CN105145223B - Fruit tree transform the more dry tree-like method of a master as - Google Patents
Fruit tree transform the more dry tree-like method of a master as Download PDFInfo
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- CN105145223B CN105145223B CN201510385478.5A CN201510385478A CN105145223B CN 105145223 B CN105145223 B CN 105145223B CN 201510385478 A CN201510385478 A CN 201510385478A CN 105145223 B CN105145223 B CN 105145223B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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Abstract
The present invention relates to fruit tree planting technique, a specially planting fruit-trees transform the more dry tree-like method of a master as, comprises the following steps：The fruit tree for needing to be transformed is that upper prosperous lower void is prosperous, is transformed before being germinateed in spring；（1）, remove the bough 1 ~ 2 that fruit tree top most keeps the sun off and excessively receives nutrition so that the force up and down of fruit tree is uniform, and illumination is good；（2）, to influence fruit tree in the ranks pass through between strain the bough of ventilation and penetrating light handle, tree crown is diminished.It is anterior to remove the branch axle for influenceing in the ranks to pass through on fruit tree, causes anterior many places wound, to suppress or slow down anterior nutrient growth force, makes it into flower result；If it is determined that it then can stay fruit, with fruit pressure head more into flower；If it is determined that it is difficult into flower, then 15 20 days before germination, more than strong and weak junction while ring cutting twice, 1 2cm is spaced between Dao Yu roads, as deep as xylem.Transform tree-like purpose, be for make it is tree-like tend to be reasonable, tree body ventilation and penetrating light is good.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to fruit tree to transplant cultivating management technology, and a specially planting fruit-trees transform the more dry tree-like side of a master as
Method.
Background technology
Widely applied tree-like only two kinds in fruit tree management, one kind is that a master one is dry, and one kind is that how dry a master is.This two
Tree-like kind is all common in nature.Such as the deodar of trees class, bamboo, willow, pine and cypress；The wolf tail grass of careless class, cereal crops
Sesame, corn, millet etc., be all that a master one is dry.The and for example Chinese scholartree of trees class, tung oil tree, elm, jujube tree, persimmon, it is naturally raw
Long peach, Stranvaesia Davidiana Dcne, thornbuss etc. are all that how dry a master is.
Plantation for fruit tree, whether scale is planted, or peasant household plants on a small quantity, and majority is all to use conventional art pipe
Reason, especially in some Lao Guo areas, orchard is closed to turn into common fault, and transformation demand is very urgent.Conventional management technology is followed in Xin Guo areas,
Also to closed orchard evolution.Therefore, nearly all fruit tree planted using conventional art, administrative skill renewal is all suffered from,
The problem of fruit shape is transformed.
Fruit tree or individual plant are close, or colony is close, or after bearing fruit it is close, or have no resolution it is first close, though or individual, colony it is not close, it is tree-like
Extremely irrational orchard is built, belongs to the object that transform.Therefore, tree-like main purpose is transformed：Solve orchard it is closed and
The problem of unreasonable structure.
The principle of tree structure wavelet is：Done in support, because tree determines method.The prosperous length of tree vigo(u)r not result, branch is closed to lose light, internal
Bud dim light is bald more, moves outside fruit of poor quality, and the big investment of pruning rate is more, wants result and shells year after year, and it is more to run into famine year extremely tree.This is close
It is theoretical or thought is restricted by the big hat of past thin planting during the tree-like construction in plant garden, field planting it is fixed it is dry take one and cut, still stayed using base portion three big
Many disadvantages that major branch shaping method is brought.In recent years, under the call of numerous fruit tree experts, some orchard worker's thoughts change,
It is tree-like slightly to take a turn for the better.But because quality mind is not strong, tree structure wavelet does not tackle the problem at its root all the time, base portion bough mistake
More, lower weak phenomenon upper by force still has.
The content of the invention
The purpose of transformation is to build good tree structure, and necessary condition is created for production of fruit trees high quality fruit.For knot
For the bad closed fruit tree of structure, it is transform as a master is more dry tree-like, utilizes this technology to improve the yield of fruit tree.
The present invention adopts the following technical scheme that realization：
One planting fruit-trees transform the more dry tree-like method of a master as, comprises the following steps：
The fruit tree for needing to be transformed is that upper prosperous lower void is prosperous, is transformed before being germinateed in spring；
（1）, remove the bough that fruit tree top most keeps the sun off and excessively receives nutrition（Length is more than 1m）1 ~ 2 so that
The force up and down of fruit tree is uniform, and illumination is good.
（2）, to influence fruit tree in the ranks pass through between strain the bough of ventilation and penetrating light handle, tree crown is diminished
A, it is anterior to remove the branch axle for influenceing in the ranks to pass through on fruit tree, anterior many places wound is caused, to suppress or slow down front portion
Nutrient growth force, make it into flower result；If it is determined that it then can stay fruit, with fruit pressure head more into flower；If it is determined that its it is difficult into
Flower, then 15-20 days before germination, more than strong and weak junction while ring cutting twice, Dao Yu is spaced 1-2cm between road, as deep as wood
Matter portion.
B, for branch axle adjacent between strain, such as mutually it is in the light, then takes one to stay one or tune to open processing up and down.
（3）, for the limb of retention, remove this limb and most keep the sun off and the branch of nutrition is received with transition；For this branch
Remaining dry upper thick long branch, turns branch in its base portion and makes wound, vertical fixation of leaving behind.
（4）, transformation to other tiny branches
A, empty prosperous branch is handled
For the empty prosperous branch within 15cm, pinch the terminal bud of bud, suppress top force；
For the empty prosperous branch more than 15cm, at interval of 15cm ring cuttings once；The requirement of ring cutting is：0.5 ~ 0.8cm's of diameter
Branch ring cutting is together；0.8 ~ 1.5cm of diameter branch ring cutting twice, more than diameter 1.5cm branch ring cutting three；Per pass interval
For 0.5 ~ 1cm；
It is less than 0.5cm empty prosperous bar more than 15cm, diameter for length, at interval of 15cm, both hands are clutched, and turn 180 ° of branch,
Then terminal bud is pulled.
