CN105393512A - 具有低接收器复杂度的向量信令 - Google Patents
具有低接收器复杂度的向量信令 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0045—Arrangements at the receiver end
- H04L1/0052—Realisations of complexity reduction techniques, e.g. pipelining or use of look-up tables
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M5/00—Conversion of the form of the representation of individual digits
- H03M5/02—Conversion to or from representation by pulses
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0045—Arrangements at the receiver end
- H04L1/0054—Maximum-likelihood or sequential decoding, e.g. Viterbi, Fano, ZJ algorithms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L17/00—Apparatus or local circuits for transmitting or receiving codes wherein each character is represented by the same number of equal-length code elements, e.g. Baudot code
- H04L17/16—Apparatus or circuits at the receiving end
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Abstract
公开了用于确定向量信令码子集的方法和装置,该向量信令码子集能够通过小于检测全代码所需的比较器集合来检测全代码,所产生的低接收器复杂度使得使用此向量信令码子集的系统具有更低的复杂度以及需要更少的功耗。
Description
交叉引用
本申请要求申请日为2013年6月25日,申请号为61/839,360的美国临时申请的优先权,并通过引用将其内容整体并入本文。
以下参考文献通过引用整体并入本文,以供所有目的之用:
公开号为2011/0268225,申请号为12/784,414,申请日为2010年5月20日,发明人为HarmCronie和AminShokrollahi,名称为《正交差分向量信令》的美国专利申请(下称“CronieI”);
公开号为2011/0302478,申请号为12/982,777,申请日为2010年12月30日,发明人为HarmCronie和AminShokrollahi,名称为《具有抗共模噪声和抗同步开关输出噪声能力的高引脚利用率、高功率利用率芯片间通信》的美国专利申请(下称“CronieII”);
申请号为13/030,027,申请日为2011年2月17日,发明人为HarmCronie、AminShokrollahi以及ArminTajalli,名称为《利用稀疏信令码进行抗噪声干扰、高引脚利用率、低功耗通讯的方法和系统》的美国专利申请(下称“CronieIII”);
申请号为13/542,599,申请日为2012年7月5日,发明人为ArminTajalli、HarmCronie以及AminShokrollahi,名称为《有效处理和检测平衡码的方法及电路》的美国专利申请(下称“TajalliI”);
申请号为13/603,107,申请日为2012年9月4日,发明人为BrianHolden和AminShokrollahi,名称为《对可实现高引脚利用率的向量信令码集的选择》的美国专利申请(下称“TajalliII”)。
此外,本申请还参考了以下文献:
专利号为US8,159,375,申请日为2008年9月30日,授权日为2012年4月17日,发明人为AliazamAbbasfar,名称为《用于多线路通信的简化接收器》的美国专利(下称“AbbasfarI”);
专利号为US6,005,895,申请日为1996年12月20日,授权日为1999年12月21日,发明人为DonaldV.Perino和JohnBDillon,名称为《多电平信令装置及方法》的美国专利(下称“PerinoI”);
专利号为US6,359,931,申请日为1999年10月15日,授权日为2002年3月19日,发明人为DonaldV.Perino和JohnBDillon,名称为《多电平信令装置及方法》的美国专利(下称“PerinoII”);
