CN105145223A - Fruit tree one-trunk-multi-branch tree form reconstruction method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the fruit tree planting technology, and specifically relates to a fruit tree one-trunk-multi-branch tree form reconstruction method comprising the following steps: a top-prosperous bottom-fake prosperous fruit tree needs to be reconstructed, and the reconstruction needs to be done before spring germination; 1, removing 1-2 large branches, shielding most sunlight and overly absorbing nutrition, on the top of the fruit tree, so the top and bottom of the fruit tree are even in vigour, and sun illumination is good; 2, processing large branches affecting fruit tree line spacing passing and strain spacing ventilation light transmission, thus reducing a tree crown; removing a branch shaft front portion affecting line spacing passing on the fruit tree, causing many wounds in the front portion, thus preventing or alleviating front portion nutrition growth vigour, and promoting flowering and fruiting. If flowering is predicted, fruits are kept so as to lower the crown; if flowering is difficult, more than two annular cuts are simultaneously done in a strong-weak joint 15-20 days before the germination, and the interval between the cuts is 1-2 cm, and the cuts reach to the xylem; tree form reconstruction can be realized, so the tree form is more reasonable, and tree body ventilation light transmission is good.

Description

Fruit tree transform main many dry tree-like methods as

Technical field

The present invention relates to fruit tree to plant cultivating management technology, be specially a planting fruit-trees and transform main many dry tree-like methods as.

Background technology

In fruit tree management, the tree-like of institute's extensive use only has two kinds, and one is that a master one is dry, and one is that a master does more.These two kinds tree-like is all common in nature.As the cdear of trees class, bamboo, willow, pine and cypress; The wolf tail grass of grass class, the sesame, corn, millet etc. of cereal crops are all that a master one is dry.The and for example Chinese scholartree of trees class, tung oil tree, elm, jujube tree, persimmon, the peach, Stranvaesia Davidiana Dcne, thornbuss etc. of self-sow are all one mainly to do more.

For the plantation of fruit tree, no matter be scale plantation, or peasant household plants on a small quantity, and majority is all adopt conventional art management, and especially in some Lao Guo districts, orchard is airtight becomes common fault, and transformation demand is very urgent.Conventional management technology is followed in Xin Guo district, also to the evolution of airtight orchard.Therefore, the fruit tree of nearly all employing conventional art plantation, is all faced with administrative skill and upgrades, the problem of fruit shape transformation.

Fruit tree or individual plant close, or colony is close, or close after bearing fruit, or it is first close to have no resolution, though or individual, colony is not close, the extremely irrational orchard of tree-like construction, all belongs to the object transformed.Therefore, tree-like main purpose is transformed: the problem solving the airtight and unreasonable structure in orchard.

The principle of tree structure wavelet is: dry in support, because setting the method for determining.The prosperous length of tree vigo(u)r not result, branch is airtight loses light, and the inner bud low light level is bald many, moves of poor quality outside fruit, and the large investment of pruning rate is many, wants result and shells year after year, runs into famine year extremely to set many.The restriction of this or thought theoretical by the in the past large hat of thin planting when to be that High Density Planting Orchard is tree-like build, field planting is fixed dry takes one and cuts, the many disadvantages still adopting base portion to stay three scaffold limb shaping methods to bring.In recent years, under the call of numerous fruit tree expert, some orchard worker's thoughts change to some extent, tree-likely slightly take a turn for the better.But because quality mind is not strong, tree structure wavelet does not tackle the problem at its root all the time, and base portion bough is too much, lower strong weak phenomenon still exists.

Summary of the invention

The object of transformation builds good tree structure, for production of fruit trees high quality fruit creates necessary condition.For the airtight fruit tree of dysplasia, transform as a master how dry tree-like, utilize this technology to improve the output of fruit tree.

The present invention adopts following technical scheme to realize:

One planting fruit-trees transform main many dry tree-like methods as, comprises the steps:

Need the fruit tree carrying out transforming to be that upper prosperous lower void is prosperous, transform before germinateing spring;

(1), remove the bough (length is more than 1m) 1 ~ 2 that fruit tree top keeps the sun off and excessively receive nutrition most, make the force up and down of fruit tree even, illumination is good.

(2), on the bough affecting ventilation and penetrating light between fruit tree current and strain in the ranks process, tree crown is diminished

A, remove that fruit tree to affect current branch axle in the ranks anterior, cause anterior many places wound, to nourish and grow force to suppress or to slow down front portion, make it become bow structure fruit; If judge that it can become colored, then stay fruit, with fruit pressure head more; If judge its difficult one-tenth flower, then 15-20 days before germination, more than strong and weak junction simultaneously ring cutting twice, between Dao Yu road, interval 1-2cm, reaches xylem deeply.

B, for branch axle adjacent between strain, as being mutually in the light, then one is taked to stay one or tune to open process up and down.

(3), for the limb of retaining, remove this limb and to keep the sun off most and the branch of nutrition is received in transition; For this limb all the other thick long shoot bars upper, all turn branch at its base portion and make wound, leaving behind, it is fixing to hang down.

(4), to the transformation of other tiny branches

A, the prosperous branch of void to be processed

For the prosperous branch of the void within 15cm, pinch the terminal bud of bud, suppress top force;

For more than the prosperous branch of the void of 15cm, at interval of 15cm ring cutting once; The requirement of ring cutting is: the branch ring cutting of diameter 0.5 ~ 0.8cm together; The branch ring cutting twice of diameter 0.8 ~ 1.5cm, branch ring cutting three road of more than diameter 1.5cm; Per pass is spaced apart 0.5 ~ 1cm;

Length is less than to the prosperous bar of void of 0.5cm more than 15cm, diameter, at interval of 15cm, both hands are clutched, and turn 180 °, branch, then pull terminal bud.

B, before germination, bud at quarter is carried out to strong partially prosperous branch

With bifurcation font ring cutting graduating with cutter to xylem; Back bud is carved at the 0.5cm place, rear portion of bud, sprouts to suppress this bud; Under side, bud 0.5cm place before bud carves, to promote that this bud is sprouted; For the branch of vertical growth, all before bud, carve bud, regardless of under back.

