形接合将所述线接合至所述器件的第一接合垫;和
c.通过楔形接合将所述线接合至所述器件的第二接合垫;
其中步骤b和c在不使用混合气体(forminggas)的情况下实施。
根据本发明的线显示出关于氧化作用的优异性质。如果用涂层完全包封铜芯则特别如此。所得性质允许不使用混合气体进行处理并且因此导致成本和危害防护方面的显著节约。
混合气体在本领域中已知为惰性气体(如氮气)与氢气的混合物,其中氢气含量可以提供经氧化的线材料的还原反应。就本发明的意义而言,省略混合气体意味着不使用反应性化合物如氢气。然而,使用惰性气体如氮气仍可以是有利的。
附图说明
在附图中例示本发明的主题。然而,附图不意在以任何方式限制本发明或权利要求书的范围。
在图1中,描绘了线1。
图2示出了线1的横截面视图。在该横截面视图中,铜芯2在横截面视图的中央。铜芯2被涂层3包围。铜芯的表面15位于铜线2的界限上。在通过线1的中心23的直线L上,铜芯2的直径显示为直线L与表面15的交点之间的端至端的距离。线1的直径是通过中心23的直线L与线1的外部界限的交点之间的端至端的距离。此外,描绘了涂层3的厚度。
图3示出了用于制造根据本发明的线的方法。
图4描绘了包括两个元件11和线1的电器件10。线1电连接两个元件11。虚线表示连接元件11与包围元件11的包装器件(packagingdevice)的外部接线的其它连接或电路。元件11可以包括接合垫、集成电路、LED等。
图5示出了线涂覆设备的略图。将线1从第一卷轴30解绕,动态拉过沉积装置31和炉32,并最终缠绕在第二卷轴33上。沉积装置31包括容纳液体35的储存器34,通过连接至储存器34的分配器36将液体分配到线1上。分配器36可以包括与移动的线1接触的刷等。
图6示出了如以下“实施例”中所述的本发明的第一线的俄歇深度剖面。
图7示出了如以下“实施例”中所述的本发明的第二线的俄歇深度剖面。
测试方法
所有测试和测量在T=20℃和50%的相对湿度下进行。用于测试的线是具有纯铜芯(4n-铜)、具有根据本发明的涂层的细线。测试线的直径为20μm(=0.8mil)。
层厚度
为了测定涂层的厚度、中间层的厚度和芯的直径,垂直于线的最大伸长切割所述线。将切口小心磨平和抛光以避免软材料的沾污。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)记录图片,其中选择放大倍率以使得显示出所述线的完整横截面。
重复该程序至少15次。所有值提供为至少15个测量值的算术平均值。
晶粒尺寸
在线表面的显微织构上进行几次测量,特别是通过电子背散射衍射测定法(EBSD)来测量。所用的分析工具是FE-SEMHitachiS-4300E。用于测量和数据评估的软件包称为TSL并且可从EdaxInc.,US(www.edax.com)商购。采用这些测量,已测定线的涂层的晶粒的尺寸和分布以及晶体取向。由于晶粒的测量和评估目前通过EBSD测量来实施,要理解的是设置5°的角度公差(toleranceangle)用于测定晶粒边界。EBSD测量在未经处理的涂层表面上直接进行。
球形-楔形接合—参数限定
在20℃下将线接合至镀金的基材,其中将接合应用至金表面。器件接合垫是覆盖有>0.3μm金的1μm厚度的Al-1%Si-0.5%Cu。在形成线与基材之间的45°角度的第一球形接合之后,将线的第二端楔形接合(wedged)至基材。线的两端之间的接合距离为5至20mm。选择该距离以确保线与基材之间的45°角度。在楔形接合期间,将频率为60-120kHz的超声应用于接合工具(bondtool)40至500毫秒。
所用的球形接合器设备是K&SiConnwithCopperKit(S/W8-88-4-43A-1)。所用的测试装置是K&SQFP2x2测试装置。
俄歇深度剖析
通过跟踪各物类(例如Cu、Pd、C)的俄歇信号,同时以恒定的溅射电流密度溅射目标表面来测量图6的深度剖面。所用的仪器是PHI5800ESCA。
溅射参数如下:
溅射离子:氙
溅射角度:90°
溅射能量:4keV。
通过与已知标准样品比较来校准深度剖面。目前使用的标准样品是Ta2O5-层。相应地校正样品和标样的溅射速率的最终差异。这导致图6的剖面中为8.0nm/min的溅射速率。由于测得溅射时间并且溅射电流密度保持恒定,通过乘以溅射速率将剖面的时间标度容易地转换成深度标度。
实施例