专利号为US6,556,628,申请日为1999年4月29日,授权日为2003年4月29日,发明人为JohnWPoulton、StephenGTell和RobertEPalmer,名称为《在多个导体上发送及接收差分信号的方法和系统》的美国专利(下称“PoultonI”);
专利号为US3,196,351,申请日为1962年6月26日,授权日为1965年7月20日,发明人为DavidSlepian,名称为《排列码信令》的美国专利(下称“SlepianI”);
专利号为US6,452,420,申请日为2001年5月24日,授权日为2002年9月17日,发明人为HeeWong,名称为《多维差分信令》的美国专利(下称“WongI”)。
技术领域
本发明总体涉及通信领域,尤其涉及可承载信息的信号的传输。
背景技术
将信息作为编码于线路组内的信号进行传输为一种已知方法。其中,线路组越大,其所允许使用的代码空间越大,而且所能达到的信息通信效率越高。然而,为了接收此类编码于线路组内的信号,所需使用的差分比较器的数目以n2数量级递增,其中,n表示线路组大小,从而当实际实施方式中具有多于数个的输入时,严重影响其复杂度和功耗。
附图说明
以下参考附图,对根据本发明的各种实施方式进行描述。在本发明及各附图中,相同部件和构件使用相同附图标记标注。
图1为根据本发明一种实施方式的框图。
图2为根据本发明至少一种实施方式的稀疏比较器单元(SCU)示意图。
图3为根据本发明至少一种实施方式的其他SCU示意图。
图4为根据本发明实施方式的图优化方法流程图。
图5为根据本发明至少一种实施方式获得所有M个比较器的集合T的方法流程图。
图6所示为一实施例的最大独立集合。
图7所示为第二实施例的最大独立集合。
图8所示为第三实施例的最大独立集合。
图9A、图9B和图9C所示为根据图5所示本发明优化方法所获得的不同代码的示例。
图10所示为根据本发明获得的使用6条导线且具有48个码字的代码。
图11所示为根据本发明至少一种实施方式的设计方法的通用化SCU框图。
图12为体现本发明一种SCU设计的框图。
图13为一实施例中最大独立集合的有限图。
图14所示为根据本发明至少一种实施方式可由图3所示一组比较器解码的32码字代码。
图15至图19为根据本发明至少一种实施方式的递归SCU设计方法各元素框图。
具体实施方式
图1为根据本发明的信令系统的例示实施方式示意图。该系统通过外部接口接收由K个比特组成的输入字105。这些比特由编码器110转化为N个值,而且这些值共同形成长度为N的向量信令码的码字。之后,由驱动器120将这些值输出至由N个导体组成的多导体传输线路125。其中,编码器110的第一输出值输出至第一导线,第N个输出值输出至第N条导线。接收器前端130对各导线上的模拟值进行采样,并将采样到的模拟值发送至稀疏比较器单元(SparseComparatorUnit,SCU)140。接收器前端130还可实施其他功能,例如通过各种均衡手段对所接收到的值进行均衡。其中,所述均衡手段包括使用连续线性时间均衡器(CTLE)、判决反馈均衡器(DFE)以及其他均衡器件。当采用均衡方案时,均衡值发送于所述SCU。在其他实施方式中,所述均衡也可在所述SCU内部实施或者直接在SCU下游实施。
SCU140用于将所述导线内的各值相互比较后,将M个取为1或-1的值(或者取为任何其他两值集合内的值,例如0和1)输出至解码单元150。所述M个值145对应于所述SCU的M次比较操作的结果。通常,M<N×(N-1)/2。这是因为,对于SCU140的任何极小数目的输入N而言,比较器的数目均为“稀疏”的。其后,解码器150使用查找表或布尔逻辑等公知方法生成由K个比特组成的输出字155。一些实施方式可以直接从所述M个值145获得输出字155,从而消除使用独立解码器150导致的处理延迟和复杂性。除非在所述信令系统中发生不可修正的错误,否则数据字155将为输入字105的精确拷贝。
图2进一步对SCU140的操作进行了例示,即本发明的另一实施方式。在此例中,传输线路的数目N为4,而且SCU输出值的个数M也为4,小于4×(4-1)/2=6。所述SCU包括4个比较器220、230、240和250,分别称为C[1]至C[4]。所述比较器从所述接收器前端(即图1中130)接收图中标为210的值TR[1],……,TR[4]。图中标为220的比较器C[1]输出TR[1]-TR[4]的符号,该符号在图中标为261;比较器C[2]输出TR[2]-TR[4]的符号,该符号在图中标为262;比较器C[3]输出TR[3]-TR[2]的符号,该符号在图中标为263;比较器C[4]输出TR[3]-TR[4]的符号,该符号在图中标为264。