C, to strong partially prosperous branch and prosperous branch, inspire at base portion and pin down branch, weaken branch force

Be specially: with bifurcation font circular cutter, retain two or three bud places at this base portion and carry out ring cutting, pin down branch subsequently and just naturally inspire out; During ring cutting, all dry branch diameters are at 0.5 ~ 0.8cm, and ring cutting is together; Dry branch diameter 0.8 ~ 1.5cm's, ring cutting twice; Dry branch diameter more than 1.5cm, ring cutting three road; Per pass interval 0.5 ~ 1cm.

D, shunting ring cutting is carried out to the prosperous branch of void, concentrate nutriment supply

With the root of the prosperous branch of void for starting point, every 5 ~ 6 buds, together, cut epidermis during ring cutting to xylem with bifurcation font circular cutter ring cutting after the bud of back bud; For the prosperous bough of perennial void (length is more than 1m), then ring cutting 2 ~ 3 road.

(5) in 7 ~ August, at trunk overhead 60cm place ring cutting first, after 7 days above first or the ring cutting second of below, till the blade of fruit tree starts jaundice.

(6), when growing to 5 ~ 7cm for the plagiotropic growth on dry branch, pinching defoliation, suppresses it to grow.

(7) in the season of growth to fruit tree strong and weak junction ring cutting

Concrete position is that rear portion has short weak branch, and there is energetic branch front portion, and at energetic back branch rear portion, the namely front portion of weak branch, according to fineness ring cutting 1 ~ 3 road; Namely dry branch diameter is at 0.5 ~ 0.8cm, and ring cutting is together; Dry branch diameter 0.8 ~ 1.5cm's, ring cutting twice; Dry branch diameter more than 1.5cm, ring cutting three road; Per pass interval 0.5 ~ 1cm.

Enter the season of growth, adopt pinching defoliation and ring cutting to dam process, dry and hard fruit in guiding.

(8) after entering September, because temperature turns low, poor growth, tree vigo(u)r tends towards stability, and now removes the unnecessary branch of thorax in tree crown and periphery, can not stimulate and regrow, and has facilitation to rejuvenation tree vigo(u)r, raising bud and middle brachyplast terminal bud quality.

(9) to bough (length is more than 1m) bottom the fruit tree retained after transformation, carrying out leaving behind hanging down to processing controls force;

Form V-type groove or other shapes in the base portion bottom surface of bough, bough is left behind vertical, make bough in V-type groove place bending contact, then adopt rope anchor.

Formed high-quality bud to this year, the tree that next year can be seen certain output or entered the full bearing period, transformation essential factor tree determines method.Certain output should be protected, be conducive to transformation again.Will adhere to when transforming protecting to produce obeying transformation, it is long-range to obey at the moment, and output obeys high-quality, and this is the basic principle of transformation.Can not losing the greater for less absolutely, for protecting 1 year bad quality, losing high benefit for many years.

For adopting large hat or coronule to dredge a layer thin planting orchard (as distance between rows and hills 5 × 3m, 4 × 4m etc.) for shape management, after making " all risk insurance trunk shape " into, output, wasting space can be affected; This tree can be changed into a master how dry tree-like.

The one-tenth of fruit tree spends mechanism to be also difficult to clearly set forth at present, and each bud may grow up to a branch or bar.Remove because enough minerals are that main nutriment provides and " bar " beyond itself that rapidly extend growth, the bud on this due to comprehensive nutriment limited, can only save up strength to start out.Because its power saved up strength is different, the blade that the surrounding of bud can be formed just has different quantity.Due to pining down of growing up to that these blades cause mineral nutriment to shunt, this bud can only continue to save up strength to start out lentamente.Again due to the difference of blade quantity, the amount that organic nutriment that its photosynthesis manufactures adds to bud is just different, and the summation accumulation of bud is just different.

Facts have proved, more than all 8 leaves just save up strength comparatively strong, through accumulation in the current year, when stopping accumulation to fallen leaves, form vigorous form of sprouting, belong to prosperous branch, to next growth year, growth of will sprouting in time, forms new bar.5 ~ 7 leaves, save up strength weaker, when stopping accumulation to fallen leaves, can only form the form of " sprout and motionless ", and the form of bud also seems surging, and shape that bud presents " thin neck, askew head ", belongs to vigorous branches.To next growth year, the growth of unable formation " bar ", but can yield positive results.Visible, force state just right during the first year five, June, would have been completed bud and transforms, established bloom (subsequently the result) in the coming year, is called " becoming flower ".Be less than 5 leaves, save up strength difference, when stopping accumulation to fallen leaves, can only to form " sprouting of weak tendency and motionless " form, belong to weak branch.Wherein slightly stronger formation is weak spends weak fruit, and the most weak weak flower is also difficult to be formed, and can only extend a little, be called weak bar.If the terminal bud of bar is by people for breaking, the mechanism extending growth is destroyed, and the rear portion of " breaking top " is formed sprouts and motionless 2 ~ 3 sprigs, mostly also can form good bud.A proverb of orchard worker is seemingly to the summary of these features: upright long shoot does not become colored, and Cheng Huaquan is middle brachyplast.

The forms such as leaf described above, bud, branch, are commonly referred to as leafage branch.More than 8 leaves be exactly wherein prosperous branch, force is partially prosperous, can only send a bar.Be exactly weak branch below 4 leaves, force is on the weak side, also can only send a very short bar.Only have 5 ~ 7 leaves, force is just right, and could become flower, the coming year yields positive results.This just illustrates, force is partially prosperous does not on the weak sidely possess the condition of normally yielding positive results.So, obviously just become a kind of short prosperous condition to the large loose water of fruit tree, directly promote that whole tree vigo(u)r is partially prosperous.The force of 5 ~ 7 leaves can become flower originally, through short prosperous slivering, lost the condition of yielding positive results on the contrary.