B, quarter bud is carried out before germination to strengthening partially prosperous branch
With bifurcation font ring cutting graduating with cutter to xylem；Back bud is carved at the rear portion 0.5cm of bud, to suppress bud sprouting；Side
Lower bud is carved before bud at 0.5cm, to promote the bud to sprout；For the branch of vertical growth, bud is carved before bud, regardless of back
Under.
C, to strengthening partially prosperous branch and prosperous branch, inspired in base portion and pin down branch, weaken branch force
Specially：With bifurcation font circular cutter, retain in this base portion and ring cutting is carried out at two or three buds, then pin down branch just
Naturally inspire out；During ring cutting, all dry branch diameters are in 0.5 ~ 0.8cm, one of ring cutting；0.8 ~ 1.5cm's of dry branch diameter,
Ring cutting twice；Dry branch diameter is more than 1.5cm, ring cutting three；0.5 ~ 1cm of per pass interval.
D, shunting ring cutting is carried out to empty prosperous branch, concentrates nutriment supply
Using the root of empty prosperous branch as starting point, every 5 ~ 6 buds, with bifurcation font circular cutter after the bud of back bud ring cutting one
Road, epidermis is cut through to xylem during ring cutting；For the perennial prosperous bough of void（Length is more than 1m）, then ring cutting 2 ~ 3.
（5）In 7 ~ August part, in trunk first of ring cutting at 60cm from the ground, in first of either above or below after 7 days
Ring cutting second, untill the blade of fruit tree starts jaundice.
（6）During for the plagiotropic growth length on dry branch to 5 ~ 7cm, pinching defoliation, suppress its growth.
（7）In the season of growth to fruit tree power junction ring cutting
Concrete position is that rear portion has short weak branch, and there is energetic branch front portion, at energetic back branch rear portion, that is, before weak branch
Portion, according to fineness ring cutting 1 ~ 3；I.e. dry branch diameter is in 0.5 ~ 0.8cm, one of ring cutting；Dry branch diameter 0.8 ~
1.5cm's, ring cutting twice；Dry branch diameter is more than 1.5cm, ring cutting three；0.5 ~ 1cm of per pass interval.
Into the season of growth, dammed processing using pinching defoliation and ring cutting, dry and hard fruit in guiding.
（8）Into after September, because temperature turns low, slow-growing, tree vigo(u)r tends towards stability, now to thorax in tree crown and outside
The unnecessary branch enclosed is removed, and will not be stimulated and be regrowed, and has rush to rejuvenation tree vigo(u)r, raising bud and middle brachyplast terminal bud quality
Enter effect.
（9）To the fruit tree bottom bough retained after transformation（Length is more than 1m）, leave behind processing control force of hanging down；
V-groove or other shapes are formed in the base portion bottom surface of bough, bough is left behind vertical so that bough is rolled at V-groove
Curved contact, then using rope anchor.
High-quality bud has been formed to this year, certain yield can have been seen next year or have been enter into the tree in the best fruiting period, transformation is fixed because setting
Method.Certain yield should be protected, is advantageous to transform again.To adhere to that protecting production obeys transformation in transformation, it is long-range to obey at the moment, yield
Obey it is high-quality, this be transformation basic principle.It can not lose the greater for less absolutely, to protect 1 year bad quality, lose high benefit for many years.
Thin planting orchard for dredging layer shape management using big hat or coronule（Such as 5 × 3m of distance between rows and hills, 4 × 4m）, make into " complete
Protect trunk shape " after, yield, wasting space can be influenceed；It is more dry tree-like this tree can be changed to a master.
Fruit tree into flower mechanism be also difficult to clearly illustrate at present, each bud may grow up to a branch or bar.Remove
Rapidly extend " bar " of growth beyond itself because the nutriment based on enough minerals provides, the bud on this is due to synthesis
Nutriment is limited, can only save up strength to start out.Because the power that it saves up strength is different, the blade that can be formed around bud just has different numbers
Amount.Pining down for mineral nutriment shunting is caused due to growing up to these blades, this bud can only continue slowly to save up strength to start out.And due to
The difference of blade quantity, the amount that organic nutriment of its photosynthesis manufacture adds to bud is just different, and the summation accumulation of bud is just different.
It was verified that it is relatively strong more than all 8 leaves just to save up strength, accumulate by the current year, when stopping accumulation to fallen leaves, formed prosperous
The form of sprouting contained, belongs to prosperous branch, and to next growth year, will sprout growth in time, form new bar.5 ~ 7 leaves, store
Potential difference some, when stopping accumulation to fallen leaves, can be only formed the form of " sprout and motionless ", the form of bud also appears to advantage, and bud is presented
" thin neck, askew head " shape, belongs to vigorous branches.To next growth year, the powerless growth for forming " bar ", can but bloom knot
Fruit.It can be seen that force state just right during the first year five, June, would have been completed bud conversion, has established opening for the coming year
Flower（Subsequent result）, it is referred to as " into flower ".Less than 5 leaves, save up strength difference, when stopping accumulation to fallen leaves, can be only formed that " weak tendency is sprouted
And motionless " form, belong to weak branch.Wherein slightly stronger formation is weak spends weak fruit, and most weak weak flower also is difficult to be formed, can only be slightly
Micro- extension, referred to as weak bar.As the terminal bud of really bar is artificially broken, the mechanism for extending growth is destroyed, after " breaking top "
Portion, which is formed, sprouts and 2 ~ 3 motionless sprigs, can also form good bud mostly.The proverb of orchard worker is seemingly special to these
The summary of point：Upright long shoot is not into flower, and Cheng Huaquan is in middle brachyplast.
The forms, commonly referred to as leafage branch such as leaf described above, bud, branch.Wherein more than 8 leaves it is exactly prosperous branch, force
It is partially prosperous, a bar can only be sent.It is exactly weak branch below 4 leaves, force is on the weak side, can only also send a very short bar.Only 5 ~ 7
Piece leaf, force is just right, could be yielded positive results into flower, the coming year.This just illustrates, force partially it is prosperous it is on the weak side do not possess normally bloom
As a result condition.So, obviously just turn into a kind of to the big loose water of fruit tree and promote prosperous condition, it is partially prosperous to directly facilitate whole tree vigo(u)r.5
The force of ~ 7 leaves originally can be prosperous into bar by promoting into flower, loses the condition yielded positive results on the contrary.
