CN1051998C - 异喹啉类化合物、其制备方法及其药物组合物 - Google Patents
异喹啉类化合物、其制备方法及其药物组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1051998C CN1051998C CN94118199A CN94118199A CN1051998C CN 1051998 C CN1051998 C CN 1051998C CN 94118199 A CN94118199 A CN 94118199A CN 94118199 A CN94118199 A CN 94118199A CN 1051998 C CN1051998 C CN 1051998C
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Abstract
本发明公开了式Ⅰ化合物、它们的生理学上可水解和可接受的酯及其盐。所述化合物、酯和可药用的酸加成盐可用作药物,例如,用于哮喘的治疗。
Description
本发明涉及新的异喹啉类化合物、它们的生产方法、其作为药物的用途及含有它们的药物组合物。
其中,R为乙基或正丙基。
式1中R优选乙基。
本文所用的术语“生理学上可水解和可接受的酯”是指一种酯,其中式I化合物的羟基被酯化并且该酯在生理条件下是可水解的,由此产生一种酸,该酸本身在给药剂量下是生理上可耐受的。因此,这一术语可理解为通常所定义的前药形式。这类酯的例子包括,例如,式I化合物的乙酸酯和苯甲酸酯。
式I中化合物及如前所述的其酯以游离形式和酸加成盐的形式存在。适合在与本发明中药用的可药用的酸加成盐包括:例如盐酸盐、富马酸氢盐、马来酸氢盐和草酸氢盐。
本发明的化合物及其酯和盐是在英国专利No.2213482、美国专利No.4980359及世界范围内的相应专利和申请中已公开和定义的发明范围之内。本发明的化合物及其酯和盐是新的,并且,与上述专利具体公开的化合物及酯和盐相比,它们显示出令人惊奇的特性,特别是在下述的其预期的药物用途方面。
另一方面,本发明提供了制备上面定义的式I化合物或其生理学上可水解和可接受的酯、或所述化合物或其酯的酸加成盐的方注,该方法包括:a)为了制备式I化合物,将式II化合物去保护和或去氢化,
其中R的定义与式I中相同:X是氢,R1和R2代表如虚线所示的一个附加键:或者X是羟基保护基,R1和R2均为氢或代表如虚线所示的一个附加键;b)为了制备式I化合物的生理学上可水解和可接受的酯,将式I化
合物酯化:和
以游离形式或酸加成盐形式回收步骤a)或b)的产物。
按照步骤a)移去羟基保护基/去氢化可参照本领域中已知的方法来进行。通常步骤a)包括去保护和去氢化两步反应。例如,可应用其中X为苄基保护基且R1和R2均为氢的式II化合物,一步进行苄基的断裂和去氢化两个反应。例如,按下述的实施例1中所述,通过在惰性气氛和惰性溶剂或稀释剂中用钯/炭催化剂处理。
步骤b)的酯化也可以按照标准方法进行。例如,用式I的化合物与适当的酰卤或酸酐反应,反应在碱存在下进行,例如用胺或碱金属碳酸盐。反应适宜在惰性溶剂或稀释剂中,在0℃至120℃,于惰性气体保护下进行。
其中X1为羟基保护基,例如苄基;Y1和Y2均为离去基团;R的定义与式I中所给定义相同。合适的Y1离去基团是:例如碘或甲苯磺酰基,甲苯磺酰基更适用于大规模生产。Y2适于选氯。步骤(c)到(g)可按照标准方法进行,例如,如所附的实施例中所述。式为IIa化合物的去保护基提供了其中X为氢的式II化合物。式IIa化合物的去氢化提供了其中R1和R2一起代表一个附加键的式II化合物。
式IIIa、IIIb和VII化合物可通过商业途径买到,是本领域公知的化合物,或者可用与已知化合物相类似的方法来制备。于是,式VII化合物可如下制备:由3,5-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯为原料首先在碱(例如碳酸钾)存在下,例如用丁酮为溶剂,用异丙基碘烷基化;然后,将得到的3,5-二异丙氧基苯甲酸甲酯水解,例如,可用甲醇作溶剂用氢氧化钠处理:最后,例如通过与二氯亚砜反应将得到的3,5-二异丙氧基苯甲酸转化成相应的酰卤,例如酰氯。
下面的例子只是解释本发明方法而不是限制其范围。实施例1
1-(3,5-二异丙氧基苯基)-3-乙基-6-(2-羟基乙氧基)-7-甲氧基-异喹啉(式I:R=-C2H5)的制备i)步骤a)-去保护和去氢化:
将13.5g 6-苄氧基乙氧基-1-(3,5-二异丙氧基苯基)-3-乙基-7-甲氧基-3,4-二氢-异喹啉(式IIa:X1=苄基,R=乙基)、1.3g钯/炭(10%)及500ml十氢萘在200℃和氩气保护下搅拌5小时。将反应混合物冷却到室温,以用白色硅藻土(Hyflo)过滤,并以乙酸乙酯冲洗。在50℃将十氢萘真空蒸掉,所得产物用硅胶(直径0.04-0.06mm)色谱法纯化,得到标题化合物:
熔点:游离碱=116-118℃
盐酸盐=218-222℃
富马酸氢盐82.5℃
草酸氢盐=106-107℃
马来酸氢盐87-96℃
上述方法的原料可如下制备:ii) 3-(2-苄氧基乙氧基)-4-甲氧基-苯甲醛(式IV:
X1=苄基)
将20g异香草醛(式IIIa),41.3g2-苄氧基乙基碘(式IIIb)和21.8g碳酸钾溶于200ml丁酮中,在回流状态下搅拌12小时,将得到的悬浊液冷却到室温并将沉淀过滤掉,以丙酮洗涤,然后将丙酮蒸出,残余物溶于乙酸乙酯,用水(3次)和盐水(1次)萃取。将有机相干燥,过滤,并蒸发,得到油状的标题化合物。iii)3-(2-苄氧基乙氧基)-4-甲氧基苄基乙基酮(式V:
X1=苄基,R=乙基)
将24g步骤ii的产物,21.5g溴丁酸乙酯和30ml叔丁基甲基醚在5℃经50分钟滴加入预先制备的由甲醇钠和25ml叔丁基甲基醚形成的悬浊液中。反应混合物在大约5℃下搅拌45分钟,然后在室温下搅拌12小时。加入冰醋酸调节pH值至5,得到的悬浊液用水稀释后用叔丁基甲基醚萃取3次,有机相用NaHCO3萃取一次,用盐水萃取一次,并蒸发至约100ml。滴加13.5ml 50%的氢氧化钠水溶液,全部液体搅拌2小时。在40℃,用50ml水稀释,再在室温下搅拌30分钟。将有机相分离,水相在不超过40℃下用15ml浓盐酸调节至pH值等于1。再将反应混合物在40℃下揽拌1.5小时,冷却至室温后用甲苯萃取。将有机相用NaHCO3溶液和盐水洗涤、用Na2SO4干燥、过滤和蒸发后,得油状的标题化合物。iv)1-[3-(2-苄氧基乙氧基)-4-甲氧基苯基-2-氨
基丁烷(式VI:X1=苄基,R=乙基)
将20.6g步骤iii的产物、48.4g乙酸铵和3.9g氰基硼氢化钠溶于235ml甲醇中,加入12.1g 0.4mm(4)分子筛,在惰性气体保护下室温搅拌过夜。反应混合物以白硅藻土过滤,并以甲醇洗涤。将滤液浓缩,残余物溶于乙醚中,分别用15%氢氧化钠、水和盐水萃取,有机相用硫酸钠干燥,过滤并挥发溶剂,得油状标题化合物。v)N-(3,5-二异丙氧基苯甲酰基)-1-[3-(2-苄氧
基乙氧基)-4-甲氧基苯基]-2-氨基丁烷(式VIII:X1=
苄基,R=乙基)
将19.9g 3,5-二异丙氧基苯甲酰氯溶于100ml二氯甲烷中,经1.5小时滴加入由17.0g步骤(iv)的产物、15.6g三乙基铵和630mg N,N-二甲基氨基吡啶及150ml二氯甲烷构成的溶液中,反应混合物在约0℃至室温下搅拌12小时。将所得的混合物浓缩,残留物用乙酸乙酯溶解,用1N盐酸、10%碳酸氢钠和盐水分别萃取。有机相用硫酸钠干燥,过滤并浓缩。已结晶的残余物用乙醚稀释,并过滤,得到标题产物。本产品未加纯化处理直接用于下一步反应。vi)6-苄氧基乙氧基-1-(3,5-二异丙氧基苯基)-3-
乙基-7-甲氧基-3,4-二氢异喹啉
将15.3g步骤(v)的产物和12.7g POCl3溶于250ml乙腈中。回流状态下搅拌5小时,浓缩反应混合物,残余物用乙酸乙酯溶解,用Na2CO3溶液和盐水萃取,有机相用Na2SO4干燥,过滤,挥发去溶剂,残余物用硅胶(直径0.04-0.63mm)色谱法纯化,得油状标题化合物。实施例2
1-(3,5-二异丙氧基苄基)-6-(2-羟基乙氧基)-
7-甲氧基-3-正丙基-异喹啉(式I:R=正丙基)的制备
标题化合物以与实施例1类似的方法来制备,所得的游离碱为泡沫状:草酸-氢盐熔点=154-156℃
式I化合物及其生理学上可水解和可接受的酯、和所述化合物和其酯的可药用酸加成盐(下文总称为本发明药剂)显示出药理学活性并证明可用作治疗药物,例如用于治疗下文列举的那些疾病和症状。
尤其是本发明药剂呈现出环核苷磷酸二酯酶(PDE)岐化酶抑制活性,对IV型岐化酶具有选择性,并且比已知化合物(例如上述英国和美国专利2,213,482和4,980,359中公开的那些化合物),对于IV型岐化酶具有显著而惊人的更大的专一性。
本发明药剂具有抗炎、抗气管功能亢进及支气管扩张药性质。它们还具有免疫抑制、TNFα分泌抑制和其它药理活性,这些,可以在例如如下的标准实验方法中得到证明:
[如下所述的所有实验均以试验化合物(例如实施例1的化合物)相应的草酸-氢盐进行。在实施例1化合物的情况下,可用10%的吐温溶于80%的无水乙醇制成浓度为30mM的草酸-氢盐储备液。做药理实验用时,至少应稀释一万倍。]PDE岐化酶抑制作用试验A:人PDE岐化酶抑制试验
所有的岐化酶的制备均来源于人体。III型和IV型的制备是利用了在血小板中III型岐化酶居大多数和嗜中性白细胞中IV型岐化酶居主导而得到的。制备中应用了下列技术:
细胞和组织在冰上于pH值为7.4浓度为10mM的tris-HCl中制成匀浆,所述tris-HCl中含有:蔗糖(250mM)、EDTA 1mM、二硫苏糖醇(1mM)、leupeptin和pepstatin A(各1μg/ml)及苯基-甲基-磺酰氟(PMSF、0.17mg/ml在制匀浆刚开始时加)。嗜中性白细胞(IV型)和血小板(II型和III型)取自人血并超声粉碎(Branso挥针4×15秒),人肺(I型和V型)取自手术中的病人,以多管式匀浆器制成匀浆(两次各30秒)。
岐化酶制备:PDEIII和IV(基质cAMP 1μM)制备分别由血小板和嗜中性白细胞匀浆低速上清液组成。I型(基质cAMP 1μM,Ca2+0.5mM,calmodulin 125nM),II型(cAMP 100μM)和V型(cGMP 1μM)通过阴离子交换色谱法(Q-Sepharose)分离,使用设有蔗糖和PMSF的NaCl匀浆缓冲液梯度洗脱,(在2.5倍柱体积中NaCl为0至0.1M,在2 4倍柱体积中NaCl为0.1至0.45M)。PDE I为cAMP 1μM的水解可被Ca2+和Calmodlin(分别为0.5mM和125nM)激发的那些级分;在NaCl为0.17至0.18M时洗脱下来。PDE II为在100μM而不是在1μM显示出基本的cAMP水解活性的那些级分;在NaCl浓度为0.31-0.32M时洗脱下来,PDEV为:在cAMP 1μM过程中选择性地水解cGMP 1μM的那些级分:在NaCl浓度为0.20-0.24M时洗脱下来。
使用Thompson等人描述的离子交换柱方法(Nucleotide Res.,10,69-92(1979))用1μM[H3]-cAMP作为基质,在试验物质存在或不存在下以可变浓度测定PDE的活性。
在这一实验方法中,本发明药剂显著地抑制III、IV和V型PDE岐化酶,对于I型和II型具有相对小的作用。在III、IV和V型中,与其它已知PDE岐化酶抑制剂比较,本发明药剂对于抑制IV型PDE岐化酶具有显著高的选择性,可作为IV型岐化酶持异抑制剂。于是,在一项实验中,发现实施例1化合物的草酸-氢盐对于IV型岐化酶的抑制活性比试验的其它制备的岐化酶至少大180倍。抗炎活性:实验B:抑制甲酰-MetLeuPhe(fMLP)对嗜酸性细胞的激活
纯化的人嗜酸性细胞(0.2ml HBSS中有104个/井)在光泽精(25μM)存在下用fMLP激活。对于氧化性突发(以化学荧光的变化来测量)的抑制可以利用逻辑方程由剂量效应曲线来测定。
本发明药剂在上述实验方法中,在浓度范围0.001μM至0.5μM内均是有活性的。实验C:抑制TNFα的分泌
900μl THP-1细胞(0.5×106细胞+100Uγ-干扰素/0.9ml)吸取入24井培养板中,然后加入100μl实验药物。于37℃在5%二氧化碳/95%空气中孵化3小时后加入10μl浓度为5μg/ml的LPS,继续孵化40小时。在此过程中要很好地控制实验条件。然后移出培养基并在1000g下离心10分钟使溶液澄清。向各井中加入0.01%的洋地黄皂甙1.0ml以溶解被带橡皮头的玻璃搅棒刮削时松驰的细胞,然后在4℃放置10分钟,立即进行乳酸脱氢酶的测定,并且所述样品存放于-20℃以进行其它测定。测定包括:IL-1β(媒介),TNF-α(媒介)和DNA(溶解产物)。IL-1β和TNF-α的测定可应用从市场上买到的酶联免疫吸附实验测试药盒。
Kapuscinski等人的方法[Anal.Biochem.83,252-257(1977)]可用于测定DNA。300μl的细胞溶解物样品(溶于0.01%的洋地黄皂甙)与pH值为7.0的750μl tris-HCl缓冲液(含有13.2mM Na2SO4)混合,还有300μl的水和浓度为2μg/ml的150μl DAPI(4′,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚·2HCl)然后使用Perkin Elmer 3000型荧光测定仪在372nm(激发光谱)和454nm(发射光谱)测定荧光,样品测定值从同时测定的小牛胸腺DNA(0.5-10μg/ml)的标准曲线上读出。