Examine in practice, only have 5 ~ 7 leaves after all kinds of buds on a branch are in vitro, within 5 ~ 7 days, stop long, later no longer long branch is best, is the branch that can become flower, delimits as vigorous branches.Divide with blade: vigorous branches is 5 ~ 7 leaves; Deficiency person's 3 ~ 4 leaves are weak; Only have two panels leaf, and with female branch from and regardless of, volume is very little, and this analogy is weak, is delimited as weak.

Again to carefully locating to observe, only have a slice leaf, be mostly then or perennial branch, almost cannot see bud trace, this is not branch but bud.Therefore be defined as: single leaf is bud, double leaf is branch.Distinguish according to the form of bud, attaching person is bud, and in vitro person is branch.This has just had the line of demarcation of bud and branch.Divide in this way, the axillary bud of annual branch just can not be bud, and should be called the state branch that changes then; Raw spray can not be a branch then, should be called string branch.

Branch upwards divides by strengthening again, and every 8 above persons of leaf, be exactly unstable branch, are also constantly growing, and there have length to have to be short, and elder can reach more than one meter, and short 3 ~ 5 centimetres, quality is obviously different, and some buds are full, no matter long and short, it should be called prosperous branch.

On fruit tree, not enough person is exactly weak branch, weak branch, does not need management, and force adjustment will be leaned on to supplement.The weak use of whole tree manually mends gesture, have have by force weak weak to mend by force.The person of having a surplus definitely can not mend gesture and should rush down gesture.Rushing down gesture is exactly that steady gesture becomes flower by carving bud dispersion polarity.

Two class branch gesture are only had to need artificial adjustment in practice.One class is prosperous branch, and a class is empty prosperous branch, and other are without the need to behavior adjustment management.Subordinate list is that five class branch gesture divide and appreciative standard.

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In practice, also need to comply with fruit tree configures itself power in good time, effectively adjust, reach balance, stablize, method just seems most important, and Here it is determines method according to gesture.These methods are summarized as eight and adjust gesture control hat technical skill.

1, bud is carved early spring

Carve bud to carve before germination, for annual prosperous branch and in dry on the bud do not sprouted.

Prosperous branch carve bud can from cultivate premature labor high yield high quality fruit, be adjust one of optimal measure of gesture.Be easy to be formed and sprout in a large number and a string strong spray of motionless (not extending), to naturally droop after result or artificially to turn branch sagging.

The method of carving bud is: plagiotropic growth back bud is carved after bud; Under the lower bud of the back of the body, side, bud is carved before bud; Vertical branch, see that bud is just carved, position is on bud.After transformation, the weak bough of bud matter is carved entirely before bud, in do and carve on bud.

After plagiotropic growth carves bud, because back bud has superiority, after bud, carve wound, limit the performance of advantage.Bud under the back of the body, under side is in weak tendency, after carving wound, enhances bud gesture before bud.Negative and positive are different, and on subtracting under increasing, force has just on average been decomposed, and this branch just balances.Sprout early owing to carrying on the back bud under lower bud, side, pind down the force of back bud, back bud force has been slowed down, is just not easy to emit bar.

Carve bud will hold: bud matter is a little light for full quarter, and not too full quarter is a little heavy.Want to allow shaping earlier, want to abdicate branch a little later.

Carve bud and will adopt correct manipulation, note dynamics, epidermis and layer of wood can pull out by misoperation, are unfavorable for wound healing.Bud gesture on a prosperous bar is also not quite similar, and gesture is weak will heavily carve, and gesture will gently be carved by force.Back bud gesture is strong, gently carves after bud, and the lower bud gesture of the back of the body is weak, will heavily carve before bud.During bud at quarter, instrument is also very important, and the most handy bifurcation font circular cutter, both light, do not hinder branch again, operating rate is fast again.

Carve bud and will be carved into crescent, because crescent is as the eye of people, so also claim order wound.

Excessively full bud does not need to carve bud, self can form string branch flower.As the region of more than height above sea level 1000m.Weather is felt nice and cool, and the prosperous branch (the prosperous especially branch in prosperous branch) that vegetative period is short, nutrient accumulation is high, as long as angle is at 45 ~ 55 °, only breaks top and do not carve bud, just can form string branch flower.

2, strong and weak junction ring cutting

This measure before germination, the season of growth can use.Front application of germinateing solves to form front strong rear weak, strong up and weak down problem last year; Application in vegetative period solves front strong rear weak, the strong up and weak down problem occurred this year.

The prosperous branch of void of last year, carries out before each shoot vegetative growth.Concrete position is that rear portion has short weak branch, and there is energetic branch front portion, and at energetic back branch rear portion, the namely front portion of weak branch, according to fineness ring cutting 1 ~ 3 road.What chopstick head was thick cuts together, and what cigarette end was thick cuts twice, and little finger thick Qie tri-road, midfeather is the width of leek leaf.Attention must cut epidermis, otherwise invalid.

3, press down top to urge to sprout

Pressing down short the sprouting in top is exactly control the prosperous sprig apical growth of void on annotinous branch, increases this accumulation, is conducive to cultivating vigorous branches and forming bud.

Press down the top short time of sprouting before germination, the branch of 5 ~ 15cm length pinches terminal bud.After the branch of more than 15cm pinches terminal bud, turn a undershoot again every 5 ~ 6 buds.The long just many turns of several places of branch.

Void on this annotinous branch prosperous " little mao mao's branch ", almost cannot see bud, is the empty prosperous branch of extra fine, only has a terminal bud advantage, there is no sprouting of lateral bud ability.Get rid of terminal bud before germination, substantially would not grow strip.Because the few part nutriment supply slowly moved forward is anterior, make to be formed at the rear portion of " breaking top " to sprout and motionless 2 ~ 3 sprigs, large multipotency forms good bud (indivedual nutrition too weak except).

The top that some nutriment is more more, first bud can generate the sturdy branch of 3 ~ 5cm, and rear portion becomes 1 ~ 2 bud.