Examined in practice, all kinds of buds on a branch only have 5 ~ 7 leaves afterwards in vitro, and 5 ~ 7 days stop growing, no longer later
Long branch is best, is that can be delimited into colored branch as vigorous branches.Divided with blade：Vigorous branches is 5 ~ 7 leaves；Insufficient person 3 ~ 4
Leaf is weak；Only two panels leaf, and with female branch from and regardless of, volume very little, this analogy is weak, is delimited to be weak.
Again to thin place's observation, only a piece of leaf, be mostly then or perennial branch, almost not see bud scar, this is not
Branch but bud.Therefore it is defined as：Single leaf is bud, and double leaf is branch.Distinguished according to the form of bud, attaching person is bud, and in vitro person is
Branch.This just has the line of demarcation of bud and branch.Divide in this way, the axillary bud of annual shoot cannot be bud, and should be referred to as
The state that changes then branch；Raw spray can not be a branch then, should be referred to as string branch.
Branch by strong division upwards, every 8 leaf above persons, is exactly unstable branch, also grown constantly, and have length again
Have short, elder is up to more than one meter, and short 3 ~ 5 centimetres, quality is significantly different, and some buds are full, though it is long with it is short, it should be claimed
Do prosperous branch.
Insufficient person is exactly weak branch, weak branch on fruit tree, it is not necessary to manages, and to lean on force adjustment to supplement.The whole weak use of tree
It is artificial to mend gesture, have by force have it is weak weak to mend by force.The person of having a surplus can not definitely mend gesture and should rush down gesture.It is exactly to disperse pole by carving bud to rush down gesture
Property, steady gesture is into flower.
Only have two class branch gesture to need artificial adjustment in practice.One kind is prosperous branch, and one kind is empty prosperous branch, and other are without artificially managing
Reason.Subordinate list is the division of five class branch gesture and appreciative standard.
。
Also need to comply with fruit tree itself shaping power in practice and be subject in good time, effective adjustment, reach balance, surely
Fixed, method just seems most important, and here it is determine method according to gesture.These methods are summarized as eight and adjust gesture control hat technical skill.
1st, early spring carves bud
Carving bud should carve before germination, do the upper bud without sprouting with for annual prosperous branch.
Prosperous branch, which carves bud, to be to adjust one of optimal measure of gesture from culture premature labor high yield high quality fruit is started.It is easily formed
A large amount of sprout and it is motionless（Do not extend）A string of strong sprays, as a result naturally droop afterwards or artificially to turn branch sagging.
Carving the method for bud is：Plagiotropic growth back bud is carved after bud；Bud is carved before bud under the back of the body lower bud, side；Vertical branch, see bud just
Carve, position is on bud.The weak bough of bud matter is carved before bud entirely after transformation, in do and carved on bud.
After plagiotropic growth carves bud, because back bud is advantageous, wound is carved after bud, limits the performance of advantage.Under the back of the body, under side
Bud is in weak tendency, after carving wound before bud, enhances bud gesture.Negative and positive are different, subtract under increasing on, force is just averagely decomposed, and this branch is just
Balance.Sprouted early due to carrying on the back bud under lower bud, side, pind down the force of back bud, slowed down back bud force, be just not easy to emit
Bar.
Carving bud will hold：Bud matter full quarter is a little light, and less full quarter is a little heavy.Want to allow shaping earlier to think
Concede branch a little later.
Correct manipulation will be used by carving bud, pay attention to dynamics, misoperation can pull out epidermis and layer of wood, unfavorable
In wound healing.Bud gesture on one prosperous bar is also what is be not quite similar, and gesture is weak to carve again, and gesture will be carved gently by force.Back bud gesture is strong,
Gently carved after bud, bud gesture is weak under carrying on the back, and to be carved again before bud.Instrument is also critically important when carving bud, and most handy bifurcation font circular cutter was both light,
Do not hinder branch again, operating rate is again fast.
Crescent will be carved into by carving bud, because crescent is as the eye of people, so also referred to as mesh is hindered.
Excessively full bud need not carve bud, itself can form string branch flower.Such as more than height above sea level 1000m region.Weather
It is nice and cool, the prosperous branch that growth period is short, nutrient accumulation is high（Especially prosperous branch in prosperous branch）As long as angle is only broken at 45 ~ 55 °
Bud is not carved on top, can just form string branch flower.
2nd, strong and weak junction ring cutting
This measure is before germination, the season of growth can be used.Before germination application be solve last year formed before it is strong after it is weak,
The problem of strong up and weak down；Growth period application be solves the problems, such as to occur this year it is preceding strong weak, strong up and weak down afterwards.
The empty prosperous branch of last year, carried out before each shoot vegetative grows.Concrete position is that rear portion has short weak branch, and front portion has strong
Prosperous branch, at energetic back branch rear portion, that is, the front portion of weak branch, according to fineness ring cutting 1 ~ 3.Chopstick head is thick to be cut
Together, what cigarette end was thick cuts twice, the thick Qie tri- of little finger, and midfeather is the width of leek leaf.Pay attention to that epidermis must be cut through,
Otherwise it is invalid.
3rd, suppression top rush is sprouted
Suppression top promotees to sprout the empty prosperous sprig apical growth exactly controlled on annotinous branch, increases this accumulation, is advantageous to train
Support vigorous branches and form bud.
The time that suppression top promotees to sprout, the branch of 5 ~ 15cm length pinched terminal bud before germination.After more than 15cm branch pinches terminal bud, every
5 ~ 6 buds turn a undershoot again.Branch length is with regard to more turns of several places.
Empty prosperous " small mao mao's branch " on this annotinous branch, bud is not almost seen, be the empty prosperous branch of extra fine
Bar, only a terminal bud advantage, there is no sprouting of lateral bud ability.Terminal bud is got rid of before germination, substantially would not long shaping
Son comes.Due to few part nutriment for slowly moving forward supply it is anterior so that at the rear portion of " breaking top " formation sprout and
2 ~ 3 motionless sprigs, big multipotency form good bud（Except indivedual nutrition are too weak）.
The more more top of some nutriment, first bud can generate 3 ~ 5cm sturdy branch, and rear portion is into 1 ~ 2 bud.
Cold district is afraid of frostbite, and turning branch can be carried out before firm germination.