乳酸脱氢酶如下法测定:50μl样品(介质或在0.01%洋地黄皂甙中的细胞溶解物)加入96井微滴定板中,然后加入200μl溶于pH值为7.5的62mM磷酸钠缓冲液中的0.3mM NADH和1mM丙酮酸钠。该板用自动微滴定板摇床轻轻混合,然后放入双显示分光光度计(FlowLaboratories产)在340nm处的mextinction值可在11分钟期间每隔1分钟自动测量一次,酶率可用计算机程序自动计算。由于在冷冻和融化的过程中酶的活性有损失,所以应测定新鲜样品。
试验化合物以不同浓度随γ-IFN一同加入,并且在实验过程中与细胞一起存在。
在以上实验方法中,本发明药剂在0.001μM至0.5μM浓度范围内显示出巨大的TNFα抑制活性。对于IL-1β的抑制仅在相当高浓度时才可以观察到。实验D:抑制SRS-A的生成
豚鼠在试验前通过静脉给药1ml同源的抗卵清蛋白抗血清,被动致酶24小时。在抗原免疫试验前,动物先以丙醇(0.32mg/kg)静脉给药进行预处置(抑制内源性的儿茶酚胺),静脉给以美吡胺(3.2mg/kg)(H1受体拮抗作用)和静脉注射的吲哚美沙辛(3.2mg/kg)(抑制环氧合酶)。变应原免疫作用通过静脉给药32μg/kg卵清蛋白而影响,对气管抑制产生的缩肌反应作为SRS-A活性的函数结果。将实验动物分组,静脉给以FPL 55712(10mg/kg)(LTD4受体拮抗剂),在免疫前一分钟给药:或者在免疫前十六分钟静脉注入不同浓度的实验药物。接受了FPL 55712的动物组显示出支气管收缩功能丧失,确证了SRS-A在这一反射中的媒介作用。
在上述实验方法中,本发明药剂可以抑制SRS-A的生成,这当静脉输入本药剂5-100μg/kg/min时,缩肌反应减少来得到证实。实验E:豚鼠中细菌内毒素[LPS]引起的致死率
豚鼠腹膜内注射苯巴比妥钠(100mg/kg)麻醉,然后补给戊巴比妥钠(30mg/kg),肌内注射加拉明(10mg/kg)以使其麻醉。实验动物通过气管插管导入空气和氧气的混合气体(40∶60,v/v)来换气,(8ml/kg 1Hz)。换气过程可通过压差转换器上连接一个呼吸速度描计器来监测。胸内压力的偶然变化可以经过喉内插管连接一个压差转换器来测量,这样气管处和胸内的压差可以测出和显示出来,血压和心率在颈动脉处以一个压力转换器来记录,在右侧颈静脉处插入一根插管以静脉输注实验物质,同时,用一个输液泵以一不变速率(3.0ml/hr以给药10mg/kg/hr)输入LPS。左侧颈静脉插管以便静脉内给药(±)心得安(1mg/kg)。通过测量空气流量和经由肺的压力,使用数字式肺部电子监视系统可以在每一个呼吸周期后计算出RL和Cdyn,这一系统可显示血压,胸内压和空气流量并可在真实时间计算RL和Cdyn,并在视觉显示单元上显示出来。实验数据可以连续储存,在实验结束时,实验曲线或处理后的数据可打出来。
输注(±)心得安确保了对LPS的连续感应,在麻醉的动物体内,以[±]心得安进行预处理和以以上方式输注LPS产生了显著的呼吸道破坏,内毒素性昏迷后的死亡通常发生在结束LPS输注后大约一小时内。
在以上实验方法中,经静脉注射给以本发明药剂在1-500μg/kg/min的剂量使实验动物免于在实验过程中内毒素(LPS)引起的呼吸道损伤,同样也使动物免于LPS导致的死亡。实验F:小鼠体内的花生四烯酸引起的刺激性接触性皮炎
雌性NMRI鼠(大约30g)在右耳的内侧和外侧局部均用含有不同浓度试验化合物的二甲基亚砜∶丙酮∶乙醇(2∶4∶4)溶液10μl处理,30分钟后,右耳的内部和外部局部以溶有1mg花生四烯酸的10μl丙酮处理,30分钟后将动物杀死,在软骨线处将耳切下并称重,计算左耳和右耳重量的差异,并相对于仅用花生四烯酸的对照组,计算出百分抑制率。
本发明药剂在上述实验方法中抑制接触性皮炎的使用浓度为3-300mM。支气管扩张活性实验G:人支气管的松驰