Cold district is afraid of frostbite, and turning branch can carry out before just germinateing.

This work solves empty Wang Shu not easily to become colored most effective means, and effect is ideal, and one action can long term benefit.

If have get rid of terminal bud after, former minister's strip, rear portion is mitogenetic several billet again, and that must be as empty prosperous small stems process shorter prosperous branch.

4, pinching defoliation

The object of pinching defoliation gives birth to empty prosperous sprig then.Estimate that physiology stops to stop long branch for a long time.Principle pinches to remove apical growing point, then remove several tender leafs, reduces GA content, relatively increase the content of abscisic acid, ethene, to control young sprout growth, increases accumulation.

Pinching not defoliation, can only temporarily suppress top growth.But the gibberellin in leaflet tablet and the gibberellin carried by root system, can regrow again young sprout on the bud of the two or three, top.Such young sprout constantly grows, and does not have nutriment accumulation to be just difficult to into colored.So pinching defoliation is the twice program of a job, and pinching is defoliation again, and top can not be disorderly long.First and second sheet leaf stayed after defoliation increases due to accumulation, partly can form one or two high-quality bud.

The key precondition of this work, be for 15cm within the prosperous sprig of void.If longer, turn a undershoot every 5 ~ 6 leaf hands.Thicker person base portion again dynamics turn significantly, object be make this branch when the year's harvest flower.

Pinching defoliation will carry out before each physiology stops length.Yuncheng Prefecture apple tree has three physiology vegetative stages every year.When physiology stops long, between every exactly twice physiological growth, suspend that time of growth.Various places phenology situation is different, stop judging for a long time according to the local phenophase self.Will note during defoliation staying handle, this work is in the void prosperous branch growth phase, forcing part terminal bud to become the ancillary method of flower, not carrying out, particularly thicker prosperous branch when recognizing inaccurate branch gesture, once doing disorderly.

5, turn branch and make wound

Turning the object that branch makes wound, is give birth to plagiotropic growth and 1 year or perennial branch then.Effect be short before pressing down after, negative and positive put mutually, can reach spreading angle change bud to object, the force of branch relaxes the most at last.Principle be people for causing internal injury, the injury of the tissues is the injury of the bone not, hinders nutrition normal communication, increases accumulation, and regulates the heterogeneity of bud.

Concrete grammar is: before nourishing and growing at every turn, as Winter-Spring germinate before, nourish and grow close to when stopping long, build trunk tree-like plagiotropic growth radius grow to 40 ~ 60cm time, turn significantly in base portion dynamics.High aititude region poor growth, bud matter is full, turns lightly.Turn branch vegetative period and add pinching defoliation, gesture powerhouse goes to sagging-45 °.Perennial thick branch will have skill when turning, first up and down from turning branch, and backward outer turn of pine, turns under the back of the body to back.After turning branch, can fix by cord when needing in addition.Must turn from base portion when turning branch, in order to avoid form archery shape of drawing a bow, cause empty prosperous branch gesture.Gesture turns more by force branch and more wants ruthless.

6, soften by branch (bar)

The technology just used before being dialectical management appearance by branch (bar) is softening.The rejuvenation that it is only used for empty prosperous branch by dialectical management turns to rise.

By branch softening to as if annual shoot.Be people for causing internal injury, slow down front end force, increase rear portion bud matter.Its sharpest edges make sprout spreading angle early, both need not restrict in the future and draw, and can make branch conversion results early again.

During operation softening by branch, pinch downwards gently, hear slight sound in branch, do not form fracture again.The overweight easy fracture of gimmick, kicks the beam and misses one's aim.

Real prosperous branch early stops long morning, but empty prosperous branch does not then stop.Although length is much of that, if turn the sagging pinching defoliation of branch, more empty prosperous more long shoot bar must be regenerated.At this moment only have and soften by branch, (controlling at positive about 45 °), more auxiliary amino acid foliar spray, or fill with root.

7, shunting ring cutting

Shunting ring cutting to as if empty prosperous branch.

Empty prosperous branch can not carve bud, carves bud and empty prosperous principal deformation can be made weak.Work should before germination.

During ring cutting, every 5 ~ 6 buds (about 15cm) ring cutting together, position after the bud of back bud, under the lower bud of the back of the body, side bud bud before.Ring cutting can, 1 ~ 2, the nutriment centralizedly supply rings cut rear portion bud of 5 ~ 6 bud sections, make it to change from weak to strong.

After the ring cutting of shunting, ordinary circumstance can grow two or three brachyplasts before first time stops length.If now branch force power is irregular, can at strong and weak junction ring cutting again.Strong and weak junction refers to the prosperous branch of thick 6 ~ more than 7mm and the weak branch junction of thick 3 ~ 4mm.

8, inspiring of branch is pind down

Pin down the effect of branch, the unnecessary nutriment that trunk is carried to branch front end, pin down branch from base portion by regeneration to shunt away, slow down branch front end with this and cross prosperous growth and the excessive growth of back branch, ensure that this branch force is stablized and rejuvenation (similar spillway is to the shunting action of the reservoir water yield).

, pin down the condition that branch inspires

Pining down the condition that branch inspires, must be for " branch prosperous especially " and " sturdy prosperous branch ".Such branch is depended alone and is carved bud and inspire and pin down branch not enough, also will change direction, make it sagging.(pining down the employing of branch, only for strong partially prosperous branch).

, pin down the method that branch inspires

Pin down branch to inspire before germination.

With bifurcation font circular cutter, retain two or three bud ring cuttings at this base portion, pin down branch subsequently and just naturally inspired out.During ring cutting, all branches are thinner than chopsticks, and ring cutting together; Exceed cigarette end thick, interval such as the width of leek leaf is cut together again; Little finger thick Qie tri-road.GPRS dynamics when cutting, the thin dynamics of branch is little, the thick great efforts of branch.

, pin down the time that branch inspires

Should before nourishing and growing at every turn, namely carry out before germination, before season of growth second time and third time growth.Should a little later, can avoid freeze injury occurs at Diagnostic predictor.The area high in temperature will be earlier.