This work is that solve empty Wang Shu to be not easy into colored most effective means, and effect is ideal, and one action can be long-term
Be benefited.
If get rid of terminal bud after, former minister's strip, rear portion mitogenetic several billets again, that must be shorter prosperous
Branch is handled as empty prosperous small stems.
4th, pinching defoliation
The object of pinching defoliation, it is the raw prosperous sprig of void then.Estimation physiology stops that the branch of length will not be stopped for a long time.Principle is to pinch
Apical growing point is removed, then removes several tender leafs, reduces GA content, relative increase abscisic acid, the content of ethene are new to control
The tip grows, and increases accumulation.
Pinching not defoliation, can only temporarily suppress top growth.But gibberellin in leaflet tablet and by the red of root system conveying
Mycin, can regrow young sprout on the bud of the two or three, top again.So young sprout constantly grows, and no nutriment accumulation is just difficult to
Cheng Hua.So pinching defoliation is the twice program of a job, pinching and defoliation, top will not disorderly be grown.Left after defoliation
First, two leaves can partly form one or two of high-quality bud due to accumulation increase.
The key precondition of this work, it is to be directed to the empty prosperous sprig within 15cm.If longer, every 5 ~ 6 leaf hands
Turn a undershoot.In base portion, dynamics significantly turns thicker person again, it is therefore an objective to this branch is spent when the year's harvest.
Pinching defoliation will stop long preceding progress in each physiology.Yuncheng Prefecture apple tree has the physiological growth stage three times every year.
When physiology stops long, exactly per that time for suspending growth between physiological growth twice.Various regions phenology situations is different, be according to working as
The ground phenological period itself stops for a long time to judge.It is noted that staying handle during defoliation, this work is in the empty prosperous branch growth phase, forces part to be pushed up
Bud is not carried out, particularly thicker prosperous branch when recognizing inaccurate branch gesture into colored ancillary method, once doing disorderly.
5th, turn branch and make wound
Turn the object that branch makes wound, be raw plagiotropic growth and 1 year or perennial branch then.Effect be suppression before promote after, negative and positive it is mutual
Put, can reach spreading angle change bud to purpose, most the force of branch relaxes at last.Principle is artificially to cause internal injury, wound
The muscle not injury of the bone, nutrition normal communication is hindered, increases accumulation, adjusts the heterogeneity of bud.
Specific method is：Before each nutrient growth, before being germinateed such as Winter-Spring, nutrient growth close to when stopping long, build main frame tree
When shape plagiotropic growth radius grows to 40 ~ 60cm, significantly turn in base portion dynamics.High aititude region is slow-growing, and bud matter is full,
Lightly turn.Growth period turns branch and adds pinching defoliation, and gesture powerhouse goes to sagging -45 °.Perennial thick branch will have skill when turning
Ingeniously, first outwards turn after pine from that need to turn up and down at branch, back will be turned under the back of the body.Turn after branch, it is necessary to when can be subject to cord and consolidate
It is fixed.It must turn when turning branch from base portion, in order to avoid forming archery shape of drawing a bow, cause empty prosperous branch gesture.Stronger turn of branch of gesture is more ruthless.
6th, by branch（Bar）Softening
By branch（Bar）Softening is the technology just used before dialectical management occurs.It is only used for empty prosperous by dialectical management
The rejuvenation of branch turns to rise.
Object by branch softening is annual shoot.It is artificially to cause internal injury, slows down front end force, increases rear portion bud matter.It
Sharpest edges, be to make sprout spreading angle early, both do not had to rope in the future and drawn, and can makes branch conversion results early.
When softening operation by branch, gently pinch downwards, hear slight sound in branch, and do not form fracture, you can.Gimmick mistake
It is easily broken off again, kicks the beam and do not reach purpose.
Real prosperous branch is that early length is early stopped, but empty prosperous branch does not stop then.Length is although much of that, if turned under branch
Hang down pinching defoliation, must regenerate more empty prosperous longer branch.At this moment only branch is taken to soften,（Control is at positive 45 ° or so）, then aid in
Amino acid foliar spray, or pouring root.
7th, shunting ring cutting
The object of shunting ring cutting is empty prosperous branch.
Empty prosperous branch can not carve bud, and carving bud can make empty prosperous principal deformation weak.Work should be before germination.
During ring cutting, every 5 ~ 6 buds（About 15cm）Together, bud under lower bud, side is carried on the back in position to ring cutting after the bud of back bud
Bud before.Ring cutting can be allowed to nutriment centralizedly supply ring cutting 1 ~ 2 bud of metastomium of 5 ~ 6 bud sections to change from weak to strong.
After the ring cutting of shunting, ordinary circumstance can grow two or three of brachyplasts before length is stopped for the first time.Now if branch force is strong and weak
It is irregular, can be in strong and weak junction ring cutting again.Strong and weak junction refers to that thick 6 ~ more than 7mm prosperous branch joins with thick 3 ~ 4mm weak branch
Place.
8th, inspiring for branch is pind down
The effect of branch is pind down, is the unnecessary nutriment for conveying trunk to branch front end, branch point is pind down from base portion by regeneration
Spill out, the excessively prosperous growth in branch front end and back branch excessive growth are slowed down with this, ensure that this branch force is stablized and rejuvenation（The similar flood that overflows
Shunting action of the road to reservoir water）.
, pin down the condition that branch inspires
Pin down the condition that branch inspires, it is necessary to be to be directed to " especially prosperous branch " and " sturdy prosperous branch ".Such branch depends quarter alone
Bud, which inspires, pins down branch not enough, also to change direction, be allowed to sagging.（The use of branch is pind down, just for strong partially prosperous branch）.
, pin down the method that branch inspires
Pining down branch will inspire before germination.
With bifurcation font circular cutter, retain two or three of bud ring cuttings in this base portion, then pin down branch with regard to inspiring out naturally.
During ring cutting, all branches are thinner than chopsticks, and ring cutting is together；Thick more than cigarette end, the width of interval such as leek leaf is cut together again；Small thumb
Refer to thick Qie tri-.GPRS dynamics when cutting, the thin dynamics of branch is small, the thick great efforts of branch.
, pin down the time that branch inspires
Should before each nutrient growth, that is, before germination, the season of growth second and third time carry out before growing.
Diagnostic predictor a little later can should avoid that freeze injury occurs.Will be earlier in the high area of temperature.