通过实施例进一步例示本发明。这些实施例充当本发明的示例性说明并且不意图以任何方式限制本发明或权利要求书的范围。
就本发明的意义而言,以下具体实施例涉及铜作为芯主要组分且钯作为涂层组分的体系。通常理解的是在其它实施方案中,这些组分可以被根据本发明的各自的其它优选组分代替。特别地,对于芯主要组分,这可以是银代替铜,并且对于涂层组分,Pt、Au、Rh、Ru、Os和Ir的组中的一种或多种代替钯。
使一定量的至少99.99%纯度的铜材料(“4N-铜”)在坩埚中熔融。然后由熔体铸造5mm直径的线芯前体。首先,通过挤出机挤出线芯前体,直至得到直径小于1mm的进一步的芯前体。然后在几个拉伸步骤中将该线芯前体拉伸以形成具有20μm直径的线芯2。线芯2的横截面具有基本圆形的形状。要理解的是该线直径不被认为是高度精确值,这是由于横截面形状、涂层厚度等的波动。如果目前将线限定为具有例如20μm的直径,则该直径应理解为在19.5至20.5μm的范围内。
本发明第一实施例:
在本发明的线的第一实施例中,将该线芯缠绕在第一卷轴30上。第一卷轴30是图5中显示的装置的一部分。然后将线1从第一卷轴31解绕并缠绕在第二卷轴33上,其中可以通过旋转第二卷轴33或通过进一步的输送驱动器(未显示)直接拉动该线。
在其沿卷轴31、33之间的跨度的进程中,线首先通过沉积装置31。储存器34容纳液体35,将该液体通过分配器36施加在线1上。液体35包含异丙醇作为溶剂。将乙酸钯(CH3COO)2Pd溶解在溶剂中至接近饱和水平。将液体35的动态粘度调节至约2.5mPa*s的值。
在将液体分配到移动的线1上之后,液体在线芯的表面上形成具有均匀厚度的膜。该经覆盖的线芯随后进入炉32,将其加热至250℃。调节炉的长度和线的输送速度以使得线暴露于高温约5秒。通过这样暴露于高温,膜变干并且含钯物质被还原成金属钯。金属钯沉积在线芯1上并增加以形成涂层3。涂层的其它组分是铜和碳或碳化合物,后者通常聚集在涂层的外表面区域。
作为从第一卷轴30提供线1的替代,可以在线的拉伸布置中直接提供沉积装置31和炉32,优选在最后的拉伸模头的下游。要理解的是就本发明的意义而言,如果选择这样的直接布置或如果由涂覆步骤的中间卷轴30提供线,则不存在差别。
在本实施例中,在上述涂覆程序之前,在退火步骤中使所述线退火。该退火以已知方式进行以进一步调节参数如伸长率、硬度、晶体结构等。通过使线以限定的速度运行通过具有限定的长度和温度的退火炉以动态实施退火。在离开炉后,将未涂覆的线绕在第一卷轴30上。应理解的是对于大多数应用,用于调节例如线的伸长率值的这样的退火步骤中的温度比涂层沉积需要的温度高得多(通常高于370℃)。因此,如果涂覆作为最后的步骤来实施,则通常不以显著方式影响线芯的微观结构。
在本发明的其它实施方案中,层沉积和线芯退火可以在单个加热步骤中组合。在这样的布置中,可以使用限定的加热曲线,其可以通过特定的炉设置来调节。
本实施方案所得的线显示出具有非常对称的晶粒和窄的晶粒尺寸分布的表面。通过EBSD测量收集该数据。
表1
周向晶粒尺寸 [nm] 最大 最小 平均
本发明的线 700 100 320
常规线 300 90 180
上表1显示了本发明的线与常规线的晶粒尺寸的比较。在常规线的情况下,芯已经电镀有纯钯并随后经历几个拉伸步骤。
在纵向方向上,本发明的线的平均晶粒尺寸为300nm,导致纵向与周向平均晶粒尺寸的比率为0.94的值。
此外,切割线的样品用于通过如上所述的SEM测定层厚度。在不同位置测得的层厚度的平均值计算为92.6nm。
在图6中,显示了样品线的俄歇剖面。在限定区域通过离子束从线表面均匀地溅射材料。跟踪几个来自不同元素(已显示:碳C、铜Cu和钯Pd)的俄歇信号,其取决于溅射时间。通过已知的Ta2O5样品校准溅射速率,得到约8nm/分钟的溅射速率。涂层和芯的界面定义为Pd信号从最大值的50%下降。这得到约84nm的估算涂层厚度,其与通过SEM测得的平均层厚度良好关联。
由于线具有20μm的直径且涂层具有92.6nm的厚度,涂层从直径的0%深度延伸直至线直径的0.48%的深度。
图6的深度剖面显示,开始于层的径向向外表面,碳在外部区域是主要组分。在首先的几个单层内,碳信号急剧下降,而钯和铜信号增加。应注意的是尽管随着溅射开始,信号即刻增加,但在最外表面上几乎没有钯信号。
然后在约3nm深度处,钯信号或浓度超过碳信号,标志着表面的主要组分的第一次改变。