图3对展现本发明SCU140操作的另一实施方式进行了例示。在此例中,传输线路的数目N为6,而且SCU输出值的个数M为5,小于6×(6-1)/2=15。所述SCU包括5个比较器320、330、340、350和360,分别称为C[1]至C[5]。所述比较器从所述接收器前端(即图1中130)接收图中标为310的值TR[1],……,TR[6]。图中标为320的比较器C[1]输出TR[1]-TR[2]的符号,该符号在图中标为391;图中标为330的比较器C[2]输出TR[3]-TR[4]的符号,该符号在图中标为392,图中标为340的比较器C[3]输出TR[5]-TR[6]的符号,该符号在图中标为393。SCU140还包括三个平均单元370、375和380。这些平均单元用于计算上述输入的平均值,或者作为替代实施方式,用于计算上述输入的和。也就是说,平均单元370计算(TR[1]+TR[2])/2,平均单元375计算(TR[3]+TR[4])/2,依次类推。这些平均单元的输出被发送至比较器350和360。实际上,比较器350计算(TR[1]+TR[2]-TR[3]-TR[4])的符号,该符号在图中标为394;比较器360计算(TR[1]+TR[2]-TR[5]-TR[6])的符号,该符号在图中标为395。
所述SCU的比较器计算结果是否足以还原图1所示多导体传输线路125内传输的值,或者等同地说,所述比较值是否能提供足够的信息以唯一地还原这些导体内传输的向量信令码的码字,关键取决于所使用的代码及具体的比较器组。其中,以使用SlepianI中所述排列调制码为例,在此情况下,必须严格使用N×(N-1)/2个比较器才足以满足所述码字还原的要求。为了减少排列调制码所需的比较器个数,尤其为了减少在N比较大时此类码所需的比较器个数,本申请公开了一种方法,其可根据所述SCU可使用的比较器个数,为给定排列调制码精心设计并选择最大子集。
为具有少于N×(N-1)/2个比较器的N条导线选择向量信令码的一种方法为将均传输于少于N条导线上的两种向量信令码相互结合。举例而言,通过将具有与(1,0,0,-1)的不同排列方式相对应的12个码字的排列调制码与其自身结合,可获得以12×12=144个码字在8条导线上传输的排列调制码子集。如此,此码即可在8条导线上传输7个比特,所得引脚利用率至少为7/8。此码码字的特点为,前四个坐标与后四个坐标均独立属于由(-1,0,0,1)生成的排列调制码。因此,这些码字为得自向量(-1,-1,0,0,0,0,1,1)的所有420种不同排列形式的排列调制码的子集。此码所需的比较器数目为12,即用于前四条导线的第一个六比较器组,以及用于后四条导线的第二个六比较器组。这一数目远小于由(-1,-1,0,0,0,0,1,1)所生成代码所需的28个比较器。另一方面,此码的引脚利用率只有7/8,小于所述更大代码所达到的1.5的引脚利用率。在另一例中,使用由(-1,-1/3,1/3,1)的所有24种排列方式形成的代码。该代码也需要对传输于4条导线上的值进行6种比较,而且在与其自身结合后,可获得具有24×24=576个码字的代码。此码可使用12个比较器在8条导线上传输9个比特。然而,在某些用途中,可能只需在8条导线上传输8个比特,因此需要减少所使用的比较器的数目。将排列调制码简单组合的方式无法满足此要求,因此需要使用本文所述的新方法。在另一种应用中,使用由(-1,0,1)的所有6种排列方式形成的代码。将此代码与其自身结合后,可获得需要使用6个比较器的36个码字。此码可在6条导线上传输数量稍多于5个的比特。然而,在一些应用中,即使所能传输的码字数目从36降至32,但是将所述比较器数目降低至5个的意义可能更为重大。从下文可知,下述方法中的一种生成具有32个元素的代码,而且图3所示SCU的5个比较器足以对该代码的码字进行解码。
除了上述比较器总个数,其他因素也可对本发明具体实施方式的设计造成影响。举例但非限制而言,如下设计可能较为理想:降低解码器150的复杂度,或者通过将一定数目的SCU结果M直接映射至一定数目的输出比特K,使得解码器整体被免于使用;通过确保所选子集中的所有代码针对所有的比较器输入均明确表示不同值,使得模棱两可的比较器输出被免于使用;以及/或者通过合理选择输入105与所传输码字的N个值的映射关系降低编码器110的复杂度。对于熟悉本领域的人员极其容易理解的是,上述及其他辅助设计因素不但受所使用码字集合的大小和组成的影响,还受用于对其进行检测的SCU的组成的影响。
使用图优化设计代码及SCU
以下描述一种方法,该方法可用于为给定代码设计子代码,以及用于设计使用给定数目比较器的SCU,使得所述SCU含有足以确定出唯一码字的信息。其中,对a和b两值进行比较的比较器例如根据a-b为正值或负值输出+1或-1。如果a和b为分别与已经受到信道噪声影响的码字坐标值c和d相对应的两条导线内的值,且如果c和d不相同,那么可以假定,所述比较器对a和b两值的比较结果与c和d的比较结果相同。换句话说,sign(a-b)=sign(c-d)。如果所述通信信道内的噪声大到使得上述等式无法维持,在对所述导线内的值进行比较之前,必须通过均衡或串扰消除等降噪技术对所述多导体传输线路(如图1中125)内的值进行处理。