, pin down the quantity that branch inspires
Decide as circumstances require, can solve the problems, such as to be pind down to be best, it is not necessary to just not inspire and pin down branch, do not have
Have one of position can also, if branch gesture is excessively prosperous, can inspire several more.For a branch, back is prosperous, leaves portion's branch more,
It is front and rear prosperous, stay centre.
, pin down the scientifical use of branch and withered away with stable
It should be fixed time according to space fixed number amount according to branch gesture, when running into following situations for the moment, should wither away and pin down branch：
（1）When pind down principal deformation it is weak or empty prosperous when, to wither away in good time.
（2）When pin down branch growth it is especially empty prosperous when, to wither away and be pind down branch.Annual shoot management can be used as by pining down branch,
Wound is made by turning branch, is softened by branch, the means such as pinching defoliation are allowed to be converted into fruitful branch.
（3）When pining down branch or being pind down branch influence illumination, one of them is suitably withered away.
The naturally oblique growth of fruit tree, the power of both direction in length and breadth, i.e. longitudinal growth power and transverse direction can be decomposed into
Growing power.The two power mutually pin down, mutually balance, are determined by its own shaping power.Pass can be pind down using this
System, slightly intervenes, with regard to that can reach the purpose artificially pind down.Pin down is that balance and stability is purpose in order to which branch gesture converts.As long as pin down
In place, conversion is in good time, the purpose with regard to that can reach balance and stability.The branch of self-assembling formation is in different poses and with different expressions, and branch gesture power differs,
At any time all in mutual conversion, mutual growth and decline.The imbalance of branch shape and branch gesture is absolute, and balance is relative, artificial intervention
It is to realize regulation and control to be shaped as means, reaches dynamic equilibrium.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 represents that the empty prosperous branch within 10cm carries out the comparison diagram that suppression top promotees to sprout.
Fig. 2 represents that 10 ~ 15cm empty prosperous branch carries out the comparison diagram that suppression top promotees to sprout.
Fig. 3 represents that more than 15cm empty prosperous branch carries out the comparison diagram that suppression top promotees to sprout.
Fig. 4 represents to strengthen the schematic diagram that partially prosperous branch carve bud processing.
Fig. 5 represents to strengthen the schematic diagram of partially prosperous branch and prosperous branch in base portion ring cutting.
Fig. 6 represents strengthening partially prosperous branch and prosperous branch whether there is after base portion ring cutting and inspire the comparison diagram for pining down branch.
Fig. 7 represents that empty prosperous branch carries out the schematic diagram before and after the ring cutting of shunting.
Fig. 8 represents the schematic diagram of strong and weak junction ring cutting.
Fig. 9 represents the bough to retaining after transformation, carries out the schematic diagram for hanging down and handling of leaving behind.
Embodiment
The specific embodiment of the present invention is described in detail below.
For the old fruit tree planted, tree-like is not " all risk insurance trunk shape ", also can be according to fruit tree ventilation and penetrating light
The natural law, the tree-like and Dialectic Relationship of tree vigo(u)r, adjust gesture controls hat technologies to be transformed using eight, make their low throwing, ecology, height
Produce, efficiently.
All slender spindle likes, super slender spindle like, high spindle, pinecone shape, trunk shape lack of standardization, and close to these shapes
The fruit shape of shape, tree-like it can be transformed by a master one is dry.Transformation is exactly according to different planting densities, is not changing original
On the basis of tree-like, by disorderly becoming suitable, realize weight reducing tree crown from large to small.
All traditional how dry fruit shapes of master have free spindle, improved-spindle, coronule to dredge layer shape including 60 years
Evacuation layering shape etc. that generation builds, and not plus natural growthform of any management etc., tree-like generally tended to because traditional
How dry racemosus is, is not suitable for being transformed into the trunk shape of only one trunk.At this moment tree-like next dialectical transformations can be done by a master,
The basic ideas of transformation：First it is observed that processing has a strong impact on ventilation and penetrating light, to influence this plant of growth unbalanced
Bough.Then handle superelevation ultra-wide, have a strong impact on the current, bough of ventilation and penetrating light in the ranks, implementing " skilful retraction " gimmick makes tree crown
Diminish.
Then determine to retain which main big limb as doing, train of thought is clear.Then will be dry tree-like more than one plant, see
Work is that one dry fruit tree of multiple masters is grown on one plant of root system.Namely will each big limb, all as a small trunk shape
Fruit tree is treated and transformed.As long as the basic fundamental transformed according to trunk shape, transformation respectively is got well each and done, and how dry this strain one led
It is good that fruit tree is also just transformed.Transform tree-like purpose, be for make it is tree-like tend to be reasonable, tree body ventilation and penetrating light is good.
The time of fruit tree transformation typically may be selected in 9-10 months, or be carried out before being germinateed in spring.
One planting fruit-trees transform the more dry tree-like method of a master as, comprises the following steps：
（1）, solve principal contradiction first.Analyze according to the observation, it is first determined this plant of fruit tree be integrally it is upper strong, outer strong or
It is lower strongFound with this and have a strong impact on down the reason for weak, interior weak or upper weak.Such as one plant of old fruit tree upper grown is excessively prosperous, branches and leaves
It is luxuriant, emit that bar is serious, while vigorous branches and leaves carry out photosynthesis, also keep the sun off, the illumination for reducing bottom significantly is strong
Degree, causes lower blade photosynthate wretched insufficiency.Simultaneously as upper grown is excessively prosperous, substantial amounts of nutrition is received to top,
It result in bottom nutrition heavy losses, it is impossible to normal growth, result in empty prosperous and had no result phenomenon without flower.This is on the whole first
Solve the problems, such as.Removal has a strong impact on ventilation and penetrating light, influences this plant of unbalanced bough 1-2 root of growth.According to transformation then
Yield is not influenceed excessively, does not influence the principle of economic benefit then（Flower slightly reduces but single fruit weight increase, overall effect with fruit quantity
Benefit does not reduce）, should not excessively change underground root system nutriment supply utilized with fruit tree aerial part nutriment it is balanced.
（2）, superelevation ultra-wide, have a strong impact in the ranks pass through, the bough of ventilation and penetrating light, implementing " skilful retraction " gimmick makes tree crown
Diminish.