人肺的样品为在癌症手术中切下三天内的样品,小支气管(内径约2-5nm)切成小段,放入2ml的液氮储存安瓿中,其中加入了含有1.8M二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和0.1M蔗糖的小牛血清作为冷冻保护试剂。安瓿放在一个聚苯乙烯的盒子中(11×11×22cm),放入冰箱中以平均速率为约每分钟0.6℃的速度冷却并保持在-70℃。3-15小时后,将安瓿转移入液氮中(-196℃),保存在其中直至使用时。使用前,先将组织在-70℃放置30-60分钟。然后将安瓿放入37℃水浴中在25分钟内融解。然后将支气管段放入一个盛有Krebs-Henseleit氏溶液的盘子中在37℃洗涤。该溶液含有(单位:nM):NaCl 118:KCl 4.7;MgSO4 1.2;CaCl2 1.2;KH2PO4 1.2;NaHCO3 25:葡萄糖11:EDTA 0.03。将支气管切或环,悬浮在10ml器官浴中。在约1g的预负载下进行等张力记录。以累积加样的方注绘制浓度反应曲线,当原先的浓度已产生了最大效应时,将浓度增大,在浓度反应曲线的最终,加入罂粟硷(300μM)以产生支气管环的完全松驰。这一结果记作100%松弛。
在以上实验方法中,本发明药剂在浓度0.001至1.0μM时使人支气管环产生与浓度相关的松弛效应。实验H:对SRS-A引起的支气管收缩的抑制
豚鼠(Dunkin-Hartley种,雄性,400-600g)以苯巴比妥(100mg/kg,腹膜内注射)和戊巴比妥(30mg/kg腹膜内注射)进行麻醉,以加拉明(100mg/kg肌肉注射)进行麻醉。实验动物经由气管插管导入空气和氧气的混合气(45∶55v/v)进行换气,在颈动脉处记录血压和心率,在呼吸回路中连接一个Fleisch气流转换器来监测通气情况,胸内压力的偶然变化直接经由一个胸内套针来监测,这可以显示出相对于气管的不同压力。从这些与气流和不同压力的有关信息,可以应用一个数字呼吸分析仪对每一呼吸周期的阻力[R1]和协同[Cdyn]进行计算。
在实验前,先给以同源的抗卵清蛋白抗血清(1ml,静脉注射)将实验动物被动致敏24小时。在进行变应原免疫前,用心得安进行预处置,以抑制内源性儿茶酚胺,以美吡胺(3.2mg/kg静脉注射)阻滞组胺H1受体,以吲哚美沙辛(3.2mg/kg静脉注射)抑制环加氧酶。变应原免疫通过给以卵清蛋白(OA)来获得,由此产生的支气管肌缩反应作为SRS-A活性的函数指标。
进行两个实验:1)第一个,实验动物以OA(32mg/kg静脉注射)免疫,考
察白三烯D4受体拮抗剂FLP 55712(10mg/kg静脉注射,
OA免疫前一分钟使用)和试验化合物(1、10和100mg/
kg/min OA免疫前15分钟静脉输注)的效应。2)第二个,实验动物以OA免疫(1.0或1.8mg/ml经60次呼吸
吸入)测量实验化合物直接经由气管滴注入肺在不同剂量产生
的效应。
在实验1)中,OA的支气管肌缩效应在给以FPL 55712后消
失了,与SRS-A对反应的调节相一致,本发明药剂显示出对支
气管肌缩反应的剂量浓赖性。
在实验2)中,本发明试剂在经由支气管滴注给药时显示出在剂量0.001-10mg/kg/min时具有抑制活性。实验I:对蛙皮素引起的支气管收缩的抑制
实验动物(豚鼠)如上面实验H中的方法准备。
蛙皮素通过以100mg/kg/min的量连续静脉输注给药,以此产生持续的支气管痉挛。实验物质溶于生理盐水通过静脉注射给药,或者溶于乙醇/盐水(1% v/w)中i.d.法给药。在静脉给药后1分钟和3分钟时或者给药后16分钟和64分钟时测量支气管扩张效应;并用RL作为肺功能指数以初始反应的百分抑制率表示。
在以上实验方法中,本发明药剂在静脉注射给药0.001-0.1mg/kg和i.d.给药0.1-5.0mg/kg时显示出明显的支气管扩张活性。实验J:在恒河猴中对乙酰甲胆碱(MeCH)引起的支气管收缩的抑制
雄性恒河猴(体重10.3-13.2kg)以氯胺酮(20mg/kg肌肉注射,起始时用)麻醉,然后经由左侧隐静脉插管用5-乙基-5-(1-甲基丁基)-2-巴比妥酸(3mg/kg/h静脉注射)维持麻醉至实验结束。实验动物自主呼吸,以左侧躺姿放置,将喉部、声门部和咽部麻醉(局部麻醉使用本卡因)以便能插入和放置一个4.5mm的翻边儿科颈插管。
MeCH以气溶胶的形式给药(盐水做载体:气溶胶通过用6升/分钟的空气和一个喷雾器产生)。暴露两分钟,最大换气量吸入。由于对MeCH的响应很弱,所有的实验均使用0.6mg/ml或2.5mg/ml的溶液。MeCH支气管收缩实验相隔30分钟之后做,在MeCH免疫之前15分钟,给以实验物质(以乳糖做载体制成1mg/ml的悬浊液,在支气管镜的控制下给1ml,给在支气管杈隆凸以上1cm处)。
实验物质以累加的方式给药。支气管的扩张活性以MeCH对支气管收缩反应抑制的百分抑制率进行评价。
本发明药剂在给药剂量10-500ng/kg范围内在上述实验方法中是有效的。对呼吸道高反应性的抑制实验K:豚鼠复合免疫引起的高反应性