, pin down the quantity that branch inspires

Deciding as circumstances require, is best can solve by the problem pining down branch, and unwanted just not inspiring pins down branch, do not have one of position also passable, if branch gesture is excessively prosperous, can inspire several more.For a branch, back is prosperous, leaves portion's branch, Qian Houwang more, stays centre.

, the scientifical use that pins down branch withers away with stable

According to space determined number, should fix time according to branch gesture, when running into following situations for the moment, should wither away and pin down branch:

(1) when pind down principal deformation weak or empty prosperous time, wither away in good time.

(2) when pin down branch growth empty especially prosperous time, wither away and be pind down branch.Pining down branch to manage as annual shoot, making wound by turning branch, soften by branch, the means such as pinching defoliation make it to be converted into fruit bearing shoot.

(3) pin down branch or pind down branch when affecting illumination, suitably will wither away one of them.

Naturally the oblique growth of fruit tree, can be decomposed into the power of both direction in length and breadth, i.e. longitudinal growth power and cross growth power.These two power pin down mutually, mutually balance, and are determined by himself shaping power.Can utilize and thisly pin down relation, intervene a little, just can reach people is the object pind down.Pin down is that balance and stability is object in order to branch gesture transforms.Put in place as long as pin down, transform in good time, just can reach the object of balance and stability.The branch of self-assembling formation is in different poses and with different expressions, and branch gesture power differs, at any time all in conversion mutually, growth and decline mutually.The imbalance of branch shape and branch gesture is absolute, and balance is relative, and artificial intervention is shaped as means to realize regulation and control, reaches dynamic equilibrium.

Accompanying drawing explanation

Fig. 1 represents that the prosperous branch of void within 10cm carries out pressing down the short comparison diagram sprouted in top.

Fig. 2 represents that the prosperous branch of the void of 10 ~ 15cm carries out pressing down the short comparison diagram sprouted in top.

Fig. 3 represents that the prosperous branch of the void of more than 15cm carries out pressing down the short comparison diagram sprouted in top.

Fig. 4 represents that strong partially prosperous branch carries out carving the schematic diagram of bud process.

Fig. 5 represents strong partially prosperous branch and the prosperous branch schematic diagram at base portion ring cutting.

Fig. 6 represents strong partially prosperous branch and prosperous branch after base portion ring cutting with or without inspiring the comparison diagram pining down branch.

Fig. 7 represents that empty prosperous branch carries out the schematic diagram before and after the ring cutting of shunting.

Fig. 8 represents the schematic diagram of strong and weak junction ring cutting.

Fig. 9 represents the bough to retaining after transformation, carries out the schematic diagram hanging down and process of leaving behind.

Embodiment

Below specific embodiments of the invention are described in detail.

For the old fruit tree planted, tree-like is not " all risk insurance trunk shape ", also can according to the natural law of fruit tree ventilation and penetrating light, and the tree-like Dialectic Relationship with tree vigo(u)r, uses eight to adjust gesture control hat technology to transform, and makes their low throwings, ecology, highly efficient and productive.

All slender spindle likes, super slender spindle like, high spindle, pinecone shape, trunk shape lack of standardization, and close to the fruit shape of these shapes, all dry tree-likely can to transform by one main one.Transformation is exactly according to different planting densities, is not changing on originally tree-like basis, tree crown from large to small, by disorderly becoming suitable, realizes weight reducing.

All traditional main how dry fruit shapes have free spindle, improved-spindle, coronule to dredge a layer shape, comprise the evacuation layering shape etc. of sixties construction, and do not add the self-sow form etc. of any management, because traditional tree-like racemosus of generally tending to is done more, be not suitable for being transformed into the trunk shape only having a trunk.At this moment tree-like next dialectical transformation can be done by a master,

The basic ideas of transformation: first according to the observation, process has a strong impact on ventilation and penetrating light, affects this strain and grow unbalanced bough.Then process superelevation ultra-wide, have a strong impact on the bough of current, ventilation and penetrating light in the ranks, implement " bouncing back ingeniously " gimmick and tree crown is diminished.

Then determine to retain which main large limb as dry, train of thought is clear.Subsequently by many for a strain dry tree-like, regard as and a strain root system grown the dry fruit tree of a multiple master one.Namely by each large limb, be all used as a little trunk shape fruit tree and treat and transform.As long as according to the basic fundamental of trunk shape transformation, respectively reincarnate each do, this strain is once main many dry fruit trees also reincarnate.Transform tree-like object, be tree-likely be tending towards reasonable for making, tree body ventilation and penetrating light is good.

The time of fruit tree transformation generally can be selected in 9-10 month, or carries out before germinateing spring.

One planting fruit-trees transform main many dry tree-like methods as, comprises the steps:

(1), first principal contradiction is solved.Analyze according to the observation, first determine that this strain fruit tree entirety is upper strong, outer strong or by force lower? find with this and have a strong impact on lower weak, interior weak or upper weak reason.Such as a strain old fruit tree upper grown is excessively prosperous, and branches and leaves are luxuriant, emits bar serious, the while that vigorous branches and leaves carrying out photosynthetic, also keeps the sun off, greatly reduce the intensity of illumination of bottom, cause lower blade photosynthetic product wretched insufficiency.Meanwhile, because upper grown is excessively prosperous, a large amount of nutrition is received to top, result in bottom nutrition heavy losses, can not normal growth, result in empty prosperous and to have no result phenomenon without flower.This is the problem that first will solve on the whole.Removal has a strong impact on ventilation and penetrating light, affect this strain grows unbalanced bough 1-2 root.Exceed then according to transformation and affect output, do not affect the principle (flower and fruit quantity slightly reduce that but single fruit weight increases, overall efficiency do not reduce) of economic benefit then, too much should not change underground root system nutriment and supply utilize with fruit tree acrial part nutriment balanced.