Use " skilful retraction " to answer Changing concept first, not perplexed by past uniaxial extension, accomplished from the theoretical, practice
Thoroughly change.Specific practice is as follows：
A, anterior thick long shoot axle or thick long branch are first removed, causes anterior many places wound, is given birth to suppressing or slowing down anterior nutrition
Long force, make it largely into flower result.If force is big, fruit can be stayed, with fruit pressure head more.If anterior force too disaster into flower,
Can be 15-20 days or so before germination, more than strong and weak junction while ring cutting twice.1~2cm is spaced between Dao Yu roads, as deep as
Xylem.If crossed slightly, ring cutting road number can be increased.After 1~2 year, rear portion has started to recover force, grown branch or bud,
And from scratch, become strong by weak.It can now be bounced back at anterior flower good then.If rear portion flower amount is big, can bounce back heavier, it is no
It is then light.Permanent branch position is determined according to width in the ranks.If 3 meters of line-spacing, permanent branch shaft length should be 70~80cm（In do
, can be suitably longer as fruit branch axle upwarps or sagging to the horizontal length of branch axle front end）.
B, branch axle adjacent between strain processing can be flexibly.Such as two meters of spacing in the rows or less than two meters, two branch axles are mutually kept off
Light is contemplated that one stays one or tunes to open up and down, and not influence illumination, convenient work is degree.Principle is to rogue to stay that excellent, who surely stays
Who.If with identical in the ranks between strain, during processing with the ranks, other all kinds of distances between rows and hills are by that analogy.
（3）, determine which main big limb retained, " dry " more dry as latter master is transformed, train of thought must be clear
It is clear.
On each the big limb for determining to retain, it is integrally upper strong or lower strong all to determine this limb first, is looked for this
To having a strong impact on down the reason for weak or upper weak.Suitably remove the relatively bough that this limb most keeps the sun off and excessively receives nutrition.It
After should be able to be clearly visible up and down force it is uniform, illumination is good.
Remaining thick long branch on this limb（General diameter is in more than 1.5cm）It can not remove without reason, will be in its base portion
Turn branch and make wound, vertical fixation of leaving behind.
（4）, transformation to other tiny branches：
A, empty prosperous branch is handled
Want herein it is clear and definite what be empty prosperous branch.All it is empty prosperous branch as long as bud matter is not full no matter thick or thin, long or short
Bar；So anterior full rear portion is not full, or the full front portion in rear portion is not full, then or middle a small amount of bud matter it is full, it is front and rear
It is most of not full, it is empty prosperous branch.So, the empty prosperous sprig on the longer prosperous branch of void, less than 15cm length, pinch terminal bud.
Longer, turn 180 ° of branch every 15cm.For sturdy bough, those do not have the bare branch section of long branch, select needs to grow
The position of branch, carry out crescent in the front of kryptoblast and carve bud, with regard to branch can be grown.Branching promoter for plant is put again, will faster be inspired.It is right
It is annual, the full prosperous long branch of bud matter, wound is carved before carrying out bud, sees that bud is just carved.According to spatial distribution, sufficient length,
Pinch terminal bud.
For the empty prosperous branch within 15cm, pinch the terminal bud of bud, suppress top force；As shown in figure 1, length is in 10cm
Within empty prosperous branch by suppression top rush sprout after, budding position than more uniform, natural result quantity is more；If do not carry out suppression top rush to sprout
Processing, as right side is found out in Fig. 1, plagiotropic growth is grown at the top of empty prosperous branch, not necessarily being capable of result, it is contemplated that the quantity of result is significantly
Reduce.As shown in Fig. 2 for length in 10 ~ 15cm empty prosperous branch, after by suppression top, rush is sprouted, budding position is natural than more uniform
Fruiting quantities are more；If not carrying out suppression top cutting handle, find out on the right side of in Fig. 2, grow plagiotropic growth at the top of empty prosperous branch, differ
Surely being capable of result, it is contemplated that the quantity of result substantially reduces.
For the empty prosperous branch more than 15cm, at interval of 15cm ring cuttings together（I.e. more than 15cm, ring cutting one at 15cm
It is secondary, more than 30cm, at 30cm again ring cutting together, by that analogy）；The requirement of ring cutting is：0.5 ~ 0.8cm of diameter branch ring cutting
Together（I.e. each ring cutting is together）；Branch ring cutting twice of the diameter in 0.8 ~ 1.5cm（I.e. each ring cutting twice）, diameter exists
More than 1.5cm branch ring cutting three（I.e. each ring cutting three）；Per pass is at intervals of 0.5 ~ 1cm；As shown in figure 3, by suppression top
After rush is sprouted, than more uniform, natural result quantity is more at budding position；If not carrying out suppression top cutting handle, as right side is seen in Fig. 3
Go out, plagiotropic growth is grown at the top of empty prosperous branch, not necessarily being capable of result, it is contemplated that the quantity of result substantially reduces.
It is less than 0.5cm empty prosperous bar more than 15cm, diameter for length, at interval of 15cm, both hands are clutched, and turn 180 ° of branch,
Then terminal bud is pinched.
B, quarter bud is carried out before germination to strengthening partially prosperous branch
With bifurcation font ring cutting graduating with cutter to xylem；As shown in figure 4, back bud is carved at the rear portion 0.5cm of bud, to suppress to be somebody's turn to do
Bud is sprouted；Bud is carved before bud at 0.5cm under side, to promote the bud to sprout；For the branch of vertical growth, bud is carved before bud, no
Divide under back.
C, to strengthening partially prosperous branch and prosperous branch, in order that its front end is stable into flower, it can be inspired in base portion and pin down branch, allowed and pin down branch point
Stream part nutriment, weaken branch force.
Specially：With bifurcation font circular cutter, retain in this base portion and ring cutting is carried out at two or three buds, then pin down branch just
Naturally inspire out；During ring cutting, all dry branch diameters are in 0.5 ~ 0.8cm, one of ring cutting；0.8 ~ 1.5cm's of dry branch diameter,
Ring cutting twice（Spacing distance between twice is 0.5 ~ 1cm）；Dry branch diameter is more than 1.5cm, ring cutting three；Per pass interval
0.5~1cm。
As shown in Figure 5,6, every 2 ~ 3 buds carry out ring cuttings and inspire to pin down branch in the base portion of branch, Fig. 6 middle and upper parts figure represents, such as
Fruit is handled without ring cutting, then does not pin down branch and grow, branch grow naturally after state, now branch be unfavorable for result.