铜信号在约8nm的深度处达到局部最大值。钯和铜信号在10nm至60nm的深度范围内显示出几乎恒定的值,其中相应地,钯处于55%至60%的水平并且铜处于40%至45%的水平。在该区域不存在显著量的其它元素。
然后钯信号开始下降,并且铜在约65nm的深度处变成主要组分,标志着涂层内的主要组分的第二次改变。
如对于本发明所理解的,涂层的平均厚度为通过SEM测得的平均厚度。
如上所述的俄歇深度剖析用于确定涂层组成和层中单个组分的分布。
从0.1%线直径(=20nm)延伸至0.25%线直径(=约50nm)限定涂层的外部范围。明显的是,在该范围中,铜以大于30%的量存在。此外,钯开始随着外部范围内增加的深度而下降至较低值。然而,钯浓度在该范围内仅下降几个百分比。
应注意的是,如与通过SEM测得的平均层厚度的良好关联证实的那样,所给出的俄歇剖面的深度范围是充分正确的。
在上述测试程序中对于球形接合和楔形接合(第二接合)测试线样品。拉伸测试和球形剪切测试已作为通常的测试程序进行。结果已显示出根据本发明的样品线以良好的再现性产生非常对称的无空气球。此外,第二接合未显示关于第二接合窗口(bondingwindow)的任何缺点。
本发明的第二实施例:
在根据本发明的第二个、更优选的实施例中,如上所述制备铜线。
不同于如上所述的第一实施例,涂层组分前体选择为新戊酸钯(新戊酸的钯盐,Pd((H3C)3C-COO)2)。
作为涂层组分前体的新戊酸钯的合成:
将22.01g乙酸钯(48.35%Pd)与20.4g新戊酸混合并在126℃下加热和搅拌,直至产生的乙酸完全蒸发。这在约35分钟后完成。所得的前体是橙黄色树脂状物质。
将该前体以1:5的比率溶解在萘满(四氢化萘)中,得到待沉积到线芯上的液体。
不同于第一实施例,用液体涂覆线在线的最终拉伸步骤后直接进行。这具有以下优点:通过拉伸模头的摩擦产生线芯的新鲜金属表面,并同时使液体沉积在新鲜表面上。
为此,以比最终线直径(20μm)略微更大的直径(40μm)选择常规拉伸模头,即下文的分配器模头。该拉伸模头已被更改为液体的杯状储存器,模头在储存器底部的中央开口。将线垂直定向并以向下方向运行通过该分配器模头。
应理解的是,在该布置中,将最终拉伸步骤的拉伸模头定位在紧靠分配器模头之前。在其它实施方案中,也可以在最终拉伸步骤的拉伸模头处直接分配液体。
将红外加热灯布置在紧接拉伸模头之后以干燥来自液体的溶剂。该干燥步骤在不使有机粘合剂(bindings)显著分解的温度下进行。典型的温度为低于150℃。
在该干燥步骤后,该线进入退火炉。将炉温调节至约400℃。在该炉中,涂层组分前体的分解与线芯的退火同时完成以调节其晶体结构和机械性质(例如伸长率)。该炉具有0.54m的长度。将线以47m/s的速度连续缠绕。
在离开炉后,所述线显示银色末道涂层(finish)并且以50mm直径卷绕。
该线已经历几次接合测试。还已经将其存放在85℃和85%湿度下的气候室内7天。已显示在该处理后,没有出现线的接合和其它性质的劣化。
采用ICP测量的测试显示线的总钯份额为400ppm,这在理论上等于纯钯的11个单层。
图7示出了第二实施例的线的俄歇深度剖面。从表面开始,存在碳和铜,但没有钯。钯信号在约30nm的深度处开始。然后钯在大于50nm的深度范围中以接近高斯曲线分布。通过Pd信号的50%下降限定的涂层的总厚度为大约90nm。
明显的是钯在涂层中的量相当小。钯信号在整个涂层中的积分为全部层材料的约3%。考虑到局部强度,钯的最大信号仅达到10%。该钯峰强度在其中铜信号增加至约90%的区域中达到。
由于良好的结果,假定含Pd层充当有效的氧屏障,防止铜的氧化。尽管在Pd层之上的涂层中看起来存在显著量的氧化物,且发现该氧化物的量是无害的并且甚至改进了楔形接合性能。
本发明的第三实施例:
在第三实施例中,使用17μm直径的纯银接合线作为线芯前体。使用与以上第二实施例中相同的涂层前体和涂覆方法。根据略微更小的线直径,选择具有35μm的更小孔口的分配器模头。所有其它参数保持不变。
已测试了涂覆Pd的银线并且其显示出优异的接合性能。
使该线暴露于75%湿度、25℃下1ppmH2S的腐蚀性气氛120小时,其为电接触和连接的一般标准测试。通过该处理经涂覆的线不改变其颜色。其可以以优异的效果接合。
采用俄歇深度剖析的测量显示与第二实施例中相似的低Pd浓度。