如果所述码字内的值c和d相等,则可知所述比较器的输出在本质上是不可靠的。这是因为,由于信道内存在的随机噪声(该噪声极难避免),a值或稍大于b,或稍小于b。因此,如果sign(c[k]-c[m])×sign(x[k]-x[m])<0(即c[k]-c[m]和x[k]-x[m]两量非零且具有不同符号),对k和m两条导线进行比较的给定比较器可将(c[1],...,c[N])和(x[1],...,x[N])两个传输码字区分开来。如此可见,如果每两个不同码字均可由这些比较器当中的至少一个比较器相互区分,那么一组比较器C[1],……,C[M]即足以对代码进行解码。在此情况下,所述代码称为所述一组比较器的“可解码”代码。下述方法用于为一组给定比较器以及称为“大代码”的给定代码确定出可由所述一组给定比较器解码的最大子代码。
该方法使用有限图数学概念,该概念在本领域技术人员所知的教科书中多有说明。在所述图中,节点表示所述大代码的元素。其中,当两个此类节点之间的所述大代码中的两个码字无法由所述一组比较器C[1],……,C[M]区分时,对应的两个节点之间将存在一条连线。在此图中,“最大独立集合(下文中称为MIS)”定义为该集合中不含任何两个由连线连接的节点的最大节点子集。因此,最大独立集合可为上述大代码确定出可由所述一组给定比较器解码的最大子代码。
上述方法如图4所示。在上述有限图建立之后,即在步骤430中为其计算一个大的独立集合。此集合是否为最大独立集合取决于图4所示方法的可用计算资源。如本领域技术人员所知,对于所述有限图的大的实例而言,寻找最大独立集合为一项艰难的计算任务。然而,如本领域技术人员所知,在一些实施方式中,优选使用试探式算法得出大的独立集合。
在应用中,可能无法预悉哪一组比较器能得出可由具有给定大小的任何一组比较器解码的最大集合。图5所示方法通过如下过程改善上述问题:生成所有的M个比较器的集合T;将图4所示方法应用至这些集合T的所有成员;记录所生成输出的大小;以及在步骤550中,如果其目前为止大小最大,则将其保留。如此,在步骤560中,此方法的最终输出即为可由M个比较器解码的最大代码。
在某些情况下,图4所示方法的输出可以为通过将两个由较小导线组传输的较小排列调制码结合后获得的代码。例如,假设大代码A由向量(+1,+1,0,-1,-1)的所有30种不同排列形式组成且所述M值为4,则图5所示方法的一种可能输出即为以下由12个元素组成的集合以及比较器1:3,2:5,4:3,1:4,其中a:b表示对导线a和b的值进行比较的比较器。
导线1 | 导线2 | 导线3 | 导线4 | 导线5 |
1 | 1 | 0 | -1 | -1 |
1 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 1 |
1 | 1 | -1 | 0 | -1 |
1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 1 |
0 | 1 | 1 | -1 | -1 |
0 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 1 |
0 | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 |
0 | -1 | -1 | 1 | 1 |
-1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | -1 |
-1 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
-1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | -1 |
-1 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
虽然可能无法在第一眼就能马上清楚了解,但是此代码为得自传输于导线1、3和4上的(1,0,-1)的所有6种排列方式的代码以及由传输于导线1和5上的码字(+1,-1)和(-1,+1)组成的代码的组合。
在以下描述中,通过建立称为“比较器图”的第二种类型的图,并检验此图是否连接,可更加容易理解上述内容。本文中,在所述比较器图内,各节点为导线的索引号,而且,当且仅当a:b为上述比较器当中的一个时,节点a和b之间才存在连线。上述比较器图的一例见图6。可以看出,此图为非连接图,这表示在该图中存在如下两个节点(例如,节点1和节点2):其两者之间不存在由图的连线组成的路径节点。本领域技术人员可容易理解的是,图5所示方法输出的一组比较器对应于当且仅当相应比较器图为非连接图时将长度较小代码相互结合的极小规模情形。由于此类型代码生成方法可能存在的缺陷,本申请主要考虑比较器图为连接图,从而使得无法通过将传输于较小数目导线内的代码简单合并而获得代码和比较器的情况。