D, empty prosperous branch can not carve bud because bud matter is weak, can only carry out shunting ring cutting, concentrate nutriment to supply, the bud behind rings cut
Vigorous branches is first developed into, as shown in Figure 7.
Using the root of empty prosperous branch as starting point, every 5 ~ 6 buds, with bifurcation font circular cutter after the bud of back bud ring cutting one
Road, epidermis is cut through to xylem during ring cutting；For the perennial prosperous bough of void, then ring cutting 2 ~ 3.
One plant of fruit tree transform as to how dry a master is, exactly does one plant of multiple dry each, as " a master one
It is dry " trunk shape fruit tree treat.It is each dry in " master is how dry ", it will use above-mentioned（2）~（4）Step is transformed.Press
After this transformation, there be thick branch fruit tree bottom, highly too low, influences to manage, and shunting nutrition is also more, although should remove,
In order to solve the principal contradiction of illumination, before eliminated one, two bough, for make transformation then decreasing effect benefit, it should temporarily
When retain, treat that second, third year removes year by year.
（5）In 7 ~ August part, in trunk first of ring cutting at 60cm from the ground, in first of either above or below after 7 days
Ring cutting second, untill the blade of fruit tree starts jaundice；The growing way of fruit tree is controlled, contributes to yielding positive results for fruit tree.
（6）During for the plagiotropic growth length on dry branch to 5 ~ 7cm, pinching defoliation, suppress its growth；To the season of growth, tiltedly
Yielded positive results on raw branch.
（7）In the season of growth to fruit tree power junction ring cutting, as shown in Figure 8.
Concrete position is that rear portion has short weak branch, and there is energetic branch front portion, at energetic back branch rear portion, that is, before weak branch
Portion, according to fineness ring cutting 1 ~ 3；I.e. dry branch diameter is in 0.5 ~ 0.8cm, one of ring cutting；Dry branch diameter 0.8 ~
1.5cm's, ring cutting twice（Spacing distance between twice is 0.5 ~ 1cm）；Dry branch diameter is more than 1.5cm, ring cutting three；
0.5 ~ 1cm of per pass interval.
Into the season of growth, handled using pinching defoliation and ring cutting throttling, dry and hard fruit in guiding.
（8）Into after September, because temperature turns low, slow-growing, tree vigo(u)r tends towards stability, now to thorax in tree crown and outside
The unnecessary branch enclosed is removed, and will not be stimulated and be regrowed, and has rush to rejuvenation tree vigo(u)r, raising bud and middle brachyplast terminal bud quality
Enter effect.
（9）To the bough retained after transformation, processing of hanging down of leaving behind is carried out, force can be efficiently controlled, as shown in Figure 9.
V-groove is formed in the base portion bottom surface of bough, bough is left behind vertical so that bough bending at V-groove contacts, then
Using rope anchor.
The principle carried out year by year according to the transformation of old fruit tree, according to the unified way of thinking and technology path, complete within 3 years grand
Overall Reconstruction is seen, then localized micro adjusts 2 years, as long as technology is implemented completely, the growing way of fruit tree can just adjust rationally substantially, long
Phase is stable.As tree-like dialectical transformation is completed year by year, also convergence is reasonable year by year for the nutrient distribution of fruit tree, can control nutrition substantially
Growth, that is, long branch is controlled, and be to promote reproductive growth, that is, promote fruit growth, create good inherence
Condition.The key of dialectical transformation, it is that modifier must thoroughly break with the conventional idea, establishes the technological thought and skill of brand-new dialectical transformation
Art route, core are balance tree vigo(u)rs.
The mistake easily occurred in transformation：
Think transformation and be reluctant to bough, only remove indivedual branches on a small quantity, gone entirely again after thinking result, cause remaining bough more
Vigorous growth, emits that bar is serious, in do the elongated void of branch for inspiring out prosperous.In do the too weak tree in top, it is impossible to once go entirely
Portion bough is fallen down, should be transformed year by year.The bough remained removes big side shoot, is sprouted by ring cutting, suppression top rush, carves bud and disperse pole
Property, base portion makes wound and weakens training force.
Empty prosperous branch, which can not definitely inspire, pins down branch, and otherwise anterior bud gesture is weaker.
If once removing bough, in do top it is too thin, force does not increase temporarily, and it is prosperous that the sprig for making to retain below becomes bough
Contain growth, it is impossible to stable to waste big into flower, nutrition.In do top force can not such as strengthen, it is just especially empty prosperous to send out branch.
The stronger tree in top can not once transform in place, and bottom will be left and pin down branch.After fruit tree force monolithic stability, then
Remove bottom and pin down branch, through transformation in 2 years in place.Do not stayed such as bottom and pin down branch, the bar sent is soft empty prosperous, is also difficult to top
Control.
To horizontal branch, remove big side shoot and anterior bough, force is guided into base portion, if space allows, result like this
, in do do not carve bud largely；If density is big, must just change trunk shape, should purposefully inspire and pin down branch, in do it is also a large amount of
Bud is carved, removes former bough after the stable result into flower.
Bough should be transformed as a trunk shape tree, remove unstable big side shoot thereon and substantial amounts of major axis branch group.It is main
It is in sagging type naturally after the horizontal branch result of form, to thick branch, in order to weaken its force, emphasizes to leave behind during transformation vertical.Have
A little orchard workers still entertain hope to following bough, want to allow following first result, transform above.Cause tree vigo(u)r extremely uneven, under look unfamiliar
Length is vigorous, and top branch is weak or empty prosperous.This idea is inadvisable.
The Zhiru where remained is managed, is the key for transforming success or failure.First, angle is left behind vertical, base portion makes wound.Second,
Multiple tracks ring cutting on branch, or carve bud again and disperse polarity.If base portion does not make wound, or does not draw branch sagging, then meeting overstriking is changed into the branch again
Thick branch, growth is vigorous to be not easy to balance.Think temporarily to retain, but branch it is thick or it is liftoff it is too near draw the branch that does not get off, can be made in base portion
Severe injury, it is as far as possible on branch to remove undesirable consumption branch more, allow the branch there was only capability result, have no ability to long shoot, 1 year fruit of knot
Remove again afterwards.