已经关于所用的羧酸进行了进一步测试和比较。除新戊酸之外,采用其它支化羧酸进行测试。发现采用具有较低碳数的酸,特别是二甲基丁酸和二甲基戊酸的结果特别好。一般情况下,将Pd在液体中的量调节至5wt%至10wt%的值。
对于支链烷烃羧酸(Versaticacid)10,发现对于线的较低输送速度,结果是合理的。对于较高的输送速度,所得的线不再显示足够的接合性质。支链烷烃羧酸10也称为新癸酸并包含10个碳原子和约175的分子量。
额外地或替代地,可以使用除萘满外的其它溶剂。一种可能的其它溶剂是丁酮(甲乙酮,MEK)。
应理解的是以上实施例中的涂层组分前体分别为Pd盐。如果需要其它金属如铂、金、铑、钌、锇和铱作为涂层组分,则钯可以被一种或多种这些金属全部或部分代替。

Claims (21)

1.接合线,其包含具有表面(15)的芯(2)和涂层(3),其中芯(2)包含选自铜和银的芯主要组分,涂层(3)至少部分叠加在芯(2)的表面(15)上,其中涂层(3)包含选自钯、铂、金、铑、钌、锇和铱的涂层组分,其特征在于通过使液体的膜沉积在线芯前体上从而将涂层(3)施加在芯的表面(15)上,其中所述液体包含涂层组分前体,并且其中加热所沉积的膜以使所述涂层组分前体分解成金属相。
2.根据权利要求1的接合线,其中在已经将线芯拉伸至最终直径后施加所述液体的膜。
3.根据权利要求1或2的接合线,其中将所述液体的膜施加至在拉伸所述线的过程中新鲜产生的表面上。
4.根据权利要求3的接合线,其中在拉伸模头的位置处施加所述液体的膜。
5.根据前述权利要求任一项的接合线,其中所述液体在20℃下具有大于0.4mPa*s的动态粘度。
6.根据前述权利要求任一项的接合线,其中所述涂层组分前体包括支化羧酸的盐。
7.根据前述权利要求任一项的接合线,其中所述涂层组分前体包括以下物质的盐:
仲羧酸,或
叔羧酸。
8.根据权利要求6或7的接合线,其中所述羧酸是饱和酸。
9.根据权利要求6-8任一项的接合线,其中所述羧酸选自:
a.二甲基丙酸(新戊酸),
b.二甲基丁酸,和
c.二甲基戊酸,
或其中至少两种。
10.根据权利要求6-9任一项的接合线,其中所述羧酸的碳原子数为4至15。
11.根据前述权利要求任一项的接合线,其中所述羧酸不包含任何氮原子。
12.根据前述权利要求任一项的接合线,其中所述线的直径为5μm至200μm。
13.根据前述权利要求任一项的接合线,其中所述涂层中的涂层组分的总量小于30%。
14.根据前述权利要求任一项的接合线,其中所述涂层中的涂层组分的局部量小于30%,并且其中所述涂层中的芯主要组分的量为60%至95%。
15.用于制造接合线的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a.提供所述线的芯前体(2),以铜或银作为芯主要组分;
b.沉积材料以在所述芯前体上形成层(3),其中所沉积的材料包含选自钯、铂、金、铑、钌、锇和铱的涂层组分,
其中步骤b通过使液体的膜沉积在线芯前体上来实施,其中所述液体包含涂层组分前体,并且其中加热所沉积的膜以使所述涂层组分前体分解成金属相。
16.根据权利要求15的方法,其中所述液体在20℃下具有大于0.4mPa*s的动态粘度。
17.根据权利要求15或16的方法,其中加热所沉积的膜在高于150℃的温度下进行。
18.根据权利要求15-17任一项的方法,其中所述膜的沉积在所述线的最终拉伸步骤后进行。
19.根据权利要求15-18任一项的方法,其中所述接合线是根据权利要求1-14任一项的线。
20.用于接合电子器件的系统,其包括第一接合垫(11)、第二接合垫(11)和根据权利要求1-14任一项的线(1),其中通过球形接合将所述线(1)连接至至少一个接合垫(11)。
21.用于连接电器件的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a.提供根据权利要求1-14任一项的线(1);
b.通过球形接合或楔形接合将线(1)接合至所述器件的第一接合垫;和
c.通过楔形接合将所述线接合至所述器件的第二接合垫;
其中步骤b和c在不使用混合气体的情况下实施。
CN201380081083.5A 2013-11-21 2013-11-21 用于接合应用的涂覆线 Pending CN105745356A (zh)

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