以下,通过参考图7所示比较器图,对采用图4所示方法的本发明例示实施方式进行描述。在此例中,大代码由向量(1,0,-1)的6种不同排列形式组成,且比较器为1:2和2:3。该图中的节点由所述大代码的元素标示,而且,当且仅当两个节点不能由所述一组比较器区分时,才在其之间画制一条连线。例如,所述比较器针对向量(1,-1,0)的比较结果为+1,-1,而且针对向量(0,-1,1)的比较结果也为+1,-1。因此,此两向量在图中由连线710标示为不能由上述两个比较器区分的向量。对于由连线720连接的两个节点而言,同样如此。图中带圈码字形成一个独立集合,而且事实上可容易看出,其形成一个最大独立集合(也就是说,1:2和2:3两个比较器的二元判定可生成分别由图7中带圈码字表示的四种不同组合)。如此,即可获得可由比较器1:2和2:3组成的二比较器组解码的4个码字。
图8所示比较器图为本发明另一例示实施方式的示意图。在此例中,大代码由向量(1,0,0,-1)的12种不同排列形式组成,且比较器为1:2,1:3,1:4和2:3。由于任何由所述两个0值表示的比较器将产生模棱两可的结果,因此该比较器不能对两个向量进行区分。图中带圈码字形成一个独立集合,而且事实上可容易看出,其形成一个最大独立集合。如此,即可获得可由比较器1:2,1:3,1:4,2:3组成的四比较器组解码的8个码字。如果不采用本发明启示,将需要6个比较器才能将此8个码字区分开来。
图9A、图9B和图9C所示为图5所示本发明优化方法所获得的不同代码。这些代码分别列于各表当中。其中,表外顶行所列为导线的索引号,而表中所列为码字,且每行一字。表下方框中所示为所使用比较器序列。图9A中代码对应图7中比较器图,而图9B中代码对应图8中比较器图。图9C比较器图中所示代码为具有18个码字和5个(而不是6个)比较器。所述码字还可进一步规格化至其坐标值处于任何两个给定数字之间,例如1和-1之间,或1和0之间。此码的另外一个重要之处在于,当弃用第三和第四码字时,可获得具有16个码字的代码,该代码可实现在每条导线上平均传输1个比特,从而使得在随机化传输时,所有导线均随时等同地传输数值-3,-1,1和3。此类均衡码可优选用于某些代码不具有此特性的应用中。在此情况下,正如任何本领域技术人员可理解的一样,由于4个比较器所生成的二元结果能够对最多具有16=24个码字的代码进行解码,因此比较器的数目可实现最优化。对于熟悉本领域的人员容易理解的是,使用不含重复值的代码时,成对信号比较器不可能产生模棱两可的输出,而且所述可得16个码字的四个解码二元结果可允许接收数据无需使用解码器即可输出。这一特征为非常理想的设计特征。
使用图5所示方法可得到许多其它本发明实施方式。例如,图10所示代码使用6条导线,具有48个码字,且可由10个比较器解码。此码为得自向量(1,1,0,0,-1,-1)的所有90种不同排列形式的排列调制码的子代码。如果不采用本发明启示,此代码的解码器将需使用15个比较器,比本例中所使用的比较器多50%。
总之,据观察,某些应用对于检测资源要求(例如所需的差分比较器数目)比对引脚密度更加敏感。因此,需要使用图4和图5所示方法为所述大代码找出可由选定(或更小)数目的比较器完全检测的子代码。其中,可为所述子代码和比较器组画制比较器图,以从所述大代码中找出由于无法由所选比较器区分而包含对于所选子代码而言为冗余代码的多组代码。正如本领域技术人员可以理解的,根据上述编码规则和所选子代码,SCU的设计将变得简单易行。
更加通用的SCU的设计
以下,通过参考图11,对根据本发明的SCU140的一种更为通用的实施方式进行描述。在此实施方式中,所述N条传输线路1102可划分为大小分别为N[1],N[2],……的多个组。为了简单起见,在图11中,只对划分为三组的情况进行了图示。然而,总体而言,对于所划分的组的数目没有任何限制。第一组中具有N1条导线,第二组中具有N2条导线,第三组中具有N3条导线。所述SCU包括内部SCU单元SCU[in]1130,以及多个运算单元1105、1110和1120,分别标为F1、F2和F3。这些运算单元将其各自组中某些(或全部)导线内传输的值作为输入值实施运算,并输出运算结果值。其后,所述运算结果值被发送至内部SCU1130。图11中,所述第一组导线向F1贡献T1个值,所述第二组导线向F2贡献T2个值,所述第三组导线向F3贡献T3个值。除此之外,还向内部SCU1130发送所述第一组导线内的S1个值,所述第二组导线内的S2个值,以及所述第三组导线内的S3个值。S1+T1可大于N1,这表明可将一些相应运算单元所需求的线路值同时发送于内部SCU1130。内部SCU1130由简单比较器构成。
作为一个实施例,连接内部SCU1130的直接连接线S1、S2和S3可包括对线路N1、N2和N3内各代码的解码(由其自身提供一个非所需的非连接比较器图),而其他连接线T1、T2和T3以及单元F1、F2和F3向内部SCU1130提供为了实现比较器图的连接以及扩大最终所得的可完全检测的子代码所需的其他信息。