将豚鼠麻醉以上述实验F相同的方法准备好以记录肺功能。静脉十分钟间隔三次注射预先制备的免疫复合物(向0.05ml豚鼠抗牛γ-球蛋白抗血清中加入溶在0.05ml盐水中的30μg牛γ-球蛋白而制得)以引起变应性反应。然后静脉注射给以组胺(1-3.7μg/kg,10分钟间隔)使气管在给以免疫复合物之前和之后的敏感性更明显,呼吸道的高反应性表示为给以免疫复合物之前和之后对组胺反应的RL最大值的差值。试验化合物在支气管内给药,按照引起呼吸道高反应性程度的不同给以不同的剂量。
在上述实验方法中,本发明药剂在给药剂量为0.5-50μg/kg支气管内给药时,对于消除或抑制呼吸道高反应性是有利的。免疫抑制活性实验L:鼠混合淋巴细胞反应
将约0.5×106雌性(8-10周)Balb/c鼠脾脏的淋巴细胞与约0.5×106雌性(8-10周)CBA鼠脾脏的淋巴细胞在0.2ml细胞生长介质中孵育5天。实验物质以不同浓度加入介质中,活性通过抑制与DNA合成有关的增殖的能力来评估。该DNA合成通过掺入放射标记的胸腺嘧啶来测定。
本发明药剂在浓度0.1-50.0nM时抑制胸腺嘧啶的结合。
还发现本发明药剂可以抑制人外周血液单核细胞的体外增殖反应,例如,抑制结核菌素;并且,尤其是显示出与免疫抑制活性物质(例如免疫抑制性的环孢菌素如环孢菌素A、及皮质类固醇类)结合后有协同抑制效应。
除前文所述之外,普通药理实验还指出本发明药剂与已知化合物相比显示出对于下文将要讲到的有关治疗方面的用途具有明显而惊入的改善,例如,能减少行为反应的影响,和/或,尤其能减少与血液动力学参数有关的心血管效应(影响心率、导致血管收缩等)。
这样,在一系列将多普勒主动脉流试验用于兔身上的实验中[见J.Pharmacol.Meth 24,263-267(1990)],可发现实施例1化合物的草酸-氢盐显示出在例如剂量高达0.3mg/kg时没有心血管系统的副反应,仅使心率有一轻微降低(这是由于剂量在1mg/kg时引起的血管收缩)。
与此相似,发现同样的化合物的草酸-氢盐形式在平均动脉血压、心率和血浆葡萄糖浓度方面没有或仅有很小的改变,例如,给清醒的狗用药剂量高达0.3mg/kg(静脉注射)或0.6mg/kg(口服)时,上述方面均无变化,这时已可产生对加入血浆的PDE IV很强且持续时间很长的抑制作用,所有的用药剂量通常均可很好耐受。
正如已经提到的,本发明药剂作为IV型PDE岐化酶抑制剂其特点是具有明显的作用和很高的特异性。它们还具有代谢半衰期和作用有效期较长的特点。
由于本发明药剂的抗炎活性、对呼吸道的高反应性的作用和它们对与PDE岐化酶有关的增殖的抑制作用,尤其是作为IV型岐化酶的选择性抑制剂。本发明药剂可用于疾病的治疗,尤其是预防性治疗所述疾病,包括呼吸道梗阻或炎症疾病,例如,通过连续规律性的较长时间给药,可以提供有效的保护,以防止支气管收缩或其它由于呼吸道梗阻或炎症疾病引起的发作症状,或者控制、改善、逆转这些疾病的基本症状。
由于本发明药剂的支气管扩张活性,它们可以用作支气管扩张剂,例如,用于慢性或急性支气管收缩的治疗。例如,用于呼吸道梗阻或炎症疾病的症状控制。
在本说明书和权利要求中所使用的、与呼吸道梗阻和炎症疾病有关的术语“治疗”(名称和动词)应相应地理解为既包括治疗中的预防性治疗方式和症状性治疗方式。
依照上文所述,本发明还提供:A.一种用于需要治疗患者以治疗下述疾病的方法:
a)呼吸道高反应性;
b)支气管扩张:或
c)尤其是呼吸道梗阻或炎症性疾病,该方法包括给予所述患者有效量的本发明药剂。
本发明所述的呼吸道梗阻和炎症疾病包括气喘、尘肺、呼吸道慢性梗阻或肺病(COAD或COPD)及成人呼吸困苦综合症(ARDS),同样也包括由于其它药物治疗引起的呼吸道反应过程症的如剧,例如,阿斯匹林或β受体激动剂的治疗。
本发明适用于对任何种类和起因的气喘的治疗,包括内源性的和尤其是外源性的气喘。它可用于变应性(特异性的或IgE为媒介的)气喘;也可用于非特异气喘的处置,包括例如支气管炎,运动引起的气喘和职业性气喘,气喘引起的继发细菌感染和其它非变应性气喘;还可用于喘鸣婴儿综合症的处置(婴儿初发气喘)。
本发明可用于任何类型和起因的尘肺,包括例如矾土肺、炭肺、石棉肺、石末肺、驼鸟毛尘肺、铁尘肺、矽肺、烟草肺和棉屑肺。
本发明可用于对COPD和COAD的治疗,包括慢性支气管炎、肺气肿或与呼吸困难有关的其它疾病。
本发明还可用于治疗任何类型和起因的支气管炎,包括,例如,急性、花生性、卡它性慢性、哮吼性或痨病性支气管炎等。