Back bud has the easily prosperous length of growth vigor, should rearward carve bud and be suppressed.The lower bud of dorsal part, the back of the body is carved before bud, is promoted
Sprout.Bud is carved at perennial branch base portion baldness position, is carved before Quan Ya to promote branch sprouting.In it is dry need send out branch place, Quan Ya
Upper quarter.Bud on branch is not easy to sprout originator continuation ring cutting, to promote weak branch strong.
It should be noted last that the above embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical solutions of the present invention and it is unrestricted, although ginseng
It is described in detail according to the embodiment of the present invention, it will be understood by those within the art that, to technical scheme
Modify or equivalent substitution, without departure from the spirit and scope of technical scheme, it all should cover the present invention's
In claims.
Claims (1)
1. a planting fruit-trees transform the more dry tree-like method of a master as, it is characterised in that：Comprise the following steps：
The fruit tree for needing to be transformed is that upper prosperous lower void is prosperous, is transformed before being germinateed in spring, including step（1）~（4）；
（1）, remove the bough 1 ~ 2 that fruit tree top most keeps the sun off and excessively receives nutrition so that the force up and down of fruit tree is equal
Even, illumination is good；
（2）, to influence fruit tree in the ranks pass through between strain the bough of ventilation and penetrating light handle, tree crown is diminished
A, it is anterior to remove the branch axle for influenceing in the ranks to pass through on fruit tree, anterior many places wound is caused, to suppress or slow down anterior nutrition
Force is grown, makes it into flower result；If it is determined that it then can stay fruit, with fruit pressure head more into flower；If it is determined that it is difficult into flower, then
15-20 days before germination, more than strong and weak junction while ring cutting twice, Dao Yu is spaced 1-2cm between road, as deep as xylem；
B, for branch axle adjacent between strain, such as mutually it is in the light, then takes one to stay one or tune to open processing up and down；
（3）, for the limb of retention, remove this limb and most keep the sun off and the branch of nutrition is received with transition；For on this limb
Remaining thick long branch, turns branch in its base portion and makes wound, vertical fixation of leaving behind；
（4）, transformation to other tiny branches
A, empty prosperous branch is handled
For the empty prosperous branch within length 15cm, pinch the terminal bud of bud, suppress top force；
Exceed 15cm empty prosperous branch for length, ring cutting is wanted at interval of 15cm；The requirement of ring cutting is：0.5 ~ 0.8cm of diameter branch
Bar ring cutting is together；Diameter is in 0.8 ~ 1.5cm branch ring cutting twice, branch ring cutting three of the diameter in more than 1.5cm；Between per pass
It is divided into 0.5 ~ 1cm；
It is less than 0.5cm empty prosperous bar more than 15cm, diameter for length, at interval of 15cm, both hands are clutched, and turn 180 ° of branch, then
Pull terminal bud；
B, quarter bud is carried out before germination to strengthening partially prosperous branch
With bifurcation font ring cutting graduating with cutter to xylem；Back bud is carved at the rear portion 0.5cm of bud, to suppress bud sprouting；Bud under side
Carved before bud at 0.5cm, to promote the bud to sprout；For the branch of vertical growth, bud is carved before bud, regardless of under back；
C, to strengthening partially prosperous branch and prosperous branch, inspired in base portion and pin down branch, weaken branch force
Specially：With bifurcation font circular cutter, retain in this base portion and ring cutting is carried out at two or three buds, it is just natural then to pin down branch
Inspire out；During ring cutting, all dry branch diameters are in 0.5 ~ 0.8cm, one of ring cutting；0.8 ~ 1.5cm's of dry branch diameter, ring cutting
Twice；Dry branch diameter is more than 1.5cm, ring cutting three；0.5 ~ 1cm of per pass interval；
D, shunting ring cutting is carried out to empty prosperous branch, concentrates nutriment supply
Using the root of empty prosperous branch as starting point, every 5 ~ 6 buds, with bifurcation font circular cutter after the bud of back bud ring cutting together, ring
Epidermis is cut through when cutting to xylem；For the perennial prosperous bough of void, then ring cutting 2 ~ 3；
（5）In 7 ~ August part, in trunk first of ring cutting at 60cm from the ground, in first of either above or below ring cutting after 7 days
Second, untill the blade of fruit tree starts jaundice；
（6）During for the plagiotropic growth length on dry branch to 5 ~ 7cm, pinching defoliation, suppress its growth；
（7）The 7-9 months the season of growth to fruit tree power junction ring cutting
Concrete position is that rear portion has short weak branch, and there is energetic branch front portion, at energetic back branch rear portion, that is, the front portion of weak branch,
According to fineness ring cutting 1 ~ 3；I.e. dry branch diameter is in 0.5 ~ 0.8cm, one of ring cutting；0.8 ~ 1.5cm of dry branch diameter
, ring cutting twice；Dry branch diameter is more than 1.5cm, ring cutting three；0.5 ~ 1cm of per pass interval；
Into the season of growth, handled using pinching defoliation and ring cutting throttling, dry and hard fruit in guiding；
（8）Into after September, due to temperature turn it is low, slow-growing, tree vigo(u)r tends towards stability, now to thorax in tree crown and periphery
Unnecessary branch is removed, and will not be stimulated and be regrowed, and has promotion to make rejuvenation tree vigo(u)r, raising bud and middle brachyplast terminal bud quality
With；
（9）To the fruit tree bottom bough retained after transformation, leave behind processing control force of hanging down
V-groove is formed in the base portion bottom surface of bough, bough is left behind vertical so that bough bending at V-groove contacts, and then uses
Rope anchor.
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| CN104472303A (en) * | 2014-12-08 | 2015-04-01 | 西北农林科技大学 | Crown-closure apple orchard improvement method |
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| CN104472303A (en) * | 2014-12-08 | 2015-04-01 | 西北农林科技大学 | Crown-closure apple orchard improvement method |
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| 放任核桃树的整形改造技术;于长春;《山西果树》;20130630(第3期);全文 * |
| 论果树整形修剪的改进与深化;辛培刚;《落叶果树》;20010430(第2期);全文 * |
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