如果内部SCU1130中的比较器为预先已知,且所述运算单元的结构也为预先已知,那么可使用一种与图4所示方法极为相似的方法解决上述代码设计问题。作为本发明的一种例示实施方式,假设N1=1,N2=2且F1为空操作,那么:导线1的值被直接发送于内部SCU1130;F2计算输入值的平均值;T2=2;S2=2;且内部SCU1250具有两个比较器:一个对导线2和3的值进行比较,另一个将导线2和3的值的平均值与导线1的值进行比较。图12所示为此情况中SCU的示意图:导线a、b和c划分为由导线a组成的单线组以及由导线b和c组成的双线组。第一比较器1230对a和(b+c)/2进行比较,而第二比较器1240对b和c进行比较。当所述大代码选择为由(1,0,-1)的所有6种排列形式组成的代码时,与所述码字和比较器相对应的有限图则如图13所示。其中,带圈码字形成最大独立集合,其共有四个码字,表明所述代码对于比较器的总数而言为最优代码。
本发明的另一实施方式为图3所示SCU。其中,输入导线TR[1],……,TR[6]划分为三个两线组,TR[1]和TR[2]为第一组,TR[3]和TR[4]为第二组,TR[5]和TR[6]为最后一组。所述内部SCU由5个比较器C[1],……,C[5]构成,所述运算单元为平均单元,或者可替换地,为求和单元。利用图4所示方法对由向量(1,1,0,0,-1,-1)的所有90种排列形式组成的大代码进行处理后,可获得可由图3所示一组比较器解码的大小为32的代码。该代码本身示于图14。此代码的存在表明,含有运算单元的更通用版本SCU确实比不使用此类单元的情形更为强效:可以证明的是,当只允许使用比较器时,可以为上述大代码构建的可由5个比较器解码的最大代码的大小只为24,因此要想创建具有32个码字的代码,需要使用上述运算单元。
SCU的递归设计
当导线数目很大,或者当所述大代码具有很多码字,或者当图11所示运算单元1105、1110和1120的结构预先未知时,图5所示方法对于代码设计而言,在计算方面的有效性可能不足。此外,在此类情况下,图5方法生成的代码在编码或解码方面可能较为困难。以下,描述一种递归设计,用于根据较小的SCU或者较小的非稀疏比较器单元设计较大的SCU。为了描述目的,对于用作较大稀疏比较器单元部件的稀疏和非稀疏比较器单元而言,SCU一词在此可互换使用。
如果图4和图5所示方法表示的为一种在大的代码空间内寻找最优子集的“自上而下”的分析方法的话,那么上述递归方法则可看作一种“自下而上”的设计方法。该方法始于代码空间内小而易解码的非连接区域,并通过将其相互连接而提供一个统一的扩大代码空间。
请参考图15所示本发明实施方式,在此情况下,SCU140包括:多个局部SCU,记为SCU11505、SCU21510和SCU31520;运算单元1550;以及全局比较器单元1530。一般而言,所述局部SCU的个数可以为3个或小于3个,上述将该个数选为3个只是在于说明目的。在此情况下,输入导线分为三个组1502,各组分别具有N1、N2和N3条导线。所述第一导线组的S1,第二导线组的S2以及第三导线组的S3连入运算单元1550。该运算单元输出L个值,这些值被发送于全局比较器单元1530,而全局比较器单元1530进一步输出M4个值。所述全局比较器单元可只包括简单比较器,或者也可同样为图11所示SCU。所述第一导线组导线值的T1连入局部SCU1505,而该局部SCU输出M1个值。此外,所述第二和第三导线组导线值的T2和T3分别连入其对应的局部SCU1510和1520,且分别输出M2和M3个值。
在实际操作中,局部SCU1505、1510和1520分别对应长度为N1、N2和N3的一个或多个代码,这些代码可由其相应SCU解码。如果不使用运算单元1550和比较器单元1530,这些代码将在通信线路上独立使用,而最终系统的比较器图则将为非连接图。因此,所述运算单元和比较器单元具有以使新的代码空间可由较小数目的比较器解码的方式扩大代码空间的效果。
以下,给出使用上述递归结构的本发明其他实施方式的多个实例。在所有这些实例中,所获得的代码均整体具有宏观和微观两种结构。所述宏观结构由全局SCU1530检测,而所述微观结构由局部SCU1505、1510和1520检测。其中,局部SCU的个数为n,微观结构的对应代码长度为n。
此宏观/微观结构的一种解释为:所述微观结构表示使用局部SCU检测代码空间中非连接区域内的码字,而所述宏观结构表示使用全局SCU识别特定区域。两者结合后,所提供的宏观和微观信息可完全检测出合并代码空间内的全部代码。作为一个简单实例,所述局部SCU可表示作用于两对不同导线的差分比较器。每个差分比较器无需对其输入导线所承载的共模信号进行处理,而是由全局SCU对不同导线对之间的此类共模差异进行检测,从而为实现输入代码的完全检测提供额外信息。
在本发明的至少一种实施方式中,所述全局SCU只由一个比较器构成。下文中,将相应代码称为“全局”代码。