由于本发明药剂作为TNF-α分泌的选择性抑制剂的活性,它们可用于降低或抑制TNF-α的分泌,例如,用于那些TNF-α分泌影响的或TNF-α起调节作用的疾病或病症的治疗,例如涉及病原学的疾病和病症(例如,不期望的、过多的或失控的TNF-α分泌),尤其是用于恶病质或内毒素性休克的治疗和爱滋病的治疗[cf.Shariefet al,Mediators of Inflammation,1 323-338(1992)]。
本发明方法可用于与病态TNF-α分泌或血清TNF-α浓度有关的任何起源的恶病质的治疗,包括:例如细菌的、病毒的或寄生虫的感染;或同种及其它器官坏死或脱落例如肾功能丧失引起的恶病质:也可应用于癌性的、疟疾性的和寄生虫性的恶病质,由体重、甲状腺或胸腺引起的恶病质,以及尿毒症性病质等的治疗。尤其适用于与爱滋病有关的恶病质的治疗,例如,爱滋病病毒感染引起的或有关的恶病质。
本发明方法也可用于对内毒素引起休克的治疗。在这一方面,值得注意的是,本发明提供了一种治疗内毒素性休克以及内毒素性休克引起的病症(例如,ARDS即成人呼吸困苦综合症)的方法。
本发明方法还可用于对HIV病毒感染引起的疾病(例如爱滋病)的治疗。例如改善该病或控制该病的进一步发展。
由于本发明药剂具有涉及抑制PDE岐化酶和/或抑制TNF-α释放及它们的免疫抑制活性的性质,它们也可用作免疫抑制剂,例如,用于治疗自动免疫疾病,尤其是可用于治疗那些与炎症过程有关的或有炎症过程或病原学的自动免疫疾病;或者作为抗炎剂用于治疗炎症疾病,尤其是治疗那些与自动免疫反应有关的或含有自动免疫或病原学的炎症疾病。
本发明可应用的疾病的例子包括自动免疫血液失调(例如,红细胞性贫血、再生障碍性贫血、纯红细胞性贫血和特发性血小板减少)、系统红斑狼疮、多重软骨炎、硬化病、韦格内式肉芽肿、皮肤肌炎、慢性活动性肝炎、重症肌无力史蒂文-约翰森综合症、自发性口炎性腹泻、自动免疫炎症肠疾病(例如,溃疡性结肠炎、和克罗恩氏病)、内分泌性眼病、格雷夫斯氏病类肉瘤病、牙槽炎、慢性过敏性局限性肺炎、多发性硬化、原发胆汁性肝硬变,青年人糖尿病(I型)、眼色素层炎(前面的和后面的)、干性角膜结膜炎、和春发性角膜结膜炎、间质性肺纤准化,牛皮癣性关节炎和肾小球性肾炎(有和没有肾病变综合症的,例如,包括特发性肾病变综合症或肾小球改变性肾病),以及炎症和/或高增殖性皮肤病(例如牛皮癣特异反应性皮炎、灭疱疮,尤其是接触性皮炎例如过敏性原接融性皮炎)。
尤其是,本发明药剂可以用于治疗关节炎和其它风湿性或炎症疾病,特别是风湿性关节炎。
作为免疫抑制剂,本发明药剂还可用于克制器官移植的排斥反应。例如,用于维持异体器官移植等,例如用于肾、肝、肺、心脏、心-肺、肠、骨髓、皮肤、或角膜的移植。
由于本发明药剂的抗炎活性,尤其是抑制嗜酸性细胞激活的性质,它们也可用于嗜酸性细胞有关的失调的治疗(例如嗜酸细胞增多症),尤其是与呼吸道的嗜酸细胞有关的失调(例如,包括肺组织的嗜酸性细胞的穿透),包括影响呼吸道和/或肺的嗜酸性细胞过多、以及呼吸道的嗜酸性细胞有关的失调导致或并发的吕弗勒氏综合症、嗜酸性细胞性肺炎、寄生虫(尤其是后生动物)感染(包括局部嗜酸性细胞过多)、支气管肺曲霉病、多发性结节性动脉炎(包括Churg-Strauss氏综合症)、嗜酸性细胞肉芽肿和药物反应诱发的影响呼吸道的嗜酸性细胞失调。
由于本发明药剂的关于抑制PDE岐化酶的性质,尤其是它们作为IV型岐化酶选择性抑制剂的性质,本发明药剂可用作IV型PDE岐化酶抑制剂,例如,用于治疗涉及组织钙缺失的疾病,尤其是骨和关节涉及钙缺失所导致的疾病,如骨质疏松。就这一方面来讲,进一步证明它们还可用于治疗变应性炎症疾病,例如鼻炎、结膜炎、特异反应性皮炎、荨麻疹和胃肠变应性变态反应,也可作为血管舒张剂,例如用于治疗心绞痛、高血压、充血性心衰、和多重梗死性痴呆:还可用于治疗涉及PDE IV抑制的其它病症(例如抑郁)、治疗以识别功能损伤为特征的疾病和症状,包括阿耳茨海默氏病,帕金森氏病和发作。
由于本发明药物与免疫抑制剂和/或抗炎药物具有协同作用能力,它们也可作为协同治疗剂与这些药物的联合用药,例如,用作这些药物治疗活性的潜能促进剂或用于减小这些药物的用药量和潜在的副反应。适于与本发明试剂联合用药的药物包括:例如,环肽、环肽内酯(cyclopeptolide)或大环内酯类免疫抑制药物或大环内酯类抗炎药物例如属于环孢菌素类的药物(例如,环孢菌素A或G)、药物tacrolimus(也叫FK 506)、子囊菌霉素和雷帕霉素及它们多种的已知协同剂和衍生药物:还包括糖皮质激素类药物。这种协同治疗可用于的疾病包括:例如任何需要免疫抑制药物和抗炎药物治疗的疾病和病症,例如上文所述的疾病。尤其是本发明药剂可用于如上文所述的协同治疗,例如用于免疫抑制、抗炎或哮喘的治疗,例如,增强环孢菌素(如环孢菌素A)、大环内酯类药或类固醇-司派林的作用。