(2), superelevation ultra-wide, the bough that has a strong impact on current, ventilation and penetrating light in the ranks, implement " bouncing back ingeniously " gimmick and tree crown diminished.

Use " bouncing back ingeniously " first to answer Changing concept, not by the puzzlement of past uniaxial extension, accomplish thorough change from theoretical, the practice.Specific practice is as follows:

A, first remove anterior thick long shoot axle or thick long shoot bar, cause anterior many places wound, to nourish and grow force to suppress or to slow down front portion, make it become bow structure fruit in a large number.If force is large, fruit can be stayed, with fruit pressure head more.If anterior force too disaster become flower, can before germination about 15-20 days, more than strong and weak junction simultaneously ring cutting twice.Between Dao Yu road, interval 1 ~ 2cm, reaches xylem deeply.If cross thick, ring cutting number of channels can be increased.After 1 ~ 2 year, rear portion has started to recover force, grown branch or bud, and grows out of nothing, and is strengthened by weak change.Now can spend place's retraction well then in front portion.If rear portion flower amount is large, can bounce back heavy, otherwise gentlier.Permanent branch position is determined according in the ranks width.If line-spacing 3 meters, permanent branch shaft length should be in 70 ~ 80cm(to be done to branch axle horizontal length foremost, as fruit branch axle upwarps or sagging, can be suitably longer).

Branch axle process adjacent between b, strain can be flexibly.Such as, spacing in the rows two meters or less than two meters, two branch axles are mutually in the light and can consider to stay one or tune to open up and down, and not affect illumination, work is convenient for degree.Principle be rogue stay excellent, whom who surely stays.If with identical in the ranks between strain, with the same in the ranks during process, other all kinds of distance between rows and hills by that analogy.

(3), determine to retain which main large limb, as one main many dry " doing " after transformation, train of thought must be clear.

Determining, on each large limb of retaining, all first to determine that this limb entirety is upper strong or by force lower, find with this and have a strong impact on lower weak or upper weak reason.Suitable this limb of removal keeps the sun off and excessively receive the comparatively bough of nutrition most.Obviously should be able to see that upper and lower force is even afterwards, illumination is good.

All the other thick long shoot bars (general diameter is at more than 1.5cm) on this limb can not remove without reason, all will turn branch at its base portion and make wound, and leaving behind, it is fixing to hang down.

(4), to the transformation of other tiny branches:

A, the prosperous branch of void to be processed

This want clear and definite what be empty prosperous branch.No matter thick or thin, long or short, as long as bud matter is not full, it is all empty prosperous branch; So anterior full rear portion is not full, or full front portion, rear portion is not full, then or middle a small amount of bud matter full, front and back major part is not full, is empty prosperous branch.So, the prosperous sprig of void on the prosperous branch of longer void, is less than 15cm long, pinches terminal bud.Longer, turn 180 °, branch every 15cm.For sturdy bough, those do not have the bare branch section of long shoot bar, select the position needing branch out, carry out crescent and carve bud, just can grow branch in the front of kryptoblast.Upper branching promoter for plant, will inspire sooner again.To annual, the prosperous long shoot bar that bud matter is full, carves wound before carrying out bud, sees that bud is just carved.According to spatial distribution, sufficient length, terminal bud be pinched.

For the prosperous branch of the void within 15cm, pinch the terminal bud of bud, suppress top force; As shown in Figure 1, the prosperous branch of the void of length within 10cm is after pressing down and pushing up short sprouting, and position of sprouting is relatively more even, and natural result quantity is many; If do not carry out pressing down top cutting handle, as right side in Fig. 1 is found out, the top of empty prosperous branch grows plagiotropic growth, not necessarily can result, and the quantity of intended result reduces greatly.As shown in Figure 2, for length at the prosperous branch of the void of 10 ~ 15cm, after pressing down and pushing up short sprouting, position of sprouting is relatively more even, and natural result quantity is many; If do not carry out pressing down top cutting handle, as right side in Fig. 2 is found out, the top of empty prosperous branch grows plagiotropic growth, not necessarily can result, and the quantity of intended result reduces greatly.

For more than the prosperous branch of the void of 15cm, at interval of 15cm ring cutting, (namely more than 15cm, at 15cm place ring cutting once, more than 30cm, 30cm place is ring cutting one again, by that analogy) together; The requirement of ring cutting is: the branch ring cutting of diameter 0.5 ~ 0.8cm together (namely each ring cutting together); Diameter is in the branch ring cutting twice (i.e. each ring cutting twice) of 0.8 ~ 1.5cm, and diameter is in branch ring cutting three road (i.e. each ring cutting three road) of more than 1.5cm; Per pass is spaced apart 0.5 ~ 1cm; As shown in Figure 3, after pressing down and pushing up short sprouting, position of sprouting is relatively more even, and natural result quantity is many; If do not carry out pressing down top cutting handle, as right side in Fig. 3 is found out, the top of empty prosperous branch grows plagiotropic growth, not necessarily can result, and the quantity of intended result reduces greatly.

Length is less than to the prosperous bar of void of 0.5cm more than 15cm, diameter, at interval of 15cm, both hands are clutched, and turn 180 °, branch, then pinch terminal bud.

B, before germination, bud at quarter is carried out to strong partially prosperous branch

With bifurcation font ring cutting graduating with cutter to xylem; As shown in Figure 4, back bud is carved at the 0.5cm place, rear portion of bud, sprouts to suppress this bud; Under side, bud 0.5cm place before bud carves, to promote that this bud is sprouted; For the branch of vertical growth, all before bud, carve bud, regardless of under back.

C, to strong partially prosperous branch and prosperous branch, in order to make its front end be stable into flower, can inspire at base portion and pining down branch, allow and pin down a splitter section nutriment, weaken branch force.

Be specially: with bifurcation font circular cutter, retain two or three bud places at this base portion and carry out ring cutting, pin down branch subsequently and just naturally inspire out; During ring cutting, all dry branch diameters are at 0.5 ~ 0.8cm, and ring cutting is together; Dry branch diameter 0.8 ~ 1.5cm's, ring cutting twice (spacing distance between twice is 0.5 ~ 1cm); Dry branch diameter more than 1.5cm, ring cutting three road; Per pass interval 0.5 ~ 1cm.