在图16所示的本发明另一实施方式中,仅使用只由一个比较器1610组成的局部SCU。因此,此代码的相应宏观结构即为由码字(1,-1)和(-1,1)形成的差分代码的结构。其中,使用三条分别标记为a、b和c的输入导线,这些导线划分为两组:一组由导线a和b构成,另一组由另一条导线c组成。所述运算单元由平均单元1620构成,该平均单元的输出值为其输入值的平均值(或者为其输入值的和)。所述全局SCU只由一个比较器1650构成。SCU140输出的信号数目为2。此结构对应的代码可描述如下:在所述差分代码中,首位上的1由(0,1)或(1,0)取代,而首位上的-1由(0,-1)或(-1,0)取代。前两条导线内的值的和总是等于该差分代码中给定码字的第一分量,而最后一条导线内的值等于所述全局代码中码字的第二分量。所述平均(或求和)单元用于恢复前两位上的值1或-1,并且将其与第三导线的值进行比较。如此,即可获得长度为3的三元向量信令码,该向量信令码具有4个码字,且优选地可由两个比较器解码。通过上述方式,所述SCU自身即可用作递归应用中的全局SCU,从而构成本发明的另一实施方式。在此例所获得的代码中的每个码字内,“1”由(1,0)或(0,1)取代,“-1”由(-1,0)或(0,-1)取代,“0”由(1,-1)或(-1,1)取代。因此,最终代码的长度为6,具有32个码字,且可由5个比较器解码。其中,该数字对于此代码而言为最优比较器数。其SCU示于图17。由此可见,此SCU的全局SCU1530与图16所示SCU相同,其运算单元1550由三个平均(或求和)单元组成,而且其各局部SCU均仅由一个比较器组成,用于比较相邻导线内的值。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,上述代码的SCU用作另一递归应用的全局SCU。其中,1,0和-1的取代方式与上述相同。如此,可获得另一长度为12的三元代码,其具有211=2048个码字,且可由11个比较器解码。其中,11为最优比较器数。此外,通过同样的方式,还可对此系列的实施例进行扩展。
使图16所示本发明实施例更为通用的另一种方式为使所述全局SCU仍仅由一个比较器构成的同时,变更图15所示局部SCU1505-1520的结构。在此方式下的本发明实施方式中,差分代码{(1,-1),(-1,1)}内的“1”由和值为1(或某一其他正值)的某一向量取代,而且“-1”由和值为-1(或所述第一和值的负数)的某一向量取代。作为一例,假设“1”由向量(1,1,0,-1)的12种排列形式当中的任何一种取代,“-1”由向量(-1,-1,0,1)的12种排列形式当中的任何一种取代。可解码此代码的SCU示于图18。其中,8条导线划分为两个四导线组,每个局部SCU均使用6个比较器对每一导线组内导线上的值进行相互比较。所述运算单元计算第一和第二导线组的平均值(或者和值),并将其与构成所述全局SCU的一个比较器进行比较。如此,所产生的代码即由对应于向量(1,1,1,0,0,-1,-1,-1)的各种排列形式的288个码字组成,且可由6+6+1=13个比较器解码。
在本发明的至少一种实施方式中,使用接收三个输入且对这些输入的所有三对比较值对进行计算的比较器单元取代上述全局SCU。此SCU对应的代码为由(1,0,-1)的所有排列形式组成的代码。当使用(0,1)或(1,0)取代“1”,(0,-1)或(-1,0)取代“-1”,(1,-1)或(-1,1)取代“0”时,可获得长度为6且具有48个码字的三元代码。该代码可由图19所示SCU使用6个比较器进行解码,而且此代码所需的比较器数为最优比较器数。在本发明的其他实施方式中,通过将上述代码与由向量(1,0,-1)的所有6种排列形式组成的代码联合,可获得使用9条可传输48×6=288个码字的导线的三元代码。该代码可由SCU使用最优数目的9个比较器进行解码。
虽然上述实施例描述了向量信令码在点对点芯片间互连中的应用,然而其不应以任何方式视为对本发明范围构成限制。本申请中所公开的方法还可以同等效果适用于其他互连拓扑结构以及其他通信媒介,包括用于光通信、电容性通信、感应式通信以及无线通信的媒介。这些媒介可使用所述发明的任何特征,包括通过选择性改进实现接收或检测资源的最小化,以及代码空间的子集选择。本申请所公开的方法可等同适用于对编码信息进行保存以待随后取出的实施方式,尤其包括动态和静态随机存取存储器,非易失性存储器以及可编程闪存存储器。“电压”或“信号电平”等描述性词语应视为包括其在其他度量系统中的同等概念,例如“光强”,“射频调制”,“存储电荷”等。本申请所使用的“物理信号”一词包括可传送信息物理现象的所有适用形态和/或属性。此外,物理信号可以为有形非暂时性信号。
Claims (18)
1.一种包括接收器电路的系统,其特征在于,所述接收器电路包括:
N个导体;
具有严格少于N×(N-1)/2个比较器的电路,其中,每个比较器将所述导体当中的一个所接收到的值与某一其他导体所接收到的值相比较,而且,以所述导体为节点且以由至少一个比较器比较的导体对为连线的图为连接图;以及