浓照上文所述,本发明还提供了:B.一种在需要治疗的患者中具有下述作用的方法:a)减弱或抑制TNF-α的释放;b)抑制PDE IV岐化酶的活性:c)产生免疫抑制作用:d)用于治疗炎症疾病:或e)用于治疗上文提到的任何具体的病症或疾病;该方法包括将有效量的本发明药剂给予所述的患者。
本发明还提供了:
本发明药剂在药物方面的应用。例如,用于上文A或B中定义的任意疾病和病症的治疗和用于上文提出的任意方法。
在实施本发明时,使用剂量当然要浓赖具体情况而变化,例如,浓赖需要治疗的具体疾病和病症、使用的本发明具体药剂、给药方式及预期的治疗方案。然而,通常令人满意的结果,例如,对于上文阐明的疾病的治疗。被表明可由口服给药获得,其通常剂量为大约0.01至2.0mg/kg,并且口服给药的每日剂量为约0.75至150mg,可以每日一次或分2-4次给药,或者以持续释放的形式给药。因此,对于口服给药的单位剂量形式包括:0.2至75或150mg(例如,大约0.2或2.0到50、75或100mg)本发明药剂,以及一种药学上可接受的稀释剂或载体。
就用于治疗慢性或梗阻型呼吸道疾病(例如气喘病)而言,本发明药剂最好的给药方式是通过吸入的途径,使用的剂量随下列因素而变化,例如具体的疾病或身体状况、使用的具体的本发明药剂、具体的给药方式(例如是否用干粉吸入或其它方式)以及预期的效果。但一般地说,标明的每日吸入剂量为大约2.5到约13.0μg/kg,例如从13.0到约60.0μg/kg。例如在气喘病的治疗中,通过吸入方式给药的标明的每日剂量为约0.2至约10.0mg(例如大约1或5mg),一次或分二次或三次给药。由此每次给药的适宜剂量是约200μg至约3.3mg,每天最多给药三次,适宜用干粉吸入给药,每次喷2-8次。
本发明药剂也可以通过其它适宜的途径给药:例如输注方式(例如用于内毒素休克的治疗)、鼻部给药(例如对鼻炎的治疗)、眼部(occularly)给药(例如用于眼睛自身免疫疾病的治疗)、表皮给药(即皮肤局部给药、例如用于皮肤病或干癣的治疗)、或者直肠给药(例如经过灌肠途径或使用栓剂,例如对肠道炎症的治疗)。通过这些途径给药的合适剂量通常比口服给药所要求的剂量小10到100倍。
含有本发明药剂的药物组合物可用常规的稀释剂或赋形剂和本领域公知的技术来制备。因此,口服剂型可包括片剂、胶囊剂等。表皮给药的剂型可包括乳剂、油膏剂、凝胶,或透皮给药系统(例如贴剂)除了添加惰性稀释剂或载体外,组合物中还可包含合适的皮肤渗透促进剂,这也是本领域公知的。
供吸入的组合物可包括气雾剂或其它的雾化剂型,以及可吸入的干粉剂型。它们用或不用稀释剂,对于适宜的干粉吸入给药体系也是本领域公知的。就制备吸入的干粉剂而言,式I化合物或其生理学上可水解的和可接受的酯最好采用其可药用的酸加成盐形式。在实施例1化合物的情况下,其盐酸盐(熔点:218-222℃)尤其适宜。所提及的盐最好碾磨,例如用喷气或陶瓷碾磨装置来提供一种非常细的可吸入粉末(例如平均粒径达2-3微米)。优选90%该物至少具有平均粒径小于7.8微米,更优选小于4.8微米。为了确保获得合适而坚固的微粒产物的抗张力性能以适于以干粉形式吸入给药,更好的方法是将活性成分(如实施例1产物的盐酸盐)在低温中预先与适宜的可吸入的载体介质(如乳糖)相混合,然后再进行碾磨处理。
与前述一致,本发明还提供了一种药用组合物,它包含本发明的一种药剂及一种药学上可接受的稀释剂或载体,例如以用于在前文中定义的任何一种方法中。
它是药学上可接受的酸加成盐的本发明药剂展示出了与前文定义的式I化合物或其生理学上可水解的和可接受的酯相同的活性及可耐受性。
Claims (5)
1.式1的化合物或其生理学上可水解和可接受的酯、或所述化合物或酯的酸加成盐:
其中R为乙基或正丙基。
2.如权利要求1中所述的化合物,该化合物是其中R乙基的式I化合物或其酸加成盐。
3.如权利要求1中所述的化合物,该化合物是其中R为正丙基的式I化合物或其酸加成盐。
4.一种药物组合物,该组合物包括一种在权利要求1至3中任一权利要求所定义的式I化合物或其生理上可水解和可接受的酯、或所述化合物或其酯的可药用的酸加成盐,以及一种可药用的稀释剂或载体。
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1993
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