As shown in Figure 5,6, carry out ring cutting at the base portion of branch every 2 ~ 3 buds and inspire and pin down branch, Fig. 6 middle and upper part figure represents, if do not carry out ring cutting process, then do not pin down branch and grow, the state after branch self-sow, now branch is unfavorable for result.

D, empty prosperous branch can not carve bud because bud matter is weak, can only carry out shunting ring cutting, and concentrate nutriment supply, rings cut bud below first develops into vigorous branches, as shown in Figure 7.

With the root of the prosperous branch of void for starting point, every 5 ~ 6 buds, together, cut epidermis during ring cutting to xylem with bifurcation font circular cutter ring cutting after the bud of back bud; For the prosperous bough of perennial void, then ring cutting 2 ~ 3 road.

One strain fruit tree is transform as one main to do more, multiple dry each of a strain done exactly, the trunk shape fruit tree being used as " main dry " is treated.Each dry in " one main many dry ", all will adopt above-mentioned (2) ~ (4) step to transform.After this transformation, fruit tree bottom also has thick branch, highly too low, impact management, shunting nutrition is also more, although should remove, but in order to solve the principal contradiction of illumination, before eliminated one, two bough, do not subtract benefit then for making transformation, temporarily should retain, treat that second, third year removes year by year.

(5) in 7 ~ August, at trunk overhead 60cm place ring cutting first, after 7 days above first or the ring cutting second of below, till the blade of fruit tree starts jaundice; Control the growing way of fruit tree, contribute to yielding positive results of fruit tree.

(6), when growing to 5 ~ 7cm for the plagiotropic growth on dry branch, pinching defoliation, suppresses it to grow; To the season of growth, plagiotropic growth is yielded positive results.

(7) in the season of growth to fruit tree strong and weak junction ring cutting, as shown in Figure 8.

Concrete position is that rear portion has short weak branch, and there is energetic branch front portion, and at energetic back branch rear portion, the namely front portion of weak branch, according to fineness ring cutting 1 ~ 3 road; Namely dry branch diameter is at 0.5 ~ 0.8cm, and ring cutting is together; Dry branch diameter 0.8 ~ 1.5cm's, ring cutting twice (spacing distance between twice is 0.5 ~ 1cm); Dry branch diameter more than 1.5cm, ring cutting three road; Per pass interval 0.5 ~ 1cm.

Enter the season of growth, adopt pinching defoliation and ring cutting throttling process, dry and hard fruit in guiding.

(8) after entering September, because temperature turns low, poor growth, tree vigo(u)r tends towards stability, and now removes the unnecessary branch of thorax in tree crown and periphery, can not stimulate and regrow, and has facilitation to rejuvenation tree vigo(u)r, raising bud and middle brachyplast terminal bud quality.

(9) to the bough retained after transformation, carry out process of hanging down of leaving behind, effectively can control force, as shown in Figure 9.

Form V-type groove in the base portion bottom surface of bough, bough is left behind vertical, make bough in V-type groove place bending contact, then adopt rope anchor.

Transform the principle of carrying out year by year according to old fruit tree, according to the unified way of thinking and technology path, within 3 years, complete macroscopical Overall Reconstruction, then localized micro adjusts 2 years, as long as technology is implemented completely, the growing way of fruit tree just can adjust rationally substantially, steady in a long-term.Along with tree-like dialectical transformation completes year by year, also convergence is reasonable year by year for the nutrient distribution of fruit tree, basic controlling can nourish and grow, namely controls long shoot bar, and be promote reproductive growth, namely promote fruit growth, create good internal condition.The key of dialectical transformation is that modifier must thoroughly break with the conventional idea, and establishes technological thought and the technology path of brand-new dialectical transformation, and core is balance tree vigo(u)r.

The mistake easily occurred in transformation:

Think that transformation is reluctant to bough again, only remove indivedual branch on a small quantity, entirely go again after thinking result, cause the vigorous growth more of residue bough, emit bar serious, in dry on the elongated void of branch that inspires out prosperous.In the too weak tree in dry top, once can not entirely remove bottom bough, should transform year by year.The bough remained removes large side shoot, by ring cutting, presses down and pushes up short sprouting, carve bud dispersion polarity, and base portion makes wound weakening training force.

Empty prosperous branch definitely can not inspire and pin down branch, otherwise anterior bud gesture is more weak.

If once remove bough, in dry top too thin, force does not temporarily increase, and makes the sprig retained become bough vigorous growth below, can not be stable into flower, and nutrition waste is large.In dry top force as do not strengthened, it is just empty especially prosperous that branch is sent out by institute.

The stronger tree in top once can not be transformed and be put in place, and bottom will be left and pin down branch.After fruit tree force monolithic stability, then remove bottom and pin down branch, put in place through transformation in 2 years.Do not stay as bottom and pin down branch, the bar sent is soft empty prosperous, also makes top be difficult to control.

To horizontal branch, remove large side shoot and anterior bough, force guided into base portion, if space allow, result like this, in do do not carve bud in a large number; If density is large, just must changes trunk shape, on purpose should inspire and pin down branch, in dryly also to carve bud in a large number, be stable into bow structure really after remove former bough.

Bough should be used as a trunk shape tree to transform, remove unstable large side shoot and a large amount of major axis branch groups on it.Naturally in sagging shape after the horizontal branch result of trunk shape, to thick branch, in order to weaken its force, leave behind when emphasizing transformation vertical.Some orchard worker still entertains hope to bough below, and first result below wanting to allow, transforms above.Cause tree vigo(u)r extremely uneven, grow vigorous below, top branch is weak or empty prosperous.This idea is inadvisable.