一解码器电路,用于根据所述电路的输出确定数据字。
2.如权利要求1所述系统,其特征在于,该系统具有六个导体,从而使得N=6,其中,所述接收器电路包括:
三个局部比较器单元,具有三个微观码字比较器输出;
一运算单元,与所述六个导体相连并且具有三个平均单元,所述三个平均单元当中的每一个均生成宏观码字元素输出;以及
一非稀疏全局比较器单元,具有与所述运算单元的宏观码字元素输出相连的三个比较器以及具有基于所述宏观码字元素输出的宏观码字比较器输出。
3.如权利要求1所述系统,其特征在于,该系统还包括一发送器电路,其中,所述发送器电路包括:
一编码器,用于将数据字编码为具有N个符号的码字,所述码字可通过对该码字的坐标对进行少于N×(N-1)/2次比较来解码,其中,以所述坐标为节点且以经过比较的坐标对为连线的图为连接图;以及
一组驱动器,用于共同发送与所述码字相对应的输出值。
4.一种符号解码方法,其特征在于,包括:
从N个导体上接收一符号集合;
使用一个或多个局部比较器单元确定一个或多个微观码字比较器输出,其中所述一个或多个局部比较器单元当中的每一个均对所述符号集合中的一个符号子集进行比较,所述符号子集中的符号构成一个相应的微观码字的元素;
根据所述一个或多个符号子集,形成运算符号组合,以确定与接收到的所述符号集合相对应的宏观码字的宏观码字元素;
使用全局比较器单元,根据所述宏观码字元素确定宏观码字比较器输出;
根据所述微观码字比较器输出和宏观码字比较器输出确定数据字。
5.如权利要求4所述方法,其特征在于,所述局部或全局比较器单元中具有T个输入的比较器单元中的至少一个提供少于T×(T-1)/2个比较器输出。
6.如权利要求4所述方法,其特征在于,形成运算符号组合包括对所述符号子集的符号实施平均运算、求和运算或减法运算。
7.如权利要求4所述方法,其特征在于,根据所述宏观码字元素确定宏观码字比较器输出包括:
使用一个或多个中间比较器单元根据所述宏观码字元素形成中间码字比较器输出,所述中间比较器单元具有K个输入且提供少于K×(K-1)/2个比较器输出;
通过形成所述宏观码字元素的一个或多个运算组合,确定与所述接收到的符号集合相对应的高级宏观码字的高级宏观码字元素;
根据所述高级宏观码字元素,确定高级宏观码字比较器输出;
将所述宏观码字比较器输出提供为包括所述中间码字比较器输出以及所述高级宏观码字比较器输出的一个集合。
8.如权利要求7所述方法,其特征在于,确定高级宏观码字比较器输出还直接基于至少一个宏观码字元素。
9.如权利要求4所述方法,其特征在于,确定数据字包括使用解码器将所述微观码字比较器输出和宏观码字比较器输出转化为数据字。
10.如权利要求4所述方法,其特征在于,确定数据字包括将所述微观码字比较器输出和宏观码字比较器输出用作所述数据字。
11.如权利要求4所述方法,其特征在于,所述微观码字元素预设为该微观码字元素的和与有效宏观码字的单个元素相对应。
12.一种装置,其特征在于,包括:
N个导体;
一个或多个局部比较器单元,具有一个或多个微观码字比较器输出,其中,所述一个或多个局部比较器单元中的每一个均连接于所述N个导体的与相应微观码字的元素相关联的相应子集;
一运算单元,连接于所述N个导体的第二子集并且具有宏观码字元素输出,所述宏观码字元素输出的至少一个表示所述N个导体的所述第二子集内导体上的信号的运算组合;以及
一全局比较器单元,连接于所述宏观码字元素输出并且具有基于所述宏观码字元素输出的宏观码字比较器输出。
13.如权利要求12所述装置,其特征在于,还包括解码器,该解码器连接于所述一个或多个局部比较器单元以及所述全局比较器单元,以根据所述微观码字比较器输出和宏观码字比较器输出确定数据字。
14.如权利要求12所述装置,其特征在于,所述局部或全局比较器单元中具有T个输入的比较器单元中的至少一个提供少于T×(T-1)/2个比较器输出。
15.如权利要求12所述装置,其特征在于,所述运算单元用于通过对所述N个导体的所述第二子集上信号的组合实施平均运算、求和运算或减法运算而形成运算符号组合。
16.如权利要求12所述装置,其特征在于,所述全局比较器单元包括第二运算单元和其他比较器。
17.一种装置,其特征在于,包括:
六个导体;
一稀疏比较器单元,具有连接于所述六个导体的六个输入以及具有三个微观码字比较器输出的三个局部比较器单元;
一运算单元,连接于所述六个导体并且具有三个平均单元,所述三个平均单元当中的每一个均产生宏观码字元素输出;以及
一非稀疏全局比较器单元,具有连接于所述运算单元的宏观码字元素输出的三个比较器以及基于所述宏观码字元素输出的宏观码字比较器输出。
18.如权利要求17所述装置,其特征在于,还包括解码器,该解码器连接于所述稀疏比较器单元和非稀疏全局比较器单元且用于生成数据字。
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