To the Zhiru where reason remained, it is the key of transformation success or failure.One to be that angle is left behind vertical, and base portion makes wound.Two is multiple tracks ring cuttings on branch, or again carves bud dispersion polarity.If base portion does not make wound, or do not draw branch sagging, then this branch overstriking can become thick branch again, grows vigorously not easily to balance.Think temporary transient reservation, but branch is thick or the liftoff branch too closely drawn to get off, and can make severe injury, branch removes undesirable consumption branch more as far as possible, allow this branch only have capability result, do not have ability long shoot at base portion, ties and remove again after fruit for 1 year.

Back bud has the easy prosperous length of growth vigor, should carve bud rearward and suppress.The lower bud of dorsal part, the back of the body is carved before bud, promotes to sprout.Bud is carved at perennial branch base portion baldness position, carves and sprout with short branch before Quan Ya.In dry needs sent out the place of branch, Quan Ya upper quarter.Bud on branch is not easily sprouted originator and is continued ring cutting, to promote weak branch strong.

It should be noted last that; above embodiment is only in order to illustrate technical scheme of the present invention and unrestricted; although be described in detail with reference to the embodiment of the present invention; those of ordinary skill in the art is to be understood that; technical scheme of the present invention is modified or equivalent replacement; do not depart from the spirit and scope of technical scheme of the present invention, it all should be contained in claims of the present invention.

Claims (1)

1. a planting fruit-trees transform main many dry tree-like methods as, it is characterized in that: comprise the steps:

Need the fruit tree carrying out transforming to be that upper prosperous lower void is prosperous, transform before germinateing spring;

(1), remove the bough 1 ~ 2 that fruit tree top keeps the sun off and excessively receive nutrition most, make the force up and down of fruit tree even, illumination is good;

(2), on the bough affecting ventilation and penetrating light between fruit tree current and strain in the ranks process, tree crown is diminished

A, remove that fruit tree to affect current branch axle in the ranks anterior, cause anterior many places wound, to nourish and grow force to suppress or to slow down front portion, make it become bow structure fruit; If judge that it can become colored, then stay fruit, with fruit pressure head more; If judge its difficult one-tenth flower, then 15-20 days before germination, more than strong and weak junction simultaneously ring cutting twice, between Dao Yu road, interval 1-2cm, reaches xylem deeply;

B, for branch axle adjacent between strain, as being mutually in the light, then one is taked to stay one or tune to open process up and down;

(3), for the limb of retaining, remove this limb and to keep the sun off most and the branch of nutrition is received in transition; For this limb all the other thick long shoot bars upper, all turn branch at its base portion and make wound, leaving behind, it is fixing to hang down;

(4), to the transformation of other tiny branches

A, the prosperous branch of void to be processed

For the prosperous branch of the void within 15cm, pinch the terminal bud of bud, suppress top force;

For more than the prosperous branch of the void of 15cm, want ring cutting at interval of 15cm; The requirement of ring cutting is: the branch ring cutting of diameter 0.5 ~ 0.8cm together; Diameter is in the branch ring cutting twice of 0.8 ~ 1.5cm, and diameter is in branch ring cutting three road of more than 1.5cm; Per pass is spaced apart 0.5 ~ 1cm;

Length is less than to the prosperous bar of void of 0.5cm more than 15cm, diameter, at interval of 15cm, both hands are clutched, and turn 180 °, branch, then pull terminal bud;

B, before germination, bud at quarter is carried out to strong partially prosperous branch

With bifurcation font ring cutting graduating with cutter to xylem; Back bud is carved at the 0.5cm place, rear portion of bud, sprouts to suppress this bud; Under side, bud 0.5cm place before bud carves, to promote that this bud is sprouted; For the branch of vertical growth, all before bud, carve bud, regardless of under back;

C, to strong partially prosperous branch and prosperous branch, inspire at base portion and pin down branch, weaken branch force

Be specially: with bifurcation font circular cutter, retain two or three bud places at this base portion and carry out ring cutting, pin down branch subsequently and just naturally inspire out; During ring cutting, all dry branch diameters are at 0.5 ~ 0.8cm, and ring cutting is together; Dry branch diameter 0.8 ~ 1.5cm's, ring cutting twice; Dry branch diameter more than 1.5cm, ring cutting three road; Per pass interval 0.5 ~ 1cm;

D, shunting ring cutting is carried out to the prosperous branch of void, concentrate nutriment supply

With the root of the prosperous branch of void for starting point, every 5 ~ 6 buds, together, cut epidermis during ring cutting to xylem with bifurcation font circular cutter ring cutting after the bud of back bud; For the prosperous bough of perennial void, then ring cutting 2 ~ 3 road;

(5) in 7 ~ August, at trunk overhead 60cm place ring cutting first, after 7 days above first or the ring cutting second of below, till the blade of fruit tree starts jaundice;

(6), when growing to 5 ~ 7cm for the plagiotropic growth on dry branch, pinching defoliation, suppresses it to grow;

(7) in the season of growth to fruit tree strong and weak junction ring cutting

Concrete position is that rear portion has short weak branch, and there is energetic branch front portion, and at energetic back branch rear portion, the namely front portion of weak branch, according to fineness ring cutting 1 ~ 3 road; Namely dry branch diameter is at 0.5 ~ 0.8cm, and ring cutting is together; Dry branch diameter 0.8 ~ 1.5cm's, ring cutting twice; Dry branch diameter more than 1.5cm, ring cutting three road; Per pass interval 0.5 ~ 1cm;

Enter the season of growth, adopt pinching defoliation and ring cutting throttling process, dry and hard fruit in guiding;

(8) after entering September, because temperature turns low, poor growth, tree vigo(u)r tends towards stability, and now removes the unnecessary branch of thorax in tree crown and periphery, can not stimulate and regrow, and has facilitation to rejuvenation tree vigo(u)r, raising bud and middle brachyplast terminal bud quality;

(9) to bough bottom the fruit tree retained after transformation, carrying out leaving behind hanging down to processing controls force

Form V-type groove in the base portion bottom surface of bough, bough is left behind vertical, make bough in V-type groove place bending contact, then adopt rope anchor.